Part 3

15. _Scalarina._ Three genera. 1. Scalaria. Species 14 2. Vermetus. „ 2 3. Delphinula. „ 5

16. _Turbinacea._ Eight gen. 1. Solarium. Species 7 2. Trochus. „ 99 3. Monodonta. „ 34 4. Turbo. „ 51 5. Planaxis. „ 4 6. Phasianella. „ 12 7. Turritella. „ 21 8. Rotella. „ 7

17. _Canalifera._ Eleven gen. 1. Cerithium. Species 45 2. Pleurotoma. „ 29 3. Turbinella. „ 23 4. Cancellaria. „ 49 5. Fasciolaria. „ 8 6. Fusus. „ 46 7. Pyrula. „ 29 8. Struthiolaria. Species 2 9. Ranella. „ 15 10. Murex. „ 73 11. Triton. „ 31

18. _Alata._ Three genera. 1. Rostellaria. Species 4 2. Pterecera. „ 7 3. Strombus. „ 32

19. _Purpurifera._ Eleven gen. 1. Cassidaria. Species 5 2. Cassis. „ 25 3. Ricinula. „ 9 4. Purpura. „ 62 5. Monoceros. „ 5 6. Concholepas. „ 1 7. Harpa. „ 9 8. Dolium. „ 7 9. Buccinum. „ 66 10. Eburna. „ 5 11. Terebra. „ 24

20. _Columellaria._ Five genera. 1. Columbella. Species 20 2. Mitra. „ 80 3. Voluta. „ 44 4. Marginellæ. „ 24 5. Volvaria. „ 7

21. _Convoluta._ Six genera. 1. Cypræa. Species 118 2. Ovula. „ 12 3. Terebellum. „ 3 4. Ancillaria. „ 4 5. Oliva. „ 63 6. Conus. „ 181

22. _Nautilacea._ Two genera. 1. Spirula. Species 1 2. Nautilus. „ 2

23. _Heteropoda._ Two genera. 1. Argonauta. Species 3 2. Carinaria. „ 3

The American species are designated by a *.

CONCHOLOGY.

CLASS I. ANNULATA.

Animal soft, elongated, vermiform, naked or inhabiting a tube, which it never entirely quits; the body furnished either with segments or transverse wrinkles; often without a head, eyes or antennæ; without articulated feet, but most of them having in their place bristly, retractile knobs, disposed in lateral rows: mouth subterminal, either simple, orbicular, with lips, or in the form of a proboscis; often with jaws, a knotted longitudinal medulla, and nerves for sensation and motion; the blood red, circulating by means of arteries and veins: respiration by external or internal branchiæ, which are sometimes imperceptible. _Four Families._

FAMILY I.

DORSALIA. Two Genera.

1. Genus _Arenicola_.

_Animal._ The gills, or respiratory organs dorsal, or disposed lengthways on the body.

_Shell._ Supposed to be tubular. One species.

Arenicola piscatorium.

2. Genus _Siliquaria_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ See Arenicola.

Shell very thin, conical, tubular, involuted in a spiral manner, loosely and irregularly; aperture circular, sharp edges, interrupted in the middle by a notch, extending like a slit through the greater portion of its length, and stopping abruptly at some distance from the summit. Inhabits the Indian seas. Eight species.

Siliquaria anguina. S. muricata. S. lævigata. S. lactæa. S. rugosa. S. terebella. S. lima. S. spinosa.

FAMILY II.

MALDANIA. Two Genera.

1. Genus _Clymene_.

_Animal._ Respiratory organs not determined, supposed to be at the posterior part of the body.

_Shell._ Tube thin and slender, open at both ends, encrusted externally with sand and fragments of shells. One species.

Clymene amphistoma.

2. Genus _Dentalium_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Body elongated, conical, sub-vermiform, enveloped in a fistula mantle as far as the anterior third, and ending in a bourrelet pierced in its middle by an orifice with fringed edges; foot altogether anterior, proboscidiform, terminated by a conical appendage, contained in a kind of cup with festooned edges; head distinct, oval, with a terminal mouth in the middle of a digitated lip; a pair of lateral jaws, formed each of two little oval shells garnished with points.

_Shell._ Tubular, regular, symmetrical, slightly curved longitudinally, tapering gradually to the rear, and opening in a round orifice at each end. Inhabits the British seas. Twenty-one species.

Dentalium elephantinum. D. aprinum. D. sulcatum. D. fasciatum. D. pseudo-antalis. D. radicula. D. antalis. D. arictinum. D. octogonum. D. deforme. D. novemcostatum. D. sexangulaire. D. striatum. D. dentalis. D. corneum. D. nigrum. D. politum. D. eburneum. D. clava. D. fissura. D. coarctatum.

FAMILY III.

AMPHITRITÆA. Four Genera.

1. Genus _Pectinaria_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Respiratory organs in general known, and disposed at or near the anterior part of the body; not separated or covered by an operculum.

_Shell._ A membranous papyraceous tube in the form of a reversed cone; unfixed; exterior covered with sandy adhesions. Two species.

Pectinaria capensis.

P. belgica.*

2. Genus _Sabellaria_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ But slightly differing from the Pectinaria.

_Shell._ Tubes numerous, united in a common mass, composed of agglutinated particles of marine substances, cellular at the base; orifice expanded. Found in the Indian Ocean. Two species.

Sabellaria alveolata. S. crassissima.

3. Genus _Terebella_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Body tubicular, elongated, cylindrically depressed, attenuated posteriorly; a row of nodulous and setiferous papillæ on each side; numerous filiform, twisted tentacula surrounding the mouth.

_Shell._ An elongated cylindrical and membranous tube with lash-like appendages at the end; covered with adhesions of sand and shells. Inhabits the coast of New Holland. Four species.

Terebella conchilega. T. ventricosa. T. cristata. T. vermicuta.

4. Genus _Amphitrite_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Body tubicular, elongated, cylindrical, attenuated behind with many annulated segments.

_Shell._ An elongated cylindrical tube growing thinner towards the base, of a tough membranous texture, and generally without adhesions. Mediterranean sea. Seven species.

Amphitrite ventilabra. A. penicilla. A. magnifica. A. vesiculosa. A. volutacornis. A. infundibula. A. minima.

FAMILY IV.

SERPULACEA. Five Genera.

1. Genus _Spirorbis_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Gills or respiratory organs separated or covered by an operculum.

_Shell._ A testaceous tube turned spirally on a horizontal plane, the lower portion of which is attached to marine substances, generally fuci: opening of the tube terminal, rounded or angular. Found on Algæ on the British coast. Six species.

Spirorbis nautiloidis. S. spirilla. S. tricostalis. S. bicarinata. S. carinata. S. lamellosa.

2. Genus _Serpula_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Body tubular, elongated, depressed, and attenuated behind; segments numerous and narrow; small bundles of awl-shaped bristles in a single row on each side.

_Shell._ A solid calcareous tube, brown, purple, yellow, tawny, pink, white, or tinged with green. The shells are irregularly twisted, in clusters, and affixed to other substances. Inhabits the coast of Britain. Twenty-six species.

Serpula vermicularis. S. fascicularis. S. intestina. S. contortuplicata. S. plicaria. S. glomerata. S. decussata. S. protensa. S. infundibula. S. annulata. S. cereola. S. filograna. S. vermicella. S. filaria. S. pellucida. S. intorta. S. cristata. S. spirulæa. S. quadrangularis. S. minima. S. echinata. S. sulcata. S. costalis. S. dentifera. S. sipho. S. arenaria.

3. Genus _Vermilia_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Body tubicular, elongated and attenuated towards the posterior part, and provided superiorly with a simple testaceous orbicular operculum.

_Shell._ A testaceous cylindrical tube, narrowed in the rear, twisted, and adhering by the side to marine substances, aperture round, the margin armed with from one to three teeth. Inhabits the British coast. Nine species.

Vermilia rostrata. V. triquetra. V. bicarinata. V. eruca. V. subcrenata. V. plicifera. V. scabra. V. tæniata. V. plicata.

4. Genus _Galeolaria_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Distinguished from the vermilia by a very peculiar operculum.

_Shell._ In groups, testaceous, cylindrical, subangular, wavy, adhering by the base, and open at the summit; aperture orbicular, terminated on the side by a spatular tongue; operculum orbicular, squamose, and consisting of from five to nine testaceous parts or valves. Inhabits the Indian seas. Two species.

Galeolaria cæspitosa. G. elongata.

5. Genus _Magilus_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Usually found imbedded in a species of Madrepore. Base bent into a spiral form, oval, with four contiguous, convex volutions (the last of which is the largest), and prolonged into a straight waved tube, convex above, carinated beneath. Inhabits the sea at the Isle of France. Two species.

Magilus antiquus. M. muricatus.

CLASS II. CIRRHIPEDA.

_Animal._ Soft, without head or eyes, testaceous, body fixed as if reversed, inarticulated, furnished with a mantle, having above tentacular arms, with curled tufts multiarticulated, mouth beneath, not projecting, dentated transverse jaws disposed in pairs. Number of arms, unequal and varying, disposed in rows, each composed of two rows of curled tufts of bristles; fringed; a corneous skin supported by a pedicle. Medulla longitudinal and knotted; gills external, sometimes concealed; circulation by heart and vessels. One Family.

FAMILY.

CIRRHIPEDA. Ten Genera.

1. Genus _Tubicinella_.

_Animal._ Body inclosed in a shell, with small setaceous and unequal cirri.

_Shell._ Univalve, operculated, tubular, erect, a little attenuated towards the base, bound with annular transverse ribs, truncated at both ends, open at the summit, and closed at the base with a membrane. Operculum with four obtuse valves. South American seas. One species.

Tubicinella balænarum.

2. Genus _Coronula_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Body seated, enveloped in a shell with small setaceous and cirrous arms.

_Shell._ Sessile, apparently indivisible, suborbicular, conoidal or blunt, conical, the extremities truncated, the sides very thick, the inside hollowed into radiating cells. Operculum composed of four obtuse valves. Inhabits the North seas. Five species.

Coronula diadema. C. testudinaria. C. balænaris. C. pulchra.

C. denticulata.*

3. Genus _Balanus_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Body sessile, inclosed in an operculated shell; branchiæ numerous, placed in two rows, unequal, articulated, ciliated; each composed of two cirri, supported by a peduncle, and exsertile; mouth with four transverse dentated jaws, with four hairy palpi-like appendages.

_Shell._ Formed of six distinct coronary valves, one dorsal, one ventral, and two pairs of laterals, with a calcareous support; operculum forming a sort of pyramid, by four articulated pieces in the aperture of the shell. Is found in almost all seas. Thirty species.

Balanus angulosus. B. nigrescens. B. roseus. B. amphimorphus. B. crispatus. B. stalaciferus. B. patellaris. B. calycularis. B. subimbricatus. B. palmatus. B. dupluconus. B. semiplicatus. B. lævis. B. punctatus. B. perforatus. B. rugosus. B. latus. B. plicatus. B. galeatus. B. spinosus. B. placianus. B. sulcatus. B. cylindraceus. B. ovularis. B. radiatus. B. fistulosus. B. Lyonsii.

· · · · ·

B. tintinabulus.* B. miser.* B. geniculatus.*

4. Genus _Acasta_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Body without a peduncle, and inclosed in a multivalve shell, found in sponge or marine bodies, mouth and tentacula placed in the apex, or upper part of the body.

_Shell._ Patella-shaped, sub-conically oval, formed of six lateral unequal valves forming the base, which being convex prevents the shell from standing by itself in an erect position, when detached from the substance which envelopes it. Inhabits the British seas. Four species.

Acasta Montaguii. A. sulcata. A. glans. A. tubulosa.

5. Genus _Creusia_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Body, subglobular, inclosed in an operculated shell; having three or four pairs of tentacular arms: mouth at the anterior part of the body.

_Shell._ Sessile, fixed, orbicular, conical, consisting of four united unequal valves; attached to madrepore and other marine substances, they are almost microscopic, and found only in the seas of hot countries. Inhabits the China seas. Three species.

Creusia stromia. C. spinulosa. C. verruca.

6. Genus _Pyrgoma_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ Sessile, univalve, rather globular, ventricose, convex above; apex perforated; aperture small, elliptical, operculum quadrivalve. Inhabits the Indian seas. One species.

Pyrgoma cancellata.

7. Genus _Anatifera_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Body covered with a shell, supported by a long tubular tendinous peduncle; with long, numerous, and unequal tentacular arms, which are articulated and ciliated, and emanating from the summit on one side.

_Shell._ Compressed on the sides, with five flat valves, the valves contiguous and unequal; the lower lateral ones the largest: the whole of them united and kept together by means of their membranes. Inhabits the British seas. Six species.

Anatifera lævis. A. villosa. A. vitrea. A. dentata. A. striata. A. aculeata.

8. Genus _Pollicipes_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Body covered by a shell, and supported on a tabular, tendinous, scaly peduncle; with many tentacular arms.

_Shell._ Consisting of thirteen or more valves, the smallest at the sides, which are very flat and compressed, the peduncle short, wrinkled, rigid, and often covered with scales like shagreen. Inhabits the European and American seas. Six species.

Pollicipes cornucopia. P. scalpellum. P. homii. P. mitella. P. peronii.

· · · · ·

P. Mortoni.*

9. Genus _Cineras_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Body pedunculated, and encased in a membranous tunic, which is swollen above, with an opening below the summit, from which protrude many ciliated articulated arms.

_Shell._ Composed of five testaceous oblong valves, two at the sides of the aperture and three on the back, not covering the whole of the body; supported by a peduncle of a greenish colour with several longitudinal stripes. Inhabits the British coast. One species.

Cineras vittata.

10. Genus _Otion_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Body pedunculated, enveloped in a membranous tunic, which is ventricose above; two horn-like tubes, directed backwards, truncated, and open at their points, and situated in the apex of the tunic; having a lateral opening, with many articulated and ciliated arms.

_Shell._ Composed of two testaceous valves, attached near the lateral opening, the centre aperture admitting the animal’s tentaculæ, the singular form of which prevents its being blended with the genus cineras without a further examination of its structure. Inhabits the North seas. Two species.

Otion Cuvieri. O. Blainvillii.

CLASS III. CONCHIFERA.

_Animal._ Soft, inarticulated, always fixed in a bivalve shell, without head or eyes, having the mouth naked, concealed, and without any hard parts; a large mantle enveloping the whole of the body, forming two laminiform lobes; the edges detached or sometimes united in front. Gills or respiratory organs external, situated on each side between the body and the mantle; circulation simple, the heart with one ventricle; some few ganglions of the different nerves, but no knotted medullary cord.

_Shell._ Always bivalve, enveloping the animal entirely or partially, sometimes free, sometimes affixed; the valves most frequently united on one side by a hinge or ligament. Sometimes attached to the shell are testaceous accessory pieces. Twenty families.

FAMILY I.

TUBICOLA. Six Genera.

1. Genus _Aspergillum_. Pl. V.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ Oval, somewhat elongated, striated longitudinally, conic, club-shaped, having two valves incrusted on one side of the club, open at its attenuated extremity, and terminated at the other by a convex disk, pierced by a number of small perforations, and encircled by a dilated margin of papyraceous tubes, resembling a plaited ruff—smaller extremity always open. This is a well known, but rare shell, found in sandy places in low water in the Indian ocean. Four species.

Aspergillum Javanum. A. vaginiferum. A. Novæ Zælandiæ. A. agglutinans.

2. Genus _Clavagella_. Pl. VI.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ A tubular sheath, testaceous, attenuated, and open before; terminating posteriorly in an oval, sub-compressed club, roughened by spiniform tubes—one valve fixed in the side of the club, the other free in the tube. Inhabits the Indian seas. Four species.

Clavagella aperta. C. cristata. C. tibialis. C. Brocchii.

3. Genus _Fistulana_. Pl. VI.

_Animal._ Provided with two protuberant calcareous tubes, covering parts of its body at the open end of the tube, each of which is terminated with from five to eight cup-shaped calcareous or corneous appendages. It inhabits the sand, and perforates wood, stones, and sometimes shells.

_Shell._ Lamarck asserts that the tube and shell of this genus are quite distinct. They have the shell free and detached within the sheath, and neither of the valves fixed into the partition of the tube, which is most generally testaceous, closed, and retort-shaped at the posterior extremity. Inhabits the Indian seas. Four species.

Fistulana clava. F. corniformis. F. gregata. F. lagenula.

4. Genus _Septaria_. Pl. VI.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ A very long testaceous tube, gradually attenuated to its upper end, and divided internally by vaulted divisions seldom complete, the extremity of which is terminated by two slender tubes without interior partitions. Specimens of this genus have been found five feet long. Found in sand on the shores of the Indian seas. Two species.

Septaria arenaria. S. maculata.

5. Genus _Teredina_. Pl. VI.

A fossil genus; consisting of a testaceous cylindrical sheath, the posterior extremity closed, and exhibiting the two valves of the shell it encloses; the anterior end open. Two fossil species.

6. Genus _Teredo_. Pl. VI.

_Animal._ Body very much elongated, vermiform: mantle very fine, tubular, opening only at front and below for the issue of a teat-shaped foot; mouth small; very short, distinct tubes; the inferior or respiratory one somewhat larger than the superior; labial appendages short and striated; branchiæ very long, narrow, united, and prolonged throughout the extent of the tubular cavity of the mantle; only one large contractile muscle between the valves; at the point of junction of the mantle and tubes is a muscular ring, in which is implanted a pair of corneo-calcareous appendages.