Chapter X Footnotes:

[1] Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_, c. 15 (vol. ii, p. 177, Milman-Smith); Tertullian, _de Spectaculis_, 30.

[2] Both of these in _de Pallio_, 1. It may be noted that in allusions to Dido's story he prefers the non-Virgilian version, more honourable to the Queen; _Apol._ 50; _ad martyras_, 4.

[3] _adv. Valentin._ 12.

[4] References to his Greek treatises (all lost) may be found in _de cor. mil._ 6; _de bapt._ 15; _de virg. vel._ 1.

[5] _De viris illustribus, sub nomine_.

[6] _de anima_ 39.

[7] _Ibid._ 41.

[8] _Ibid._ 39.

[9] _adv. Valent._ 3, _in infantia inter somni difficultates a nutricula audisse lamiæ turres et pectines Solis; ibid._ 20, _puerilium dicibulorum in mari poma nasci et in arbore pisces_.

[10] e.g. he alludes to a manual on flowers and garlands by Claudius Saturninus, and another on a similar subject, perhaps, by Leo Ægyptius; _de cor. mil._ 7, 12. Apart from the Christian controversy on the use of flowers, we shall find later on that he had a keener interest in them than some critics might suppose; _adv. Marc._ i, 13, 14.

[11] _de juga_, 10.

[12] _de anima_, 2; cf. _ibid._ 10, quotation of a great anatomist Herophilus who dissected "six hundred" subjects in order to find out Nature's secrets; also _ibid._ 25, a discussion of childbirth to show that the soul does not come into the child with its first breath; _ibid._ 43, a discussion of sleep. _Scorpiace_, 5, surgery.

[13] e.g. the end of _adv. Hermogenem_.

[14] Puns, e.g., on _areæ, ad Scap._ 3; on _strophæ, de Spect._ 29; on _pleroma, adv. Val._ 12. See his nonsense on the tears, salt, sweet, and bituminous, of Achamoth, a Valentinian figure, _adv. Val._ 15; on "the Milesian tales of his Æons," _de Anima._ 23.

[15] _adv. Valent._ 6.

[16] _adv. Valent._ 1.

[17] _de baptismo_, 4.

[18] _de oratione,_ 15

[19] _de anima,_ 3.

[20] _de bapt._ 3 (end)

[21] On _de pallio_ see Boissier, _La Fin da Paganisme_, bk. iii, ch. 1.

[22] _ad Natt_, i, 7; the charges were incest, and child-murder for purposes of magic.

[23] _de Præscriptione_, 44 (end). Similarly of resurrection, virgin-birth, etc..--_recogitavi_.

[24] _de Patientia_, 1, _miserrimus ego semper æger caloribus impatientiæ_.

[25] Cf. his tone as to the _scortum_, unexampled, so far as I know, in Latin literature, and only approached in Greek perhaps by Dio Chrysostom--the _publicæ libidinis hostiæ_ (_de Spect._ 17), _publicarum libidinum victimæ_ (_de cult. fem._ ii, 12). He alone of all who mention the strange annual scene on the stage, which Cato withdrew to allow, has pity for the poor women.

[26] _de Pænitentia_, 8.

[27] _de corona_, 12.

[28] I refer especially to such passages as _de Carne Christi_, 4-9, 14; _de Resurr. Carnis_, 7, 12, etc.

[29] _de Pænit._ 1, _hoc genus hominum quod et ipsi retro fuimus, cæci, sine domini lumine_.

[30] _Apol._ 15, cf. _ad Natt._ i, 10, another draft of the same matter.

[31] _de Spect._ 19, _eamus in amphitheatrum ... delectemur sanguine humano_ (ironically).

[32] _Apol._ 15. The burning-iron was to see whether any life were left in the fallen.

[33] _de Spect._ 19 (end).

[34] _de Spectaculis_, 17.

[35] _de Pænit._ 4.

[36] _de Pænit._ 12, _peccator omnium notarum, nec ulli rei nisi pænitentiæ natus_.

[37] _de anima_, 19 and 49. Add his words on the wife taken away by death, _cui etiam religiosiorem reservas affectionem_, etc., _de exh. cast._ 11.

[38] _de anima_, 20. Cf. _ibid._ 17, on the moderation of the Stoics, as compared with Plato, in their treatment of the fidelity of the senses.

[39] _ad Scap._ 2. _Tamen humani iuris et naturalis potestatis est unicuique quod putaverit colere_.

[40] _adv. Marc._ i, 10, _major popularitas generis humani_.

[41] _de testim. animæ_, 5.

[42] _de test. an._ 6.

[43] _de jejunio_, 6.

[44] _de spectaculis_, 20.

[45] _de cor. mil._ 5, _Naturæ deus noster est_.

[46] _adv. Marc._ i, 23.

[47] _de anima_, 16.

[48] _adv. Marc._ iii, 2; iv, 11.

[49] _de cor. mil._ 6, _et legem naturalem suggerit et naturam legalem_.

[50] Cf. _de carne Christi_, 4.

[51] _de anima_, 27.

[52] _de carne Christi_, 4, _ipsum mulieris enitentis pudorem vel pro periculo honorandum vel pro natura religiosum_.

[53] _de Resurr. Carnis_, 7.

[54] _Ibid._ 6.

[55] _adv. Marcion._ i, 13, 14. Compare the beautiful picture at the end of _de Oratione_, of the little birds flying up, "spreading out the cross of their wings instead of hands, and saying something that seems to be prayer."

[56] _adv. Marc._ ii, 4.

[57] _de cor. mil._ 15.

[58] _de præscr._ 40, _et si adhuc memini, Mithra signat_, etc.

[59] Apol. 18. _Hæc et nos risimus aliquando_. _De vestris sumus_.

[60] _de test. animæ_, 1.

[61] So Arnobius (i, 58, 59) and Augustine felt. Tertullian does not complain of the style himself, but it was a real hindrance to many.

[62] _de Pallio_, 3, _Sed arcana ista nec omnium nosse_.

[63] _ad Scap._ 3.

[64] "The devils entered into the swine." Cf. p. 164.

[65] Pliny to Trajan, 96, 3, _pertinaciam et inflexibilem obstinationem_.

[66] Marcus Aurelius, xi, 3. Cf. Aristides, _Or._ 46, who attributes _authádeia_, to _oi en tê Palaistíne dussebeîs_.

[67] _Hist. August. M. Anton._ 16, _Erat enim ipse tantæ tranquillitatis ut vultum nunquam mutaverit mærore vel gaudio_.

[68] _Apol._ 50, _Illa ipsa obstinatio quam exprobratis magistra est. Quis enim bib contemplatione eius concutitur ad requirendum quid intus in re sit? quis non ubi requisivit accedit? ubi accessit pati exoptat_, etc.

[69] _ad. Scap._ 5. _Quisque enim tantam tolerantiam spectans, ut aliquo scrupulo percussus, et inquirere accenditur, quid sit in causa, et ubi cognoverit veritatem et ipse statim sequitur_.

[70] _Scorpiace_, 8 (end).

[71] _de testim. animæ_, 2. Cf. _de cult. fem._ ii, 2, _Timor fundamentum salutis est_.

[72] _de Pænitentia_, 3.

[73] _de Pænit._ 40. _Quid revolvis? Deus præcipit_.

[74] _ad Natt._ i, 1.

[75] _de Idol._ 5.

[76] _de cor mil._ 11, _non admittit status fidei necessitates_.

[77] _de Idol._ 12.

[78] _de virg. vel._ i, _Dominus noster Christus veritatem se non consuetudinem cognominavit_.

[79] _de Idol._ 10.

[80] See the correspondence of Ausonius and Paulinus.

[81] Dio Cassius, 67, 14; Suetonius, _Domit._ 15; Eusebius, _E.H._ iii, 18. See E. G. Hardy, _Studies in Roman History_, ch. v., pp. 66, 67.

[82] To obtain evidence--legal in the case of slaves.

[83] _de Idol._ 17.

[84] Cf. _adv. Valentin._ 5.

[85] _de cor. mil._ 13, _clavus latus in cruce ipsius_. There is a suggestion of a play upon words.

[86] _ad Scap._ i, opening sentence of the tract.

[87] _ad Nat._ ii, 1.

[88] _Apol._ 7. Cf. _Scorp._ 10, _synagogas Judæorum fontes persecutionum_.

[89] Cf. _de fuga_, 12; _ad Scap._ 5.

[90] _Apol._ 7.

[91] _de fuga_, 14, _sit tibi et in tribus ecclesia_.

[92] _ad Scap._ 4.

[93] _Passio Perpetuæ_, 6.

[94] _Scorpiace_, 1.

[95] _Apol._ 30.

[96] _Scorp._ 10.

[97] _de anima_, 1.

[98] _Apol._ 16; _ad Natt._ i, 14.

[99] _Scorpiace_, 1; the reference is to Moses' bush, _nec tamen consumebatur_.

[100] _Apol._ 21.

[101] _Scorpiace_, 4 (end).

[102a] _de fuga_, 14 (both passages).

[102b] _de fuga_, 14 (both passages).

[103] _de pudicitia_, 22.

[104] For this cry in various forms see _Apol._ 40; _de res. carn._ 22; _de exh. castit._ 12; _de spect._ 27, _conventus et cætus ... illic guotidiani in nos leones expostulantur_.

[105] _Scorpiace_, 11, _ecce autem et odio habimur ab omnibus hominibus nominis causa; de anima_, 1, _non unius urbis sed universi orbis iniquam sententiam sustinens pro nomine veritatis_.

[106] Cf. _de anima_, 1, _de patibulo et vivicombirio per omne ingenium crudelitatis exhauriat_.

[107] _Apol._ 50, _semen est sanguis Christianorum_.

[108] _de Bapt._ 8.

[109] _Ibid._ 18.

[110] Ironic chapter in _de pudicitia_, 1. The edict is a technical term of the state, and the Pontifex Maximus was the Emperor, till Gratian refused the title in 375 A.D.

[111] _Scorpiace_, 6; cf. _de Bapt._ 16.

[112] _de Bapt._ 2.

[113] _Ibid._ 20.

[114] _Ibid._ 4.

[115] _Ibid._ 4.

[116] Cf. p. 102.

[117] _de Bapt._ 5.

[118] _de Spectac._ 4; _de cor. mil._ 3.

[119] _de cor. mil._ 3, _ter mergitamur_.

[120] _de Bapt._ 4.

[121] _Ibid._ 6.

[122] _de Bapt._ 8. For other minor details as to food and bathing see _de cor. mil._ 3.

[123] _de Spectac._ 4.

[124] _de Idol._ 6.

[125] _de Idol._ 11. Cf. Hermas, _Mandate_, 3, on lying in business.

[126] _de Idol._ 9.

[127] _Ibid._ 20.

[128] _de cor. mil._ 8.

[129] _Ibid._ 8.

[130] _de Idol._ 24, _inter hos scopulos et sinus, inter hæc vada et freta idololatriæ, velificata spiritu dei fides navigat_.

[131] _de fuga_, 13.

[132] _Apol._ 4.

[133] _Apol._ 6.

[134] Gwatkin, _The Knowledge of God_ (Gifford Lectures) ii, p. 163.

[135] _ad Natt._ i, 5.

[136] Cf. pp. 20-22.

[137] _Apol._ 17, _ita eum vis magnitudinis et notum hominibus obicit et ignotum_.

[138] _Apol._ 21.

[139] Chapters 22 to 24 give a good summary of his views on dæmons.

[140] Celsus refers to Christian discussion of this; Origen, _adv. Cels._ iii 43.

[141] Cf. _ad. Scap._ 2, with argument from end of world.

[142] c. 39 _vide, inquiunt, ut invicem se diligant_.

[143] Epictetus, _D._ iii, 23.

[144] Clement, _Strom._ vi, 56, _philautía_.

[145] _de anima_, 1.

[146] Cf. _de anima_, 6, 17, 18, 23, etc.

[147] _de Præscr._ 7.

[148] _adv. Marc._ i, 2.

[149] _de res. carnis_, 2.

[150] _de Præscr._ 7.

[151] _de Præscr._ 13.

[152] _de Præscr._ 15.

[153] _de Præscr._ 21.

[154] _de Præscr._ 37, _Mea est possessio_. Cf. definition which says _possessions appellantur agri ... qui non mancipatione sed usu tenebantur et ut quisque occupaverat possidebat_. Tertullian improves this title as he goes on.

[155] This gibe is in _adv. Marc._ i, 5; there are plenty without it in _adv. Val_.

[156] _adv. Hermog._ 9, _iure, beneficio, impetu, id est dominio precario vi_.

[157] _de carne Christi_, 2.

[158] _de carne Christi_, 5, _Quodcunque deo indignum est mihi expedit_.

[159] _de carne Christi_, 5, _prorsus credibile est quia ineptum est, ... certum est quia impossibile.... Quid dimidias mendacio Christum? Totus veritas fuit_.

[160] _de carne Christi_, 9, _trepidat_ perhaps represents the _agonía_ of Luke.

[161] _de res. carnis_, 51.

[162] _de pænit._ 1.

[163] _de pænit._ 12.

[164] _Scorpiace_, 12

[165] _de Idol._ 24 (end), _Viderimus enim si secundum arcæ typum et corvus et milvus et lupus et canis et serpens in ecclesia erit_.

[166] _de Pud._ 20.

[167] _de anima_, 9.

{349}

INDEX

Absolute Being (of God), 93, 112, 133, 188, 231, 257, 288, 289, 290-292. Actium, battle, 2. Ælian, 209. Æsculapius (Asklepios), 22, 191, 209, 221-223, 255, 337. Alexander of Abonoteichos, 211, 212. Alexander Severus, 14. Alexandria, 78, 79, 81; ch. ix., beginning. Allegoric methods, 72, 126, 181, 184, 226, 278, 288. Anaxagoras, 102. Ancyra, monument, 5. Angels, 15, 95, 279, 281, 329. Antinous, 160, 172, 252. Antoninus, M. Aurelius, Emperor, see Marcus. Antony (M. Antonius, the Triumvir), 2, 9. Anubis, 22, 209, 211, 236. Apathy, 161, 232, 291, 292, 297, 302; see also Greek Index. Apellas, M. Julius, 221, 222. Apelles, the painter, 217. Apis, 6. Apollo, 5, 82, 94. Apollonius of Tyana, 14. Apuleius, see ch. vii. generally, his origin and history, 228. his studies, 228. his mind and style, 227, 228, 234, 237, 337. defence on charge of Magic, 228, 230. the _Golden Ass_, 227, 233-237. on philosophy, 230. on gods, 231. on mysteries, 230. on human life, 231. on religion, 230. Aricia, 26. Aristides, Ælius, 222. Artemidorus of Daldia, author of a book on the interpretation of dreams, 88, 225-227. Arval Brothers, 9. _Ass_, book once attributed to Lucian, 20, 21, 227. Astrology, 18, 35, 147, 329. Astronomy, 27, 97, 219, 277, 281, 285. _Ataraxia_, 216, 219. Athens, 78, 80, 267. students at Athens, 78, 80, 228. Attalus, a Stoic, 41. Attis, 21. Augustine, St, 8, 12, 21, 166, 237, 307. Augustus, 1, 2. attempts to reform state, 3. his monument at Ancyra, 5. his superstitions, 6. restoration of religion, 5-7, 9, 14, 32. his system of government, 34. effects of his system, 18, 33-37.

Baptisms, 109, 159, 327-329. Barnabas, 151, 165, 180, 181, 192. Blood, eating with, 15. Brahmans, 270, 335. Britannicus, 45. British Isles, 26, 105. Browning, R., quoted, 27, 144. Buddha, 270. Buddhism, 68. Burrus, 44-46. Carlyle, Thomas, 40, 41, 159, 311, 312, 313, 336, 346. Carthage, 109, 307. Catullus, 21. Celsus, see ch. viii. generally. who was he? 239, 240. his date, 240. his mind and style, 240, 241, 258-261. on folly of Christians, 241-243, 245. on vulgarity of Christians, 241, 242. on "only believe," 242, 250. on Christian account of God, 242-244. and God's descent, 246. his own account of God, 244, 245, 246-248, 254. and of dæmons, 254-256. Christian thinking anthropocentric, 243, 244. on evil, 247. on true religion, 248, 254, 259, 260. on ancestral religion, 254. on incarnation, 248, 249. on the historic Jesus, 117, 172, 173, 249-252. on persecution of Christians, 250, 275. on the sects, 250, 253. on miracles and magic, 251. on evidence of oracles, 255, 258. on Christian plagiarisms, 117, 252. on immortality, 252, 253. his plea for Roman Empire, 256, 257, 261. misses centre of Christian movement, 259. quoted ch. viii. _passim_, and pp. 95, 114, 116, 117, 193, 194. Chæronea, 79, 82, 86, 223. Chaldæans, 17, 207, 270. Christ in prophecy, 183-193. Christian community and early Church, see chs. v. and vi. generally. name Christian, 151. its variety, 141, 143-147. its unity, 141, 143. its universality, 143, 144. the new life, 142, 152, 159-162, 164-166, 302, 303, 335. its happiness, 142, 148, 165, 166. conversion, 142, 150. Jewish influence, 143, 144. Greek influence, 144, 145, 168. Roman influence, 146. freedom from dæmons, 146, 147, 283, 284. dæmons retaliate in persecution, 164, 319. knowledge of God, 147, 300, 301. the "Holy Spirit," 142, 149-151, 174. Jesus the centre, 141, 151, 152, 157, 194, 259. Jesus the example, 264, 265, 272. theories as to Jesus, 154-157, 275, 289-298, 340, 341. the "ecclesia of God," 158, 257. organization of Christian society, 157-159, 263, 339. its sacraments, 158, 159. propagation, 159-162, 196, 241. women, 163, 180, 316. marriage, 302, 303, 314. immortality, 163. belief in second coming of Christ, 164, 341. persecution, 164, 165, 250, 275, 319, 323-326. martyrs, 146, 165, 319-321. controversy with Judaism, 167-169 ff., 175. effect of this, 194, 195. admission of Gentiles, 168. sects, 250, 253. the "great church," 253. spiritual religion, 179, 181, 182. its progress, 196, 262, 263 f. daily reading of Scriptures, 287. question of philosophy, 134, 145, 156, 157, 263, 274-276, 336-338. tenacity of historic facts of Gospel, 113-115, 119, 145, 152, 271. the _regula_, 338, 339. the "ark" theory, 343. Christian feeling toward the Empire, 240, 257, 303, 322, 334, 335. Chrysippus, 71, 73, 96, 209, 247. Cicero, M. Tullius, 1, 7, 8. his wife and daughter, 10. on divination, 16, 17. Claudia Acte, 45. Claudius, Emperor, 43, 44. Cleanthes, 39, 71, 247. Clement of Alexandria, see ch. ix. generally. his writings, 267, 279, 282. his history, 266, 267. his education, 267-274. the mysteries, 269. his conversion, 271. his mind and style, 267, 273, 282, 293. his literary interests, 267, 273, 277. his use of Scripture, 287, 288, 291. on philosophy, 268, 273, 275-282. his references to Plato, 273, 279, 281, 285, 286, 296. to Euripides, 281, 284. his use of Philo, 289. on knowledge, 272, 300, 301. unity of knowledge, 275. on faith, 242, 280, 300. on Absolute God (see also Monad below), 290-292. on the Monad, 286, 290. the love of God and Abba Father, 285, 286, 293, 297. on the Logos, 283, 287, 289-298, on incarnation, 297, 298. on Jesus, 283, 293, 298-300. on the cross, 300, 302. on Christian life, 272, 287, 302, 303. on manners, 264-266. on sin, 300. on "deification," 301, 302. on marriage, 302, 303. on Christian tradition, 271, on virgin-birth, 299. Christocentric, 272, 273, 274. the _Protrepticus_, 282-287, 296. Clement quoted, ch. ix. _passim_, and on pp. 149, 166, 242, 243, 244, 247, 248, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260. Cleopatra, 2. Consensus of mankind as evidence, 68, 91, 210, 315. _Cf._ Tertullian (_testimonium animæ_). Cooks, schools of, 302, 331. Cornutus, 41, 55. Critias, verses of, 4, 5. Crocodiles worshipped, 108, 111, 265. _Cupid and Psyche_, 234. Cybele, 5, 20, 21, 103. Cyprian, 147, 158, 343.

Dæmons, 14, 39, 59, 94-102, 103, 152-154, 254-256. not gods, 94, 232. intermediaries between gods and men, 96, 97, 98, 229, 232. subject to change, 96. guardian-dæmons (_genius_), 15, 59, 99, 100, 233, 308. may be seen by the physical eye, 99, 100, 207, 208, 232, 255. communicate with souls directly, 101, 102. authors of pagan cults, 107, 232, 254. relations with oracles, magic, etc., 102, 108, 229, 253. resent neglect, 164, 233, 255. their tyranny, 19, 107, 146, 147, 284. some usurp names of gods, 107, 108, 232. dæmon-possession, 100, 153. "glossolaly," 150. dangers from dæmons, 256. the name of Jesus and dæmons, 147. dæmons the fallen angels, 95, 281. dæmon-theory and Emperor-worship, 154. dæmons misled Jews as to law, 181. forestalled Christian sacraments, 159. and facts of Christian teaching, 191. facts behind dæmon-theory, 100, 150, 153, 222, 231. Dancing, secular and sacred, 76, 79, 80. _Dea dia_, 9, 19. Delphi, 82, 92, 102, 107, 108. Dio Cassius, 48, 322. Dio Chrysostom, 80, 312. Diodorus Siculus, 5. Diogenes Laertius, 39. Diogenes of Oinoanda, 217-220. Dionysus, 98, 108, 191, 250. Divination, 16, 17, 229. Docetism, 146, 154, 157, 299. Domitian, 49, 81, 322. Dreams studied, 6, 225-227. Druids, 270.

Ecstasy, 101, 102, 153, 345. Egyptian religion, 21, 25, 56, 211, 265, 270; see Isis, Osiris, Serapis. Emperor-worship, 163. Ennius, 3. Epictetus, see ch. ii. generally. his history, 49-50. his solitude, 50-52. his habits, 52. his celebrity, 53. on cleanliness, 52. a relic of Epictetus, 53, his teaching, 50, 53. quoted throughout ch. ii. Epicurus, 16, 17, 218-220, 281, 282, 285. Epidauros, 221, 222. Euclid, 80, 275. Euhemerus, 5, 106. Euripides, 243, 270, 281, 284, 285, 287.

Fauns, 12, 13. Flavius Clemens, 322. Francis, St, 40, 49. Fravashi, 15. Freedmen, 33, 35.

Gadarenes, 123, 203. Gaius, Emperor, 34. Galen, 160. Garlands, use of, 230, 265. Gellius, Aulus, 53, 80, 87, 213. _Genius_, see Dæmons. Germans, 36, 200, 211, 270. Giants, 208. Gibbon, 305. Gladiatorial shows, 36, 312, 313. Stoic criticism, 63. Christian criticism, 162. Glossolaly, see Tongues. Gnosticism and Gnostics, 263, see Marcion and Valentinus. God, see Absolute Being. Golden Age, 7, 33, 36, 171. Gospels, 113-115. credibility, 114, 115. Greece, depopulated, 78. Guardian, see Dæmons. Gyges, myth of, 34.

Hades, value of the belief in it, 5. described by those who have seen it, 105, 208. the gospel preached in Hades by Christ and apostles, 101, 280. Hadrian, 88, 200, 252, 262. Heraclitus, 219, 247, 252, 253. Herakles, 62, 98, 173, 191, 250. Hermas, 48, 166, 280, 329, 344. Herodotus, 34, 255. Hesiod, 98. Hierodules, 22, 172. "Holy," 11, 13, 19. Holy Spirit, see Christian community. Horace, 9, 13, 30, 78. Odes on the Augustan reformation, 6, 7. his own feelings on religion, 10, 28. on superstition, 17. his "conversion," 18. Human sacrifices, 26, 107. "Hymn of the Soul," Gnostic, 15.

Idols, meat offered to, 16. Ignatius, 146, 158, 159, 161, 163, 174. Immortality, 31, 68-70, 104, 105, 163, 164, 252, 253. Incubation, 22, 23, 99, 221. Indians, 270. Inspiration, 103, 169, 174, 287, 333, 342. Irenæus, 323. Isis, 22-24, 98, 99, 106, 107, 110, 111, 235-237.

Jesus, see chapters iv. and v. generally; see Christ. "Life" of Jesus hardly possible, 115. dates available, 115. his character can be known, 115, 116. his personality centre of Christian movement, 116, 139, 141, 151, 152, 157, 194, 257. repeated in personality of his followers, 139, 140. his style, criticized by Celsus, 117. his conversation, 117-120. humour or playfulness in his talk, 118, 119, 127. his manner, 119. his fixed gaze, 123. his parables as reminiscences, 120. his childhood and youth, 120, 121. his mother and father, 120, 121. _Abba_, 121, 137, 148, 149, 150, 257, 260, 286. _Amen_, 125. on children, 121, 122. on being "born again," 122. outdoor life, 122, 123. on wild nature, 123; _cf._ 265. his reality, 123-127. anger, 123. on self-deception, 124. on vulgar vices, 124. on poverty and hunger, 124, 125; _cf._ 264, 346. energy of character, 125. on traditional beliefs, 125. his use of Scripture, 126. his temptations, 126-130. his "weakness," 127, 340. the agony in the garden, 128, 129. his betrayal, 128, 129. his experience of men, 128, 130. his "disposition for private friendships," 129. his belief in common men, 130 happiness in God centre of his Gospel, 130, 134, 150, 165, 166. on holiness, 131-133. on rituals and taboos, 133. on relation with God, 130, 133-138. his intuition, 134. on Fatherhood of God, 134-135. on likeness to God, 135. on instinct, 135, 136. on Last Judgment, 136. on Kingdom of God, 137. on Messiahship, 128, 138. his cross, 138, 139, 153, 163, 250, 251, 300, 302. the crown of thorns, 265. the "spirit of Jesus," 139, 150, 168. Christian teaching of resurrection, 146, 163, 173, 340. Jesus in early Church, 151. theories as to Jesus, 154-157, 340. second coming, 164, 341. connexion with Judaism, 167 Jewish slanders on Jesus, 172, 173. attack of Celsus, 172, 173, 249-252. better known than the Logos, 338. Jews, see Judaism. exiled from Palestine, 180. set mobs against Christians, 169, 323, 324. John the Baptist, 115. Judaism, see ch. vi. generally. among Greeks and Romans, 11, 70, 103. its history, 169-172. its Messianic future, 143, 170-172. its morality, 143. its casuistry, 131. its tribal character, 132, 144. its taboos, 131, 132, 178. its monotheism, 143, 146, 169, 172, 173. its teaching on sin, 144. its Scriptures, 144, 174. influence on Greek readers, 176. prophecy of Christ in Scriptures, 183-193. Judaism and Jesus, 167. Judaism and Paul, 167-169. resistance to Christianity, 169-174, 180. circumcision, 171, 177, 179, 180. Sabbath, 11, 132, 171, 177-181. anti-Christian propaganda, 172, 173, 324. Christian arguments against Judaism, 176-193. Jewish law temporary, 181, 182. Julian, 23, 162, 260. Julius Cæsar, C., 1, 78, 307. _Julius Cæsar_ (Shakespeare's), 139. _Juno_ (guardian), 59. Jupiter Capitolinus, 19. Justin Martyr, 72, 148, 165, 176-193, 318, 323; see ch. vi. generally. Juvenal, 21, 23, 24, 55, 132, 202.

King, term applied to Roman Emperor, 34, 256. _Kyphi_, 103.

Lactantius, 183, 237. Lares, 5, 11, 14, 233. Larvæ, 16. Lemures, 16, 233. Linen, in religious ritual, 22, 211, 224, 230, 236, 330. Livy, 8, 17. Logos spermaticos (Stoic), see Greek Index. Logos (Christian), 138, 156, 157, 189; see also under Clement. Lucian, see ch. vii. his origin and history, 201, 202. his Dialogues, 202 f. his mind and style, 203, 204, 215. on philosophy, 205, 206, 209. on the "Celestial City," 205. on the gods, 209-211. on human life, 213-215. on superstition, 206-208. _Philopseudes_, 206-208. on life after death, 214, 215. on Christians, 162, 212. quoted, pp. 53, 162, 163. Lucretius, 12, 16, 20, 30, 71. on religion, 25, 26, 27. on Nature, 25. Lupercal, 5. Lupercalia, 9.

Magians, 13, 98, 105, 270. Magic, 18, 207, 229, 230, 233, 251, 256, 335. Mantic (see Oracles and Dæmons), 101. Marcion, 114, 193, 315, 317, 337-340. Marcus Aurelius, Emperor, 63, 130, 196-201, 211, 225, 251, 319. criticism of Christians, 198, 200, 244, 274. Marriage, 160, 229, 299, 302, 303. Martyrs, 146, 165, 319-326. Maximilla, 163, 344. Maximin Daza, 162, 260. Menander, 99, 266, 267. Messalina, 43, 44. Messiah, 138, 156, 170, 173. Metempsychosis, 42, 164, 252. Mithras, 105, 191, 210, 256, 260, 317, 318. Monarchy, 34. Monasticism, 24. Monotheism, 19, 94, 143, 146, 148. Montanism, 327, 343, 346. Moses before Greek literature, 176, 281. man before Moses, 315. a magician, 230. Mother of the gods, see Cybele. Muhammad, 191. Mystagogue, 78, 99, 253, 269 Mysteries, 6, 76, 92, 145, 158, 230, 269, 284, 287.

Napoleon, 44. Nature, in philosophy, 36, 39, 57, 58, 66, 314-317. Necromancy, 99, 105. Neo-Platonism, 111. Nero, 44-47. Nicopolis, 49. Numa, King-- inventor of religion, 8. and the nymph, Egeria, 100. Nursery tales, 308.

Octavian, see Augustus. Oinoanda, 217. Oracles, 223, 255. their numbers, 78. their evidence as to gods, 92, 255. as to immortality, 104. dæmons and oracles, 101, 102, 255; see Dæmons. oracle of Trophonius, 224, 255. Origen, 114. his book against Celsus; see ch. viii. _passim_. Orpheus, 14, 98, 173, 281, 283. Osiris, 98, 111, 233, 237, 330. Ovid, 3, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 23, 59.

Pan and Pans, 12, 13. Pantænus, 266, 271. Pantheism, 29, 38, 58. Paul, 148-150, 154-156, 167-169, 174, 177. Pausanias, the traveller, 222-225, 268, 270. Penates, 8, 14. Peregrinus Proteus, 212, 213. Perpetua, the martyr, 88, 229, 308, 324. Persius, 41, 55, 56, 67, 68. Philo, 125, 153, 156, 194, 289, 290. Photagogue, 269. Piso's conspiracy, 47. Plagiarism, 117, 252, 281. Plato, 34, 50, 72, 96, 97, 102, 117, 118, 135, 149, 229-232, 244, 245, 252, 270, 285, 288, 289, 293, 336, 337. Pliny, the Elder, 13, 18, 26. Pliny, the Younger, 82, 208, 331. Plotinus, 99, 100. Plutarch, see ch. iii. generally. his history, 78-88. his city, 79, 82. his family, 79-80. his friends, 80, 81. his wife and children, 85, 86. his slaves, 86-88. his travels, 81. his poor Latin, 81. his studies, 83. his writings, 83-85. his character, 83-85, 89, 105. his "philosophy," 89-91, 105, 110. defect in his thinking, 83, 85, 110, 111. value of his work, 90, 110, 111. "the ancient faith of our fathers," 76, 89. on the knowledge of the divine, 91-93. on Absolute Being and transcendence of God, 93, 94, 97, 105. Providence and the government of the universe, 93-96. on deputy gods and dæmons (_q.v._), 94-102. the guardian, 99. on "Mantic" (oracles, divination, etc.), 100-103. on superstition, 103. on pleasures of faith, 76, 104. on immortality, 104, 105. on evil, 105. his apocalypses, 105. on defence of tradition, 76, 106-108, 111. on purification of legends, 106-108. on questionable rituals, 107, 108. on the Stoics, 64, 66, 68, 72, 73, 82, 94, 95, 97, 99. quoted, ch. iii. _passim_; also pp. 42, 56, 60, 66, 68, 72, 73, 136. Polybius, on Roman religion, 3-4. Polycarp, 165. Pontifex Maximus, 6, 327. Porphyry, 99. Prisca, 163, 344. Propertius, 8. Prudentius, 7, 11. Psychomanteion, 99. Punic language, etc., 229, 308, 319. Pythagoras, 42, 55, 96, 173.

Quintilian, 9, 43, 48.

Religion-- nature of, 19. development of, 24. Oriental, 24. polytheism knows no false gods, 25. how to judge religions, 40. city cults, 56. Gospels, 56. and philosophy, 132. See also Jesus, Christian community, and Plutarch. Rhetoric, 37, 41, 43, 82, 85, 202, 226, 228, 231, 267, 268, 310. Rome-- her empire gift of gods, 7, 82, 334. government of empire, 1, 2, 33, 141. rise of superstition, 18. under the Emperors, 33-37. influence of Stoics, 39. women of Rome, 41, 51-52. its crowds of people, 47, 48. as a school for virtue, 49. Plutarch at Rome, 81. art collections, 145.

Sabbath, 11, 132, 171. Sacrifice, human, 26, 107. Salvation, 54, 67, 151. Satyrs, 12, 13. Scepticism, 216, 217. Scillitan martyrs, 319. Scriptures source of Greek philosophy, 176, 281, 285. Sealskin, as protection against thunder, 6. Self-examination, 54, 55. Seneca, see ch. ii. generally. his history, 41-47. his parents, 41, 43. his teachers, 41-43. his style, 43. exile, 43-44. minister, 44-46. his end, 47. his character, 47-49. his books, 45, 46. his letters, 48. his teaching, 49. on popular gods and superstition, 17, 49. self-examination, 54. quoted, ch. ii. _passim_; also pp. 15, 31, 91. Serapis, 21-24. Servius, commentator on Virgil, 8, 15. Servius Sulpicius, 10. Servius Tullius, 14. Sextus Empiricus, 4, 216, 217. Slavery, 36, 52. Socrates, 38, 72, 73, 117, 148, 233. _Solomon, Psalms of_, 170. Sotion, a Pythagorean, 42. Spermaticos Logos, see Greek Index. Sterculus, 334. Stoicism, see chap. ii. generally; see Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, and Seneca; see Greek Index for Spermaticos Logos and other technical terms. unity of existence, 37, 56, 57, 58, 97, 314. man a "fragment of God," 38, 58, 60. the soul, 38. God, 58. polytheism and personality of gods, 70, 73, 76, 95. worship of God, 57. "God within," 61, 148. "Holy Spirit," 61, 65. Providence, 38, 59-61, 71. harmony with Nature, 39, 66. argument from consensus, 68, 91. divination, 16, 17, 92. dæmons, 59, 70. the guardian, 58, 59. the example, 72, 73. fatalism, 60. prayer, 66, 199, 200. endurance, 60. duty, 61. the "hymn to Zeus," 61, 165. mankind, 63. failure of Stoicism, 63 f., 67, 75. on pity, 65. the will, 65-68. the feelings, 66. sin, 67, 68 immortality, 68-70, 164. the final conflagration, 69, 72, 164. criticism of Stoicism among the ancients, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71-73, 82, 95, 97, 99, 164, 205, 206, 216, 285, 288, 291. Strabo, the Geographer, 26, 223. Superstition, see chs. i. and vii. no refuge in sleep from it, 17, 109. practices, 109, 230. beliefs, 206-208. Syriac, 201. Syrians, 56, 103, 207.

Taboos, 131, 132. Tacitus, 33, 37. Tatian, 145-147, 148, 164, 271, 318. Taurobolium, 67, 70. Tertullian, see ch. x. generally. conventional accounts of him, 305, 306, 313. his work, 306. his history, 307-322. his education, 308-310. his rhetoric, 309-311. his mind and style, 311, 312, 325, 330, 346. his literary interests, 309, 321. his interest in medicine, 309. his interest in law, 309, 330, 331, 332, 339, 340. his Stoicism, 314. on "Nature," 314-317. Nature's beauty, 317. as to asceticism, 316, 345. on man, 316. his conversion, 318-321. _testimonium animæ_, 315, 320, 333. on God, 315-317, 328. on sin, 327. on forgiveness, 327. on baptism, 327-329. on the Scriptures, 315, 332, 333. on prophecies of Christ in Old Testament, 178-180, 184, 188, 189, 193. on philosophy and philosophers, 336-338. on heresy and heretics, 338-341. on idolatry, 321, 322, 329. on war, 312. on theatre, 313. on amphitheatre, 312, 313, 324. on marriage and child-birth, 314, 316, 345. on Christian life, 335. on trade, 329. on persecution, 318-320, 323-326. on martyrdom, 319-321, 324-327. his _Apology_, 330-336. on the Church, 343 f. on Montanism, 344 f. on ecstasy, 345. on the Paraclete, 344. on pagan gods, 7. Tertullian quoted, chs. vi. and x. _passim_; also pp. 17, 18, 71, 73, 93, 103, 108, 111, 137, 142, 143, 148, 160, 161, 165, 166, 197, 212, 240, 243, 248, 249, 250, 251, 254, 256. Theophilus, 148, 318. Thoreau, 326. Thrasea Pætus, 40, 45, 151. Tiberius, 33, 34. Tibullus, 11. Tongues, speaking with, 142, 149, 153, 174. Tragedies, 37. Trajan, 35, 331. Trees, holy, 13, 230. Trophonius, oracle of, 224, 255. "Trypho," ch. vi. _passim._

Valentinus and his school, 299, 308, 340. Varro-- on national value of deceit in religion, 5, 343. his books on the gods, 8, 9, 309. counted an "enemy of religion," 8, 10 Vegetarianism, 24, 42, 108. Virgil, see ch. i., 28-32. his history, 28. the civil wars, 1, 28. Italy, 28. on Nature, 29. on Man, 31. on religion, 31, 32. Virgin-births, 100, 189-192, 299, 334

Wells, holy, 13. Witches, 97, 233. Wordsworth, 2, 30, 64, 77, 86.

Xenophanes, 16, 111, 292.

Zeno, 39, 72, 333. Zoology, ancient, 181, 229. Zoroaster, 98, 105, 230.

{359}

GREEK INDEX

_apátheia_, 66, 302. _apathès_, 291, 292, 297, 299. _apórroia_, 153, 304, _apóspasma toû theoû_, 38. _autarkes_, 31.

_génesis_, 23, 61, 98. _gígnestha_, 70.

_daímôn_, 39; see Dæmons. _dógmata_, 65, 199.

_éntheos_, 92, 153; _cf._ 174. _enthousiódes_, 102. _énnoia_, 56, 244, 281, 295. _epékeina_, 245.

_theomachein_, 65, 109. _theotókos_, 21. _theophortos_, 21.

_kósmios_, 38, 64. _krásis_, 102.

_logos_, see _spermatikos logos_.

_hóla, tà_, 59, 290, 291.

_pathetòs_, 155, 189, 297. _pathos_, 66, 103. _pneûma_, 101, 102, 295. _pneûma diápuron_, 38. _pneûma enthousiastikòn_, 102. _politeia toû kósmou_, 39. _proaíresis_, 65, 279.

_spermatikos logos_, 37, 56, 64, 71, 77, 148, 156.

_tà epí soi_, 39, 65, 66.

_phantasíai_, 39, 51, 101, 216. _phantastikòn, tò_, 103.

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