Part 8

H. Mitchelliana.* H. Vancouverensis.* H. Caroliniensis.* H. Nuttaliana.* H. Columbiana.* H. hirsuta.* H. perspectiva.* H. lineata.* H. multilineata.* H. appressa.* H. palliata.* H. Californiensis.* H. Townsendiana.* H. Nichliniana.* H. Oregonensis.* H. magnifica.* H. profunda.* H. albolabris.* H. alternata.* H. irrorata.* H. inorata.* H. indentata.* H. inflecta.* H. clausa.* H. obstricta.* H. elevata.* H. interna.* H. chersina.* H. gularis.* H. ligera.* H. solitaria.* H. jejuna.* H. concava.* H. fallax.* H. egena.* H. arboreus.* H. glaphyra.* H. Thyroides.* H. labyrinthica.* H. major.* H. Pennsylvanica.* H. subglobosa.* H. Zaleta* H. dentifera.* H. delabata.*

2. Genus _Carocolla_. Pl. X.

The _Animal_ of this and the following genera of this family are precisely the same as in Helix.

_Shell._ Orbicular, more or less convex or conoidal above; the circumference or periphery angulated or keeled; aperture transverse, contiguous to the axis of the shell; the right margin or lip subangular, often toothed or plaited beneath. Inhabits dry situations in Europe and America. Twenty-two species.

Carocolla acutistima. C. albilabris. C. angistoma. C. labyrinthus. C. lucerna. C. inflata. C. hispidula. C. Gaulteriana. C. albella. C. bicolor. C. Mauritiana. C. Madagascarensis. C. marginata. C. lychnuchus. C. planata. C. planaria. C. lapicida. C. elegans.

· · · · ·

C. Hydiana.* C. helicoides* (new species) _Lea_. C. grata.* C. Spinosa* (new species) _Lea_.

3. Genus _Achatina_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ Variable in form, but generally subturriculated, oval or oblong, aperture entire, the right lip sharp, never reflected, columella smooth, of which the anterior extremity is always open and truncated. Inhabits South America. Twenty-four species.

Achatina perdix. A. immaculata. A. acuta. A. Mauritania. A. ustulata. A. virginea. A. Marminii. A. fusco-lineata. A. columnaria. A. acicula. A. zebra. A. purpurea. A. bicarinata. A. castanea. A. vexillum. A. Priamus. A. Peruviana. A. albo-lineata. A. fulminea. A. folliculus. A. oleacea.

· · · · ·

A. glans.* A. Vanuxemensis.* A. solida.*

4. Genus _Anostoma_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ Somewhat extraordinary in its formation, orbicular, the spire convex and obtuse, aperture round, dentated grinning, turned upwards to the side of the spire, margin of the lip reflected. Lakes in America and the Sandwich Islands. Three species.

Anostoma dentata. Anostoma depressa.

· · · · ·

A. globosa.*

5. Genus _Helicina_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ Terrestrial, distinguished only from the Helix by its columella being transverse callous; much depressed and diminished in thickness at the lower part, subliglobular, imperforate; aperture entire, demioval, margin acute, forming an angle at the lower base of the right lip; operculum corneous. Inhabits groves in Europe. Nineteen species.

Helicina neritella. H. rhodostoma. H. striata. H. fasciata. H. virida. H. pulchella. H. substriata. H. Braziliensis. H. costata. H. aurantia. H. major. H. minima. H. submarginata. H. unifasciata. H. Brownii. H. depressa. H. aureola. H. orbiculata. H. Tankervillii.

6. Genus _Pupa_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ Cylindrical, generally thick; aperture irregular, semi-ovate, rounded, and subangulated beneath; margins of outer lip nearly equal and reflected outwardly, unconnected at their upper parts; the plait of the columella interposed between them. Most frequently found in moss in Europe and America. Forty species.

Pupa numia. P. uva. P. sulcata. P. candida. P. labrossa. P. fusus. P. tridentata. P. fasciolata. P. zebra. P. unicarinata. P. maculosa. P. clavulata. P. ovularis. P. Germanica. P. cinerea. P. tridens. P. quadridens. P. polyodon. P. variabilis. P. frumentum. P. secale. P. avena. P. granum. P. fragilis. P. dolium. P. umbilicata. P. muscorum. P. angilicus. P. rufescens. P. edontulis. P. odontostoma. P. petiveriana. P. dentata.

· · · · ·

P. contracta.* P. rupicola.* P. exigua.* P. armifera.* P. fallax.* P. ovata* P. pentadon.*

7. Genus _Clausilia_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ Cylindrical, generally fusiform; summit obtuse, the last whorl smaller than the preceding; aperture irregular, rounded, oval; margin united, and externally reflected. Inhabits dry situations both in Europe and America. Fifteen species.

Clausilia torticollis. C. truncatula. C. retusa. C. costulata. C. corrugata. C. inflata. C. Mediterranea. C. denticulata. C. collaris. C. papillaris. C. plicatula. C. rugosa. C. gracilis. C. chrysalis.

· · · · ·

C. teres.*

8. Genus _Bulimus_. Pl. X.

_Animals_ of this genus in formation are precisely as the Helix; they are, however, oviparous, producing eggs with the shell containing the animal perfectly matured; they are frequently as large as a pigeon’s egg.

_Shell._ Oval, sometimes turriculated, oblong; the summit of the spire obtuse, and the last whorl larger than all the others together; aperture oblong, oval, edge disunited; in adults the lip much reflected; columella smooth, with an inflection in the middle, the base entire, not channeled. Inhabits mountainous situations in Europe and America; some beautiful specimens have been found in the woods of Ohio. Sixty-three species.

Bulimus ovatus. B. hæmastomus. B. gallina. B. sultana. B. zigzag. B. multifasciatus. B. Bengalensis. B. Caribæorum. B. octonus. B. terebraster. B. undatus. B. Richii. B. inversus. B. citrinus. B. sultanus. B. Pythogaster. B. ovoideus. B. interruptus. B. Peruvianus. B. Favannii. B. Kambeul. B. papyraceus. B. calcareus. B. decollatus. B. Lyonetianus. B. inflatus. B. radiatus. B. fragilis. B. Guadalupensis. B. Mexicanus. B. articulatus. B. acutus. B. scobinatus. B. planidens. B. ventricosus. B. montanus. B. hordaceus. B. lubricus. B. iostoma. B. geniostoma. B. odontostoma. B. formosus. B. Listeri. B. Kingii. B. Dufresnii. B. pulcher. B. maugeri. B. lævis. B. auris leporis. B. vexillum.

· · · · ·

B. glandiformis.* B. parvus.* B. virgo.* B. gracilis.* B. Gibbonius.* B. multilatus.* B. maculatus.* B. Pealianus.* B. lacteus.* B. decoratus.* B. Columbianus.* B. multilineatus.* B. corneus.*

9. Genus _Succinea_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ Terrestrial, very thin, pellucid, ovate oblong, with a conical, pointed spire, formed of only one or two whorls; aperture very large and oval, edges disunited; right edge always acute, the left arched, formed by a smooth attenuated columella. The shells of this genus never having their lip thickened or reflected, distinguish them from those of the genus Bulimus, to which they bear a strong resemblance. Inhabits the sides of ditches and lakes, both in Europe and America. Seven species.

Succinea cuculata. S. amphibia. S. rubescens. S. oblonga. S. patula. S. pellucida.

· · · · ·

S. aperta.*

10. Genus _Auricula_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ Solid, thick, and smooth, oval, oblong spire very obtuse, aperture entire, enlarged, ear-shaped, much contracted behind; edges not united, right lip thick and generally reflected outwardly; the left or columella with one or more teeth or callous plaits. This genus derives its name from its resemblance to the ears of certain animals. It is a land shell found chiefly in the East and West India Islands. Sixteen species.

Auricula Midæ. A. Judæ. A. sileni. A. leporis. A. felis. A. Dombeiana. A. nitens. A. angiostoma. A. scarabæus. A. bovina. A. caprella. A. myosotis. A. minima. A. coniformis. A. monill. A. labrella.

11. Genus _Cyclostoma_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ Terrestrial, distinguished from the preceding genera by a perfectly round aperture, reflected lip, and horny operculum, summit papillose; left edge having its origin very detached from the spire. Inhabits the East Indies. A few species are found in America. Thirty-eight species.

Cyclostoma planorbula. C. volvulus. C. carinata. C. sulcata. C. unicarinata. C. rugosa. C. labeo. C. interrupta. C. ambigua. C. semilabris. C. tricarinata. C. obsoleta. C. patulum. C. truncatum, C. pulchrum. C. Jamaicense. C. lineolata. C. elongatum. C. mirabile. C. orbella. C. aurantium. C. flavula. C. fasciata. C. mumia. C. quarternata. C. ferruginea. C. decussata. C. mammillaris. C. maculatum. C. ligata. C. elegans. C. tortum. C. mirabile.

· · · · ·

C. maculata.* C. Popayana.* C. lapidaria.* C. marginata.* C. dentata.*

FAMILY VIII.

LYMNACEA. Three genera.

1. Genus _Lymnea_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ Aquatic, oval, sometimes turreted; spire produced, thin, smooth, edges disunited, the left with a very oblique plait rising on the columella, forming an oval aperture, destitute of an operculum. Inhabits the ponds of America and Europe. Thirty-three species.

Lymnea columnaris. L. stagnelis. L. palustris. L. auricularia. L. ovata. L. minuta. L. luteola. L. acuminata. L. intermedia. L. leucostoma. L. peregra.

· · · · ·

L. rubiginosus.* L. solida.* L. Virginiana.* L. Emmoniensis.* L. lessoni.* L. apacina.* L. catascopium.* L. columella.* L. elongatus.* L. reflexus.* L. appressus.* L. elodes.* L. limosa.* L. lapidaria.* L. dissimilis.* L. ponderosa.* L. integra.* L. porata.* L. lustrica.* L. grana.* L. subglobosa.*

2. Genus _Physa_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ General sinistral, oval, oblong, or globular, very smooth, spire prominent, aperture oval, contracted posteriorly, right edge sharp, columella twisting obliquely, and enlarging to join itself to the anterior part of the margin, the whorls turning to the left hand gives this shell the appellation of heterostrophe. Inhabits the ditches of America and Europe. Ten species.

Physa fontinalis. P. hypnorum. P. subopaca.

· · · · ·

P. castanea.* P. decisa.* P. elongata.* P. aurea.* P. gyrina.* P. heterostropha.* P. ancillaria.*

3. Genus _Planorbis_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ Discoid, spire depressed, or involuted almost in the same vertical plane, causing the shell to be depressed on each side, aperture oblong, luniform, axis remote, margin not reflected; no operculum. Inhabits the lakes of America and Europe. Twenty-two species.

Planorbis cornu-arietis. P. corneus. P. spirorbis. P. hispidus. P. orientalis. P. carinatus. P. lutescens. P. nitidus. P. angulatus. P. deformis. P. imbricatus. P. contortus. P. vortex.

· · · · ·

P. lens.* P. glabratus.* P. armigerus.* P. parallellus.* P. exacuous.* P. campanulatus.* P. trivolvis.* P. bicarinatus.* P. parvus.*

FAMILY IX.

MELANIANA. Three genera.

1. Genus _Melania_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ Turreted; aperture entire, spire slightly pointed, margin of the whorls often surmounted by spires, columella smooth and arched, closed by a thin horn-like operculum; this is a fluviatile shell, often covered by a thick epidermis. Inhabits the rivers of India. Many fine species are found in America. Fifty-four species.

Melania inquinata. M. asperata. M. spinolusa. M. gronifera. M. aurita. M. lineolata. M. trunculata. M. carinefera. M. truncata. M. coarctata. M. punctata. M. subulata. M. Helvetica. M. lineata. M. Byronensis. M. sulcata. M. lævigata. M. clavis. M. decollata. M. amarula. M. thiarella. M. fasciolata. M. lævissima. M. corrugata.

· · · · ·

M. Troostiana.* M. plicifera.* M. Sayii.* M. elevata.* M. armigera.* M. multilineata.* M. proxima.* M. Hydeii.* M. salebrosa.* M. bitaeniata.* M. lema.* M. nassula.* M. trochiformis.* M. elevata.* M. laqueata.* M. semicarinata.* M. subularis* (_Lea_). M. acuta.* „ M. plicata.* M. inflata.* N. conica.* M. catenaria.* M. simplex.* M. excurta.* M. annulifera.* M. pyrenella.* M. coma.* M. alveare.* M. cylindracea.* M. vestita.* M. caniculata.* M. Virginica.* M. tuberculata* (_Lea_). M. elongata.* „

2. Genus _Pirena_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ Much elongated, mantle prolonged into a canal at the left side, but without distinct tube; foot short, oval, with an anterior marginal furrow; head terminated by a depressed proboscidiform muzzle; tentacula very distant, thickly annulated, dilated in the inferior half of their length, and having the eyes at the summit of this dilation; mouth a terminal and vertical slit, without labial tooth, and with a very small tongue; a single long and narrow branchia.

_Shell._ Distinguished from the preceding genus by having a sinus at the base, and another at the summit; turreted; aperture longitudinal, right lip sharp, base of the columella inclined to the right. Inhabits the rivers of India and Africa. One species is found in America. Six species.

Pirena terebralis. P. cancellata. P. aurita. P. spinosa. P. granulosa.

· · · · ·

P. scalariformis.*

3. Genus _Melanopsis_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ As preceding genus.

_Shell._ The Melanopsis is distinguished from the Melanaia, by the columella being callous in the upper part, and the base truncated as in the Achatina, and differs from the Pirena in having only a sinus or widened opening at the base of the shell; aperture covered by a horny operculum. Inhabits the rivers of the Archipelago. Three species.

Melanopsis costata. M. lævigata. M. prærosa.

FAMILY X.

PERISTOMIANA. Three genera.

1. Genus _Valvata_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ Found only in fresh water; subdiscoid or conoid, umbilicated, spiral, whorls, rounded; angular at the summit; aperture round, not modified by the penultimate whorl; the margins sharp and united; operculum orbicular and horny. Inhabits the rivers of Europe and America. Three species.

Valvata piscinalis.

· · · · ·

V. arcnifera.* (_Lea_.) V. tricarinata.*

2. Genus _Paludina_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Helix.

_Shell._ Generally found in fresh water, though some species have been found where it is salt; conoid covered with a greenish epidermis; the whorls rounded or convex, spiral cavity modified by the last whorl; aperture rounded, oval, oblong, angular at the summit; margins united, acute, never reflected outwards; operculum orbicular and horny. Inhabits the rivers of America and Europe. Thirty-one species.

Paludina vivipara. P. Bengalensis. P. viridis. P. Francesii. P. achatina. P. Australis. P. impura. P. muriatica.

· · · · · P. sinistrosa.* P. Nuttaliana.* P. virens.* P. pallida.* P. subcarinata.* P. genicula.* P. magnifica.* P. limosa.* P. subglobosa.* P. lapidaria.* P. Virginica.* P. hyalina.* P. unicolor.* P. nuclea.* P. decisa.* P. fuscus.* P. dissimilis.* P. ponderosa.* P. integra.* P. porata.* P. lustrica.* P. grana.* P. Nickliniana.*

3. Genus _Ampullaria_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ Inflated, globular, spiral; foot oval, with a transverse furrow at its anterior edge; head wide; tentacula superior, very long, conical, and pointed; eyes situated at their external base, and supported upon a very apparent peduncle; mouth vertical, situated between two lips disposed in form of a horse-shoe and forming a kind of muzzle; no superior tooth; a bristly lingual band, but not prolonged into the abdominal cavity; a very large respiratory cavity, divided in two by an incomplete horizontal partition.

Animals of this genus are oviparous; producing an egg nearly as large as that of a pigeon, in which is found the young animal complete, and in a perfectly formed shell.

_Shell._ This genus appears to partake of the characteristics, both of the Paludina and the Natica, being fluviatile and frequently attaining a large size; spire very short, the last whorl much larger than all the others together; globular, very ventricose, umbilicus small, forming a compressed funnel-shaped aperture, without interior callosity; aperture longer than broad, with margins united; columellar lip thickened, projecting and reflected over the umbilicus; operculum horny. Inhabits the rivers of Europe. Thirteen species.

Ampullaria vivipara. A. fasciata. A. rugosa. A. canaliculata. A. effusa. A. virens. A. avellana. A. fragilis. A. Guinica. A. carinata. A. intorta. A. conica.

· · · · ·

A. Pealiana.*

FAMILY XI.

NERITACEA. Four genera.

1. Genus _Neritina_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ Globular; foot circular, thick, without a furrow anteriorly, or a lobe for the operculum posteriorly, with a bipartite columellar muscle; conical tentacula; eyes subpedunculate at their external side; mouth without labial tooth, but with a denticulated tongue prolonged into the visceral cavity; a single large pectiniform branchia.

_Shell._ This genus was formerly classed with the Nerita, which in form it much resembles, but from the circumstance of the latter inhabiting the sea, and Neritinæ fresh water, it now forms a separate genus. Thin, smooth, or finely striated, in all the species known, the right side of the aperture does not possess any crenulations or teeth; the operculum is provided with a lateral tooth on one side. Some species are armed with spines; aperture semicircular; left margin smooth and sharp; spire imperfect, generally dissolved by the animal. Inhabits the fresh water rivers of Europe. Twenty-seven species.

Neritina perversa. N. pulligera. N. dubia. N. zebra. N. zigzag. N. gagates. N. lugubris. N. lineolata. N. fasciata. N. semiconica. N. strigilata. N. meleagris. N. virginea. N. fluviatilis. N. viridis. N. Bætica. N. careosa. N. caffra. N. Domingensis. N. auriculata. N. crepidularia. N. brevispina. N. Smithii. N. spinosa. N. Oweni. N. pulchella. N. corona.

2. Genus _Nerita_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ See Neritina.

_Shell._ Marine, but never spined, solid, semiglobular, flattened beneath, not imbilicated; aperture large, entire, semilunar, the external margin much hollowed; the columella sharp and often dentated, operculum horny, subspiral, with a projecting tooth. Inhabits the seas of S. America and W. Indies. Twenty species.

Nurita exuvia. N. textilis. N. undata. N. peloronta. N. chlorostoma. N. atrata. N. polita. N. albicella. N. chamæleon. N. versicolor. N. lineata. N. scabricosta. N. plicata. N. tassellata. N. signata. N. ornata. N. Australis. N. rudis. N. Ascensionis. N. Malaccensis.

3. Genus _Navicella_. Pl. X.

_Animal._ Oval, not spiral, foot elliptical, very large, with a thin subpapillary edge, advanced rather anteriorly, without marginal furrow, but attached on each side to the visceral mass in all its posterior portion so as to form a sort of cavity open transversely behind; head very broad and semilunate; tentacula conical, contractile and distant; eyes subpedunculated at the external root of the tentacula; mouth large and longitudinal.

_Shell._ Fluviatile, elliptical, or oblong, convex above, summit straight, depressed to the margin, concave beneath; no columella; the columellar edge replaced by a sharp partition, covering part of the aperture; a sinus at its left extremity; muscular impression horse-shoe shaped, open in front and interrupted behind; thin, calcareous operculum, with a subulate, lateral tooth adhering to the posterior margin. Inhabits rivers in the Isle of France. Four species.

Navicella elliptica. N. tesselatus. N. lineata. N. porcelanica.

4. Genera _Natica_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Oval, subspiral; foot profoundly and transversely bilobed anteriorly, and having a horny or calcareous operculum; head provided with long setaceous tentacula, flat, and auriculated at the base; eyes sessile at the external side of the root of the tentacula; mouth armed with a labial tooth.

_Shell._ Marine, distinguished from the Nerita by having no teeth, and having an umbilicus modified by a callosity; very smooth and glossy; no epidermis; spire evident, but low; columellar edge not toothed; right edge without teeth; operculum calcareous and smooth, semi-spiral, with concentrical ribs, fitting a groove on the columella. Inhabits the W. Indian Ocean and American seas. Thirty-six species.

Natica ampullaria. N. plumbea. N. conica. N. aurantia. N. melanostoma. N. mamilla. N. mamillaris. N. albumen. N. glaucina. N. canrena. N. cruentata. N. millepunctata. N. vitellus. N. helvacca. N. collaria. N. monilifera. N. labrella. N. unifasciata. N. lineata. N. fulminata. N. maculosa. N. vitata. N. castanea. N. arachnoidea. N. zebra. N. Marochiensis. N. Javanica. N. zonaria. N. cancellata. N. patula. N. duplicata. N. intricata. N. glabrata. N. Chinensis. N. rufa.

· · · · · N. consolidata.* N. duplicata.* N. heros.* N. pusilla.* N. triseriata.* N. rugosa.*

FAMILY XII.

JANTHINEA. One genus.

1. Genus _Janthina_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Of oval form, spiral, provided with a circular concave foot, accompanied with a vesicular subcartilaginous mass, and natatory appendages on each side; head very thick; tentacula scarcely at all contractile; eyes situated beneath the extremity of long peduncles placed at the external side of the tentacula, and appearing to form a part of them; mouth at the extremity of a very thick proboscidiform muzzle, between two vertical, subcartilaginous lips furnished with sharp spines.

_Shell._ Of a beautiful violet colour, found in numbers floating on the surface of the ocean, suspended by a vesicular appendage which gives a rich purple stain. Extremely thin and fragile, spire low, lateral, pointed, with subcarinated whorls; aperture large, subangular, modified by the last whorl of the spire, edges disunited, the left formed by the columella, which is straight, continuing beyond the base, right edge sharp, with a sinus in the middle. Inhabits the Atlantic Ocean. Three species.

Janthina naticoides. J. communis. J. exigua.

FAMILY XIII.

MACROSTOMIANA. Four genera.

1. Genus _Sigaretus_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Body oval, flat beneath; edges of the mantle vertical, thin, extending beyond the body in all directions, sloped anteriorly; the mantle itself dilated superiorly.

_Shell._ More or less thick, internal, without colour, much depressed, with a short, low, lateral spire; left edge of the aperture trenchant; two lateral muscular impressions very distant. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Two species are found in S. America. Six species.

Sigaretus convexus. S. Haliotoideus. S. cancellatus. S. lævigatus.

· · · · ·

S. perspectivus.* S. maculatus.*

2. Genus _Stomatella_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Distinguished from the Stomatia by being destitute of a transverse rib, orbicular, oblong ear-shaped, imperforate; aperture entire, large, sublongitudinal; right lip effuse, dilated, open. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Five species.

Stomatella imbricata. S. rubra. S. sulcifera. S. auricula. S. planulata.

3. Genus _Stomatia_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Ear-shaped, imperforate, spire prominent; aperture entire, large, oblong; right margin and columella equally raised; a transverse and tuberculated rib on the back. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Two species.

Stomatia phymotis. S. obscurata.

4. Genus _Haliotis_. Pl. XI.