Part 3

Abnaki names ending in _-ka[n]tti_, or _-kontee_ (Mass. _-kontu_; Etchemin or Maliseet, _-kodiah_, _-quoddy_; Micmac, _-ka[n]di_, or _-aikadee_;) may be placed with those of the first class, though this termination, representing a substantival component, is really only the locative affix of nouns in the _indefinite plural_. Exact location was denoted by affixing, to inanimate nouns-singular, _-et_, _-it_ or _-ut_; proximity, or something _less_ than exact location, by _-set_, (interposing _s_, the characteristic of diminutives and derogatives) between the noun and affix. _Plural_ nouns, representing a _definite number_ of individuals, or a number which might be regarded _as_ definite, received _-ettu_, _-ittu_, or _-uttu_, in the locative: but if the number was _indefinite_, or many individuals were spoken of collectively, the affix was _-kontu_, denoting 'where many are,' or 'place of abundance.' For example, _wadchu_, mountain; _wadchu-ut_, to, on, or at the mountain; _wadchu-set_, near the mountain; _wadchuuttu_ (or _-ehtu_), in or among _certain mountains_, known or indicated (as in Eliot's version of Numbers xxxiii. 47, 48); _wadchué-kontu_, among mountains, where there are a great many mountains, for 'in the hill country,' Joshua xiii. 6. So, _nippe-kontu_, 'in the waters,' i.e. in _many_ waters, or 'where there is much water,' Deut. iv. 18; v. 8. In Deuteronomy xi. 11, the conversion to a verb of a noun which had previously received this affix, shows that the idea of _abundance_ or of _multitude_ is associated with it: "_ohke wadchuuhkontu[oo]_," i.e. _wadechué-kontu-[oo]_, "the land is a land of hills," that is, where are _many_ hills, or where hills are _plenty_.

This form of verb was rarely used by Eliot and is not alluded to in his Grammar. It appears to have been less common in the Massachusetts than in most of the other Algonkin languages. In the Chippewa, an 'abundance verb,' as Baraga[47] calls it, may be formed from any noun, by adding _-ka_ or _-[)i]ka_ for the indicative present: in the Cree, by adding _-skow_ or _-ooskow_. In the Abnaki, _-ka_ or _-k[oo]_, or _-ik[oo]_, forms similar verbs, and verbals. The final _'tti_ of _ka[n]tti_, represents the impersonal _a'tté_, _eto_, 'there belongs to it,' 'there is there,' _il y a_. (Abn. _meskik[oo]i'ka[n]tti_, 'where there is abundance of grass,' is the equivalent of the Micmac "_m'skeegoo-aicadee_, a meadow."[48])

[Footnote 47: Otchipwe Grammar, pp. 87, 412.]

[Footnote 48: Mr. Rand's Micmac Vocabulary, in Schoolcraft's Collections, vol. v. p. 579.]

Among Abnaki place-names having this form, the following deserve notice:--

_A[n]mes[oo]k-ka[n]tti_, 'where there is plenty of _alewives_ or _herrings_;' from Abn. _a[n]ms[oo]ak_ (Narr. _aumsûog_; Mass. _ômmissuog_, cotton;) literally, 'small fishes,' but appropriated to fish of the herring tribe, including alewives and menhaden or bony-fish. Râle gives this as the name of one of the Abnaki villages on or near the river 'Aghenibekki.' It is the same, probably, as the 'Meesee Contee' or 'Meesucontee,' at Farmington Falls, on Sandy River, Me.[49] With the suffix of 'place' or 'land,' it has been written _Amessagunticook_ and _Amasaquanteg_.

[Footnote 49: Coll. Me. Hist. Society, iv. 31, 105.]

'_Amoscoggin_,' 'Ammarescoggen,' &c., and the '_Aumoughcawgen_' of Capt. John Smith, names given to the Kennebec or its main western branch, the Androscoggin,[50]--appear to have belonged, originally, to 'fishing places' on the river, from Abn. _a[n]m's[oo]a-khíge_, or _a[n]m's[oo]a-ka[n]gan_. 'Amoskeag,' at the falls of the Merrimack, has the same meaning, probably; _a[n]m's[oo]a-khíge_ (Mass. _ômmissakkeag_), a 'fishing-place for alewives.' It certainly does _not_ mean 'beavers,' or 'pond or marsh' of beavers,--as Mr. Schoolcraft supposed it to mean.[51]

[Footnote 50: The statement that the Androscoggin received its present name in compliment to Edmond Andros, about 1684, is erroneous. This form of the name appears as early as 1639, in the release by Thomas Purchase to the Governor of Massachusetts,--correctly printed (from the original draft in the handwriting of Thomas Lechford) in Mass. Records, vol. i. p. 272.]

[Footnote 51: Information respecting the Indian Tribes, &c., vol. iii. p. 526.]

_Madamiscomtis_ or _Mattammiscontis_, the name of a tributary of the Penobscot and of a town in Lincoln county, Me., was translated by Mr. Greenleaf, in 1823, "Young Alewive stream;" but it appears to represent _met-a[n]ms[oo]ak-ka[n]tti_, 'a place where there _has been_ (but is not now) plenty of alewives,' or to which they no longer resort. Compare Râle's _met-a[n]m[oo]ak_, "les poissons ont faites leurs oeufs; ils s'en sont allés; il n'y en a plus."

_Cobbosseecontee_ river, in the south part of Kennebec county, is named from a place near "the mouth of the stream, where it adjoineth itself to Kennebec river,"[52] and 'where there was plenty of sturgeons,'--_kabassak-ka[n]tti_.

[Footnote 52: Depositions in Coll. Me. Histor. Society, iv. 113.]

'_Peskadamioukkanti_' is given by Charlevoix, as the Indian name of "the river of the Etchemins," that is, the St. Croix,--a name which is now corrupted to _Passamaquoddy_; but this latter form of the name is probably derived from the _Etchemin_, while Charlevoix wrote the _Abnaki_ form. The Rev. Elijah Kellogg, in 1828,[53] gave, as the meaning of 'Passamaquoddie,' 'pollock fish,' and the Rev. Mr. Rand translates 'Pestumoo-kwoddy' by 'pollock ground.'[54] Cotton's vocabulary gives '_pâkonnótam_' for 'haddock.' Perhaps _peskadami[oo]k_, like _a[n]ms[oo]ak_, belonged to more than one species of fish.

[Footnote 53: 3 Mass. Hist. Coll., iii. 181.]

[Footnote 54: Dawson's Acadian Geology, 2d ed., (London, 1868), pp. 3, 8.]

Of Etchemin and Micmac words having a similar termination, we find among others,--

_Shubenacadie_ (_Chebenacardie_ on Charlevoix' map, and _Shebenacadia_ on Jeffry's map of 1775). One of the principal rivers of Nova Scotia, was so named because '_sipen-ak_ were plenty there.' Professor Dawson was informed by an "ancient Micmac patriarch," that "_Shuben_ or _Sgabun_ means ground-nuts or Indian potatoes," and by the Rev. Mr. Rand, of Hantsport, N.S., that "_segubbun_ is a ground-nut, and _Segubbuna-kaddy_ is the place or region of ground-nuts," &c.[55] It is not quite certain that _shuben_ and _segubbun_ denote the same esculent root. The Abnaki name of the wild potato or ground-nut was _pen_, pl. _penak_ (Chip. _opin-[=i]g_; Del. _obben-ak_); '_sipen_,' which is obviously the equivalent of _sheben_, Râle describes as "blanches, plus grosses que des _penak_:" and _sheep'n-ak_ is the modern Abnaki (Penobscot) name for the bulbous roots of the Yellow Lily (_Lilium Canadense_). Thoreau's Indian guide in the 'Maine Woods' told him that these bulbs "were good for soup, that is to cook with meat to thicken it,"--and taught him how to prepare them.[56] Josselyn mentions such "a water-lily, with yellow flowers," of which "the Indians eat the roots" boiled.[57]

[Footnote 55: Acadian Geology, pp. 1, 3.]

[Footnote 56: Maine Woods, pp. 194, 284, 326.]

[Footnote 57: Voyages, p. 44.]

"_Segoonuma-kaddy_, place of _gaspereaux_; Gaspereau or Alewife River," "_Boonamoo-kwoddy_, Tom Cod ground," and "_Kata-kaddy_, eel-ground,"--are given by Professor Dawson, on Mr. Rand's authority. _Segoonumak_ is the equivalent of Mass. and Narr. _sequanamâuquock_, 'spring (or early summer) fish,' by R. Williams translated 'bream.' And _boonamoo_,--the _ponamo_ of Charlevoix (i. 127), who confounded it with some 'species of dog-fish (chien de mer),'--is the _ap[oo]na[n]-mes[oo]_ of Rasles and _papônaumsu_, 'winter fish,' of Roger Williams, 'which some call frost-fish,'--_Morrhua pruinosa_.

The frequent occurrence of this termination in Micmac, Etchemin and Abnaki local names gives probability to the conjecture, that it came to be regarded as a general name for the region which these tribes inhabited,--'L'arcadia,' 'l'Accadie,' and 'la Cadie,' of early geographers and voyagers. Dr. Kohl has not found this name on any earlier map than that published by Girolamo Ruscelli in 1561.[58] That it is of Indian origin there is hardly room for doubt, and of two or three possible derivations, that from the terminal _-kâdi_, _-kodiah_, or _-ka[n]tti_, is on the whole preferable. But this termination, in the sense of 'place of abundance' or in that of 'ground, land, or place,' cannot be used _separately_, as an independent word, in any one of the languages which have been mentioned; and it is singular that, in two or three instances, only this termination should have been preserved after the first and more important component of the name was lost.

[Footnote 58: See Coll. Me. Hist. Society, 2d Ser., vol. i. p. 234.]

There are two Abnaki words which are not unlike _-ka[n]tti_ in sound, one or both of which may perhaps be found in some local names: (1) _ka[oo]di_, 'where he sleeps,' a _lodging place_ of men or animals; and (2) _ak[oo]daï[oo]i_, in composition or as a prefix, _ak[oo]dé_, 'against the current,' up-stream; as in _ned-ak[oo]té'hémen_, 'I go up stream,' and _[oo]derak[oo]da[n]na[n]_, 'the fish go up stream.' Some such synthesis may have given names to fishing-places on tidal rivers, and I am more inclined to regard the name of 'Tracadie' or 'Tracody' as a corruption of _[oo]derak[oo]da[n]_, than to derive it (with Professor Dawson[59] and the Rev. Mr. Rand) from "_Tulluk-kaddy_; probably, place of residence; dwelling place,"--or rather (for the termination requires this), where residences or dwellings are _plenty_,--where there is _abundance_ of dwelling place. There is a Tracadie in Nova Scotia, another (_Tregaté_, of Champlain) on the coast of New Brunswick, a Tracody or Tracady Bay in Prince Edward's Island, and a Tracadigash Point in Chaleur Bay.

[Footnote 59: Acadian Geology, l.c.]

Thevet, in _La Cosmographie universelle_,[60] gives an account of his visit in 1556, to "one of the finest rivers in the whole world which we call _Norumbegue_, and the aborigines _Agoncy_,"--now Penobscot Bay. In 'Agoncy' we have, I conjecture, another form of the Abnaki _-ka[n]tti_, and an equivalent of 'Acadie.'

[Footnote 60: Cited by Dr. Kohl, in Coll. Me. Hist. Society, N.S., i. 416.]

* * * * *

II. Names formed from a single ground-word or substantival,--with or without a locative or other suffix.

To this class belong some names already noticed in connection with compound names to which they are related; such as, _Wachu-set_, 'near the mountain;' _Menahan_ (_Menan_), _Manati_, _Manathaan_, 'island;' _Manataan-ung_, _Aquedn-et_, 'on the island,' &c. Of the many which might be added to these, the limits of this paper permit me to mention only a few.

1. NÂÏAG, 'a corner, angle, or point.' This is a verbal, formed from _nâ-i_, 'it is angular,' 'it _corners_.' Eliot wrote "_yaue naiyag wetu_" for the "four corners of a house," Job i. 19. Sometimes, _nâi_ receives, instead of the formative _-ag_, the locative affix (_nâï-it_ or _nâï-ut_); sometimes it is used as an adjectival prefixed to _auke_, 'land.' One or another of these forms serves as the name of a great number of river and sea-coast 'points.' In Connecticut, we find a '_Nayaug_' at the southern extremity of Mason's Island in Mystic Bay, and '_Noank_' (formerly written, _Naweag_, _Naiwayonk_, _Noïank_, &c.) at the west point of Mystic River's mouth, in Groton; _Noag_ or _Noyaug_, in Glastenbury, &c. In Rhode Island, _Nayatt_ or _Nayot_ point in Barrington, on Providence Bay, and _Nahiganset_ or Narragansett, 'the country about the Point.'[61] On Long Island, _Nyack_ on Peconick Bay, Southampton,[62] and another at the west end of the Island, opposite Coney Island. There is also a _Nyack_ on the west side of the Tappan Sea, in New Jersey.

[Footnote 61: See _Narragansett Club Publications_, vol. i. p. 22 (note 6).]

[Footnote 62: On Block's Map, 1616, the "Nahicans" are marked on the easternmost point of Long Island.]

2. WONKUN, 'bended,' 'a bend,' was sometimes used without affix. The Abnaki equivalent is _[oo]a[n]ghíghen_, 'courbe,' 'croché' (Râle). There was a _Wongun_, on the Connecticut, between Glastenbury and Wethersfield, and another, more considerable, a few miles below, in Middletown. _Wonki_ is found in compound names, as an adjectival; as in _Wonki-tuk_, 'bent river,' on the Quinebaug, between Plainfield and Canterbury,--written by early recorders, 'Wongattuck,' 'Wanungatuck,' &c., and at last transferred from its proper place to a _hill_ and _brook_ west of the river, where it is disguised as _Nunkertunk_. The Great Bend between Hadley and Hatfield, Mass., was called _Kuppo-wonkun-ohk_, 'close bend place,' or 'place shut-in by a bend.' A tract of meadow west of this bend was called, in 1660, 'Cappowonganick,' and 'Capawonk,' and still retains, I believe, the latter name.[63] _Wnogquetookoke_, the Indian name of Stockbridge, Mass., as written by Dr. Edwards in the Muhhecan dialect, describes "a bend-of-the-river place."

[Footnote 63: Judd's History of Hadley, 115, 116, 117.]

Another Abnaki word meaning 'curved,' 'crooked,'--_pika[n]ghén_--occurs in the name _Pika[n]ghenahik_, now 'Crooked Island,' in Penobscot River.[64]

[Footnote 64: Mr. Moses Greenleaf, in 1823, wrote this name, _Bakungunahik_.]

3. HÓCQUAUN (UHQUÔN, Eliot), 'hook-shaped,' 'a hook,'--is the base of _Hoccanum_, the name of a tract of land and the stream which bounds it, in East Hartford, and of other Hoccanums, in Hadley and in Yarmouth, Mass. Heckewelder[65] wrote "_Okhúcquan, Woâkhúcquoan_ or (short) _Húcquan_," for the modern 'Occoquan,' the name of a river in Virginia, and remarked: "All these names signify _a hook_." Campanius has '_hóckung_' for 'a hook.'

[Footnote 65: On Indian names, in Trans. Am. Phil. Society, N.S., vol. iv., p. 377.]

_Hackensack_ may have had its name from the _húcquan-sauk_, 'hook mouth,' by which the waters of Newark Bay find their way, around Bergen Point, by the Kill van Cul, to New York Bay.

3. [Transcriber's Note: sic] SÓHK or SAUK, a root that denotes 'pouring out,' is the base of many local names for 'the outlet' or 'discharge' of a river or lake. The Abnaki forms, _sa[n]g[oo]k_, 'sortie de la rivière (seu) la source,' and _sa[n]ghede'teg[oo]é_ [= Mass. _saukituk_,] gave names to _Saco_ in Maine, to the river which has its outflow at that place, and to _Sagadahock_ (_sa[n]ghede'aki_), 'land at the mouth' of Kennebeck river.

_Saucon_, the name of a creek and township in Northampton county, Penn., "denotes (says Heckewelder[66]) the outlet of a smaller stream into a larger one,"--which restricts the denotation too narrowly. The name means "the outlet,"--and nothing more. Another _Soh´coon_, or (with the locative) _Saukunk_, "at the mouth" of the Big Beaver, on the Ohio,--now in the township of Beaver, Penn.,--was a well known rendezvous of Indian war parties.[67]

[Footnote 66: Ibid. p. 357.]

[Footnote 67: Paper on Indian Names, ut supra, p. 366; and 3 Mass. Historical Collections, vi. 145. [Compare, the Iroquois _Swa-deh´_ and _Oswa´-go_ (modern _Oswego_), which has the same meaning as Alg. _sauki_,--"flowing out."--_Morgan's League of the Iroquois_.]]

_Saganaum_, _Sagana_, now _Saginaw_[68] Bay, on Lake Huron, received its name from the mouth of the river which flows through it to the lake.

[Footnote 68: _Saguinam_, Charlevoix, i. 501; iii. 279.]

The _Mississagas_ were people of the _missi-sauk_, _missi-sague_, or (with locative) _missi-sak-ing_,[69] that is 'great outlet.' In the last half of the seventeenth century they were seated on the banks of a river which is described as flowing into Lake Huron some twenty or thirty leagues south of the Sault Ste. Marie (the same river probably that is now known as the Mississauga, emptying into Manitou Bay,) and nearly opposite the Straits of Mississauga on the South side of the Bay, between Manitoulin and Cockburn Islands. So little is known however of the history and migrations of this people, that it is perhaps impossible now to identify the 'great outlet' from which they first had their name.

[Footnote 69: _Relations des Jésuites_, 1658, p. 22; 1648, p. 62; 1671, pp. 25, 31.]

The _Saguenay_ (Sagnay, Sagné, Saghuny, etc.), the great tributary of the St. Lawrence, was so called either from the well-known trading-place at its mouth, the annual resort of the Montagnars and all the eastern tribes,[70] or more probably from the 'Grand Discharge'[71] of its main stream from Lake St. John and its strong current to and past the rapids at Chicoutimi, and thence on to the St. Lawrence.[72] Near Lake St. John and the Grand Discharge was another rendezvous of the scattered tribes. The missionary Saint-Simon in 1671 described this place as one at which "all the nations inhabiting the country between the two seas (towards the east and north) assembled to barter their furs." Hind's Exploration of Labrador, ii. 23.

[Footnote 70: Charlevoix, Nouv. France, iii. 65; Gallatin's Synopsis, p. 24.]

[Footnote 71: This name is still retained.]

[Footnote 72: When first discovered the Saguenay was not regarded as a river, but as a strait or passage by which the waters of some northern sea flowed to the St. Lawrence. But on a French map of 1543, the 'R. de Sagnay' and the country of 'Sagnay' are laid down. See Maine Hist. Soc. Collections, 2d Series, vol. i., pp. 331, 354. Charlevoix gives _Pitchitaouichetz_, as the Indian name of the River.]

In composition with _-tuk_, 'river' or 'tidal stream,' _sauki_ (adjectival) gave names to '_Soakatuck_,' now Saugatuck, the mouth of a river in Fairfield county, Conn.; to '_Sawahquatock_,' or '_Sawkatuck-et_,' at the outlet of Long Pond or mouth of Herring River, in Harwich, Mass.; and perhaps to _Massaugatucket_, (_missi-saukituk-ut_?), in Marshfield, Mass., and in South Kingston, R.I.,--a name which, in both places, has been shortened to Saquatucket.

'_Winnipiseogee_' (pronounced _Win´ ni pe sauk´ e_,) is compounded of _winni_, _nippe_, and _sauki_, 'good-water discharge,' and the name must have belonged originally to the _outlet_ by which the waters of the lake pass to the Merrimack, rather than to the lake itself. Winnepesauke, Wenepesioco and (with the locative) Winnipesiockett, are among the early forms of the name. The translation of this synthesis by 'the Smile of the Great Spirit' is sheer nonsense. Another, first proposed by the late Judge Potter of New Hampshire, in his History of Manchester (p. 27),[73]--'the beautiful water of the high place,'--is demonstrably wrong. It assumes that _is_ or _es_ represents _kees_, meaning 'high;' to which assumption there are two objections: first, that there is no evidence that such a word as _kees_, meaning 'high,' is found in any Algonkin language, and secondly, that if there be such a word, it must retain its significant root, in any synthesis of which it makes part,--in other words, that _kees_ could not drop its initial _k_ and preserve its meaning. I was at first inclined to accept the more probable translation proposed by 'S.F.S.' [S.F. Streeter?] in the Historical Magazine for August, 1857,[74]--"the land of the placid or beautiful lake;" but, in the dialects of New England, _nippisse_ or _nips_, a diminutive of _nippe_, 'water,' is never used for _paug_, 'lake' or 'standing water;'[75] and if it were sometimes so used, the extent of Lake Winnepiseogee forbids it to be classed with the 'small lakes' or 'ponds,' to which, only, the _diminutive_ is appropriate.

[Footnote 73: And in the _Historical Magazine_, vol. i. p. 246.]

[Footnote 74: Vol. i. p. 246.]

[Footnote 75: See pp. 14, 15.]

4. NASHAUÉ (Chip. _nássawaiï_ and _ashawiwi_), 'mid-way,' or 'between,' and with _ohke_ or _auk_ added, 'the land between' or 'the half-way place,'--was the name of several localities. The tract on which Lancaster, in Worcester county (Mass.) was settled, was 'between' the branches of the river, and so it was called '_Nashaway_' or '_Nashawake_' (_nashaué-ohke_); and this name was afterwards transferred from the territory to the river itself. There was another _Nashaway_ in Connecticut, between Quinnebaug and Five-Mile Rivers in Windham county, and here, too, the mutilated name of the _nashaue-ohke_ was transferred, as _Ashawog_ or _Assawog_, to the Five-Mile River. _Natchaug_ in the same county, the name of the eastern branch of Shetucket river, belonged originally to the tract 'between' the eastern and western branches; and the Shetucket itself borrows a name (_nashaue-tuk-ut_) from its place 'between' Yantic and Quinebaug rivers. A neck of land (now in Griswold, Conn.) "between Pachaug River and a brook that comes into it from the south," one of the Muhhekan east boundaries, was called sometimes, _Shawwunk_, 'at the place between,'--sometimes _Shawwâmug_ (_nashaué-amaug_), 'the fishing-place between' the rivers, or the 'half-way fishing-place.'[76]

[Footnote 76: Chandler's Survey and Map of the Mohegan country, 1705. Compare the Chip. _ashawiwi-sitagon_, "a place from which water runs two ways," a dividing ridge or portage _between_ river courses. Owen's Geological Survey of Wisconsin, etc., p. 312.]

5. ASHIM, is once used by Eliot (Cant. iv. 12) for 'fountain.' It denoted a _spring_ or brook from which water was obtained for drinking. In the Abnaki, _asiem nebi_, 'il puise de l'eau;' and _ned-a'sihibe_, 'je puise de l'eau, _fonti vel fluvio_.' (Rasles.)

_Winne-ashim-ut_, 'at the good spring,' near Romney Marsh, is now Chelsea, Mass. The name appears in deeds and records as Winnisimmet, Winisemit, Winnet Semet, etc. The author of the 'New English Canaan' informs us (book 2, ch. 8), that "At _Weenasemute_ is a water, the virtue whereof is, to cure barrennesse. The place taketh his name of that fountaine, which signifieth _quick spring_, or _quickning spring_. Probatum."

_Ashimuit_ or _Shumuit_, an Indian village near the line between Sandwich and Falmouth, Mass.,--_Shaume_, a neck and river in Sandwich (the _Chawum_ of Capt. John Smith?),--_Shimmoah_, an Indian village on Nantucket,--may all have derived their names from springs resorted to by the natives, as was suggested by the Rev. Samuel Deane in a paper in _Mass. Hist. Collections_, 2d Series, vol. x. pp. 173, 174.

6. MATTAPPAN, a participle of _mattappu_ (Chip. _namátabi_), 'he sits down,' denotes a 'sitting-down place,' or, as generally employed in local names, _the end of a portage_ between two rivers or from one arm of the sea to another,--where the canoe was launched again and its bearers re-embarked. Râle translates the Abnaki equivalent, _mata[n]be_, by 'il va au bord de l'eau,--a la grève pour s'embarquer,' and _meta[n]béniganik_, by 'au bout de delà du portage.'

_Mattapan-ock_, afterwards shortened to _Mattapan_, that part of Dorchester Neck (South Boston) where "the west country people were set down" in 1630,[77] may have been so called because it was the end of a carrying place from South Bay to Dorchester Bay, across the narrowest part of the peninsula, or--as seems highly probable--because it was the temporary 'sitting-down place' of the new comers. Elsewhere, we find the name evidently associated with _portage_.

[Footnote 77: Blake's Annals of Dorchester, p. 9; Winthrop's Journal, vol. i. p. 28.]

On Smith's Map of Virginia, one '_Mattapanient_' appears as the name of the northern fork (now the _Mattápony_) of Pamaunk (York) River; another (_Mattpanient_) near the head waters of the Pawtuxunt; and a third on the 'Chickahamania' not far above its confluence with Powhatan (James) River.

_Mattapoiset_, on an inlet of Buzzard's Bay, in Rochester, Mass.,--another Mattapoiset or 'Mattapuyst,' now Gardner's Neck, in Swanzea,--and 'Mattapeaset' or 'Mattabesic,' on the great bend of the Connecticut (now Middletown), derived their names from the same word, probably.