Part 10

_Shell._ Subdepressed, turriculated, with a produced and pointed spire; aperture oval on account of a rather large excavation of the columellar edge, the right margin dilating with age and having a sinus contiguous to the pointed canal which terminates the shell; an operculum. This genus is distinguished from the Strombus by having a sinus in the lower part of the right margin contiguous to the canal. Inhabits the European seas; four living species. Three fossil.

Rostellaria curvirostris. R. rectirostris. R. pespelicani. R. cancellata.

2. Genus _Pteroceras_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ See Strombus, below.

_Shell._ Oblong-ovate; canal elongated, attenuated and often closed; right margin dilating by age into an expanded digitated wing, attached to and covering a short spire with a sinus in the lower part not contiguous to the body. Distinguished from the Strombus by not having the canal at the base shortened or truncated, and from the Rostellaria by having the sinus of the right margin distant from the body. Found in the Equatorial seas. Seven species. Five fossil.

Pteroceras truncata. P. lambio. P. scorpio. P. chiragra. P. millepeda. P. pseudoscorpia. P. aurantia.

3. Genus _Strombus_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Spiral; the foot rather wide anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; mantle thin, forming a prolonged fold anteriorly, whence issues a sort of canal; head very distinct; mouth a vertical slit at the extremity of a proboscis, provided in the inferior median line with a lingual band having prickles flexed posteriorly; tentacular appendages cylindrical, thick, and long, with the eyes at their extremity.

_Shell._ Thick, subinvolute, dilated in the middle, terminating in a cone anteriorly and posteriorly; aperture very long and narrow; terminated anteriorly by a canal more or less elongated and flexed; edges parallel, the external dilating with age, presenting posteriorly a gutter at its point of attachment with the spire, and, anteriorly, a sinus behind the canal, through which the head of the animal passes; operculum horny, long, and narrow; summit terminal. Found in the Indian and Equatorial seas, and one species in Florida. Thirty-two living species. Five fossil.

Strombus gigas. S. latissimus. S. Canarium. S. vittatus. S. gallus. S. cristatus. S. bubonius. S. auris-Dianæ. S. pyrulatus. S. Luhuanus. S. colomba. S. troglodytes. S. urceus. S. lineatus. S. turritus. S. accipitrimus. S. tricornis. S. Isabella. S. epidromis. S. bituberculatus. S. dilatus. S. lentiginosus. S. pugilis. S. gibberulus. S. Mauritianus. S. succinctus. S. tridentatus. S. plicatus. S. papilio. S. marginatus. S. cancellatus.

· · · · ·

S. Floridus.*

FAMILY XIX.

PURPURIFERA. Eleven genera.

1. Genus _Cassidaria_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Somewhat elongated, widened anteriorly; mantle with simple edges and provided with a distinct tube; foot very wide, elliptical, sub-biolate anteriorly, and having a large operculum upon the dorsal face of its posterior part; head wide and indistinct; tentacula anterior, approximating at base, subcylindrical, and having the eyes at two-thirds of their length; mouth inferior, concealed by the foot; two pectiniform branchiæ, nearly parallel.

_Shell._ Subglobular, tuberculated or channeled, with a short, pointed spire; aperture long, ovate, subcanaliculated anteriorly; right edge folded back; columella covered by a wide, smooth callosity, uniting posteriorly with the right edge. Inhabits all seas except the Northern. Five living species. Seven fossil.

Cassidaria echinophora. C. Tyrrhena. C. striata. C. oniscus. C. cingulata.

2. Genus _Cassis_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Spiral, with the foot (which is shorter than the shell) rounded anteriorly; mantle provided, before the respiratory cavity, with a long open canal, used as an organ of prehension; head furnished; a single pair of blackish tentacula, having the eyes at an inflation about half way from the base; mouth armed with a proboscis.

_Shell._ Inflated, oval, subinvolute; spire slightly projecting; aperture long, oval, sometimes very narrow, terminated anteriorly by a very short canal, sloped, and flexed obliquely towards the back; columella covered by a large callosity, indented throughout its length; operculum horny. Found in the Indian, Mediterranean, and Equatorial seas. Twenty-five living species. Eight fossil.

Cassis cornuta. C. flammea. C. rufa. C. achatina. C. areola. C. abbreviata. C. saburon. C. Ceylonica. C. erinaceus. C. tuberosa. C. fascinata. C. pennata. C. crumena. C. zebra. C. sulcosa. C. canaliculata. C. semigranosa. C. Madagascariensis. C. glauca. C. testiculus. C. plicaria. C. decussata. C. granulosa. C. pyrum. C. vibex.

3. Genus _Ricinula_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ Oval or subglobular, thick, armed with points and with a depressed spire; aperture narrow, elongated, notched, sometimes canaliculated anteriorly and digitated exteriorly; left edge more or less callous; operculum horny, oval, and transverse. Found in the Indian seas. Nine living species.

Ricinula horrida. R. arachnoidea. R. digitata. R. aspera. R. clathrata. R. miticula. R. pisolina. R. morus. R. mutica.

4. Genus _Purpura_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ Oval, tuberculated, thick; spire short, the last whorl much larger than all the others united; aperture oval, greatly dilated, terminated anteriorly by a short, oblique canal notched at the extremity; the columellar edge nearly straight, covered with a callosity; operculum horny, flat, nearly semicircular, with faintly marked transverse striæ. Found in the European and South American seas. Sixty-two species.

Purpura Persica. P. columellaria. P. armigera. P. undata. P. bufo. P. planospira. P. carinifera. P. squamosa. P. sertum. P. ligata. P. imbricata. P. bicostalis. P. thiarella. P. echinulata. P. unifascialis. P. clavus. P. bizonalis. P. Francolinus. P. cruentata. P. lagenaria. P. plicata. P. rustica. P. hystrix. P. retusa. P. fasciolaris. P. nucleus. P. subrostrata. P. patula. P. consul. P. hippocastana. P. mancinella. P. neritoides. P. coronata. P. sacella. P. bulbus. P. cariosa. P. Rudolphi. P. succincta. P. bitubercularis. P. hæmastoma. P. callosa. P. callifera. P. scalariformis. P. rugosa. P. textilosa. P. lambosa. P. lapillus. P. cateracta. P. fiscella. P. semi-imbricata. P. deltoides. P. trochlea. P. vexillum. P. distorta. P. tectum.

· · · · ·

P. engonata.* P. brevidens.* P. lapilloidis.* P. harpa.* P. Floridana.* P. dumosa.* P. macrostoma.*

5. Genus _Monoceros_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ Differs only from the _Purpura_ by a long, conical pointed, somewhat reflexed tooth in the outer lip. Five species.

Monoceros cingulatum. M. imbricatum. M. striatum. M. glabratum. M. crassilabrum.

6. Genus _Concholepas_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ Wide, rough, ovate; spire very short; aperture very large, oval and sloped anteriorly; the edges united, the right very thick and dentated; muscular impression almost in form of a horse-shoe; operculum horny and rudimentary. It was formerly considered a Patella, from which it differs by the operculum. One species.

Concholepas Peruvianus.

7. Genus _Harpa_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Oval, inflated, rather thin, with longitudinal parallel ribs, formed by the preservation of the band of the right margin; the spire very short and pointed, the last whorl much longer than all the others together; aperture large, ovate, with a wide slope anteriorly; the right edge much hollowed, and thickened outwardly; the columella smooth and terminated in a point anteriorly. A beautiful genus. Found in the Indian Ocean. Nine species.

Harpa imperialis. H. ventricosa. H. conoidalis. H. minor. H. nobilis. H. articularis. H. rosea. H. striata. H. mutica.

8. Genus _Dolium_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ As in _Purpura_.

_Shell._ Subglobular, thin, surrounded by decurrent flutings; spire very short, the last whorl much larger than all the others together; aperture oblong, very large, on account of the great excavation of the right edge, which is crenated throughout its length; columella twisted. Found in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean seas. Seven species.

Dolium galea. D. fasciatum. D. pomum. D. variegatum. D. perdix. D. olearium. D. maculatum.

9. Genus _Buccinum_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ See _Purpura_.

_Shell._ With a light epidermis, oval, elongated; the spire moderately elevated; aperture oblong, oval, notched, sometimes subcanaliculated anteriorly; right edge thick, not reflexed; columella simple and dilated superiorly; operculum horny, complete, and oval. Found in all seas. Sixty-six living. Fourteen fossil.

Buccinum undatum. B. papyraceum. B. tenniplicatum. B. levigatum. B. crenulatum. B. lineatum. B. maculosum. B. mutabile. B. ventricosum. B. fasciatum. B. arcularia. B. pauperatum. B. achatinum. B. olivaceum. B. Brazilianum. B. vinosum. B. Ascanias. B. aciculatum. B. glaciale. B. annulatum. B. reticulatum. B. fuscatum. B. politum. B. inflatum. B. gemmulatum. B. miga. B. coronatum. B. neriteum. B. glans. B. canaliculatum. B. semiconvexum. B. corniculatum. B. Anglicanum. B. lævissimum. B. Tranquebaricum. B. lineolatum. B. suturale. B. retusum. B. Coromandelianum. B. lyratum. B. Thersites. B. testudineum. B. papillosum. B. tricarinatum. B. fasciolatum. B. subspinosum. B. flexuosum. B. cribarium. B. grana. B. zebra. B. aurantium. B. gibbolusum. B. marginulatum. B. coccinella. B. dermestoideum. B. pediculare. B. pullus. B. polygonatum.

· · · · ·

B. ornatum.* B. trivittata.* B. acuta.* B. alba.* B. vibex.* B. obsoleta.* B. unicincta.* B. lunata.*

10. Genus _Eburna_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ Oval or elongated, smooth; spire pointed, its whorls as if softened off; aperture ovate, elongated, widely notched anteriorly; the right margin entire; columella callous posteriorly, umbilicated, and subcanaliculated at its left side; an operculum. Found in the Indian and South American seas. Five species.

Eburna glabrata. E. Ceylonica. E. spirata. E. areolata. E. lutosa.

11. Genus _Terebra_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Spiral and high; foot oval with a transverse anterior furrow, and two lateral auricles; head bordered with a small fringe; tentacula cylindrical, terminating in a point and very distant; eyes indistinct, situated at the foot, and at the external side of the tentacula; mouth without proboscis; tube of the respiratory cavity very long.

_Shell._ Without epidermis, ovate, with a pointed spire, low, or subturriculated; aperture wide, oval, with a strong slope anteriorly; lower end of the columella twisted. Found in tropical seas. Twenty-four species.

Terebra macalata. T. crenulata. T. dimidiata. T. raphanula. T. muscaria. T. flammea. T. striatula. T. chlorata. T. cerithina. T. subulata. T. oculata. T. Babylonica. T. Senegalensis. T. cingulifera. T. scabrella. T. lanceata. T. granulosa. T. duplicata. T. corrugata. T. cærulescens. T. myuros. T. strigilata. T. aciculina. T. vittata.

FAMILY XX.

COLUMELLARIA. Five genera.

1. Genus _Columbella_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Imperfectly known; eyes placed much below the middle of the tentacula.

_Shell._ Thick, turbinated, with a short obtuse spire; aperture narrow, elongated and terminated by a very short canal, narrowed by an inflation at the inner side of the right edge, and by some folds on the columella; a very small horny operculum. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Twenty species.

Columbella rustica. C. Hebræa. C. semipunctata. C. reticulata. C. strombiformis. C. mercatoria. C. flavida. C. bizonalis. C. turturina. C. pardalina. C. ovulata. C. zonalis. C. mendicaria. C. punctata. C. scripta. C. nitida. C. fulgurans. C. unifascialis.

· · · · ·

C. labiosa.* C. avara.*

2. Genus _Mitra_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ Turriculated, subfusiform and oval; spire always pointed at the summit; aperture small, triangular, widest anteriorly where it is strongly emarginated; external edge trenchant, nearly straight, always longer than the columella, which is formed by a very thin callosity, and marked with oblique parallel folds, the anterior of which are the shortest; no operculum. Inhabits the Chinese seas. Eighty species.

Mitra papalis. M. puncticulata. M. cardinalis. M. versicolor. M. pedicula. M. cornicularis. M. striatula. M. cornea. M. melaniana. M. episcopalis. M. pontificalis. M. crocata. M. nexilis. M. scabrinscrula. M. crenifera. M. tæniata. M. corrugata. M. lyrata. M. cinctella. M. Caffra. M. stigmataria. M. fissurata. M. millepora. M. archiepiscopalis. M. sanguinolenta. M. lactea. M. lutescens. M. subulata. M. tringa. M. ferruginea. M. adusta. M. plicaria. M. costellaris. M. melongena. M. vulpecula. M. sanguisuga. M. filosa. M. ampliorella. M. patriarchalis. M. harpæformis. M. ficulina. M. conularis. M. dermestina. M. dactylus. M. conulus. M. coronata. M. muriculata. M. semifasciata. M. nucleola. M. plumbea. M. granulifera. M. clavula. M. Peronii. M. oniscina. M. terebralis. M. granulosa. M. costa. M. olivaria. M. granatina. M. serpentina. M. arenosa. M. literata. M. obliquata. M. scutulata. M. fenestrata. M. texturata. M. limbifera. M. paupercula. M. torulosa. M. retusa. M. unifascialis. M. larva. M. tabanula. M. crenulata. M. aurantiaca. M. cucumerina. M. ebena. M. microzonias. M. bacilla. M. pisolina.

3. Genus _Voluta_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Oval, involuted, provided with a very broad foot; head very distinct; tentacula rather short and triangular; eyes large, altogether sessile, and situated a little posteriorly; a thick trunk furnished with hooked teeth at its extremity; two pectiniform branchiæ.

_Shell._ Oval, more or less ventricose; the first whorls of the spire rounded into a teat; aperture generally much longer than wide and sloping anteriorly; the right edge bent outwardly, entire and soft; the columellar edge garnished with large folds more or less oblique, and slightly varying in number with age. Found chiefly in the seas of the Torrid Zone. Forty-four species.

Voluta nautica. V. armata. V. tesselata. V. cymbia. V. proboscidalis. V. diadema. V. ducalis. V. Neptuni. V. olla. V. porcina. V. pellis-serpentis. V. chlorosina. V. polyzonalis. V. magnifica. V. Magellanica. V. fulminata. V. scapha. V. mitis. V. Braziliana. V. Guinaica. V. undulata. V. festiva. V. Æthiopica. V. imperialis. V. vespertilio. V. musica. V. levigata. V. nodulosa. V. ancilla. V. Pacifica. V. Junonia. V. melo. V. Hebræa. V. serpentina. V. carneolata. V. fulva. V. nuclea. V. Lapponica. V. volvacea. V. mitræformis. V. nivosa. V. thiarella. V. sulcata. V. vexilla.

4. Genus _Marginella_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Oval, involuted; foot elliptical, very large, and widest in front, where its edge presents a transverse furrow; head small, distinct, with two long, very sharp tentacula, the eyes at the external part of their base; mouth provided with a trunk.

_Shell._ Smooth, polished, oval-oblong, a little conical, with a short mammelonated spire; aperture somewhat narrow, slightly oval on account of a light curve of the right edge, which is dilated outwardly; the columellar edge marked with three oblique distinct folds. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Twenty-four living species and nine fossil, according to Defrance.

Marginella radiata. M. limbata. M. lifasciata. M. dentifera. M. bullata. M. avellana. M. glabrella. M. quinqueplicata. M. rosea. M. faba. M. dactylus. M. cornea. M. nubeculata. M. aurantia. M. longivaricosa. M. eburnea. M. persicula. M. tessellata. M. cærulescens. M. bivaricosa. M. muscaria. M. formicula. M. lineata. M. interrupta.

5. Genus _Volvaria_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ Cylindrical, convolute; spire obsolete or concealed; aperture narrow, extending the whole length of the shell, with one or more folds on the lower portion of the columella. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Seven species.

Volvaria pallida. V. monilis. V. miliacea. V. triticea. V. oryza. V. bulloides. V. canaliculata.

FAMILY XXI.

CONVOLUTA. Six genera.

1. Genus _Cypræa_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Oval, elongated, involute; head provided with two very long conical tentacula; eyes at the extremity of an inflation which forms a part of them; a transverse buccal orifice at the extremity of a kind of cavity, at the bottom of which is the true mouth between two thick vertical lips; a lingual band, bristled with small teeth, and prolonged into the abdomen.

_Shell._ Oval, convex, very smooth, involute; spire entirely posterior, very small, often concealed by a calcareous layer deposited by the lobes of the mantle; aperture longitudinal, very narrow, slightly arcuated, as long as the shell, and with the edges internally dentated, and notched at each extremity. Inhabits the W. Indian seas and Sandwich Islands. One hundred and eighteen species.

Cypræa princeps. C. mappa. C. tigris. C. pantherina. C. mauritania. C. stercoraria. C. aurora. C. leucodon. C. sulcidentata. C. Arabica. C. lynx. C. vitellus. C. carneola. C. cinerea. C. Reevi. C. obscurus. C. achatina. C. arenosa. C. nivosa. C. Broderipii. C. exanthema. C. cervus. C. testudinaria. C. talpa. C. exusta. C. argus. C. scurra. C. pulchra. C. Isabella. C. controversa. C. lurida. C. dediculus. C. oryza. C. coccinella. C. Australis. C. Childrini. C. depauparata. C. solandri. C. Californica. C. suffusa. C. Pacifica. C. pediculus. C. nivea. C. oryxa. C. stercus-muscarum. C. pulex. C. fusca. C. Europea. C. sanguinea. C. quadripunctata. C. rufescens. C. maugeriæ. C. aperta. C. Adansonii. C. caput-serpentis. C. Lamarchii. C. Cumingii. C. Goodalii. C. Humphreysii. C. Walkeri. C. Listeri. C. pulchella. C. microdon. C. Scottii. C. mus. C. tessellata. C. annulata. C. Margarita. C. cicercula. C. globulus. C. staphylæa. C. tigrina. C. cerina. C. Argus. C. histrio. C. alba. C. zonata. C. icterina. C. lota. C. ovulata. C. helvola. C. Arabicula. C. pustulata. C. nucleus. C. limacina. C. moneta. C. obvelata. C. annulus. C. radians. C. oniscus. C. pyriformis. C. piperita. C. algoensis. C. edentula. C. similis. C. fusco-dentata. C. gangrenosa. C. bicallosa. C. poraria. C. guttata. C. Xanthodon. C. nigro-punctata. C. pallida. C. zigzag. C. moneta. C. aurantia. C. fimbriata. C. variolaria. C. erosa. C. miliaris. C. ratta. C. asella. C. turda. C. adusta. C. moniliaris. C. ursella. C. hirundo. C. olivacea.

2. Genus _Ovula_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ Oblong, convex, distinguished from the Cypræa by the want of a spire, and by not having teeth on the columellar lip; the two extremities of the aperture notched, and more or less prolonged like a tube; left margin dentated. Inhabits the Indian seas. Twelve species.

Ovula oviformis. O. carnea. O. verrucosa. O. spelta. O. angulosa. O. hordacea. O. birostris. O. gibbosa. O. volva. O. lactea. O. triticea. O. acicularis.

3. Genus _Terebellum_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ Thin, shining, subcylindrical, involute, pointed posteriorly, truncated anteriorly; aperture longitudinal, triangular; edges entire; columella truncated, and prolonged beyond the aperture. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Three living species and two fossil.

Terebellum subulatum. T. convolutum. T. fusiforme.

4. Genus _Ancillaria_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Smooth, oval, oblong posteriorly, widened and truncated anteriorly; aperture oval, somewhat elongated, angular posteriorly; a wide but not deep slope anteriorly; columella covered anteriorly with an oblique callous band; right lip obtuse, Inhabits the Australian seas. Four living species, and five fossil.

Ancillaria cinnamonea. A. ventricosa. A. candida. A. marginata.

5. Genus _Oliva_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Oval, involute, mouth somewhat thin at its edges, prolonged to the two angles of the branchial aperture in a tentacular band, and, anteriorly, by a long branchial tube; foot very large, oval, subauriculated, with a transverse cleft anteriorly; head small, with a labial proboscis.

_Shell._ Thick, solid, smooth, oval, elongated, subcylindrical; the whorls of the spire very small, and separated by a canal; aperture long and narrow, the columellar edge dilated anteriorly by a band striated obliquely in all its length. Found in the Australian and Equatorial seas. Only one species has been found in America. Sixty-three species. Six fossil.

Oliva textilina. O. pica. O. angulata. O. sepulturalis. O. irrisans. O. episcopalis. O. venulata. O. leucophœa. O. inflata. O. harpularia. O. ustulata. O. tessellata. O. espidula. O. candida. O. tigrina. O. utricula. O. porphyria. O. erythrostoma. O. themulina. O. maura. O. fulminans. O. elegans. O. guttata. O. undata. O. bicincta. O. hepatica. O. avellana. O. carneola. O. oriola. O. volutella. O. Brazilliana. O. reticularis. O. granitella. O. literata. O. tricolor. O. mustelina. O. funebralis. O. Peruviana. O. fusiformis. O. acuminata. O. luteola. O. hiatula. O. Ceylonica. O. fabagina. O. undatella. O. nana. O. oryza. O. flammulata. O. araneosa. O. scripta. O. sanguinolenta. O. lugubris. O. glandiformis. O. senagalensis. O. auricularis. O. subulata. O. testacea. O. obtusaria. O. nebulosa. O. conordalis. O. eburnea. O. Zonalis.

· · · · ·

O. mutica.*

6. Genus _Conus_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Elongated, much compressed, involute; foot small, oval, long, widest in front, where it is edged by a transverse furrow; head tolerably distinct; tentacula cylindrical, having the eyes near their summit, which is setaceous; mouth at the bottom of a long labial trunk; a somewhat short tongue, although projecting into the visceral cavity, and bristled with long styliform hooks in two rows.

_Shell._ Covered with a periosteal membrane, thick, solid, involute, conical; summit of the cone anterior, spire slightly projecting, or not at all; a very narrow longitudinal aperture; external edge straight and trenchant; the internal also straight with oblique folds in its anterior portion; a very small horny operculum, subspirated, with a terminal summit. Found in the Australian and Mediterranean seas. One hundred and eighty-one species.