Chapter 12

The Fall Of Canada

Though Quebec was in their hands, the position of the British during the winter of 1759-60 was dangerous. In October General Murray, who was left in command, saw with misgiving the great fleet sail away which had brought to Canada the conquering force of Wolfe and Saunders. Murray was left with some seven thousand men in the heart of a hostile country, and with a resourceful enemy, still unconquered, preparing to attack him. He was separated from other British forces by vast wastes of forest and river, and until spring should come no fleet could aid him. Three enemies of the English, the French said exultingly, would aid to retake Quebec: the ruthless savages who haunted the outskirts of the fortress and massacred many an incautious straggler; the French army which could be recruited from the Canadian population; and, above all, the bitter cold of the Canadian winter. To Murray, as to Napoleon long afterward in his rash invasion of Russia, General February was indeed the enemy. About the two or three British ships left at Quebec the ice froze in places a dozen feet thick, and snowdrifts were piled so high against the walls of Quebec that it looked sometimes as if the enemy might walk over them into the fortress. So solidly frozen was the surface of the river that Murray sent cannon to the south shore across the ice to repel a menace from that quarter. There was scarcity of firewood and of provisions. Scurvy broke out in the garrison. Many hundreds died so that by the spring Murray had barely three thousand men fit for active duty.

Throughout the winter Lévis, now in command of the French forces, made increasing preparations to destroy Murray in the spring. The headquarters of Lévis were at Montreal. Here Vaudreuil, the Governor, kept his little court. He and Lévis worked harmoniously, for Lévis was conciliatory and tactful. For a time Vaudreuil treasured the thought of taking command in person to attack Quebec. In the end, however, he showed that he had learned something from the disasters of the previous year and did not interfere with the plans made by Lévis. So throughout the winter Montreal had its gayeties and vanities as of old. There were feasts and dances--but over all brooded the reality of famine in the present and the foreboding of disaster to come.

By April 20, 1760, the St. Lawrence was open and, though the shores were cumbered with masses of broken ice, the central channel was free for the boats which Lévis filled with his soldiers. It was a bleak experience to descend the turbulent river between banks clogged with ice. When Lévis was not far from Quebec, he learned that it was impossible to surprise Murray who was well on guard between Cap Rouge on the west and Beauport on the east. The one thing to do was to reach the Plains of Abraham in order to attack the feeble walls of Quebec from the landward side. Since Murray's alertness made impossible attack by way of the high cliffs which Wolfe had climbed in the night, Lévis had to reach Quebec by a circuitous route. He landed his army a little above Cap Rouge, marched inland over terrible roads in heavy rain, and climbed to the plateau of Quebec from the rear at Sainte Foy. On April 27, 1760, he drew up his army on the heights almost exactly as Wolfe had done in the previous September. Murray followed the example of Montcalm. He had no trust in the feeble defenses of Quebec and on the 28th marched out to fight on the open plain. The battle of Sainte Foy followed exactly the precedents of the previous year. The defenders of Quebec were driven off the field in overwhelming defeat. The difference was that Murray took his army back to Quebec and from behind its walls still defied his French assailant. Lévis had poor artillery, but he did what he could. He entrenched and poured his fire into Quebec. In the end it was sea power which balked him. On the 15th of May, when a British fleet appeared round the head of the Island of Orleans, Lévis withdrew in something like panic and Quebec was safe.

Lévis returned to Montreal; and to this point all the forces of France slowly retreated as they were pressed in by the overwhelming numbers of the British. At Oswego, the scene of Montcalm's first brilliant success four years earlier, Amherst had gathered during the summer of 1760 an army of about ten thousand men. From here he descended the St. Lawrence in boats to attack Montreal from the west. From the south, down Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River to the St. Lawrence, came another British force under Haviland also to attack Montreal. At Quebec Murray put his army on transports, left the city almost destitute of defense, and thus brought a third considerable force against Montreal. There was little fighting. The French withdrew to the common objective as their enemy advanced. Early in September Lévis had gathered at Montreal all his available force, amounting now to scarcely more than two thousand men, for Canadians and Indians alike had deserted him. The British pressed in with the slow and inevitable rigor of a force of nature. On the 7th of September their united army was before the town and Amherst demanded instant surrender. The only thing for Vaudreuil to do was to make the best terms possible. On the next day he signed a capitulation which protected the liberties in property and religion of the Canadians but which yielded the whole of Canada to Great Britain. The struggle for North America had ended.

In the moment of triumph Amherst inflicted on the French army a deep humiliation to punish the outrages committed by their Indian allies. In the early days of the war Loudoun, the Commander-in-Chief in America, had vowed that the British would make the French "sick of such inhuman villainy" and teach them to respect "the laws of nature and humanity." Washington speaks of his "deadly sorrow" at the dreadful outrages which he saw, the ravishing of women, the scalping alive even of children. Philadelphians had seen the grim spectacle of a wagon-load of corpses brought by mourning friends and relatives of the dead and laid down at the door of the Assembly to show to pacifist legislators what was really happening. The French regular officers, as we have seen, had hated this kind of warfare. Bougainville says that his soul shuddered at the sights in Montreal, where the whole town turned out to see an English prisoner killed, boiled, and eaten by the savages. Worse still, captive mothers were obliged to eat the flesh of their own children. The French believed that they could not get on without the savage allies who committed these outrages, and they were not strong enough to coerce them. Amherst, on the other hand, held his Indians in check and rebuked outrage. Now he was stern to punish what the French had permitted. He could write proudly to a friend that the French were amazed at the order in which he kept his own Indians. Not a man, woman, or child, he said, had been hurt or a single atrocity committed. It was a vivid contrast with what had taken place after the British surrender to Montcalm at Fort William Henry. The day of retribution had come. Because of such outrages, the French army was denied the honors of war usually conceded to a brave and defeated foe. The French officers and men must not, Amherst insisted, serve again during the war. Lévis protested and begged Vaudreuil to be allowed to go on fighting rather than accept the terms, but in vain. The humiliation was rigorously imposed, and it was a sullen host which the British took captive.

France had lost an Empire. It was nearly three years still before peace was signed at Paris in 1763. To Britain France yielded everything east of the Mississippi except New Orleans, and to Spain she ceded New Orleans and everything else to which she had any claim. The fleurs-de-lis floated still over only two tiny fishing islands off the Newfoundland shore. All the glowing plans of France's leaders--of Richelieu, of Louis XIV, of Colbert, of Frontenac, of the heroic missionaries of the Jesuit Order--seemed to have come to nothing.

The fall of France did much to drag down her rival. Already was America restless under control from Europe. There was now no danger to the English in America from the French peril which had made insecure the borders of Massachusetts, of New York, of Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and had brought widespread desolation and sorrow. With the removal of the menace went the need of help and defenses for the colonies from the motherland. The French belief that there was a natural antipathy between the English of the Old World and the English of the New was, in reality, based on the fact of a likeness so great that neither would accept control or patronage from the other. Towards the Englishman who assumed airs of superiority the antagonism of the colonists was always certain to be acute. Open strife came when the assumption of superiority took the form of levying taxes on the colonies without asking their leave. In no remote way the fall of French Canada, by removing a near menace to the English colonies, led to this new conflict and to the collapse of that older British Empire which had sprung from the England of the Stuarts.

When Montreal fell there were in the St. Lawrence many British ships which had been used for troops and supplies. Before the end of September the French soldiers and also the officials from France who desired to go home were on board these ships bound for Europe. By the end of November most of the exiles had reached home. Varying receptions awaited them. Lévis, who took back the army, was soon again, by consent of the British government, in active service. Fortune smiled on him to the end. He died a great noble and Marshal of France just before the Revolution of 1789; but in that awful upheaval his widow and his two daughters perished on the scaffold. Vaudreuil's shallow and vain incompetence did not go unpunished. He was put on trial, accused of a share in the black frauds which had helped to ruin Canada. The trial was his punishment. He was acquitted of taking any share of the plunder and so drops out of history. Bigot and his gang, on the other hand, were found guilty of vast depredations. The former Intendant was for a time in the Bastille and in the end was banished from France, after being forced to repay great sums. We find echoes of the luxury of Quebec in the sale in France of the rich plate which the rascal had acquired. There were, however, other and even worse plunderers. They were tried and condemned chiefly to return what they had stolen. We rather wonder that no expiatory sacrifice on the scaffold was required of any of these knaves. Lally Tollendal, who, as the French leader in India, had only failed and not plundered, was sent to a cruel execution.

Under the terms of the surrender and of the final Treaty of Peace in 1763, civilians in Canada were given leave to return to France. Nearly the whole of the official class and many of the large landowners, the seigneurs, left the country. In Canada there remained a priesthood, largely native, but soon to be recruited from France by the upheaval of the Revolution, a few seigneurial families, natural leaders of their race, a peasantry, exhausted by the long war but clinging tenaciously to the soil, and a good many hardy pioneers of the forest, men skilled in hunting and in the use of the axe. Out of these elements, amounting in 1763 to little more than sixty thousand people, has come that French-Canadian race in America now numbering perhaps three millions. The race has scattered far. It is found in the mills of Massachusetts, in the canebrakes of Louisiana, on the wide stretches of the prairie of the Canadian West, but it has always kept intact its strong citadel on the banks of the St. Lawrence. New France was, in reality, widely separated in spirit from old France, before the new master in Canada made the division permanent. The imagination of the Canadian peasant did not wander across the ocean to France. He knew only the scenes about his own hearth and in them alone were his thought and affections centered.

The one wider interest which the habitant treasured was love for the Catholic Church of his fathers and of his own spiritual hopes. It thus happened that when France in revolution assailed and for a time overthrew the Church within her borders, the heart of French Canada was not with France but with the persecuted Church; she hated the spirit of revolutionary France. Te Deums were sung at Quebec in thanksgiving for the defeats of Napoleon. In language and what literary culture they possessed, in traditions and tastes, the conquered people remained French, but they had no allegiance divided between Canada and France. To this day they are proud to be simply Canadians, rooted in the soil of Canada, with no debt of patriotic gratitude to the France from which they sprang or to the Britain which obtained political dominance over their ancestors after a long agony of war. To the British Crown many of them feel a certain attachment because of the liberty guaranteed to them to pursue their own ideals of happiness. In preserving their type of social life, their faith and language, they have shown a resolute tenacity. To this day they are as different in these things from their fellow-citizens of British origin in the rest of Canada as were their ancestors from the English colonies which lay on their borders.

The French in Canada are still a separate people. From time to time a nervous fear seizes them lest too many of their race may be lost to their old ideals in the Anglo-Saxon world surging about them. Then they listen readily to appeals to their racial unity and draw more sharply than ever the lines of division between themselves and the rest of North America. They remain a fragment of an older France, remote and isolated, still dreaming dreams like those of Frontenac of old of the dominance of their race in North America and asserting passionately their rights in the soil of Canada to which, first of Europeans, they came. At the mouth of the Mississippi in the Louisiana founded by Louis XIV, along the St. Lawrence in the Canada of Champlain and Frontenac, with a resolution more than half pathetic, and in a world that gives little heed, men of French race are still on guard to preserve in America the lineaments of that older France, long since decayed in Europe, which was above all the eldest daughter of the Church.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE.

While the present narrative is based for the most part on more recondite and widely scattered sources, the most accessible volumes relating to the period are the following works of Francis Parkman (Boston: many editions): La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West, Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV, A Half Century of Conflict (2 vols.), and Montcalm and Wolfe (2 vols.). To these should be added, as completing the story, George M. Wrong, The Fall of Canada (Oxford, 1914) which dwells in detail on the last year of the struggle. All these volumes contain adequate references to authorities. The last of Parkman's works was published more than twenty-five years ago and later research has revised some of his conclusions, but he still commands great authority. In The Chronicles of Canada (Toronto, 1913-16) half a dozen volumes relate to the period; each of these volumes, which embody later research and are written in an attractive style, contains a bibliography relating to its special subject: C. W. Colby, The Fighting Governor [Frontenac]; Agnes C. Laut, The Adventurers of England on Hudson Bay; Lawrence J. Burpee, The Pathfinders of the Great Plains; Arthur G. Doughty, The Acadian Exiles; William Wood, The Great Fortress [Louisbourg], The Passing of New France, and The Winning of Canada. Lawrence J. Burpee's Search for the Western Sea (Toronto, 1908) deals with the work of La Vérendrye and other explorers. Anthony Hendry's Journal is published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, series iii, volume i. The latest phase of the discussions on La Vérendrye are reviewed in an article by Doane Robinson in The Mississippi Valley Historical Review for December, 1916. The material relating to the discoverer was long scattered, but it has now been collected in a volume, edited by Lawrence J. Burpee for the Champlain Society, Toronto, but owing to the war it is at the present date (1918) still in manuscript. Much of what is contained in Mr. Burpee's volume will be found in South Dakota Historical Collections, volume vii, 1914 (Pierre, S. D.).

Additional references are given in the bibliographies appended to the articles on Chatham, Seven Years' War, and Nova Scotia in The Encyclopœdia Britannica, 11th Edition.

INDEX A Abenaki Indians, incited against English, 76. Abercromby, James, General, 195-196. Arcadia, settled by French, 2; comes into hands of British, 56; ceded to England, 65; conditions in (1713), 74-75; England's neglect of, 75; expulsion of Arcadians, 164 et seq.; boundaries undefined, 169. Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of (1748), 93. Albany, plan to seize, 12; colonial delegates meet at, (1754), 159-160. Alsace-Lorraine, demanded of France, 64. Amherst, Jeffrey, Commander-in-Chief of British forces in America, 195, 213, 214; advances toward Montreal, 223; attacks Montreal, 228-229; relations with Indians, 230. Andros, Sir Edmund, 34. Annapolis, attacked by French, 79-80; Acadians driven from, 175. Annapolis Valley, 53. Anne, Queen, ascends throne, 45; intrigue in court, 56-57; death (1714), 67. Anson, George, Admiral, 92. Anville, Duc d', 90, 91. Argall, Samuel, Captain, 2. Assiniboine Indians, accompany La Vérendrye, 121, 122-123. Assiniboine River, 119-120. Auguste, The (ship), 133. Austrian Succession, War of (1744-1748), 71, 92-93, 155.

B Beauharnois, Marquis de, Governor of Canada, 114. Beauséjour, Fort, 170, 171, 172. Belle-Isle, Duc de, French Minister of War, 201. Berryer, French Minister of Marine, 200-201. Bienville, J. B., le Moyne, Sieur de, 104. Big Mouth, Indian, 6. Bigot, François, Intendant of Canada, 185, 203, 207, 233. Biloxi Bay, fort built on, 103. Blackfeet Indians, 140-141. Bobé, Father, 26. Boscawen, Edward, Admiral, 158, 163, 212, 213. Boston, plan to seize, 46. Bougainville, L. A. de, Colonel, 181-182, 199-200, 217, 230. Bouquet, Henry, Colonel, 163. Bourlamaque, Chevalier de, 181, 191, 223. Bow Indians, act as guides to the La Vérendryes, 126-128. Braddock, Edward, General, 158, 159, 160. Byng, Admiral, 146, 210.

C Cadet, Head of Canadian supplies department, 203. Canada, paternal government in, 24-25; war on English colonies, 45 et seq.; English plans for ending French power in, 87-88; corruption in, 203-204, 207-208; famine in, 208; population (1763), 234; French Canadians, 235-237. Canada and English colonies compared, as to population, 35; finances, 35-37; leaders, 37-38; governors, 39; religion, 40-41; education, 42; books and newspapers, 42-43; character of people, 78. Canseau, taken by French, 79; British arrive at, 82. Cape Breton, Island of, 65, 72, 74. Cartier, Jacques, 98. Céloron de Blainville, 146 et seq. Champlain, Samuel de, 100. Charles II, becomes King (1660), 28; of Catholic faith, 30; intrigues with France 31; Catholic persecution under, 31; death (1685), 33. Charlevoix, P. F. X. de, 45, 104, 112. Chautauqua Lake, 149. Clarendon, Earl of, Governor of N. J. and N. Y., 39. Cook, James, Captain, 216. Cornwallis, Edward, 95. Crown Point, French Army at, 161; occupied by British, 223.

D Deerfield Massacre, 46-48. Denonville, Marquis de, Governor of Canada, 9. Detroit, fort built at, 105-106. Dieskau, Baron, 158, 161, 162, 179-180. Digby Basin, 53. Dinwiddie, Robert, Lieutenant-Governor of Va., 153, 154, 160. Duchesneau, Jacques, Intendant of Canada, 28. Duchambon, Governor of Louisbourg, 82, 84. Duquesne, Governor of Canada, 152. Duquesne, Fort, 154, 160, 163, 198. Duvivier, 79.

E Edgar, The (ship), 59, 61. Edward, Fort, 193, 194. England, Protestant, 1; attitude toward her colonies, 25; under Charles II, 28; protection from France, 29-30; reduces army, 44; war with France, 45; success on the sea, 92; sends army to Va., 158; relations with colonies, 232. Estournel, d', 91. Europe, politics in middle eighteenth century, 155-157.

F Forbes, John, General, 163. France, Catholic, 1; treatment of colonies by, 24-25; claims in North America, 26-27; persecution of Protestants, 32-33; failure in war in Europe, 64; cedes part of Canada to England, 65; fails in plans against English, 90-92; lays claim to the West, 98 et seq.; allies herself to Austria, 156-157; sends army to Canada, 158; plans invasion of England, 201; fails in undertakings of 1759, 224; yields everything east of Mississippi, 231. Franklin, Benjamin, 160. Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de, Governor of Canada, family, 3; personal characteristics, 3-5; in Canada, 4-5; commands against Iroquois, 9-12; against English, 12-15; deals with Phips' expedition, 18-20; leads against Iroquois, 22; death (1698), 22. Frontenac, Fort, 148, 198. Fur trade, government monopoly, 40; on Hudson Bay, 108, 135-136.

G George I, becomes King (1714), 67; policy towards France, 67. George II, demands oath of allegiance from Arcadians, 165. Fort George, 161. Gibraltar, ceded to England, 68. Grand Pré, 175-176.

H Halifax, founded, 94-96, 147; importance to British, 167; center of activities, 212. Harvard College, organized (1638), 42. Hayes, Fort, 109. Hendry, Anthony, 136 et seq., 161, 240. Henry, Alexander, 139-140. Hill, "Jack", General, 57, 61. Howe, Captain, 171. Howe, Lord, 196. Hudson Bay, ceded to England, 65; English traders on, 108-110; France attacks, 109-110. Hudson's Bay Company, 108, 135. Huron Indians, allies of French, 11; Jesuit Mission to, 100.

I Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d', 37-38, 103, 109-110. Indians, pit English against French, 6-7; trade with, 7-8; Frontenac seeks alliance with, 14; French meet at Ste. Marie de Saut, 101-102; French gain support of, 161; Montcalm's relations with, 183-184; allies of French, 187-188, 192; Amherst's discipline of, 230-231; see also names of tribes. Iroquois Indians, five tribes, 8; hostile to French, 8-15; village destroyed by Frontenac, 22; become British subjects, 45; raid on Lachine, 48; menace Niagara, 105; British claim lands of, 151; nervous for their safety, 159-160. Isle aux Noix, 223.

J James II, 33-34. Jenkins, Captain, 71. Johnson, Sir William, 159, 161-162. Johnstone, aid-de-camp to Montcalm, 220, 221. Joliet, Louis, 102. Jumonville, Coulon de, 154, 155.

K King George's War (1743-48), Canseau captured, 79; Annapolis attacked, 79-80; expedition against Louisbourg, 80-87; plan to end French power in America, 88; Louisbourg under the English, 88-90; France fails to retake Louisbourg, 90-93; treaty of peace (1748), 93; see also Austrian Succession, War of.

L Lachine, Massacre at, 9, 48. La Corne, St. Luc de, 135, 136, 141. La Galissonière, Marquis de, acting Governor of Canada, 146. La Jemeraye, 118. La Jonquière, Marquis de, Governor of Canada, 91, 92. La Jonquière, Fort, 134, 135, 138. La Mothe Cadillac, Antoine de, 105-106. La Pause, officer under Montcalm, 191. La Porte, 204. La Potherie, describes council with Indians, 11-12. La Reine, Fort, 120, 121, 124, 125, 133, 134. La Salle, Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, 103. Laval University, 42. La Vérendrye, P. G. de Varennes, Sieur de, 110 et seq., 240. La Vérendrye brothers, 125-133. Lawrence, Charles, Major, 173. Lawrence, Fort, 170, 171, 172. Le Bœuf, Fort, 152, 153. Le Loutre, Abbe, 167 et seq. Le Mercier, officer under Montcalm, 191. Le Moyne, Charles, 37. Lévis, Chevalier de, next Montcalm in command, 181; suggested as Montcalm's successor by Governor, 186; at Montreal, 223, 226; attempts to retake Quebec, 227-228; defeat at Montreal, 228-229; becomes Marshal of France, 233. Lewis and Clark expedition, 143. Loudoun, Earl of, Commander-in-Chief of British, 193, 229. Louis XIV, attitude toward Canada, 24-25. Louisbourg, fortress built, 72-74; plan for capture of, 80-81; conditions in, 81-82; siege of, 82-85; English in, 88-90; treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle restores to France, 93; expedition against, 193; fall of fortress, 195; capture of, 213; rendezvous of British fleet, 214. Louisiana Purchase, 143.

M Mackenzie, Alexander, 142-143. Mackenzie River, 97, 142. Malartic, officer under Montcalm, 191. Mandan Indians, 122, 123-124, 125-126. Marquette, Jacques, Jesuit priest, 102-103. Mars, The (ship), 90. Mascarene, Paul, 80. Massachusetts, sends expeditions against French, 17-21; religion, 40; offers bounty for Indian scalps, 48; war with Indians (1721), 77. Maurepas, Fort, at Biloxi, 103; on Lake Winnipeg, 107, 118, 133. Mayflower, The (ship), 25. Michilimackinac, 100. Micmac Indians, 167, 171. Mississippi River, 97-98, 99, 102-103. Monckton, Robert, Colonel, 174. Monro, George, Colonel, 193. Montcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis de, life in France, 178-179; sent to Canada, 179; voyage, 180-181; staff, 181-182; impressions of Canada, 182-183; attitude toward Indians, 183-184; Vaudreuil jealous of, 185-186; activities in Canada, 189-190; captures Oswego, 190; describes his officers, 191; at Ticonderoga, 192; captures Fort William Henry, 192-193; rebuked by French court, 194; defeats British at Lake George, 195-197; plans organization of army, 198-199; fame in France, 200; obtains little aid from France, 202; receives rank of Lieutenant-General, 202; a hero, 204-205; personal characteristics, 205-206; discovers corruption of Canadian officials, 207-208; plans to meet British attack, 209; at siege of Quebec, 218-222. Montigny, officer under Montcalm, 191. Montreal, war party sets out from, 14; Lévis at, 223, 226; French defeat at, 228-229. Murray, James, General, 225-228, 229.

N Nantes, Edict of, 32. Nepigon, 113. New France, see Canada. New Netherland captured by English (1664), 12. New Orleans, 104, 148, 231. New York, plan of French to capture, 12-14; sends force against French (1691), 21-22. Newcastle, Duke of, 211. Newfoundland, ceded to England, 65. Niagara, Fort, 105, 148, 223. Nicholson, Francis, Colonel, 51, 52, 53, 63. Niverville, Chevalier de, 133-134. Nova Scotia, see Acadia. Noyon, 112.

O Oates, Titus, 31. Ochagach, Indian guide, 113, 114. Ohio River, importance to French, 106, 147-148; Céloron on, 149-150; contest for possession, 150-163. Oswego, French plans to capture, 189; captured, 190; Amherst gathers army at, 228.

P Paddon, Captain, of the Edgar, 59. Panama, Isthmus of, Scottish attempt to found colony on, 49. Paskoya, Fort, 134, 136. Pelican, The (ship), 110. Pennsylvania, policy of non-resistance, 35-36; Quakers in, 40; suffers from French and Indians, 152. Pepperrell, William, 82-83; 89. Phips, Sir William, Governor of Mass., 15-16; raises Spanish wreck, 16; leads expedition against Acadia, 17; voyages to Quebec, 18-21; not fitted to office, 38; superstitions of, 41. Pierre, S. D., tablet of the La Vérendryes found at, 128-129. Pisiquid (Windsor), 175. Pitt, William, British Secretary of State for War, 195, 211 et seq. "Pitts-Bourgh," 163. Pompadour, Madame de, 156, 178, 199-200. Port Royal, captured by Phips, 17; typical French community, 54; captured by English, 55-56; renamed Annapolis, 55. Porto Bello, 70. Prince Edward Island, 65.

Q Quebec, captured by English, 2; war party sets out from, 14; Phips takes fleet to, 18-21; child of Versailles, 24; expedition against (1711), 57-63; life in, 207; situation of, 215-216; siege of, 217-222; French defeat at, 222, 227-228.

R Rainy Lake, 115, 118. Rale, Sebastien, Jesuit priest, 76, 77. Ramezay, Chevalier de, 223. Red River, 119. Rigaud, brother of Governor Vaudreuil, 191. Rouville, Hertel de, 46-47. Ryswick, Peace of (1697), 22-23, 44.

S St. Charles, Fort, 115, 116, 118. St. Esprit, 101. St. Jean, Ile, 65. St. Lawrence River, French pioneers on, 97-98; location, 99; cities on, 100; British fleet sails up, 215. St. Louis, Château, 5, 19, 38. Saint Luc, officer under Montcalm, 191. Saint-Lusson, S. F. Daumont, Sieur de, 101. Saint-Pierre, Legardeur de, 131-132, 133-135, 150-151, 153, 162. St. Pierre, Fort, 115. Saint-Sauveur, Grasset de, 203. Sainte Foy, Battle of, 228. Ste. Marie du Saut, 100, 101. Saskatchewan River, 97-98. Saunders, Sir Charles, Admiral, 214. Schenectady, massacre at, 15. Schuyler, Peter, 21-22, 52. Seven Years' War, 151, 211. Shirley, William, Governor of Mass., 80, 81, 88, 173. Sioux Indians, 107, 119. South Sea Bubble, 70-71. Spain, cessions to England, 68, 69-70; relations with England, 71; England hostile to, 92, 93; claims lands on Gulf of Mexico, 99; New Orleans ceded to, 231. Subercase, D. A. de, Governor of Port Royal, 54, 55.

T Three Rivers, war party sets out from, 14. Ticonderoga, French army at, 161; Montcalm at, 192, 195, 196; defeat of English at, 196-197; occupied by British, 223. Tollendal, Lally, 234. Troyes, Chevalier de, 109.

U Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 64-66, 110.

V Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de, Governor of Canada, values Indians as allies, 183; as Governor, 184-185; jealous of Montcalm, 185-186, 203; in hands of corrupt circle, 203-204; retreats to Montreal, 223, 226; signs capitulation, 229; trial of, 233. Vaughan, William, 80. Verrazano, sails along Atlantic coast (1524), 26. Vetch, Samuel, plans conquest of Canada, 49-52, adjutant-general, 53; made Governor of Annapolis, 55; commands colonial forces, 58; familiar with St. Lawrence, 61; in debtor's prison, 62. Vigilant, The (ship), 85. Virginia, settled (1607), 2; Church of England in, 40.

W Walker, Sir Hovenden, Admiral, 57 et seq. Walpole, Sir Robert, English Prime Minister, 68-69. Warren, Peter, Commodore, 81, 83, 88, 89, 92. Washington, George, 151, 152 et seq., 160, 163, 230. William of Orange, France denounces, 2, 20; recognized by France, 23; as King of England, 34, 44; death (1702), 45. William Henry, Fort, 161, 192-193. Williams, Rev. John, 47-48. Winnipeg, Lake, 117, 119. Winslow, Colonel, 175, 176. Witchcraft in New England, 41. Wolfe, James, General, at Louisbourg, 163, 195; compared with Montcalm, 206; next Amherst in command, 213; at Louisbourg, 213; at Quebec, 216-222. Woods, Lake of the, 112, 115.

The Chronicles of America Series

1. The Red Man's Continent by Ellsworth Huntington 2. The Spanish Conquerors by Irving Berdine Richman 3. Elizabethan Sea-Dogs by William Charles Henry Wood 4. The Crusaders of New France by William Bennett Munro 5. Pioneers of the Old South by Mary Johnson 6. The Fathers of New England by Charles McLean Andrews 7. Dutch and English on the Hudson by Maud Wilder Goodwin 8. The Quaker Colonies by Sydney George Fisher 9. Colonial Folkways by Charles McLean Andrews 10. The Conquest of New France by George McKinnon Wrong 11. The Eve of the Revolution by Carl Lotus Becker 12. Washington and His Comrades in Arms by George McKinnon Wrong 13. The Fathers of the Constitution by Max Farrand 14. Washington and His Colleagues by Henry Jones Ford 15. Jefferson and his Colleagues by Allen Johnson 16. John Marshall and the Constitution by Edward Samuel Corwin 17. The Fight for a Free Sea by Ralph Delahaye Paine 18. Pioneers of the Old Southwest by Constance Lindsay Skinner 19. The Old Northwest by Frederic Austin Ogg 20. The Reign of Andrew Jackson by Frederic Austin Ogg 21. The Paths of Inland Commerce by Archer Butler Hulbert 22. Adventurers of Oregon by Constance Lindsay Skinner 23. The Spanish Borderlands by Herbert Eugene Bolton 24. Texas and the Mexican War by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson 25. The Forty-Niners by Stewart Edward White 26. The Passing of the Frontier by Emerson Hough 27. The Cotton Kingdom by William E. Dodd 28. The Anti-Slavery Crusade by Jesse Macy 29. Abraham Lincoln and the Union by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson 30. The Day of the Confederacy by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson 31. Captains of the Civil War by William Charles Henry Wood 32. The Sequel of Appomattox by Walter Lynwood Fleming 33. The American Spirit in Education by Edwin E. Slosson 34. The American Spirit in Literature by Bliss Perry 35. Our Foreigners by Samuel Peter Orth 36. The Old Merchant Marine by Ralph Delahaye Paine 37. The Age of Invention by Holland Thompson 38. The Railroad Builders by John Moody 39. The Age of Big Business by Burton Jesse Hendrick 40. The Armies of Labor by Samuel Peter Orth 41. The Masters of Capital by John Moody 42. The New South by Holland Thompson 43. The Boss and the Machine by Samuel Peter Orth 44. The Cleveland Era by Henry Jones Ford 45. The Agrarian Crusade by Solon Justus Buck 46. The Path of Empire by Carl Russell Fish 47. Theodore Roosevelt and His Times by Harold Howland 48. Woodrow Wilson and the World War by Charles Seymour 49. The Canadian Dominion by Oscar D. Skelton 50. The Hispanic Nations of the New World by William R. Shepherd

Transcriber's Notes

Introduction:

The Chronicles of America Series has two similar editions of each volume in the series. One version is the Abraham Lincoln edition of the series, a premium version which includes full-page pictures. A textbook edition was also produced, which does not contain the pictures and captions associated with the pictures, but is otherwise the same book. This book was produced to match the textbook edition of the book. We have retained the original punctuation and spelling in the book, but there are a few exceptions. Obvious errors were corrected--and all of these changes can be found in the Detailed Notes Section of these notes. The Detailed Notes Section also includes issues that have come up during transcription. One common issue is that words are sometimes split into two lines for spacing purposes in the original text. These words are hyphenated in the physical book, but there is a question sometimes as to whether the hyphen should be retained in transcription. The reasons behind some of these decisions are itemized.

Detailed Notes Section: