Part 6

Anodonta magnifica. _Lea._ A. Woodiana. „ A. angulata. „ A. Benedictensis. „ A. cylindracea. „ A. decora. „ A. edentula. „ Anodonta gigantea. _Lea._ A. incerta. „ A. Pepiniana. „ A. plana. „ A. salmonia. „ A. Stewartiana. „ A. subcylindracea. „ A. Ferussacina. _Lea._ A. fluviatilis. „ A. Newtonensis. „ A. Nuttalliana. „ A. Oregonensis. „ A. ovata. „ A. pavonia. „ A. Wahlamatensis. „ A. Wardiana. „ A. gibbosa. _Say._ A. grandis. „ A. impura. „ A. suborbiculata. „ A. undulata. „ A. lugubris. „

4. Genus _Iridina_. Pl. VIII.

_Animal._ As above.

The principal difference between the Anodonta and the Iridina, consists in the tuberculated hinge of the latter.

_Shell._ Thin, oval, much elongated, inauriculated; hinge very long, linear, and crenulated throughout its length, ligament external and marginal; two distinct muscular impressions. Inhabits the Nile and American coasts. Six species.

Iridina exotica. I. Nilotica.

· · · · ·

I. cælistis.* I. rubens.* I. elongata.* I. McMurtria.*

FAMILY XIV.

CHAMACEA. Three genera.

1. Genus _Diceras_. Pl. VIII.

_Animal._

_Shell._ Inequivalve, adherent; beaks conical, very large, diverging in irregular spiral contortions; hinge with a large, thick, concave, subauricular tooth in the larger prominent valve; two muscular impressions. One species. Fossil.

Diceras arietina.

2. Genus _Chama_. Pl. VIII.

_Animal._ Body suborbicular terminated superiorly by a sort of hook; mantle very slightly opened for the passage of a foot, terminated at its extremity by a part much narrower than the base; superior lobes of the branchiæ very short.

_Shell._ Irregular, adhering, inequivalve, inequilateral; summits more or less twisted spirally, especially in the lower valve by which these animals have the faculty of affixing themselves to other bodies; hinge dissimilar, thick, formed by a single lamellous tooth arcuated, subcrenulated, postcardinal and articulated in a furrow of the same form; ligament anterior and postapicial; two large muscular impressions, distant. British and American seas. Eighteen living species.

Chama damæcornis. C. crenulata. C. arcinella. C. cristella. C. Lazarus. C. gryphoides. C. unicornis. C. radians. C. æruginosa. C. decussata. C. ruderalis. C. Japonica. C. limbula. C. asperella. C. albida. C. croceata.

· · · · ·

C. exogyra.* C. Florida.*

3. Genus _Etheria_. Pl. VIII.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Adhering, irregular, thick, much nacred, inequilateral, inequivalve; summits subcephalic, thick, indistinct, in a species of heel, growing longer with age; hinge without teeth, callous, irregular and thick; ligament subdorsal in the exterior portion of the shell, and prolonged to a point internally; two irregular oblong muscular impressions, one superior and subposterior, the other inferior and anterior, with a marginal palleal impression. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Five species.

Etheria elliptica. E. trigonula. E. semilunata. E. transversa. E. Carteronii.

FAMILY XV.

TRIDACNEA. Two genera.

1. Genus _Tridacna_. Pl. VIII.

_Animal._ Body somewhat thick; edges inflated, lobes of the mantle adhering, and united in nearly all their circumference, so as to present but three apertures, the first inferior and anterior, for the egress of the foot; the second superior and posterior for the bronchial cavity, the third much smaller and in the middle of the dorsal edge; two pairs of labial appendages, thin, nearly filiform, in the middle of which is a very small buccal orifice; branchiæ long and narrow; abdominal muscular mass considerable, and giving issue, as if from a cup, to a thick bundle of byssoid muscular fibres.

_Shell._ Thick, solid, of variable size, regular, triangular, inequilateral; summits inclined posteriorly, hinge dissimilar, entirely anterior to the summit; a lamellous precardinal tooth and two distant lateral teeth upon the left valve, corresponding with two precardinal lamellous teeth, and one distant lateral tooth upon the right valve; ligament anterior, elongated; a large, bifid, submedian muscular impression; another anterior one smaller and less distinct. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Seven living species. One fossil.

Tridacna gigas. T. squamosa. T. elongata. T. crocea. T. mutica. T. serrifera. T. pustulosa.

2. Genus _Hippopus_. Pl. VIII.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ More elongated and inequilateral than in the _Tridacna_, the anterior side being longer than the posterior; the posterior slope closed with a dentated margin. Inhabits the Indian seas. One species.

Hippopus maculatus.

FAMILY XVI.

MYTILACEA. Three genera.

1. Genus _Mytilus_. Pl. VIII.

_Animal._ Body oval, somewhat inflated; mantle open in its inferior half only, and terminated posteriorly by an oval cleft with fringed edges; a linguiform, canaliculated, abdominal appendage, with a byssus at its base behind, and several pairs of retractile muscles; mouth with simple lips; two contractile muscles, of which the anterior is very small.

_Shell._ Of a serrated tissue, elongated, more or less oval, sometimes subtriangular, equivalve, summits anterior, more or less curved, sloping inferiorly in a slight degree; hinge toothless, or with two very small rudiments; ligament dorsal, linear, subinterior, inserted in a narrow and very long furrow; two muscular impressions, of which the anterior is very small, besides those of the retractile muscles. Inhabits the British and American seas. Forty-two species.

Mytilus erosus. M. decussatus. M. elongatus. M. Zonarius. M. violaceus. M. smaragdinus. M. edulis. M. Hesperianus. M. exustus. M. ovalis. M. Domingensis. M. Afer. M. ungularis. M. borealis. M. augustanus. M. lacunatus. M. incurvatus. M. abbreviatus. M. Magellicanus. M. crenatus. M. hirsutus. M. latus. M. ungulatus. M. opalus. M. corneus. M. retusus. M. perna. M. bilocularis. M. ustulatus. M. Senegalensis. M. achatinus. M. planulatus. M. Galloprovincialis. M. lineatus. M. canalis. M. sanguineus.

· · · · · M. hamatus.* M. croceus.* M. cubitus.* M. lateralis.* M. Californianus.* M. leucophœatus.*

2. Genus _Modiola_. Pl. VIII.

_Animal._ As above.

Separated by Lamarck from the Mytilus, on account of its being more transverse than longitudinal, the beaks instead of being terminal are placed beneath the apex.

_Shell._ Smooth, subtransverse, equivalve, regular, subtriangular, posterior side short; summits nearly lateral; hinge toothless, linear and lateral; ligament partly interior, situated in a marginal furrow; one sublateral, elongated muscular impression in each valve. Inhabits the British and American seas. Thirty-two species.

Modiola Guyanensis. M. pulex. M. discors. M. cinnamorea. M. plicata. M. lithophaga. M. Adriatica. M. discrepans. M. trapezina. M. silicula. M. semen. M. lævigata. M. Papuana. M. tulipa. M. albicosta. M. vagina. M. picta. M. sulcata. M. plicatula. M. semifusca. M. purpurata. M. barbata. M. caudigera. M. squamosa. M. securis.

· · · · ·

M. Americana.* M. castanea* M. opifex.* M. capax.* M. recta.* M. Carolinensis.* M. semi-costata.*

3. Genus _Pinna_. Pl. VIII.

_Animal._ Body oval, elongated, moderately thick, enveloped in a mantle closed above, open below, and especially to the rear, where it forms sometimes a sort of tube furnished with tentacular cirri: a flabelliform abdominal appendage, and a very considerable byssus; mouth provided with double lips, beside two pairs of labial appendages; a single large retractile muscle apparent.

_Shell._ Subcornate, fibrous, brittle, regular, equivalve, longitudinal, triangular, pointed anteriorly, in which direction is the summit, which is straight, wide, and frequently truncated posteriorly; hinge dorsal, longitudinal, linear, toothless; ligament occupying nearly all the dorsal edge of the shell; a single and very wide muscular impression posteriorly; a trace of the anterior in the summit. Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea. Fifteen species.

Pinna rudis. P. seminuda. P. nobilis. P. marginata. P. pectinata. P. ingens. P. varicosa. P. flabellum. P. angustina. P. squamosa. P. muricata. P. saccata. P. dolabrata. P. vexillum. P. nigrina.

FAMILY XVII.

MALLEACEA. Five genera.

1. Genus _Crenatula_. Pl. VIII.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Irregular, much flattened, subrhomboidal, subequivalve, gaping posteriorly; summit anterior; hinge longitudinal, dorsal, toothless; ligament submultiple, or inflated from place to place, and inserted in a series of round cavities corresponding with the dorsal edge; muscular impression unique and subcentral. Inhabits the Red Sea. Seven species.

Crenatula modiolaris. C. avicularis. C. nigrina. C. bicostalis. C. viridis. C. mytiloides. C. phasianoptera.

2. Genus _Perna_. Pl. VIII.

_Animal._ Body much compressed, the mantle prolonged posteriorly in a sort of lobe, and fringed at its inferior edge only; a byssus; a single contractile muscle.

_Shell._ Irregular, much compressed, subequivalve, form somewhat variable, gaping at the anterior part of its inferior edge; summit very small: hinge straight, vertical, buccal, toothless; ligament multiple, and inserted in a series of longitudinal and parallel furrows; a subcentral muscular impression. Inhabits the Indian seas. Ten species living. Two fossil; one found in France and one in Virginia.

Perna ephippium. P. isognomon. P. femoralis. P. marsupium. P. obliqua. P. sulcata. P. vulsella. P. nuclea. P. avicularis. P. canina.

3. Genus _Malleus_. Pl. VIII.

_Animal._ Imperfectly known, but certainly byssiferous, with a single retractile muscle.

_Shell._ Subnacreous, irregular, subequivalve, inequilateral, generally much auriculated anteriorly, and prolonged posteriorly into the body, so as to present some resemblance to a hammer; summits entirely anterior; between them and the inferior auricle, an oblique slope for the passage of the byssus; hinge linear, very long, buccal, toothless; ligament simple, triangular, inserted in a conical oblique pit, partly external; a moderately large subcentral muscular impression. Inhabits the Australian seas. Six species.

Malleus normalis. M. vulgaris. M. albus. M. vulsellatus. M. anatinus. M. decurtatus.

4. Genus _Avicula_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Body much compressed; mantle cleft throughout its circumference, except along the back, and garnished at its free edge with a double row of very short tentacular cirri; foot small, canaliculated; a byssus; mouth surrounded with fringed lips, besides two pair of labial appendages, a large contractile muscle, nearly posterior.

_Shell._ Foliaceous or not; always nacred, subequivalve, of a subregular form, but somewhat variable; valves oblique, the left one with a little notch, through which the byssus passes; hinge linear, toothless, or with two small rudimentary teeth; ligament more or less exterior, placed in a narrow groove; one very large posterior muscular impression and one very small anterior. Inhabits the British and American coasts. Nineteen species.

Avicula nudata. A. macroptera. A. semi-sagitta. A. falcata. A. Tarentina. A. squamulosa. A. Costellata. A. lotaria. A. heteroptera. A. crocea. A. Atlantica. A. papilionacea. A. physoides. A. virens. A. trigonata. A. phalænacea.

· · · · ·

A. hirundo.* A. pallida.* A. nebulosa.*

5. Genus _Meleagrina_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ Subequivalve, rounded, squamous, a sinus posteriorly for the passage of the byssus, at which place the left valve is notched and narrow; hinge linear and destitute of teeth; ligament marginal, elongated, partly exterior, and dilated in the centre. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Two species, of which the first is the pearl-oyster.

Meleagrina margaritifera. M. albina.

FAMILY XVIII.

PECTINEA. Seven genera.

1. Genus _Pedum_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Unknown, but probably byssiferous.

_Shell._ Subtriangular, inequilateral, inequivalve, with rounded summits, freely marked, unequal and distant: the right valve inflated, widened at its inferior and posterior edge, sloped anteriorly, and subauriculated, the left not being so; hinge toothless, anterior or buccal; ligament inserted in an oblique cavity prolonged outwardly to the summits, and carried within into a spoon-like cavity. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. One species.

Pedum spondyloideum.

2. Genus _Lima_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Body moderately compressed; a byssiferous abdominal appendage; edges of the mantle furnished with tentacular cirri in several rows; mouth surrounded with a very thick fringed lip.

_Shell._ Oval, more or less oblique, nearly equivalve, subauriculated, regularly gaping at the anterior portion of the inferior edge; summits anterior and distant; hinge buccal, longitudinal, toothless; ligament rounded, nearly exterior, inserted in an excavation in each valve; a central muscular impression, divided into three very distinct parts. Inhabits the Indian, Australasian, American, and Mediterranean seas. Six living species. Eleven fossil.

Lima inflata. L. squamosa. L. annulata. L. glacialis. L. fragilis. L. linguatula.

3. Genus _Pecten_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Body more or less compressed, orbicular; mantle furnished with a single row of tentacular papillæ, and with small oculiform, pedunculated disks, with regular spaces between them; rudiment of a canaliculated foot, and a byssus; mouth surrounded with fleshy appendages, irregularly ramified.

_Shell._ Free, regular, thin, solid, equivalve, equilateral, auriculated; summits contiguous; hinge toothless, a ligamentous membrane throughout all its extent, besides a short, thick, ligament, almost altogether internal, and filling a triangular excavation under the summit; a single subcentral muscular impression. Found in almost all seas. Sixty-two species; and, according to Defrance, ninety-eight fossil.

Pecten maximus. P. Jacobæus. P. bifrons. P. zigzag. P. medius. P. Latirentii. P. pleuronectes. P. purpuratus. P. pallius. P. impricatus. P. asperimus. P. varius. P. glaber. P. grisens. P. flabellatus. P. quadradiatus. P. Tranquebaricus. P. hybridus. P. obliteratus. P. Magellanicus. P. lineolaris. P. nodosus. P. pusio. P. gibbus. P. ornatus. P. florens. P. opercularis. P. tigris. P. histrionicus. P. turgidus. P. aspersus. P. plicus. P. rastellus. P. flagellatus. P. flavidulus. P. Japanicus. P. radulus. P. pes-felis. P. sauciatus. P. aurantius. P. sinuosus. P. virgo. P. Isabella. P. flexuosa. P. inflexus. P. miniaceous. P. lividus. P. sulcatus. P. unicolor. P. distans. P. irradians. P. dispar. P. Islandicus. P. sulphureus. P. pellucidus. P. sanguineous. P. senatorius. P. lunatus. P. lineatus.

· · · · ·

P. dislocatus.* P. concentricus.* P. monotimeris.* P. Latiauratus* P. Pealii.*

4. Genus _Plagiostoma_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ Moderately thick, regular, free, subequivalve, subauriculated, the two valves nearly equally dilated, both provided with a distinct summit reflexed to the middle of a plane surface, with a large triangular slope in the middle; articulation transverse, straight, and by two distant lateral condylæ. Ten species. Fossils only.

5. Genus _Plicatula_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Solid, adhering, subirregular, inauriculated, inequivalve, pointed at the summit, rounded and subplicated posteriorly; inferior valve without heel; hinge cephalic, longitudinal, provided upon each valve with two strong teeth, entering in corresponding cavities; ligament altogether internal and inserted in a median cavity. Inhabits the American seas. Five species.

Plicatula ramosa. P. depressa. P. cristata. P. Australis. P. reniformis.

6. Genus _Spondylus_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Body moderately compressed, provided inferiorly with a rudiment of a foot, without byssus; mantle open in all its inferior and superior portion; mouth surrounded with very thick and fringed lips.

_Shell._ Solid, adhering, subregular, more or less spined, subauriculated, inequivalve; the right or inferior valve fixed, much more excavated than the other, and having posteriorly at the summit a triangular face enlarging, and elongating with age; hinge longitudinal, provided in each valve with two strong teeth entering corresponding cavities; ligament short, nearly median, partly exterior; muscular impression single and subdorsal. Found in all the seas of hot climates, and even in the Mediterranean. Four or five fossils are found in France, one in South America. Twenty-one species.

Spondylus candidus. S. coccineus. S. spathuliferus. S. gædaropus. S. arachnoides. S. multilamellatus. S. longitudinalis. S. costatus. S. longispinous. S. regius. S. variegatus. S. avicularis. S. zonalis. S. crassisquama. S. ducalis. S. violascens. S. microlepos. S. crocens. S. radians. S. aurantius.

· · · · ·

S. Americanus.*

7. Genus _Podopsis_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Subregular, somewhat thick, equilateral, symmetrical, inequivalve, adhering by the extremity of the shorter valve; the other terminating in a pointed, reflexed, and median summit. Two fossil species.

FAMILY XIX.

OSTRACEA. Six genera.

1. Genus _Ostrea_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Body compressed, more or less orbicular; edges of the mantle thick, not adhering or retractile, and provided with a double row of short and numerous tentacular filaments; two pairs of elongated and triangular labial appendages; a subcentral bipartite muscle.

_Shell._ Irregular, inequivalve, inequilateral, roughly foliaceous, the left or inferior valve adhering, larger and deeper than the other, its summit prolonged with age into a sort of heel; the right or superior valve more or less operculiform; hinge oral, toothless; ligament subinterior, short, inserted in an oblong cardinal cavity increasing with the summit; muscular impression single and subcentral. Found in all seas near the mouths of rivers. Defrance enumerates one hundred and twenty species. Lamarck thirty-three fossil, forty-nine living.

Ostrea edulis. O. ruscuriana. O. borealis. O. cochlear. O. gallina. O. lingua. O. Braziliana. O. rostralis. O. denticulata. O. cornucopiæ. O. doridella. O. Limacella. O. hippopus. O. Adriatica. O. cristata. O. numisma. O. tulipa. O. scabra. O. parasitica. O. spathulata. O. cucullata. O. rubella. O. erucella. O. labrella. O. radiata. O. Canadensis. O. mytiloides. O. trapezina. O. rufa. O. gibbosa. O. eliptica. O. deformis. O. plicatula. O. fusca. O. cristagalli. O. virginica. O. excavata. O. simuata. O. tuberculata. O. Magaritacea. O. Australis. O. haliotidæa. O. fucorum. O. glaucina. O. turbinata. O. folia. O. hyotis. O. imbricata.

· · · · ·

O. semicylindrica.*

2. Genus _Gryphæa_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ More finely lamellated than in the _Ostrea_, free, or slightly adhering, subequilateral, very inequivalve; the inferior valve very concave, with a summit more or less recurved in a hook; the superior opiculiform and much smaller; hinge toothless; ligament inserted in an elongated and arcuated cavity; a single muscular impression. Habitation unknown. One species.

Gryphæa augulata.

3. Genus _Vulsella_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Body elongated and compressed; mantle much prolonged posteriorly, and edged with two rows of very close tubercular papillæ; a moderately large abdominal foot, proboscidiform, canaliculated, without byssus; a very large transversal mouth with well-developed triangular labial appendages; branchiæ narrow, very long, and united in nearly all their extent.

_Shell._ Subnacred, irregular, flat, elongated, subequivalve, inequilateral, with summits anterior, distant and flexed inferiorly; hinge oral and toothless; ligament undivided, thick, inserted in a round pit excavated in a projecting apophysis upon each valve; a moderately large subcentral muscular impression, and two very small ones altogether anterior. Inhabits the Indian and Australasian seas. Six living species. One fossil.

Vulsella hians. V. rugosa. V. spongiarum. V. lingulata. V. mytilina. V. ævata.

4. Genus _Placuna_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ Free, subirregular, very fine, almost entirely translucid, flat, subequivalve, subequilateral, slightly auriculated; hinge altogether internal, formed upon the superior valve, which is the smaller, by two elongated, unequal, oblique, crests; converging to the summit, at the internal side of which a ligament is attached in the form of a V, a single, small, subcentral muscular impression. Inhabits the Indian seas. Two fossils in France. Three living species.

Placuna sella. P. papyracea. P. placenta.

5. Genus _Anomia_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Much compressed; edges of the mantle very fine; not adhering, and furnished exteriorly with a row of tentacular filaments; contractile muscle thick, divided into three parts, the largest of which passes partially across a slope of the inferior valve, and often contains a calcareous substance or small bone, adhering to marine bodies.

_Shell._ Adhering, irregular, inequivalve, inequilateral, ostraceous; inferior valve a little flatter than the superior, divided at the summit into two sloping branches, whose approximation forms a large oval hole; the superior valve, which is the larger, has an oval excavation under the summit; a subcentral muscular impression, divided into three parts. Inhabits the British coasts. Two beautiful species are found on the shores of Rhode Island and New Jersey. Nine species.

Anomia patellaris. A. pyriformis. A. lens. A. cepa. A. electrica. A. membranacea. A. squamula.

· · · · ·

A. ephippium.* A. fornicata.*

6. Genus _Crania_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ See Anomia.

_Shell._ Orbicular, the upper valve gibbous and conical; lower valve, flat, with three perforations. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. One species.

Crania orbicula.

FAMILY XX.

BRACHIOPODA. Three genera.

1. Genus _Orbicula_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Body much compressed and rounded; mantle open throughout its whole circumference; two ciliated tentacular appendages.

_Shell._ Orbicular, much compressed, inequilateral, very inequivalve; inferior valve very thin, adhering, imperforated, the superior patelloid, with the summit more or less inclined towards the posterior side. Inhabits the Norwegian seas. One living species. Two fossil.

Orbicula Norwegica.

2. Genus _Terebratula_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Depressed, circular or oval, more or less elongated, with two, long, pectinated, labial tentacula.

_Shell._ Thin, inequivalve, regular, subtrigonal; one of the valves larger and more dilated than the other, which is sometimes operculiform; hinge condyloid, in a straight line, and formed by two oblique articular surfaces in one valve placed between corresponding projections in the other. Inhabits the sea at the Zetland Islands. Two species are found in America. Thirteen living species. Thirty-eight fossil.

Terebratula dilatata. T. flavescens. T. dorsata. T. Vitrea. T. dentata. T. globosa. T. caput-serpentis. T. psittacea. T. rotunda. T. pisa. T. sanguinea.

· · · · ·

T. septentrionalis.* T. truncata.*

3. Genus _Lingula_. Pl. IX.

_Animal._ Depressed, oval, somewhat elongated, inclosed between two lobes of a mantle, slit throughout its anterior half, and having pectinated branchiæ adhering to the internal surface; mouth simple, having on each side a long tentacular appendage ciliated in all its external edge, and rolling itself up spirally in the shell.