Chapter 21

The Lure of Spain[213]--The Haven of Statehood

The people of this region have come to realize truly upon what part of the world and upon which nation their future happiness and security depend, and they immediately infer that their interest and prosperity depend entirely upon the protection and liberality of your government.

--John Sevier to Don Diego de Gardoqui, September 12, 1788.

From the early settlements in the eastern parts of this Continent to the late & more recent settlements on the Kentucky in the West the same difficulties have constantly occurred which now oppress you, but by a series of patient sufferings, manly and spirited exertions and unconquerable perseverance, they have been altogether or in great measure subdued.

--Governor Samuel Johnston to James Robertson and Anthony Bledsoe, January 29, 1788.

A strange sham-battle, staged like some scene from opéra bouffe, in the bleak snow-storm of February, 1788, is really the prelude to a remarkable drama of revolt in which Sevier, Robertson, Bledsoe, and the Cumberland stalwarts play the leading rôles. On February 27th, incensed beyond measure by the action of Colonel John Tipton in harboring some of his slaves seized by the sheriff under an execution issued by one of the North Carolina courts, Sevier with one hundred and fifty adherents besieged Tipton with a few of his friends in his home on Sinking Creek. The siege was raised at daybreak on February 29th by the arrival of reinforcements under Colonel Maxwell from Sullivan County; and Sevier, who was unwilling to precipitate a conflict, withdrew his forces after some desultory firing, in which two men were killed and several wounded. Soon afterward Sevier sent word to Tipton that on condition his life be spared he would submit to North Carolina. On this note of tragi-comedy the State of Franklin appeared quietly to expire. The usually sanguine Sevier, now thoroughly chastened, sought shelter in the distant settlements--deeply despondent over the humiliating failure of his plans and the even more depressing defection of his erstwhile friends and supporters. The revolutionary designs and separatist tendencies which he still harbored were soon to involve him in a secret conspiracy to give over the State of Franklin into the protection of a foreign power.

The fame of Sevier's martial exploits and of his bold stroke for independence had long since gone abroad, astounding even so famous an advocate of liberty as Patrick Henry and winning the sympathy of the Continental Congress. One of the most interested observers of the progress of affairs in the State of Franklin was Don Diego de Gardoqui, who had come to America in the spring of 1785, bearing a commission to the American Congress as Spanish chargé d'affaires (Encargados de Negocios) to the United States. In the course of his negotiations with Jay concerning the right of navigation of the Mississippi River, which Spain denied to the Americans, Gardoqui was not long in discovering the violent resentment of the Western frontiersmen, provoked by Jay's crass blunder in proposing that the American republic, in return for reciprocal foreign advantages offered by Spain, should waive for twenty-five years her right to navigate the Mississippi. The Cumberland traders had already felt the heavy hand of Spain in the confiscation of their goods at Natchez; but thus far the leaders of the Tennessee frontiersmen had prudently restrained the more turbulent agitators against the Spanish policy, fearing lest the spirit of retaliation, once aroused, might know no bounds. Throughout the entire region of the trans-Alleghany, a feeling of discontent and unrest prevailed--quite as much the result of dissatisfaction with the central government which permitted the wholesale restraint of trade, as of resentment against the domination of Spain.

No sooner had the shrewd and watchful Gardoqui, who was eager to utilize the separatist sentiment of the western settlements in the interest of his country, learned of Sevier's armed insurrection against the authority of North Carolina than he despatched an emissary to sound the leading men of Franklin and the Cumberland settlements in regard to an alliance. This secret emissary was Dr. James White, who had been appointed by the United States Government as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southern Department on November 29, 1786. Reporting as instructed to Don Estevan Miró, governor of Louisiana, White, the corrupt tool of Spain, stated concerning his confidential mission that the leaders of "Frankland" and "Cumberland district" had "eagerly accepted the conditions" laid down by Gardoqui: to take the oath of allegiance to Spain, and to renounce all submission or allegiance whatever to any other sovereign or power. Satisfied by the secret advices received, the Spanish minister reported to the home authorities his confident belief that the Tennessee backwoodsmen, if diplomatically handled, would readily throw in their lot with Spain. [214]

After the fiasco of his siege of Tipton's home, Sevier had seized upon the renewal of hostilities by the Cherokees as a means of regaining his popularity. This he counted upon doing by rallying his old comrades-in-arms under his standard and making one of his meteoric, whirlwind onslaughts upon their ancient Indian foe. The victory of this erstwhile popular hero, the beloved "Nolichucky Jack of the Border," over the Indians at a town on the Hiwassee "so raised him in the esteem of the people on the frontier," reports Colonel Maxwell, "that the people began [once more] to flock to his standard." Inspirited by this good turn in his fortunes, Sevier readily responded to Dr. White's overtures.

Alarmed early in the year over the unprovoked depredations and murders by the Indians in several Tennessee counties and on the Kentucky road, Sevier, Robertson, and Anthony Bledsoe had persuaded Governor Samuel Johnston of North Carolina to address Gardoqui and request him to exert his influence to prevent further acts of savage barbarity. In letters to Governor Johnston, to Robertson, and to Sevier, all of date April 18th, Gardoqui expressed himself in general as being "extremely surprised to know that there is a suspicion that the good government of Spain is encouraging these acts of barbarity." The letters to Robertson and Sevier, read between the lines as suggestive reinforcements of Spain's secret proposals, possess real significance. The letter to Sevier contains this dexterously expressed sentiment: "His Majesty is very favorably inclined to give the inhabitants of that region all the protection that they ask for and, on my part, I shall take very great pleasure in contributing to it on this occasion and other occasions."

This letter, coupled with the confidential proposals of Dr. White, furnished a convenient opening for correspondence with the Spaniards; and in July Sevier wrote to Gardoqui indicating his readiness to accede to their proposals. After secret conferences with men who had supported him throughout the vicissitudes of his ill-starred state, Sevier carefully matured his plans. The remarkable letter of great length which he wrote to Gardoqui on September 12, 1788, reveals the conspiracy in all its details and presents in vivid colors the strong separatist sentiment of the day. Sevier urgently petitions Gardoqui for the loan of a few thousand pounds, to enable him to "make the most expedient and necessary preparations for defense"; and offers to repay the loan within a short time "by sending the products of this region to the lower ports." Upon the vital matter of "delivering" the State of Franklin to Spain, he forthrightly says:

Since my last of the 18th of July, upon consulting with the principal men of this country, I have been particularly happy to find that they are equally disposed and ready as I am to accept your propositions and guarantees. You may be sure that the pleasing hopes and ideas which the people of this country hold with regard to the probability of an alliance with, and commercial concessions from, you are very ardent, and that we are unanimously determined on that score. The people of this region have come to realize truly upon what part of the world and upon which nation their future happiness and security depend, and they immediately infer that their interest and prosperity depend entirely upon the protection and liberality of your government.... Being the first from this side of the Appalachian Mountains to resort in this way to your protection and liberality, we feel encouraged to entertain the greatest hope that we shall be granted all reasonable aid by him who is so amply able to do it, and to give the protection and help that is asked of him in this petition. You know our delicate situation and the difficulties in which we are in respect to our mother State which is making use of every strategem to impede the development and prosperity of this country.... Before I conclude, it may be necessary to remind you that there will be no more favorable occasion than the present one to put this plan into execution. North Carolina has rejected the Constitution and moreover it seems to me that a considerable time will elapse before she becomes a member of the Union, if that event ever happens.

Through Miró, Gardoqui was simultaneously conducting a similar correspondence with General James Wilkinson. The object of the Spanish conspiracy, matured as the result of this correspondence, was to seduce Kentucky from her allegiance to the United States. Despite the superficial similarity between the situation of Franklin and Kentucky, it would be doing Sevier and his adherents a capital injustice to place them in the category of the corrupt Wilkinson and the malodorous Sebastian. Moreover, the secessionists of Franklin, as indicated in the above letter, had the excuse of being left virtually without a country. On the preceding August 1st, North Carolina had rejected the Constitution of the United States; and the leaders of Franklin, who were sorely aggrieved by what they regarded as her indifference and neglect, now felt themselves more than ever out of the Union and wholly repudiated by the mother state. Again, Sevier had the embittered feeling resultant from outlawry. Because of his course in opposing the laws and government of North Carolina and in the killing of several good citizens, including the sheriff of Washington County, by his forces at Sinking Creek, Sevier, through the action of Governor Johnston of North Carolina, had been attainted of high treason. Under the heavy burden of this grave charge, he felt his hold upon Franklin relax. Further, an atrocity committed in the recent campaign under Sevier's leadership--Kirk's brutal murder of Corn Tassel, a noble old Indian, and other chieftains, while under the protection of a flag of truce--had placed a bar sinister across the fair fame of this stalwart of the border. Utter desperation thus prompted Sevier's acceptance of Gardoqui's offer of the protection of Spain.

John Sevier's son, James, bore the letter of September 12th to Gardoqui. By a strangely ironic coincidence, on the very day (October 10, 1788) that Gardoqui wrote to Miró, recommending to the attention of Spain Dr. White and James Sevier, the emissaries of Franklin, with their plans and proposals, John Sevier was arrested by Colonel Tipton at the Widow Brown's in Washington County, on the charge of high treason. He was handcuffed and borne off, first to Jonesborough and later to Morganton. But his old friends and former comrades-in-arms, Charles and Joseph McDowell, gave bond for his appearance at court; and Morrison, the sheriff, who also had fought at King's Mountain, knocked the irons from his wrists and released him on parole. Soon afterward a number of Sevier's devoted friends, indignant over his arrest, rode across the mountains to Morganton and silently bore him away, never to be arrested again. In November an act of pardon and oblivion with respect to Franklin was passed by the North Carolina Assembly. Although Sevier was forbidden to hold office under the state, the passage of this act automatically operated to clear him of the alleged offense of high treason. With affairs in Franklin taking this turn, it is little wonder that Gardoqui and Miró paid no further heed to Sevier's proposal to accept the protection of Spain. Sevier's continued agitation in behalf of the independence of Franklin inspired Governor Johnston with the fear that he would have to be "proceeded against to the last extremity." But Sevier's opposition finally subsiding, he was pardoned, given a seat in the North Carolina assembly, and with extraordinary consideration honored with his former rank of brigadier-general.

When Dr. White reported to Miró that the leaders of "Frankland" had eagerly accepted Gardoqui's conditions for an alliance with Spain, he categorically added: "With regard to Cumberland district, what I have said of Frankland applies to it with equal force and truth." James Robertson and Anthony Bledsoe had but recently availed themselves of the good offices of Governor Johnston of North Carolina in the effort to influence Gardoqui to quiet the Creek Indians. The sagacious and unscrupulous half breed Alexander McGillivray had placed the Creeks under the protection of Spain in 1784; and shortly afterward they began to be regularly supplied with ammunition by the Spanish authorities. At first Spain pursued the policy of secretly encouraging these Indians to resist the encroachments of the Americans, while she remained on outwardly friendly terms with the United States. During the period of the Spanish conspiracy, however, there is reason to believe that Miró endeavored to keep the Indians at peace with the borderers, as a friendly service, intended to pave the way for the establishment of intimate relations between Spain and the dwellers in the trans-Alleghany. Yet his efforts cannot have been very effective; for the Cumberland settlements continued to suffer from the ravages and depredations of the Creeks, who remained "totally averse to peace, notwithstanding they have had no cause of offence"; and Robertson and Bledsoe reported to Governor Caswell (June 12, 1787): "It is certain, the Chickasaws inform us, that Spanish traders offer a reward for scalps of the Americans." The Indian atrocities became so frequent that Robertson later in the summer headed a party on the famous Coldwater Expedition, in which he severely chastised the marauding Indians. Aroused by the loss of a number of chiefs and warriors at the hands of Robertson's men, and instigated, as was generally believed, by the Spaniards, the Creeks then prosecuted their attacks with renewed violence against the Cumberland settlements.

Unprotected either by the mother state or by the national government, unable to secure free passage to the Gulf for their products, and sorely pressed to defend their homes, now seriously endangered by the incessant attacks of the Creeks, the Cumberland leaders decided to make secret overtures to McGillivray, as well as to communicate to Miró, through Dr. White, their favorable inclination toward the proposals of the one country which promised them protection. In a letter which McGillivray wrote to Miró (transmitted to Madrid, June 15, 1788) in regard to the visit of Messrs. Hackett and Ewing, two trusty messengers sent by Robertson and Bledsoe, he reports that the two delegates from the district of Cumberland had not only submitted to him proposals of peace but "had added that they would throw themselves into the arms of His Majesty as subjects, and that Kentucky and Cumberland are determined to free themselves from their dependence on Congress, because that body can not protect either their property, or favor their commerce, and they therefore believe that they no longer owe obedience to a power which is incapable of protecting them." Commenting upon McGillivray's communication, Miró said in his report to Madrid (June 15, 1788): "I consider as extremely interesting the intelligence conveyed to McGillivray by the deputies on the fermentation existing in Kentucky, with regard to a separation from the Union. Concerning the proposition made to McGillivray by the inhabitants of Cumberland to become the vassals of His Majesty, I have refrained from returning any precise answer."

In his long letter of reply to Robertson and Bledsoe, McGillivray agreed to make peace between his nation, the Creeks, and the Cumberland settlers. This letter was most favorably received and given wide circulation throughout the West. In a most ingratiating reply, offering McGillivray a fine gun and a lot in Nashville, Robertson throws out the following broad suggestion, which he obviously wishes McGillivray to convey to Miró: "In all probability we cannot long remain in our present state, and if the British or any commercial nation who may be in possession of the mouth of the Mississippi would furnish us with trade, and receive our produce there cannot be a doubt but the people on the west side of the Appalachian mountains will open their eyes to their real interest." Robertson actually had the district erected out of the counties of Davidson, Sumner, and Tennessee given the name of "Miró" by the Assembly of North Carolina in November, 1788--a significant symbol of the desires of the Cumberland leaders. In a letter (April 23, 1789), Miró, who had just received letters from Robertson (January 29th) and Daniel Smith (March 4th) postmarked "District of Miró," observes: "The bearer, Fagot, a confidential agent of Gen. Smith, informed me that the inhabitants of Cumberland, or Miró, would ask North Carolina for an act of separation the following fall, and that as soon as this should be obtained other delegates would be sent from Cumberland to New Orleans, with the object of placing that territory under the domination of His Majesty. I replied to both in general terms." [215]

Robertson, Bledsoe, and Smith were successful in keeping secret their correspondence with McGillivray and Miró; and few were in the secret of Sevier's effort to deliver the State of Franklin to Spain. Joseph Martin was less successful in his negotiations; and a great sensation was created throughout the Southern colonies when a private letter from Joseph Martin to McGillivray (November 8, 1788) was intercepted. In this letter Martin said: "I must beg that you write me by the first opportunity in answer to what I am now going to say to you.... I hope to do honor to any part of the world I settle in, and am determined to leave the United States, for reasons that I can assign to you when we meet, but durst not trust it to paper." The general assembly of Georgia referred the question of the intercepted letter to the governor of North Carolina (January 24, 1789); and the result was a legislative investigation into Martin's conduct. Eleven months later, the North Carolina assembly exonerated him. From the correspondence of Joseph Martin and Patrick Henry, it would appear that Martin, on Henry's advice, had acted as a spy upon the Spaniards, in order to discover the views of McGillivray, to protect the exposed white settlements from the Indians, and to fathom the designs of the Spaniards against the United States. [216]

The sensational disclosures of Martin's intercepted letter had no deterrent effect upon James Robertson in the attempted execution of his plan for detaching the Cumberland settlements from North Carolina. History has taken no account of the fact that Robertson and the inhabitants now deliberately endeavored to secure an act of separation from North Carolina. In the event of success, the next move planned by the Cumberland leaders, as we have already seen, was to send delegates to New Orleans for the purpose of placing the Cumberland region under the domination of Spain.

A hitherto unknown letter, from Robertson to (Miró), dated Nashville, September 2, 1789, proves that a convention of the people was actually held--the first overt step looking to an alliance with Spain. In this letter Robertson says:

I must beg your Excellency's permission to take this early opportunity of thanking you for the honor you did me in writing by Mr. White.

I still hope that your Government, and these Settlements, are destined to be mutually friendly and usefull, the people here are impressed with the necessity of it.

We have just held a Convention; which has agreed that our members shall insist on being Seperated from North Carolina.

Unprotected, we are to be obedient to the new Congress of the United States; but we cannot but wish for a more interesting Connection.

The United States afford us no protection. The district of Miró is daily plundered and the inhabitants murdered by the Creeks, and Cherokees, unprovoked.

For my own part, I conceive highly of the advantages of your Government. [217]

A serious obstacle to the execution of the plans of Robertson and the other leaders of the Cumberland settlements was the prompt action of North Carolina. In actual conformity with the wishes of the Western people, as set forth in the petition of Robertson and Hayes, their representatives, made two years earlier, [218] the legislature of North Carolina in December passed the second act of cession, by which the Western territory of North Carolina was ceded to the United States. Instead of securing an act of separation from North Carolina as the preparatory step to forming what Robertson calls "a more interesting connection" with Spain, Robertson and his associates now found themselves and the transmontane region which they represented flung bodily into the arms of the United States. Despite the unequivocal offer of the calculating and desperate Sevier to "deliver" Franklin to Spain, and the ingenious efforts of Robertson and his associates to place the Cumberland region under the domination of Spain, the Spanish court by its temporizing policy of evasion and indecision definitely relinquished the ready opportunities thereby afforded, of utilizing the powerful separatist tendencies of Tennessee for the purpose of adding the empire upon the Western waters to the Spanish domain in America.

The year 1790 marks the end of an era--the heroic age of the pioneers of the Old Southwest. Following the acceptance of North Carolina's deed of cession of her Western lands to the Union (April 2, 1790) the Southwest Territory was erected on May 26th; and William Blount, a North Carolina gentleman of eminence and distinction, was appointed on June 8th to the post of governor of the territory. Two years later (June 1, 1792) Kentucky was admitted into the Union.

It is a remarkable and inspiring circumstance, in testimony of the martial instincts and unwavering loyalty of the transmontane people, that the two men to whom the Western country in great measure owed its preservation, the inciting and flaming spirits of the King's Mountain campaign, were the unopposed first choice of the people as leaders in the trying experiment of Statehood--John Sevier of Tennessee and Isaac Shelby of Kentucky. Had Franklin possessed the patient will of Kentucky, she might well have preceded that region into the Union. It was not, however, until June 1, 1796, that Tennessee, after a romantic and arduous struggle, finally passed through the wide-flung portals into the domain of national statehood.

LIST OF NOTES

1 Roosevelt's The Winning of the West, a stirring recital with chief stress thrown upon the militant characteristics of the frontiersmen, is open to grave criticism because of failure to give adequate account of social and economic tendencies, the development of democracy, and the evolution of government under the pressure of frontier conditions.

2 Johnson MSS., xii, No. 127.

3 Journal of a Tour in Unsettled Parts of North America in 1796 and 1797, 217.

4 Turner: "Significance of the Frontier in American History," American Historical Association Report, 1893.

5 Hugh Williamson: History of North Carolina (1812), ii, 71-2.

6 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 133; William and Mary Quarterly, ix, 132.

7 Virginia Historical Magazine, op. cit. Cf. also West Virginia Historical Magazine, April, 1903.

8 Bernheim: The German Element and the Lutheran Church in the Carolinas.

9 For this and other Moravian diaries, see Virginia Historical Magazine, vols xi and xii.

10 Original diary in German in Archives of the Moravian Church, Winston-Salem, N. C. Cf. Mereness, Travels in the American Colonies 1690-1783, 327-356.

11 Cf. original minutes of Abington and Gwynedd Monthly Meetings, Pa.

12 MS. History of Bryan family, compiled by Col. W. L. Bryan, Boone, N. C.

13 Ely: The Finleys of Bucks (Publications, Bucks County Historical Society); also "Historic Associations of Neshaminy Valley," Daily Intelligencer (Reading, Pa.), July 29, 1913. See also Wisconsin State Historical Society, Draper MSS., 2 B 161.

14 "The Creative Forces in Westward Expansion," American Historical Review, xx, 1.

15 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 100-101.

16 Magazine of American History, November, 1881.

17 Foote: Sketches of North Carolina, xiii.

18 Howe: History of the Presbyterian Church in South Carolina.

19 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 127-8-9.

20 Draper: MS. Life of Boone; Draper Collection, Wisconsin State Historical Society.

21 Rowan County Records, Salisbury, N. C.

22 Rumple: History of Rowan County.

23 Logan: History of Upper South Carolina.

24 "Diary of Bishop Spangenberg" (1752), North Carolina Colonial Records, v.

25 Sheets: History of Liberty Baptist Association.

26 Moravian Community Diary, preserved at Winston-Salem, N. C.

27 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 6.

28 J. F. D. Smyth: A Tour in the United States of America (London: 1784), vol. 1. Chapter xxiii.

29 Unpublished MS.: "In the Olden Time."

30 Margry: Navigation of the Mississippi, iv, 322.

31 Raunié: Chansonnier historique du xviiie siècle, iii, 132-3. This translation is by Barbara Henderson.

32 J. Haywood: Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee (1823), 223.

33 Byrd: History of the Dividing Line.

34 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 25.

35 D. D. Wallace: The Life of Henry Laurens, Appendix iv.

36 See also Hewit in Carroll's Collections, i, 435. Fort Prince George was located in the fork of the Six Mile Creek and Keowee River, in the southwestern part of Pickens County, and was completed probably by the end of 1753 (South Carolina Gazette, December 17, 1753).

37 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 140.

38 Cited in Channing, History of the United States, ii, 5-73 n.

39 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 333, 357.

40 Moravian Community Diary.

41 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 849.

42 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 225-264. North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 560, 617.

43 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 579.

44 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 641, 742, 849. Cf. also Hunter: Sketches of Western North Carolina, 325.

45 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 604, 639.

46 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 263; North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 606, 609, 613.

47 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 585, 612-4, 635, 637.

48 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 610; Cf. Timberlake's "A Draught of the Cherokee Country" in Avery's History of the United States, iv, facing p. 347; Ramsey, History of Tennessee, 57.

49 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 57-60.

50 Virginia Historical Magazine, xv, 254-7; Waddell, Augusta County (second edition), 115-6, 150-1.

51 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 606-8.

52 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 60-1.

53 Williamson: History of North Carolina, ii, 37, footnote.

54 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 563; xi, map facing p. 80, and p. 227.

55 North Carolina Colonial Records, v. Introduction, pp. xxx-xxxi.

56 Carroll's Collections, i, 433; ii, 519-20; Draper's MS. Life of Boone, iii, 65-6.

57 Sparks: Washington, ii, 322.

58 Journal: "Concerning a March that Capt. Robt. Wade took to the New River," in Summers, Southwest Virginia. 62-66.

59 Carroll's Collections, i, 443-4.

60 South Carolina Gazette, May 12, 1759.

61 South Carolina Gazette, July 14, 1759.

62 South Carolina Gazette, Aug. 4, Sept. 22, 1759.

63 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 221.

64 Draper: MS. Life of Boone, iii, 75.

65 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 229-230.

66 For a full account of the part which Fort Dobbs played in this Indian warfare see the monograph, Fort Dobbs, by Mrs. M. H. Eliason.

67 Maryland Gazette, May 8, 1760; Haywood: Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, 239-40; North Carolina Colonial Records, xxii, 822.

68 "Notes on the Indians and the Early Settlers of Western North Carolina," Collections of the North Carolina Historical Commission. Printed in Papers of A. D. Murphy, ii, 380 et seq.

69 Maryland Gazette, May 8, 1760.

70 South Carolina Gazette, Dec. 23, 1760; Feb. 28, April 11, 1761.

71 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 622.

72 J. S. Johnston: The First Explorations of Kentucky. Filson Club Publications, No. 13.

73 William and Mary College Quarterly, xii, 129-134; Young: Genealogical Narrative of the Hart Family (1882); Nash: "History of Orange County," North Carolina Booklet; Henderson: "A Federalist of the Old School," North Carolina Booklet.

74 North Carolina Colonial Records, ix, 349.

75 Turner: "The Old West," Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1908.

76 Cf. "Memoir of Pleasant Henderson," Draper MSS. 2CC21-23; W. H. Battle: "A Memoir of Leonard Henderson," North Carolina University Magazine, Nov., 1859; T. B. Kingsbury: "Chief Justice Leonard Henderson," Wake Forest Student, November, 1898.

77 "The Life and Times of Richard Henderson," in the Charlotte Observer, March 9 to June 1, 1913; Draper's MS. Life of Boone; Morehead's Address at Boonesborough, 105 n.

78 C. W. Alvord: "The Genesis of the Proclamation of 1763," Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, xxxvi.

79 Sparks: Works of Franklin (1844), iii, 69-77.

80 J. M. Peck to L. C. Draper, May 15, 1854.

81 Washington to Crawford, September 21, 1767, in Sparks: Life and Writings of Washington, ii, 346-50.

82 Haywood: Civil and Political History of Tennessee (1823), 35.

83 Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee (1853), 69-70.

84 Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee, 69.

85 Cf. C. W. Alvord: "The British Ministry and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix," Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1908.

86 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 851-855. For Tryon's line, ibid., 245, 460, 470, 508.

87 Johnson to Gage, December 16, 1768.

88 Jefferson MSS. Department of state. Cf. also Weeks: General Joseph Martin.

89 Hanna: The Wilderness Trail, ii, 216, 230, 255; Darlington: Journals of Gist, 131.

90 "Narrative of General William Hall," Draper MSS., Wisconsin State Historical Society.

91 Draper: MS. Life of Boone, viii, 238.

92 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 76.

93 Papers of A. D. Murphy, ii, 386.

94 Pennsylvania Journal, October 29, 1769.

95 Compare "John Finley; and Kentucky before Boone," being chapter seven in volume two of C. A. Hanna's The Wilderness Trail (1911).

96 J. W. Monette: History of the Discovery and Settlement of the Valley of the Mississippi (1846), ii, 53.

97 Court Records of Rowan County.

98 Cf. "The Pioneers of the West" in Missouri Republican (1847). Cf. also Putnam: Middle Tennessee, 20.

99 J. M. Peck to L. C. Draper, May 15, 1854.

100 Missouri Republican (1847).

101 A Memorial to the Legislature of Kentucky (1812).

102 Deposition Book No. 1, p. 156, Clark County Court, Kentucky.

103 Cf. "Daniel Boone and the Wilderness Trail," Bristol (Tennessee-Virginia) Herald Courier, Boone Trail Edition, April, 1917.

104 Hall: The Romance of Western History (1857), 150-1, 158-9.

105 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 713.

106 Martin: History of North Carolina, ii, 191.

107 "The Origin of the Regulation in North Carolina," American Historical Review, xxi, No. 2.

108 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 14-31, 32-4, 37.

109 Raleigh (N. C.) Register, June 2, 1825.

110 Cf. Tryon's Journal, North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 819-838.

111 Tryon to Hillsborough, December 24, 1768.

112 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 231-4.

113 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 241-244.

114 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 241-244.

115 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 236-240.

116 Cf. J. S. Bassett: "The Regulators of North Carolina (1765-1771)", American Historical Association Report for 1894.

117 North Carolina Colonial Records, x, 1019-1022; Caruthers: Life of Caldwell, 145-158.

118 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 250.

119 Alderman: "The Baptists at the Forks of the Yadkin," in Baptist Historical Papers.

120 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 70-80.

121 The discovery of an immense quantity of contemporary documents, since Roosevelt's The Winning of the West was written, betrays the numerous inaccuracies of that fascinating work, as well as the imperfect perspective in the picture of the westward expansionist movement. Mr. Roosevelt's virile apotheosis of the strenuous pioneer seems today almost as old-fashioned in its method and outlook as is Draper's work on King's Mountain.

122 Bancroft Transcripts, Library of Congress.

123 Purefoy: History of Sandy Creek Baptist Association (1859).

124 Cf. "Pioneer Contributions of North Carolina to Kentucky," Charlotte (N. C.) Observer, November 10, 1913.

125 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 616-8.

126 North Carolina Colonial Records, xiv, 314. Cf. Farrand: "The Indian Boundary Line," American Historical Review, x.

127 Dunmore to Hillsborough, March, 1772. Cf. also Draper, MS. Life of Boone, Draper MSS., 3 B 87, 88.

128 North Carolina Colonial Records, x, 885-6.

129 Moses Fisk: "A Summary Notice of the First Settlements made by White People within the Limits which Bound the State of Tennessee," in Massachusetts Historical Collections, 1st series (1816).

130 Dunmore to Dartmouth, May 16, 1774.

131 North Carolina Colonial Records, ix, 825-6, 982. MS. Copy in Minutes of Council, Public Record Office, Colonial Office, 5:355.

132 Haywood: Civil and Political History of Tennessee (1823), 40.

133 Butler: History of Kentucky (1836), p. lxvii, note. Also Draper MSS., 2 CC 34.

134 Wharton: Plain Facts (1781), 9.

135 Alvord: The Illinois-Wabash Land Company Manuscript.

136 A copy of the opinion, bearing this date, is in the Henderson papers, Draper collection, Wisconsin Historical Society.

137 Extended investigation establishes beyond question that Judge Henderson was proceeding in strict accordance with law in seeking to acquire title by purchase from the Cherokees instead of applying to the royal government for a grant. When Virginia's sea-to-sea charter was abrogated in 1624, Virginia became a royal province and the settlement of boundaries a royal prerogative. Of the three presumed Indian claimants to the trans-Alleghany region, viz., the Iroquois, Shawanoes, and Cherokees, the Iroquois by defeating the Shawanoes and their confederates in the Ohio Valley at the battle of Sandy Island in 1672 acquired title, as understood by the Indians, to this region. By the treaties of Lancaster (1744), Loggstown (1752), and Fort Stanwix (1768), the claims of the Shawanoes and the Iroquois to the trans-Alleghany territory were ceded to the crown. While the Shawanoes and the Cherokees acquiesced in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the crown fully acknowledged the claim of the Cherokees to the trans-Alleghany region; and by the treaties of Hard Labor (1768) and Lochaber (1770) confirmed them in possession of this region to the west of the boundary line (See Chapter XII). The sovereignty of England extended over this territory, the right of eminent domain being vested in the crown. Henderson was legally justified in disregarding the royal proclamation of 1763 which was largely in the nature of a temporary expedient, and in purchasing the title to the trans-Alleghany region from the Cherokees in 1775. The right of eminent domain over the trans-Alleghany region still vested in the crown after the treaty of Sycamore Shoals.

138 MS. Journals of James and Robert McAfee. Durrett Collection, University of Chicago. These journals are printed in Woods-McAfee Memorial.

139 Hening: Virginia Statutes at Large, x, 558.

140 Wharton: Plain Facts, 96 et seq. See also text ff.

141 Alvord: The Mississippi Valley in British Politics, ii, ch. 7; Cotterill: History of Pioneer Kentucky, 65-66.

142 T. Wharton to Walpole, September 23, 1774, in "Letter Book of Thomas Wharton," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, xxxiii (October, 1909).

143 For ample materials, cf. Thwaites and Kellogg: Documentary History of Dunmore's War--1774.

144 Cf. "The Inauguration of Westward Expansion," News and Observer (Raleigh, N. C.) July 5, 1914.

145 Letter of Major Pleasant Henderson, in The Harbinger (Chapel Hill, N. C), 1834.

146 Cf. "The Beginnings of Westward Expansion," North Carolina Review, September and October, 1910.

147 Draper MSS. 1 CC 2-9, Wisconsin State Historical Society.

148 Jefferson MSS. 5th Series, v. 8. In MSS. Division, Library of Congress.

149 Draper MSS. 1 CC 2-9.

150 Diary of Morgan Brown in Tennessee Historical Magazine.

151 Enclosure 6 in Dunmore to Dartmouth, No. 25, March 14, 1775, Public Record Office, Colonial Office, 5:1353.

152 North Carolina Colonial Records, ix, 1117, 1129-1131.

153 Draper MSS. 4 QQ 1.

154 Virginia Historical Magazine, viii, 355. Cf. also Draper MSS. 2 CC 5.

155 Letters to Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.

156 I am indebted to Miss Lucretia Hart Clay for the privilege of examining the extensive collection of Hart and Benton MSS. in her possession.

157 The voluminous records of the treaty are found in the Jefferson MSS., vol. 5. MSS. Division, Library of Congress.

158 "Narrative of Felix Walker," Original MS. owned by C. L. Walker.

159 Hulbert: Boone's Road.

160 Original of Henderson's Journal is in Draper MSS., 1 CC 21-130 A. D.

161 Hall: Sketches of the West, i, 254-5.

162 This quotation is taken from the original manuscript. The version in De Bow's Review, 1854, is imperfect. For better printed versions of Walker's two accounts, see Memoirs of Felix Walker, New Orleans (1877), and Journal of American History, i, No. 1 (1907).

163 Original journal of William Calk, owned by Mrs. Price Calk.

164 Letters to Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.

165 North Carolina Gazette.

166 Draper MSS., 1 CC 160-194, deposition of Arthur Campbell.

167 Draper MSS., 1 CC 160-194, deposition of Arthur Campbell.

168 Draper Collection, Kentucky MSS., ii. For a contrary view, cf. P. Henry's deposition, Kentucky MSS., i.

169 Published in Virginia Gazette, March 23, 1775. Cf. "Forerunners of the Republic", Neale's Monthly, January-June, 1913.

170 Draper MSS., 4 QQ 17.

171 Letters to George Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.

172 Draper MSS., 1 L 20.

173 Henderson and Luttrell to the Proprietors, July 18, 1775; printed in Louisville News-Letter, May 9, 1840.

174 Nathaniel Henderson to John Williams, October 5, 1775. Copy supplied by heirs of B. J. Lossing.

175 "The Struggle for the Fourteenth American Colony," News and Observer (Raleigh, N. C.), May 19, 1918.

176 In connection with Transylvania, consult G. W. Ranck: Boonesborough: Filson Club Publications, No. 16; F. J. Turner: "State Making in the Revolutionary Era", American Historical Review, i; G. H. Alden: "New Governments West of the Alleghanies before 1780."

177 In a "Proposal for the Sale of its Lands" (Virginia Gazette, Sept. 30, 1775), the Transylvania Company offered to any settlers before June 1, 1776, land, limited in amount, at the rate of fifty shillings sterling per hundred acres, subject to an annual quit-rent of two shillings. Cf. facsimile.

178 Draper MSS., 2 CC 25.

179 These increased rates were voted at a meeting of the Proprietors of Transylvania at Oxford, N. C., September 25, 1775. American Archives, iv.

180 Draper MSS., 47 J 1. This memoir has often been printed.

181 Cf. for example, Mason to Washington, March 9, 1775, in Letters to Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.

182 Letter of date May 19, 1776. Draper MSS., 33 S 292-295.

183 Original in Virginia State Archives.

184 Original in Virginia State Archives. This and the aforementioned petition are printed in the Virginia Historical Magazine, xvi, 157-163. See also J. R. Robertson: Petitions of the Early Inhabitants of Kentucky, Filson Club Publications, No. 27.

185 Cf. "Richard Henderson and the Occupation of Kentucky, 1775," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, December, 1914. Also A. B. Hulbert: Pilots of the Republic.

186 Original in North Carolina State Archives. Printed in Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee (1853), 134-138.

187 Haldimand MSS.

188 Original in Draper MSS. Collections. It has recently been printed in Colonial Men and Times (1915), by Lillie Du P. Van C. Harper.

189 Haywood: Civil and Political History of Tennessee, (1823), Appendix, 500-503.

190 Journal Virginia House of Delegates, Nov. 4-17, 1778.

191 Hening: Statutes at Large, ix, 571. Cf. also Starling: History of Henderson County, Kentucky.

192 Cf. Sioussat: "The Journal of Daniel Smith," Tennessee Historical Magazine, March, 1915.

193 The original journal is in the archives of the Tennessee State Historical Society.

194 N. Hart, Jr., to Wilkins Tannehill, April 27, 1839, in Louisville News-Letter, May 23, 1840.

195 The original document is preserved in the archives of the Tennessee Historical Society. It is printed, with a number of minor inaccuracies, in Putnam: Middle Tennessee, 94-102.

196 Acts of North Carolina, 1783, ch. xxxviii, North Carolina State Records, xxiv, 530-531.

197 For a more extended treatment of the subjects dealt with in the present chapter, see "Richard Henderson, the Authorship of the Cumberland Compact, and the Founding of Nashville," Tennessee Historical Magazine, September, 1916.

198 "Isaac Shelby, Revolutionary Patriot and Border Hero," in North Carolina Booklet, xvi, No. 3, 109-144.

199 While Draper's King's Mountain and its Heroes is most valuable as a source book, it is very faulty in style and arrangement. The account of the battle, in particular, is deficient in perspective; and in general no clear line is drawn between traditionary and authentic testimony.

200 F. B. McDowell: The Battle of King's Mountain (Raleigh, 1907). This account was prepared chiefly from unpublished letters from Isaac Shelby to Franklin Brevard.

201 A Sketch of the Life and Career of Colonel James D. Williams, by Rev. J. D. Bailey (Cowpens, S. C., 1898).

202 A valuable source is the King's Mountain Expedition, by David Vance and Robert Henry, edited by D. L. Schenck (Greensboro, 1891).

203 Cf. Acts of North Carolina, 1784, April Session, Chapters XI and XII.

204 Sioussat: "The North Carolina Cession of 1784 in its Federal Aspects," Mississippi Valley Historical Association Proceedings, ii.

205 Quoted in Alden: "The State of Franklin," American Historical Review, viii.

206 See Charlotte (N. C.) Observer, September 25, 1904. Also consult North Carolina State Records, xxii, 664 ff.

207 State Archives of North Carolina.

208 Pennsylvania Packet, August 9, 1785.

209 State Department MSS., Library of Congress.

210 A single complete draft, in pamphlet form, printed in 1786, is preserved in the archives of the Tennessee Historical Society. Cf. "The Provisional Constitution of Frankland," American Historical Magazine, i.

211 Franklin Papers, vii, folio 1651. MSS. Division, Library of Congress.

212 Franklin Papers, viii, folio 1803. MSS. Division, Library of Congress.

213 For a more extended treatment of matters dealt with in this chapter, compare "The Spanish Conspiracy in Tennessee," Tennessee Historical Magazine, December, 1917.

214 Gardoqui to Floridablanca, April 18, 1788.

215 On April 30th Miró wrote to Valdez, in Spain, informing him of the proposals received through McGillivray and stating that he had returned conciliatory replies but had refrained from committing the Spanish Government until the pleasure of the king should be known.

216 W. W. Henry: Life, Correspondence and Speeches of Patrick Henry, iii, 409, 412-5.

217 Archives of the Indies, Seville, Spain.

218 Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee (1853), 502-3.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

For the entire period (1740-1790) covered by this volume, an exceptionally rich store of materials is to be found in the Colonial Records of North Carolina, 1662-1775 (published 1886-1890), and its continuation, the State Records of North Carolina, 1776-1790 (published 1895-1905), thirty volumes in all, including the four volumes of index. The introductions and supplementary matter in these volumes constitute a survey of the period. Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the West (1889-1896; various editions), a vigorous and stirring narrative, over-accentuates the strenuous life, largely underemphasises economic and governmental phases, and is by no means free from error.

For the Scotch-Irish migrations one should read C. A. Hanna, The Scotch-Irish (2 vols., 1902), a large collection of original materials, imperfectly coördinated; and the excellent historical sketch by H. J. Ford, The Scotch-Irish in America (1905). For the German migrations, adequate and readable accounts are A. B. Faust, The German Element in the United States (2 vols., 1909); J. H. Clewell, History of Wachovia in North Carolina (1902); J. W. Wayland, The German Element of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia (1907); and G. D. Bernheim, History of the German Settlements and of the Lutheran Church in North and South Carolina (1872).

The best original sources for the life of the people in this period are: the State Archives of North Carolina at Raleigh, scientifically ordered and accessible to collectors; the Lyman C. Draper Collection at Madison, Wisconsin; the Reuben T. Durrett Collection at the University of Chicago; the State Archives of South Carolina, especially rich in collections of contemporary newspapers; the collections of the North Carolina Historical Society at Chapel Hill; and the Archives of the Moravian Church, in Pennsylvania and at Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The State Archives of Virginia, an unexplored mine of great riches, are as yet inaccessible, properly speaking, to investigators. The state of Tennessee has not yet made any provision for the conservation of historical materials; but the Tennessee Historical Society has preserved much valuable documentary material.

Books shedding light, from various quarters, upon the life of the people in this period are: W. H. Foote, Sketches of North Carolina, Historical and Biographical (1846; reprinted 1913), dealing almost exclusively with the Presbyterian Church and the Scotch-Irish; J. F. D. Smyth, A Tour in the United States of America (2 vols., 1784), untrustworthy as to historical events and partisan as to politics, but graphic in description of the people and the country; William Bartram, Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida (1791), delightful in its simplicity and genial tone; William Byrd, History of the Dividing Line and other writings (J. S. Bassett's edition, 1901), of sprightly style and instinct with literary charm, pungently satirical, untrustworthy as to North Carolina; Joseph Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars &c. (1824; reprinted 1912), photographic in its realistic delineation of backwoods conditions; J. H. Logan, History of Upper South Carolina (1859); J. Rumple, Rowan County (1881; reprinted 1916); Biographical History of North Carolina (8 volumes printed, 1905-); S. Dunbar, A History of Travel in America(4 vols., 1915), first volume; Travels in the American Colonies, 1690-1783 (Edited by N. D. Mereness, 1916); and O. Taylor, Historic Sullivan (1909).

Many valuable articles, of both local and national interest, are found in the excellent periodical publications: James Sprunt Historical Monographs and Publications (16 vols., 1900-), published by the University of North Carolina; North Carolina Booklet (18 vols., 1901-), published by the N. C. Society, D. A. R.; Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (27 vols., 1893-); American Historical Magazine (8 vols., 1896-1903); Tennessee Historical Magazine (4 vols., 1915-); Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society (17 vols., 1902-); Mississippi Valley Historical Review (6 vols., 1914-). A notable study is F. J. Turner, The Old West (Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1908).

There is no adequate account in print of the French and Indian War, in the Old Southwest. Useful sources are E. McCrady, South Carolina under the Royal Government, 1719-1776 (1899); S. A. Ashe, History of North Carolina, 1584-1783 (1 vol., 1908); L. P. Summers, History of South-West Virginia, 1746-1786 (1903); J. P. Hale, Trans-Alleghany Pioneers (1886); J. A. Waddell, Annals of Augusta County, Virginia (1886); S. Kercheval, A History of the Valley of Virginia (third edition, 1902); A. S. Withers, Chronicles of Border Warfare (R. G. Thwaites' edition, 1908); B. R. Carroll, Historical Collections of South Carolina (2 vols., 1886); E. M. Avery, History of the United States (7 vols., 1908), fourth volume; J. G. M. Ramsey, Annals of Tennessee (1853); Calendar Virginia State Papers (11 vols., 1875-1893). An interesting biography is A. M. Waddell, A Colonial Officer and his Times (1890).

The early explorations of the West, and the career of Boone, are treated with reasonable fullness in the admirable publications of the Filson Club of Kentucky (27 vols., 1884-); C. A. Hanna, The Wilderness Trail (2 vols., 1911); John Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee (1823; reprinted 1891), written in delightfully quaint style; L. and R. H. Collins, History of Kentucky (2 vols., 1882), a mine of conglomerate material; N. M. Woods, The Woods-McAfee Memorial (1905); A. B. Hulbert, Pilots of the Republic (1905) and Boone's Wilderness Road (1903), attractively written; R. G. Thwaites, Daniel Boone (1911), a lifeless condensation of Draper's sprawling projected (MS.) biography; and John Filson, Kentucke (1784).

Of the voluminous mass of literature dealing with the Regulation in North Carolina, one should read: J. S. Bassett, The Regulators of North Carolina, 1765-1771 (American Historical Association Report, 1894); M. DeL. Haywood, Governor Tryon of North Carolina (1903); H. Husband, An Impartial Relation of the First Rise and Cause of the Present Differences in Publick Affairs, in the Province of North Carolina (1770); and Archibald Henderson, The Origin of the Regulation in North Carolina (American Historical Review, 1916).

In addition to titles already mentioned, the following books and monographs give the best accounts of the Watauga and Cumberland settlements and of the State of Franklin: A. W. Putnam, History of Middle Tennessee (1859), a remarkably interesting book by a real "character"; J. W. Caldwell, Constitutional History of Tennessee (second edition, 1907); F. M. Turner, Life of General John Sevier (1910), in pedestrian style, reasonably accurate for the romantic period only; G. H. Alden, The State of Franklin (American Historical Review, 1903); S. B. Weeks, Joseph Martin (American Historical Association Report, 1894); Archibald Henderson, Isaac Shelby (North Carolina Booklet, 1917-1918). The source book for the Indian war of 1774 is Documentary History of Dunmore's War (Edited by R. G. Thwaites and L. P. Kellogg, 1905). For exhaustive data concerning the King's Mountain campaign and its preliminaries, read L. C. Draper, King's Mountain and its Heroes (1881), though the book is lacking in discrimination and deficient in perspective. For a briefer treatment, read D. L. Schenck, North Carolina, 1780-1781 (1889).

Other books and monographs dealing with the period, the westward movement, the settlement of the trans-Alleghany, and the little governments, to be consulted are: James Hall, Sketches of the West (2 vols., 1835) and The Romance of Western History (1857); Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia for 1766-1769 and 1770-1772 (published 1906); G. H. Alden, New Governments West of the Alleghanies before 1780 (published 1897); C. W. Alvord, The Mississippi Valley in British Politics (2 vols., 1917), a notable work, ably written and embodying an immense amount of information; J. T. Morehead, Address at Boonesborough, May 25, 1840 (published 1840); F. J. Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in American History (Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1894) and Western State-Making in the Revolutionary Era (American Historical Review, 1895-1896), papers characterised by both brilliance and depth; and Archibald Henderson, The Creative Forces in Westward Expansion (American Historical Review, 1914), The Occupation of Kentucky in 1775 (Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 1914), The Founding of Nashville (Tennessee Historical Magazine, 1916), and The Spanish Conspiracy in Tennessee (Tennessee Historical Magazine, 1917).

On the subject of Indian tribes and Indian treaties, the Annual Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, in especial numbers 5, 18, and 19, although compiled from secondary historical sources and occasionally erroneous in important matters, are useful--as is also Bulletin 22: J. Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East (1895). Rare and interesting works dealing with the Eastern Indian tribes are H. Timberlake, Memoirs (1765); J. Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee (1823); and J. Adair, American Indians (1775).

For both wider and more intensive reading in the history of this period, consult: F. J. Turner, List of References on the History of the West (Edition of 1915); A Critical Bibliography of Kentucky History, in R. M. McElroy, Kentucky in the Nation's History (1909); S. B. Weeks, A Bibliography of the Historical Literature of North Carolina (1895); E. G. Swem, A Bibliography of Virginia (Part I, 1916); and the bibliographies in J. Phelan, History of Tennessee (1888); E. McCrady, South Carolina under the Royal Government, 1719-1776 (published 1899) and South Carolina in the Revolution, 1775-1780 (published 1901); and E. M. Avery, A History of the United States (1908), volumes 4, 5, and 6.

Note. For the use of a complete set of transcripts of the Richard Henderson Papers in the Draper Collection, I am indebted to the North Carolina Historical Commission through the courtesy of the Secretary, Mr. R. D. W. Connor.

INDEX A Abingdon: 134, 191. Adams, John: 250. Adams, Samuel: 241, 250. Ahualco: 144. Alamance: see Battles. Alexander, Abraham: 172. Alexander, James: 27. Alexander, Moses: 27. Alexander, Capt. Nathaniel: 62. Alexander, William: 27. Alibamu Fort: 65. Alleghany Mountains: 100, 142, 155, 246, 259, 311. Alleman's Ford: 36. Alrichs, Herman: describes ambuscade of Braddock's army, 54. Amazons: 267. America: 111, 134, 159, 234, 248, 329; continent of, 198; history of, 286; emigration to, 7; people of, 173, 186, 198, 199; democracy in, ch. XIV-ch. XV, 174; colonies of, necessity for union, 65-66. American: cause, 185; congress, 329, 341; confederation, 215, 259, 291; republic, 329. American Revolution: 12, 123, 239, 259, 267, 270, 277, 305. American Union: 319, 335, 336, 342, 348, 349; see Union. Americans: 190, 300, 329, 339, 340; pioneers, 283; civilization of, ch. X, 199; character of, ch. X, 30-31, 195. Amherst, Gen. Jeffrey: 93. Anderson, Colonel: 308. Anshers, James: 52. Appalachian Mountains: 4, 5, 42, 107, 137, 139, 334, 343. Arkansas: 122. Atlantic Ocean: 4. Atta-kulla-kulla, Cherokee chief: 66, 74, 76, 217, 242, 262. Augusta: 79.

B Bacon, Francis: 172. Bailey, Capt. Andrew: leads sortie from Fort Dobbs, 80-82. Baily, Francis: on frontiersmen, ch. XIV. Baker, John: 139. Baker, William: 121. Bainton, Epaphroditus: 130. Balboa: 155. Baptists: 175, 185, 190. Barbour, explorer: 122. Battles: Alamance, 168, 175, 182-183, 186, 189, 219; Great Kanawha, of the, 203-204, 209, 305; King's Mountain, at, ch. XVIII, 289, 327; Lexington, 244, 277; Long Island Flats, of, 262-263; Musgrove's Mill, at, 291. Beaujeu, Captain: 53. Been, John: 196. Been, Mrs. William: 264. "Belle Riviere": 156; see Ohio River. Bentham, Jeremy: 246. Benton, Jesse: 222. Benton, Samuel: 170. Benton, Thomas Hart: 170. Bethabara: 38, 56, 75, 85, 161, 162, 166; invested by Indians, 88. Bethania: 87. Bienville (Blainville) Céloron de: 46-47, 98, 116. Bienville, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur de: 42. Big Bone Lick: 116, 156; see Great Bone Lick. Big Lick: 33. Big Salt Lick: 284; see French Lick, French Salt Springs, Great French Lick, Great Salt Springs. Black Fish, Shawanoe chief: adopts Daniel Boone, 274. Bledsoe, Anthony: 194, 327, 332, 339, 340, 341, 342, 344. Bledsoe family: 123. Bledsoe, Isaac: 126; discovers lick, 124. Bledsoe's Lick: discovery of, described, 124-125. Blevens: hunters named, 109. Blevens, William: 119. Blount, William: 348. Blowing Rock: 134. Blue Licks: 156. Blue Ridge: 3, 5, 97, 142. Board of Trade: Johnston to, 3; Glen to, 51; draft royal proclamation, 106. Boiling Spring: 243, 253. Bonn, Dr. Jacob: 85. Boone, Anne: 23. Boone, Daniel: 16, 20, 22, 29, 38, 41, 101, 108, 110, 115, 119, 129, 130, ch. IX, 131, 132, 133, 134, 142, 144, 148, 153, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 164, 165, 166, 185, 190, 200, 212, 221, 225, 226, 227, 231, 232, 235, 236, 280, 282; personal appearance, 37; at Braddock's Defeat, 54-55; meets Richard Henderson, 105; explores Tennessee for Henderson & Company, 109; serves under Waddell, 133; explores Kentucky for Richard Henderson, ch. X; clears Transylvania Trail, 226; asks aid of Judge Henderson, 227-228; returns to Boonesborough, 253; rescues daughter, 271; rescued by Kenton, 272; captured, 272; adopted by Black Fish, 274; deceived by Indians, 274. Boone family: settles in North Carolina, 34, 36, 117. Boone, George: 21, 165. Boone, James: 137. Boone, Jemima: captured by Indians, 271. Boone, Jesse: 137. Boone, Squire: 21, 34, 35, 36, 37, 105. Boone, Squire, Jr.: 29, 142, 156-157; sent by Transylvania Company to aid Daniel Boone, 153. Boone, William: 23. Boonesborough: 199, 215, 254, 277; Henderson arrives at, 235; Transylvania convention at, 244-248; Boone returns to, 253; capture of girls at, 270-271; besieged by Indians, 272, 273, 274-276; Henderson returns to, 282; corn sent to, from French Lick, 284, 285. Boone's Caves: 157. Boone's Ford: 36. Boston: 8, 180. Botetourt; Governor, of Virginia: 192. Boyd's Creek: 307. Braddock, Gen. Edward: 53, 58, 135, 295; defeat of, described, 53-55. Brandmüller, John: pilgrimage of, 14-15. British: 49, 102, 189, 261, 270, 276, 289, 290, 292, 294, 296, 299, 302, 342; Crown, 191, 200. Brobdignags: 154. Brown, Francis: 57. Brown, Jacob: 194, 224. Brown, the widow: 337. Bryan family: 203. Bryan, James: 22. Bryan, Joseph: 22. Bryan, Martha: 33. Bryan, Morgan: 22, settled in Pennsylvania, 22; in Virginia, 23; in North Carolina, 16, 34; leads frontier rangers, 75-76, 83; in Rowan, 35. Bryan, Morgan, Jr.: 22. Bryan, Rebeckah: 132, 160. Bryan, William: 22, 33. Bryan's Station: 22. "Buffalo Bill" (W. F. Cody): ch. XV. Bull, Lieut. Gov. William: 88. Bullitt, Capt. Thomas: 204. Bullock, Leonard Henley: Member Transylvania Company, 218. Bunker's Hill: battle of, 277. Burke, Edmund: on charters, ch. XI. Burnaby, Andrew: describes life in backwoods, 32. Byrd, Col. William, 3rd.: 59, 91, 92, 94, 133, 187, 208, 210, 249. Byrd, William: 36, 45, 98, 130; describes Yadkin region, 35.

C Calhoun, Patrick: family attacked, 79; commands Provincial Rangers, 89; relatives of, 168. Calk, William: 235; with exploring party from Virginia, 226. Callaway, Elizabeth: captured by Indians, 271; rescued, 271. Callaway, Flanders: 271. Callaway, Frances: capture by Indians, 271; rescued, 271. Callaway, Col. Richard: 253; commands in defence of Transylvania Fort, 275-276. Callaway, Samuel: 110. Camden: 292. Camden, Lord Chancellor: 201. Camden-Yorke opinion: 207, 239, 240, 241. Cameron, Alexander: 194, 261. Camp Charlotte: 212. Campbell, Col. Arthur: interested in Kentucky lands, 208; seeks partnership in Transylvania Company for Patrick Henry, 240; leads force against Cherokees, 307; plans Greater Franklin, 323. Campbell, Colonel William: leads Virginians, 293; elected commander King's Mountain expedition, 294; at King's Mountain, 296, 299, 300. Campbell, David: 314, 321. Campbell, John: 263. Campbell, Robert: scalped, 82. Cape Fear: 53, 75. Captain Will: 151. Carlisle: 144. Carolina: 116, 118. Carolinas, the two: 75, 139, 201. Carter, John: 224. Carter's Valley: 195, 224. Carteret, Lord: lands of, 9. Caswell, Gov. Richard: 57, 318, 322, 340. Catawba Town: 59. Catawba Valley: 10, 13. Catawbas: 35, 45, 59-62, 64, 65, 70, 71, 72, 96, 118, 146; towns of, 96; country, 131. Cession Act: 310-311, 326. Charles the Second: 42. Charleston: 32, 33, 38, 66, 68, 88, 94, 161, 167, 289. Charleville, Charles: at French Lick, 44. Charlotte: 289, 294. Cherokees: 15, 28, 49, 59-60, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 78, 86, 88, 89, 91, 96, 111, 112, 114, 116, 123, 127, 133, 140, 141, 159, 187, 192, 193, 202, 206, 216, 221, 222, 225, 239, 242, 249, 252, 265, 266, 270, 290, 307, 310, 316, 331, 346; fort promised to, by South Carolina, 58; treaty with, 59; hunters, 74; attack on Long Cane settlement, 79; warriors, 76; defeated, 83, 265; boundary line, 191; chiefs, 217, 242, 316; country of, 64. Chickamaugas: 308; town of, 283; bloody forage of, 289-290; quelled, 290. Chickasaws: 125, 310, 340. Chilhowee: 307. Chillicothe: 204. Chiswell's Mine: 112, 191. Choctaws: 45. Christian, Col. William: member of company to purchase Cherokee lands, 239; leads Virginia forces against Cherokees, 266. Chronicle, Major William: killed at King's Mountain, 301. Clark, George Rogers: 255, 259, 277; prospecting in Kentucky, 205; opinion of Transylvania title, 248; Memoir of, cited as to Henderson Claim, 255-256; threatens Virginia with revolt in Kentucky, 257; visited by James Robertson, 281. Clark, Jonathan: 248. Cleveland, Col. Benjamin: 296; explores West, 123; leads pioneers against Indians, 267; leads Wilkes volunteers at King's Mountain, 293; addresses troops at King's Mountain, 297, 301. "Cleveland's Bulldogs": 293, 301. Clinch Valley: 203. Cocke, William: 231, 263, 321; delegate from Franklin to Continental Congress, 318; appeals to Benjamin Franklin, 324. Coldwater Expedition: 340. Columbus, Christopher: 144, 234. Committee of Safety: 259. Concord: 236. Coghnawagas: 118. Connolly, Dr. John: 205, 208, 209, 210, 239. Constitution: rejected by North Carolina, 335, 336. Continent, European: 4. Continental Congress: 249, 250, 257, 261, 276, 318, 319, 324, 329. Cooley, William: explores Kentucky, 149, 153. Cooper, James Fenimore: 85, 271. Corbin, Francis: 169. Cornstalk, Shawanoe chief: 204; leads Indians at the Great Kanawha, 213-214. Corn Tassel, Indian Chief: 337. Cornwallis, Lord Charles: 289, 291, 292, 294, 295, 304. Cortez, Hernando: 144. Counties: Albemarle, 99; Anson, 16, 19, 32, 162, 167, 185; Armagh, 22; Augusta, 55, 198; Berks, 34; Botetourt, 204; Brunswick, 188; Bucks, 8, 22, 34; Burke, 293; Chester, 22-23; Culpeper, 138; Davidson, 343; Fincastle, 220; Floyd, 142; Frederick, 55; Granville, 160, 169, 170, 179, 181, 218, 291; Greene, 312, 326; Guilford, 203; Hampshire, 55; Hanover, 108; Jessamine, 157; Kentucky, 258; Lincoln, 126, 234, 298; Mecklenburg, 27, 30, 171, 200, 245; Miller, 205; Orange, North Carolina, 19, 25-30, 169, 177, 189; Orange, Virginia, 113, 122; Philadelphia, 34; Prince William, 226; Roanoke, 33; Rowan, 19, 34, 56, 147, 177, 232, 294, 298; Rutherford, 293; Shenandoah, 198; Sullivan, 291, 308, 312, 328; Sumner, 124, 343; Surry, 40, 166, 293, 298, 303; Tennessee, 343; Washington, 132, 277, 293, 312, 319, 336, 337; Wayne, 124; Wilkes, 293; York, Pennsylvania, 52, 59; York, South Carolina, 295. Couture, Jean: 44. Cowpens: 294. Cox, Charles: 119. Coytomore, Lieut.: murdered by Indians, 80. Craighead, Rev. Alexander: 30. Crawford, William: Washington to, on Western lands, 106, 108. Creeks: 308, 310, 339, 340, 341, 342, 346. Creeks: Bean Island, 85; Bear, 131; Beaver, 194; Bledsoe's, 128; Crooked, 213; Cross, 218; Dutchman's, 132; Elk, 137; Fish, 205; Fourth, 57, 58; Line, 71; Linville, 34; Lulbegrud, 119, 154; Otter, 228, 229, 236; Sinking, 328, 336; Sugar Tree, 132; Sugaw, 59; Swearing, 135; Station Camp, 124, 150; Third, 57; Walden's, 120. Cresap, Col. Thomas: 101. Crockett, Robert: 125. Croghan, George: 46, 120. Cross Creek (Fayetteville): 218. Crozat, Antoine: 43, 44. Culloden: 100. Cumberland: Colony, 200, 341, 342, 343; leaders, 341; desire alliance with Spain, 343, 345; traders, 330, settlements, 283, 288, 309, 310, 330, 340, 345, 346; settlers, 328, 342; desire separation from North Carolina, 343; valley, 280; region, ch. XVII, 280, 345, 347. Cumberland: outlaw, 165. "Cumberland Compact": drafted by Richard Henderson, 285-286. Cumberland District: 331, 339, 341. Cumberland, Duke of: 100. Cumberland Gap: names, 100, 115; traversed by traders, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 126, 145, 158, 229; see Ouasioto Gap. Cumberland Mountains: 100, 113, 138, 233. Cutbird, Benjamin: 139.

D Darien: 144. Dark and Bloody Ground: 126; origin of name, 223-224. Dartmouth, Earl of: 208, 209, 238. Dean Swift: 154. Declaration of Independence: 258; read at Boonesborough, 272. Delaware: 8; valley, 8. Demere, Capt. Raymond: 76; takes command of Virginia Fort, 66; surrenders Fort Loudon, 90-91. De Peyster: 298, 299, 301. De Soto, Fernando: ch. XII. Detroit: 273. Devonshire, East: 21. Dick, Captain: Cherokee hunter, 126. Dinwiddie, Gov. Robert: 50, 53, 55, 58, 65; 67, 70, 72. Dividing Line: running of the North Carolina-Virginia, 269; William Byrd's History of the, 35. Doak, Rev. Samuel: 293. Dobbs, Gov. Arthur: 55, 73, 77, 92, 93, 169; sends commissioner to treat with Indians, 59; begins erection of Catawba Fort, 62, 70; orders building discontinued, 71. Dobbs, Edwards Brice: 54. Doddridge, Joseph: on conditions of pioneer life, 125. Donelson, Col, John: 194, 206, 222, 288; runs boundary line, 193; meets Richard Henderson, 269; leads party by water route to French Lick, 282; diary of, quoted, 269, 283-284. Donelson's line: 194, 224, 239, 242. Dragging Canoe, the Cherokee chief: 223, 290; leads Indians in battle, 262-263. Drake, Enoch: 235. Drake, Joseph: 125. Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of: 196, 198, 199, 200, 204, 206, 210, 211, 220, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 248, 249, 254. Dunmore's War: ch. XIII, 196, 214. Dugger, Julius Cæsar: Tennessee pioneer, 137, 187. Dutch, Pennsylvania: 12, 302. Dutchman's Creek Church: 185.

E East India Company: 201. Eaton's Station: defence of, 262. Echota: 64, 66, 307. Edwards, Rev. Morgan: on exodus of Regulators for North Carolina, 175. Emery, Will: 127. England: land-mad, ch. XI, 4, 21, 43, 201, 247. English: 67, 120, 274; settlers, 5, 96; Revolution, 6; parliament, 7; colonies, 13; troops, 66; settlements, 46. Es-kip-pa-ki-thi-ki: 117, 150. Et-chow-ee: 89.

F Fagot: 343. Falls of the Ohio River (Louisville): 255, 284. Fanning, Col. Edmund: 22, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180, 182. Fauquier, Gov, Francis: 94. Fayetteville: 218. Ferguson, Col. Patrick: 291, 292, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300; conduct at King's Mountain, 302; killed, 303. Few, William: describes life in backwoods, 25. Fields, Jeremiah: 180, 181. Filson, John: 117, 147. Fincastle, Committee of West: drafts protest against Transylvania Company, 257, 258. Findlay, Findley, Finley: Archibald, 22; Michael, 22. Findlay, John: visits Kentucky, 117-118; meets Boone, 144; visits Boone on the Yadkin, 22, 101, 138, 148, 149, 150, 153. Fish, William: murdered by Indians, 84. Fleming, Col. William: 208. Florida: 138; East, 122, 138; West, 122. Floyd, John: 212, 243, 254; appointed Surveyor General of Transylvania, 255. Fontaine, John: journal of, 97. Fontainebleau: 212. Forbes, Gen. John: 73, 74, 133. Forks of Ohio River: 47. Forts: Bethabara, at, 75; Boone's, 236, 270; chain of, 83; Carolina, 75, 84-85; Catawba, 62, 70, 71; Cumberland, 53; Dobbs, 55, 57-58, 75, 80-82, 84, 87; Duquesne, 47, 72-73, 74; Dutch, 57, 83, 86;--at mouth of Line Creek, 71; Loudoun, 68, 76, 88-90; McDowell's, 265, 270; Necessity, 48; Ninety-Six, 89; Patrick Henry, 269, 282-283; Pitt, 121, 209; Prince George, 51-52, 79-80, 91, 93, 94; Robinson, 94; Stalnaker's, 83, 94; Stanwix, treaty of, 111, 112, 191, 207;--on Tellico River, 68; Transylvania, 215, 243, 244, 245, 253, 270, 272, 274, 276, 282; Vaux's, 56, 69; Virginia, 64, 67, 68, 69; Watauga, 263. Fowey: 254. France: 43, 78, 96, 99. Frankland: 318, 331, 339; origin of name, 314, 321. Franklin: 89. Franklin, Benjamin: 8, 107, 184, 185; new state named for, 314, 324; to Cocke, 324; to Sevier, 324-325. Franklin, State of: 200, ch. XIX, 315, 317, 318, 323, 325, 326, 328, 339, 334, 335, 336, 317, 338, 344, 347, 348;--leaders of, 326, 330; --legislature of, 312, 313-314, 316, 318;--Greater, 323; origin of name, 314, 324. Freeland's Station: 309. French: 45, 47, 48, 49, 65, 66, 70, 97, 116, 274; coureurs de bois, 44; Huguenot, 198; voyageurs, 123, 128;--Canadian, 274; immigration of, 5; settlers, 28; traders, 44; explorations, 46. French Lick: 281; treaty of peace at, 269, See French Salt Springs, Great French Lick, Great Salt Springs. French and Indian War: 52, 102, 144, 145. Frohock, John: 172, 177. Frohock, Thomas: 172, 177. Frontier: ch. VII.

G Galaspy, William: 234. Galissonière, Roland Michel Barrin, Marquis de la: 47. Gammern: storekeeper on Yadkin, 161. Gardoqui, Diego de: 327, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 338, 339. Gee, Joshua: 98. George I: 97. George III: 93, 214. Georgia: 116, 122, 265, 268, 291, 313;--Assembly of, 344; tours into, 14. German: pioneers, 11-18, 28;--Palatinate, 11; immigration, 5, 11-12, 19. Gilbert Town: 292. Gillespie, Robert: slain from ambush by Indians, 87. Gist, Christopher: 46, 108, 114, 116, 117, 137, 146; makes exploration for Ohio Company, 101-102. Gist, Nathaniel: 134, 137. Glen, Governor James: 58-59, 65; describes South Carolina's condition, 50-51; promises Cherokees a fort, 51; concludes treaty at Saluda, 51. Glumdelick: 154. Gnadenhütten: 56. Gordon, Capt. Harry: 120. Grandfather Mountain: 135. Grant, Col. James: 138; leads expedition against Indians, 93. Granville, Edward, Earl of Clarendon, Lord: 15; lands of, 9-10, 34, 171. Great Bone Licks: 120. Great Britain: 48, 247. Great French Lick: 280; See Great Salt Springs, French Lick, French Salt Springs. Great Grant: 224. Greathouse, Daniel: 211. Great Meadows: 48, 53. Great Mogul: 201. Great Tellico: 65. Great Trading Path: 35, 45, 96, 131. Great Treaty: 249. Great Salt Springs, 44, 269, See French Lick, French Salt Springs, Great French Lick. Great Warrior's Path: 118, 119. Green: 62. Greeneville: 319. Greer, Andrew: 187. Grube, Rev. Bernhard Adam: heads settlers into North Carolina, 16. Gulf of Mexico: 43, 44, 341. "Gulliver's Travels": 154. Gutry, John: 52.

H Hackett: 341. Hall, Gen. William: 116, 128. Hall, Rev. James: 267. Hambright, Lt. Col. Frederick: at King's Mountain, 296, 302. Hamilton, Gov. Henry: 273, 274, 276. Hampton, Anthony: leads Rowan rangers, 83. Hampton, Col. Andrew: leads Rutherford riflemen, 293. Hampton, Gen. Wade: 83. Hancock, John: 241. Hanks: family, 23, 34;--Abraham, 23, 235. Hard Labor: treaty at, 112, 114. Harman, outlaw: 165. Harris, Col.: 75. Harris: Elizabeth, 144; John, 145. Harris's Ferry: 145. Harrisburg: 145. Harrison, Richard: 255. Harrod, James: 121, 205, 212, 243, 244, 253. Harrodsburg: 253; election held at, 257. Harrodsburg Remonstrance: 255. Hart: David, 187, 218;--Nathaniel, 108, 187, 217, 218, 222, 227, 284; --Thomas, 108, 187, 218, 222. Hartman, George: 38. Hawkins, Benjamin: 268. Hayes: 347. Haywood, John: 314. Hempinstall, Abraham: 122. Henderson, Kentucky: 279. Henderson, Col. Samuel: chosen special envoy to Franklin, 315-316; negotiates with John Sevier, 316-318. Henderson, Nathaniel: 222, 233, 255. Henderson, Richard: born in Virginia, 104; removes to North Carolina, 104; acquainted with Boones, 105; promotes Western exploration, 110; in law suits involving Boone, 147; promotes Western exploration under Boone's leadership, 148-149; sends supplies to Boone, 153; court broken up by Regulators, 179-181; burned out by Regulators, 182; secures from English authorities sanction for purchase of Indian lands, 201-202; reorganizes Richard Henderson & Co. into Louisa Company, 217; visits Otari towns, 217-218; organizes Transylvania Company, 218-219; negotiates Great Treaty with Cherokees, 221-225; despatches Boone to clean Transylvania Trail, 225-226; receives urgent appeal from Boone, 227-229; hastens to Boone's rescue, 229-232; reaches Fort Boone, 236; draws up plan of government for Transylvania, 243-244; addresses Legislature of Transylvania, 237, 245; elected delegate from Transylvania to Continental Congress, 249; prepares plan of government for Powell's Valley settlement, 252; attends Virginia Convention, 256-257; purchases corn for Cumberland settlement, 269; runs North Carolina-Virginia dividing line, 269, 282; presents memorial on Transylvania purchase, 278; plans colonization of Cumberland region, 279-280; despatches Robertson on prospecting tour, 280-281; sends corn to French Lick, 284-285; organizes government on Cumberland, 285; author of "Cumberland Compact," 286-287; introduces recall of judges, 286-287; founder of Nashville, personal appearance, 221-222; diary of, quoted, 227, 229; mentioned, 158, 159, 183, 187, 190, 200, 203, 215, ch. XIV passim, 216, 220, 234, 235, 238, 240, 241, 242, 246, 247, 248, 253, 258, 272, 282, 315. Henderson, Richard & Company: organized, 107; despatch Boone on Western exploration, 109, 160, 216-217; granted 200,000 acres by Virginia; see Land Companies. Henderson, Samuel: 104. Henderson & Company; 109; see Richard Henderson & Company. Henley, Chief Justice Peter: 60. Henry, Patrick: 209, 211, 249, 293, 329; pronounces Camden-Yorke decision valid, 210; endeavors to purchase lands from Cherokees, 239-240; desires to become partner in Transylvania Company, 240; considers Transylvania title good, 256; confiscates Transylvania, 258; correspondence of, with Joseph Martin, 344-345. Hewatt, Rev. Alexander: 78. Heydt, Jost: settles in Virginia, 12. Heygler, King, Catawba chief: petitions for fort, 60; prevents completion of fort, 71; see Oroloswa. Hiawassee: 307. Hicks, Harry: heroic defence of home against Indian attack, 85-86. High Shoals: 29. Highlanders: 90. Hill, William: 138, 142, 143. Hillsborough: 26, 103, 179, 188, 217, 218, 219. Hillsborough, Earl of: 96. Hingham: 22. Hogg, James: 251; partner in Transylvania Company, 218; appointed delegate from Transylvania to Continental Congress, 250. Holder, John: rescues sweetheart, 271. Holden, Joseph: 149, 153. Hollows, the: 166. Holston: region, 99, 126; settlement, 281;--settlers, 262; valley of, 134, 187, 191-192, 306. Honeycut: 189. Hooper, William: 180, 182. Hopewell: 310. Horton, Joshua: 121. Houston, Rev. Samuel: 321, 323; drafts constitution for Frankland, 319; features of constitution drafted by, 321-322. Howard, Cornelius: 165, 166. Howell, Rednap: poet-laureate of the Regulation, 173, 179. Hubbardt, Col. James: 316. Hudson Valley: 4. Hunter, James: 179. Hunter's Trail: 150. Husband, Herman: author of "Impartial Relation," 177, 178, 197; leader in insurrection at Hillsborough, 179; in correspondence with Benjamin Franklin, 184.

I Iberville, Le Moyne d': 42, 43. Illinois Company: see Land Companies. Illinois country: 120, 128, 281. "Impartial Relation": 177, 197. Indian: agent, 281;--Allies, 72; chiefs, 211, 217, 274, 337; --depredations, 56, 163, 308, 340;--expeditions, 313; governments, 201; Grant, 202; hostages, 80;--lands, 161, 308;--outbreak, 74, 262; --princes, 201;--territories, 200;--towns, 76, 89, 93, 117, 290, 307, 308;--trade, 44-46, 145;--traders, 144, 145, 217, 225;--trails, 119, 139;--tribes, 45, 201, 261;--war, 325;--warfare, 133, 295-296, 297; --affairs, superintendent of, 111. Indians: 44, 46, 49, 57, 58-63, 68, 69, 74, 75, 85, 86, 87, 88, 112, 119, 122, 125, 127, 140, 151, 152, 156, 162, 196, 197, 200, 204, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 221, 222, 223, 227, 228, 229, 240, 242, 249, 252, 253, 261, 262, 263, 265, 267, 268, 270, 273, 275, 276, 283, 288, 290, 297, 306, 307, 308, 311, 332, 339, 340, 345; --Northern, 49, 111, 141, 191;--Southern, 35, 191, 261. Indiana: 123. Ingles: John, 69;--Mrs. Mary, 69;--William, 69;--Mrs. William, 69. Innes, Col. James: 53. Ireland, 7, 22, 33; character of inhabitants of North of, 6-7. Irish: immigration of, 5;--Pennsylvania, 33; settlers, 28. Iroquois: 117.

J Jack, Col. Samuel: 265. Jackson, Andrew: 282. Jacobite uprising: 7. Jamestown: 6. Jay, John: 329-330. Jefferson, Thomas: desires to join Transylvania Company, 240; favors free government back of Virginia, 250-251; attitude of, toward Transylvania claim, 256. Jenkins, Leoline: on character of Scotch-Irish, 6. Johnson, Sir William: 112. Johnston, Gov. Gabriel: on immigration into North Carolina, 3. Johnston, Gov. Samuel: 332, 336, 338, 339; to Robertson and Bledsoe, 327. Johnston, William: 217. Jones, John Gabriel: 257. Jones, Robert (Robin): 169; characterization of Scotch-Irish by, 24-25. Jonesborough: 292, 312, 313, 316, 337. Joseph, Miller: describes conditions of North Carolina backwoods, 36, 38. Judge's Friend, Cherokee chief: 242.

K Kenedy, William: agent for Virginia gentlemen to purchase Cherokee lands, 240. Kenton, Simon: rescues Daniel Boone, 272. Kentucky (Cantucky, Cantuckey, Cantuckie, Cantuck): ch. XV, 22, 100, 101, 102, 107, 111, 112, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 129, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 153, 155, 156, 191, 196, 200, 203, 204, 205, 221, 223, 224, 227, 229, 231, 233, 234, 235, 256, 259, 269, 270, 273, 276, 277, 279, 315, 327, 335, 341, 342, 348, 349; origin of name, 117;--road, 332. Keowee: 51;--valley of, 89. King's Mountain: 295, 303. King's Mountain campaign: 306, 348. Kipling, Rudyard: 137. Kirk: 337. Kirtleys, the: pioneers, 113. Knob Lick: 126.

L Lacey, Col. William: 293, 296. Land: policy of selling large tracts of, 113. Land Companies: Illinois, 207-208, 239; Louisa, 217, 218; Loyal, 47, 99-100, 113; Ohio, 47; organized, 100; sends out exploring expedition, 101-102; Richard Henderson & Company, organized, 107; Transylvania Company, 114, 218; Wabash (Ouabache), 209, 238-239. Land of Cockayne: 44. La Salle, Robert Cavelier de: 42. Laurel Mountain: 119. "Leatherstocking Tales": 85, 271. Leestown: 248. Lewes: 8. Lenoir (Le Noir), Gen. William: describes costume of pioneer women, 40-41; marches against Indians; at King's Mountain, 301-302. Léry, Chaussegros de: 116. Lewis, Major Andrew: 66-67, 81, 191, 208; erects Virginia Fort, 64-65; leads Sandy River expedition, 70; commands at Battle of Great Kanawha, 212, 214-215. Lexington: 236. Lincoln: family, 34;--Abraham, 23, 34, 235; John, 34;--Mordecai, 22-23, 34; Samuel, 22;--Sarah, 23. Lindsay, Isaac, 121. Linville: John, 140, 142; Capt. William, 137, 140, 142. Linville Falls: 136, 141. Lochaber: 192, 193. Locke, John: "Fundamental Constitutions" of, 203. Loesch, Brother: 75. Logan, Cayuga Mingo chief: 211. Logan, Col. Benjamin: 234, 277. Logan, James: on character of squatters, 8-9. London: 202. Loudoun, Lord: 68. Long Cane Settlement: 79. Long Hunters: ch. XII, ch. VIII, 126, 128, 129, 157, 158, 204. Long Island of Holston River: 94, 194, 195, 226, 266, 278, 308. Long, John: slain by Indians, 87. Long Knives: 213. Longueuil, Charles de Moyne, Baron de: 116. Lorbrulgrud: 154. Louis Quatorze: 43. Louisa Company: see Land Companies. Louisiana: 292, 331. Love, Col.: 266. Lower Blue Licks: 101. Lower Salt Spring: 273. Lower Shawnee Town: 101. Lowry, James: 118. Loyal Company: see Land Companies. Loyalists: 190, 261, 291, 298, 299. Lucas, Robert: 224. Luhny, Robert, mill of, on James River, 16. Lulbegrud: 154. Luttrell, Col. John: 227; joins Transylvania Company, 217. Lyttelton, Gov. William Henry: 65-66, 71, 77, 78, 88.

M Madison, Thomas: 263. Madrid: 341, 342. Mansfield, Low: 201. Mansker, Gasper, pioneer: 123, 282; discovers lick, 124; encounters Boone, 157-158. Mansker's Lick: 110, 124. Margry, Pierre: 43. Martin, Gov. Alexander: 182, 312, 315, 316, 322; attorney for Daniel Boone, 148; appoints Samuel Henderson ambassador to Franklin, 315; issues manifesto against State of Franklin, 306, 318; Sevier to, on Franklin, 317-318; academy named for, 318. Martin, Col Joseph: 150, 227, 262, 290, 306, 307, 313, 322, 325; settles in Powell's Valley, 113; driven out, 114; appointed agent for Transylvania Company, 202; Richard Henderson to, 252-253; letter of, to Governor Randolph, 326; exonerated of treason by North Carolina Assembly, 344; acts as spy on Spaniards, 344-345. Martin, Gov. Josiah: 103, 200; issues proclamation against Transylvania Company, 238. Martin's Station: 226, 229; founded, 220-221; Henderson draws up plan of government for, 252; brave defence of, against Indians, 253. Maryland: 5, 14, 24, 101, 114; price of lands in, 9. Mason, George: opposed to Transylvania claim, 256. Maxwell, Col. George: 328, 332. McAden, Rev. Hugh: diary of, 27-28, 49, 69. McAfees: 243; exploring party, 204; return home, 235;--James, 235; --Robert, 235; Robert, Jr., 235; Samuel, 235; William, 235. McBride, James: 117. McCulloch, Major John: 122. McCulloh, Henry Eustace: 172. McDowell, Col.: 265. McDowell, Col. Charles: 291, 293, 337. McDowell, Col. Joseph: 293, 296, 298, 337. McDowell, Thomas: 228. McFeters, Jeremiah: 228. McGillivray, Alexander: 339, 342, 344, 345; receives overtures from Cumberland leaders, 341. Mendenhall: John, 203;--Richard, 203. Middle Ground: 111. Middle Settlements: 93. Middleton, Col. Thomas: 93. Middle Towns: 89. Middle West: 117. Millerstown: 198. Miró, District of: 343, 346. Miró, Gov. Estevan: 331, 335, 338, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345; reports on separatist movement in West, 342. Mississippi Bubble: 43. Mohawk Valley: 4. Monbreun, Timothé de: hunts on Cumberland, 128. Monongahela: 205. Montagu, Lord Charles: 168-169. Montgomerie, Col. Archibald: abortive campaign of, against Indians, 88-89; sails, 92. Montreal: 118. Mooney, James: explores Kentucky, 149, 153. Moore: 62. Moravian: church, 1, 3, 88-89, 166;--community diary, 88;--brotherhood, 15-16;--town, 56; Gemein Haus, 87;--store-keeper, 161. Moravians: 166; eleven killed, 56; warned against Indians, 85; hospitable to Indians, 86. Morgan family: 34;--Edward, 21; Sarah, 21, 34;--Richard, 34. Morganton: 337, 338. Morris, Gov. Samuel: 54. Morrison: 337. Mount Mitchell: 135. Mulberry Fields: 15, 163. Müller, Adam: settles in Virginia, 12. Murray, William: 207, 208, 238, 239.

N Nantahala Mountains: 267. Nash, Gen. Francis: 177, 288. Nashborough: 309. Nashville: 282, 342, 345. Nassau Hall: 27, 267. Natchez: 123, 125, 330. Neely, Alexander: 153, 154. Neilson, Archibald: 219. Nelson, Acting Governor William: 96, 188. Newcastle: 8. New England: 4, 86. New Jersey: 5. "Newlanders": 11. Newman, hunter: 119. Newman's Ridge: 119. New Orleans: 123, 343, 345. New River: region, 123, 126;--settlement, 69;--settlers, 70. "Nolichucky Jack of the Border": 332. Nolichucky: Valley, 224. North America: 120, 202. North Carolina: ch. XV, 5, 10, 13, 14, 15, 43, 52, 55, 59, 71, 73, 84, 99, 101, 107, 116, 130, 134, 136, 140, 160, 162, 163, 167, 174, 175, 176, 186, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 200, 203, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 237, 238, 245, 259, 260, 261, 265, 269, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 288, 289, 290, 291, 295, 304, 305, 307, 310, 311, 312, 313, 317, 319, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 330, 332, 335, 339, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347; frontier conditions in, 25-28;--border, 76;--back country, 261; grants lands in Tennessee to Transylvania Company, 287; immigration into, 10, 13; increase in population of, 3, 11;--piedmont, 9, 26;--hunters, 141; pioneers, 95; governor of, 60; commissioners of, 310; troops, 53, 72, 77, 89, 93, 94, 266, 273; cedes Western territory to United States, 347; legislature of, passes second cession act, 347; lands accepted by Congress, 348. North Carolina Assembly: 57-58, 61, 92, 93, 277, 313, 314, 338, 343. North Carolina: Provincial Congress of, 259, 277; Provincial Council of, 260, 265, 266. Northwest: 259, 261, 270, 277. Nottaway Indians: 72. Nuntewees: 65.

O Oconostota, Cherokee chief: 242; treacherously murders Lieut. Coytomore, 79-80. Ohio Company: see Land Companies. Ohio Indians: 46. Ohio Valley: 102, 145. Old Abraham: 263. Old Chillicothe: 212. Old Southwest: 104, 126, 195, 198, 212, 226, 260, 265, 305, 309, 348; pioneers of, ch. XV, 5, 12, 14, 17, 28-31; pioneer democracy of, 20-21, 103-104;--planter aristocracy of, 20;--Mimic republics of, 200; --colonizers of, 20. Ormond, Duke of: to Leoline Jenkins, 6. Oroloswa, Catawba Chief: 71, see King Heygler. Osborne, Captain Alexander: leads Rowan militia, 62. Otari towns: 217. Ouasioto Gap: 118, 145, 146, 150, see Cumberland Gap. Outassitus, Cherokee chief: 91. Overton, Samuel: 239. Owen, William: 163, 164, 165. Oxford: 249.

P Pacific Ocean: 144. Page, John: 239. Paintsville: 100. Paris: 43. Path Deed: 224. Paxtang: 145. Pearis, Capt. Richard: 70. Peck, John M.: 148. Penn, William: 8, 21, 22. Pennsylvania: 5, 10, 13, 27, 33, 45, 54, 99, 118, 144, 209, 277; population of, 8; lands, 9; immigrants into, 12;--Synod, 13;--settlers, 146;--Proprietaries of, 111;--traders, 146, 207. Pensacola: 138, 139. Perkins, John: defeats Indians by strategy, 83-84. Phifer, Martin: leads frontier rangers, 83. Philadelphia: 8, 32, 123, 185, 249, 250. Pilot Knob: 102, 118, 119. Pilot Mountain: 135. Piomingo, Chickasaw chief: 125. Pioneer: farmer, ch. IX; promoter, ch. XI. Pittsburgh: 122. "Pocahontas of the West": 262; see Nancy Ward. Point Pleasant: 213. Polk, Thomas: 172. Ponce de Leon: ch. XII. Portwood, age: 232. Post St. Vincent: 281. Pound Gap: 102. Powell's Mountain: 224. Powell's Valley: 113, 114, 149, 203, 224, 252; lands in, granted to Transylvania Company, 287-288. Presbyterians: in Ireland, 7;--Scotch-Irish, 27. Preston, Col. William: 208, 212, 240; to Lord Dunmore on Henderson's offers of land, 220; to George Washington on Transylvania, 237-238, 242-243;--supports Judge Henderson, 254. Price, Thomas, Indian trader: guides Henderson at Hart to Otari towns, 217; testifies regarding Great Treaty, 225. Price's Meadow: 124. Privy Council: 206. "Proposals for the encouragement of settling the lands, etc.": issued by Transylvania Company, 219, 220. Puritan: 86.

Q Quaker Meadows: 294. Quakers: 20-21. Quebec: 212. Quindre, Dagniaux de: commands at siege of Transylvania Fort, 274-276.

R Rains, John: 123. Randolph, Col. Peter: treaty commissioner, 59. Recall of Judges: early example, 286-287. Red Lick Fork: 150. Regulation: 167, 173, 174, 175, 176, 182, 192. Regulators: ch. XI, 166, 167, 168, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185, 190. Reid, Capt. Mayne: 282. Revere, Paul: 231. Richard Henderson & Company: 119, 129, 138; organized, 107; despatch Boone on exploring expedition, 109; granted land by Virginia, 279; see Land Companies. Richter: 166. Rivers: Big Sandy, west fork of, 142; Broad, 59, 289; Catawba, 62, 70, 83, 84;--South fork of, 298; Chattahoochee, 266; Cherokee, 111, 121; Clinch, 142; Cumberland, 44, 109, 114, 119, 121, 128, 157, 223, 224, 269, 284, 288, 308; Dick's, 126, 156; Great Kanawha, 107, 112, 191, 192, 193; Green, 151, 157, 188, 279, 294; Hiwassee, 332; Holston, 142, 192, 194, 195, 224, 283; Illinois, 207; James, 16, 96-97; Kentucky, 156, 159, 212, 236, 242, 248, 253, 284; Licking, 156; Little Tennessee, 65, 307; Louisa, 149, 193; Meho, 163; Miami, 102; Mississippi, 42, 102, 139, 155, 259, 329, 330, 343; Muskingum, 102; New, 224; Nonachunheh, Nolichucky, 194, 197; Ohio, 42, 44, 45, 100, 107, 116, 117, 121, 122, 142, 151, 156, 191, 192, 193, 207, 213, 279;--falls of the, 255, 284;--forks of the, 47; Opeckon, 12; Pacolet, 76; Potomac, 122; Red, 119, 153, 154; Reedy, 112, 191; Roanoke, 69; Rockcastle, 100, 155; Scioto, 102; Shenandoah, 17; Stone's, 121; Swannanoa, 136; Tellico, 68; Tennessee, 44, 58, 121, 191, 283, 290; Trinity, 42; Tugaloo, 266; Twelve Mile, 89; Wabash, 123; Washita, 122; Watauga, 197, 219, 221, 224, 293. Robertson, Charles: 224. Robertson, James: 188, 189, 190, 196, 197, 200, 222, 260, 263, 287, 309, 327, 332, 339, 340, 341, 342, 344, 347; leads scouting party for Transylvania Company, 280-281; guides party to French Lick, 282; joined by Donelson and party, 284; names Miró District, 343; desires union with Spain, 343; seeks separation of Cumberland from North Carolina, 345; to Miró on separatist movement, 346. Robinson, John: 69. Rochelle: 43. Rocky Mountains: 135. Rogers, Sergt.: 73. Rogersville: 290. Roan Mountain: 135. Round-O, Cherokee chief: 79. Rowan, Matthew: 19, 76. Rowan rangers: 83; described, 82-83. Rowan: settlers murdered, 77, 265. Rucker, Capt.: 113. Rutherford, Gen. Griffith: leads Rowan rangers, 76, 83; leads rescuing force, 265, 270; leads army against Cherokees, 267. Russell, Capt. William: 203.

S Saint Augustine: 138. Saint Lusson, Daumont de: 41-42. Salem: 87. Salisbury: 34, 38, 59, 146, 148, 162, 165, 166, 168, 172, 289. Salling, John Peter: 117. San Salvador: 144. Sandy Creek Association: 175, 184, 185, 190. Sandy River expedition: 70. Sapona Town: 35. Sault Ste. Marie: 41. Savannah: 51. Savannah Indians: 65. Scaggs, Charles: 126. Scaggs, Henry: 282; meets Daniel Boone, 109; agent for Richard Henderson & Co., 109-110; explores Cumberland region, 119; leads Long Hunters into Kentucky, 125-126. Scaggs' Ridge: 120. Schnell, Leonard: pilgrimage of, 14-15. Scotch Lowlands: 6. Scotch-Irish: 7, 11, 27, 33, 188; in Pennsylvania, 8;--immigration of, 5, 19; settlers, 28. Scotchman: 218. Scotland: 217. Scovil: 168. Searcy: connection, 190; Reuben, 169; Valentine, 222. Settiquo: 76, 307, 316. Sevier, James: emissary of Franklin to Miró, 337-338. Sevier, John: 200, 222, 260, 298, 313-314, 322, 325, 326, 327, 330, 337, 344, 347; early life, 198; defends Watauga Fort, 263; rescues Bonny Kate Sherrill, 264; with Shelly plans King's Mountain campaign, 292, 296; defeats Indians, 307-308; disavows revolutionary intent, 315; elected Governor of Franklin, 317; writes defiant letter to Caswell, 323-324; appeals to Benjamin Franklin, 324; besieges Tipton, 330; attacks Indians, 331-332; writes Gardoqui, offering to "deliver" Franklin to Spain, 333-335; arrested for high treason, imprisoned, 337; rescued, 338; restored to office by North Carolina, 338; elected first governor of Tennessee, 348. Shawanoes, Shawnese: 25, 44, 69, 117, 151, 203, 205, 209, 271;--chief of, 204. Shelby, Col. Evan: leads force against Chickamaugas, 290; appointed brigadier-general, 322. Shelby, Isaac: 222, 291, 298; at Battle of Great Kanawha, 213-214; initiates King's Mountain campaign, 292; at King's Mountain, 301; elected first governor of Kentucky, 348. Shelby, Capt. James: 263. Shenandoah Valley: 10, 34. Sherrill, Katherine: rescued by John Sevier, 264. Silonee, Cherokee chief: 79; checks Montgomerie, 89; see Young Warrior of Estatoe. Sims, George: writes A Serious Address, etc., 160, 169, 170. Simms, William Gilmore: 144. Six Nations: 111, 191. Slaughter: 138. Slaughter, Col. Thomas: 244. Smith, Capt. John: 69. Smith, Gen. Daniel: 343, 344. Smith, James: 121. Smith, John, Jr.: 69. Smith, William Bailey: 222; carries corn to French Lick, 284. Smith's Bridge: 89. Smyth, J. F. D.: describes North Carolina backwoodsmen, 39-40. South Carolina: ch. XV, 14, 27-28, 43, 45, 58, 66, 68, 71, 112, 121, 139, 167, 192, 237, 262, 265, 268, 291, 294, 295, 305, 313; rangers, 89; traders, 71. South Fork of Catawba River, 62, 70;--Boys, 298, 301. South Sea: ch. XI, 42. South Sea Islands: 219. Southwest: see Old Southwest. Southwest Territory: 348. Southern Department: 111, 331. Spach: 166. Spain: ch. XX, 330, 331, 332, 337, 338, 339, 340, 344, 345, 347. Spangenberg, Bishop Augustus Gottlieb: makes exploring tour, 13, 14, 131; preaches at Bethania, 87. Spaniards: 292, 332, 340, 345. Spanish: authorities, 339; charged affairs, 329;--conspiracy in Kentucky, 335, 339;--conspiracy in Tennessee, ch. XX, 339;--court, 347;--domain, 348;--government, 346;--minister, 331;--traders, 340. Spotswood, Gov. Alexander: 97, 98. St. Asaph's: 243. St. Clair, Sir John: 54. St. Clair, Gen. Arthur: 133. Stalnaker, Samuel: 83, 94. Stanford: 243. Steep Rock: 194. Stephen, Col. Adam: 94, 95. Stewart, John: 139, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153. Stone, Uriah: 121, 123. Stoner, Michael: 121, 212, 232, 272. Stuart, Capt. John: 91-92. Stuart, John: 111, 191, 192, 194, 261. Stuart, pioneer: 283. Superintendent of Indian Affairs: 112, 331. Swan, David L.: 252. Switzerland: 134. Sycamore Shoals of Watauga River: 219, 221, 263, 293. Synge, Archbishop: 7.

T Tate, Samuel: 228. Taylor: Hancock, 122;--Richard, 122; Zachary, 122. Tennessee: ch. XV, 9, 112, 124, 128, 129, 132, 140, 190, 191, 192, 196, 211, 224, 269, 289, 290, 315, 348, 349; countries, 332;--riflemen, 291;--settlements, 261, 264, 314, 315;--settlers, 270, 281, 330, 331. Terre Haute: 123. Thompson: 84. Thompson, James: 263. Tiftoe, Cherokee Chief: 79. Tipton, Col. John: 321, 322, 328, 331. Tipton, Jonathan: 322. Tonti, Henry de: 45. Tories: 289, 305. Town Fork: 163. Trabue, Daniel: diary of, 275. Tracey, John: 69. Trade: British, 46. Traders: with Indians, ch. VII-ch. IX, 44, 46, 59, 113, 117, 118, 136. Trading Ford: 35. Trading House: British, 47. Trans-Alleghany: 21, 48, 99, 102, 119, 129, 140, 147, 159, 185, 201, 202, 204, 206, 212, 215, 216, 242, 277, 279, 330, 340. Transylvania: 200, 235, ch. XV, 243, 248, 252, 258, 279, 280, 287; colony of, 25; president of, 246; proprietors of, 229, 236, 244, 248, 256. Transylvania Company: 114, 119, ch. XII, 237, 238, 240, 249, 253, 254, 258, 278, 287, 288; compact of, with Cumberland settlers, 285-286; organized, 218; permanent contribution of, to colonization of West, 259. Transylvania Legislature: 244, 249, 255. Transylvania Purchase: 220, 248, 278. Transylvania Trail: 215, 226. Treaty: with Indians, 59; at Charleston, 94; at Fort Stanwix, 111; at Hard Labor, 112, 114; at Lochaber, 192; at Sycamore Shoals, 221-225. Trent, Capt. William: 47. Tryon, Gov. William: 112, 141, 176, 183, 191. Tryon Mountain: 112, 135, 191. Tryon's Line: 112. Tuckasegee: 307. Tuscarora Indians: 72.

U Ulster: 6-7. Ulster Scots: characterization of, 23, 32. Unakas: 263. Union: 319, 335, 336, 342, 348, 349; see American Union. United States: 277, 335, 339, 344, 345, 346, 347. United States Congress: 310, 311, 312, 346. Untoola: 316. Upper Towns: 66, 89. Utopia: 44.

V Valley of Mexico: 144. Vandalia: 206, 208. Vasco Nuñez: 144. Venango: 47. Versailles: 43. Villiers, Coulon de: 48. Virginia: pioneers of, 95, 296;--traders, 96;--troops, 212, 266, 273; --frontier, 74; Gazette, 110, 272;--backwoods, 28-29;--Valley of, 9, 16, 26, 33, 34;--Convention, 251, 257;--Land Office, 281;--Assembly, 67, 278;--Militia, 209;--House of Delegates, 278, 279;--Governor of, 67, 198;--Path, 64, 76;--Remonstrance, 207, ch. XV, 10, 14, 42, 45, 47, 52, 53, 58, 59, 64, 68, 69, 70, 72, 83, 96, 99, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 127, 130, 131, 132, 134, 138, 163, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 195, 198, 200, 204, 205, 206, 209, 211, 214, 220, 221, 222, 226, 235, 237, 239, 242, 243, 244, 251, 256, 258, 265, 269, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282, 287, 290, 305, 323, 326. Virginians: 96, 205, 208, 230, 231, 251, 299.

W Wabash (Ouabache) Land Company: see Land Companies. Wachau: 83, 87. Wachovia: 86;--community diary, 64. Wade, Capt. Robert: 74. Waddell, Gen. Hugh: 53, 55-56, 95, 133, 134; appointed Indian commissioner, 59; begins erection of Catawba Fort, 70; discontinues work on fort, 71; in Fort Duquesne campaign, 72; hastens to Rowan's defence, 76; marches to aid South Carolina, 77; report of, on defeat of Indians at Fort Dobbs, 81-82; rescues captives, 86; leads North Carolina troops, 93, 94. Walden, Elisha: 119. Walden's Mountain: 119-120. Walker, Dr. Thomas: 99, 102, 115, 116, 117, 191; makes exploration for Loyal Land Company, 99-100; sells land to Joseph Martin, 113. Walker, Felix: 228, 245, 260; describes Kentucky, 233-234. Walpole, Thomas, 206. Ward, James: 139. Ward, Nancy: 262, 264. Washington District: 260, 277, 314, 326. Washington, George: 47, 55, 72, 134, 256, 291; opinion of royal proclamation, 106; purchases Western lands, 106-107; makes charges against Dunmore, 206-207; secures military grants for Western lands, 208; Preston to, on Henderson purchase and Transylvania Company, 221, 237-238, 242-243. Watauga: ch. XII, 191, 194, 200, 270, 281-282;--commonwealth, 199; valley of, 188, 195, 196, 306;--country, 187, 189; settlers, 195, 196, 197, 200, 259;--Articles of Association, 197;--Association, 224; settlement, 260, 281. "Watauga Plan": commission form of government, 260. Waxhaws: 32. Webster: 307. Welsh: immigration of, 5;--settlers, 28;--stock, 163. West: 160, 187, 259, 273, 277, 327, 342, 348. West Virginia: 14, 206. Western: leaders, 292;--people, 347;--settlers, 311, 329; territory, 347, 348;--waters, 314, 348. Wharton: Samuel, 206;--Thomas, 209-211. White, Dr. James: 331, 332, 338, 346; emissary of Franklin, 337. Whitehall: 206. Wilderness Trail: 230. Wilkinson, General James: 335, 336. Williams, Brigadier-General James: 291, 294; killed at King's Mountain, 302. Williams, Col. John: 105, 107, 149, 187, 222, 254; elected delegate from Transylvania to Continental Congress, 249. Williams, John: 141. Williams and Henderson, law firm: 105, 147. Williamsborough: 103. Williamsburg: 210. Williamson, Col. Andrew: 266. Williamson, Dr. Hugh: 10, 312-313. Wilmington: 169. Winchester, Kentucky: 117. Winchester, Virginia: 12. Winston, Major Joseph: leads North Carolina troops against Cherokees, 266; leads Surry riflemen at King's Mountain, 293, 298, 303-304. Wolf Hills (Abingdon): 134. Wood, Col. Abraham: 42. Wormley, Ralph: 239. Wytheville: 112.

Y Yadkin: country, 117, 131, 139, 143, 145, 163, 164;--Forks of the, 33, 34, 162, 185;--valley, 10, 13, 15, 32. York, Pennsylvania: 12. Yorke, Charles: renders legal opinion, 201. Young Warrior of Estatoe, Cherokee chief: 79; see Silonee.

Z Zinzendorf, Count: 13.

Transcriber's Notes

Introduction:

We have retained the original punctuation and spelling in the book, but not in the index. Obvious errors were corrected--and all of these changes can be found in the Detailed Notes Section of these notes. The Detailed Notes Section also includes issues that have come up during transcription. One common issue is that words are sometimes split into two lines for spacing purposes. These words are hyphenated in the physical book, but there is a question sometimes as to whether the hyphen should be retained in transcription. The reasons behind some of these decisions are itemized.

There were numerous errors in the index. Places like the Ouasioto Gap and the Green River, which were spelled consistently and correctly throughout the text, ended up as "Onasioto" and "Guen" in the index. Such errors detract from the index. Therefore, corrections were made to the index and listed in the Detailed Notes Section.

Detailed Notes Section:

Introduction

• Page viii: In his letter to the Earl of Dartmouth, Lord Dunmore wrote the clause "Should for ever immagine the Lands further off..." This is a direct quote; the spelling is correct.

Preface

• Page xvii: Home-builder is hyphenated and split between two lines for spacing purposes, giving us two choices on how to transcribe the word. The word was not used again in the book. However, "home-makers" was used on Page 17, and the word included a hyphen and was in the middle of the line. We believe that the author's use of home-makers signals the author's intent to keep the hyphen in "home-builder." So we kept the hyphen.