Part 35

_Press_, account of the court of, ii. 463. liberty of, abused, 465.

_Pressing_ of seamen, animadversions on, ii. 437.

_Price_, Dr. letter from, on Franklin's death, iii. 541.

_Priestley_, Dr. letter from, on Franklin's character, iii. 547.

_Printers_ at Philadelphia before Franklin, i. 36.

_Printing_, Franklin apprenticed to the business of, i. 15. works at it as a journeymen in England, 58, 62. in America, 35, 71. enters on the business of, as master, 78. observations on fashions in, ii. 355.

_Prison_, society for relieving the misery of, i. 151. not known among the Indians of America, iii. 220.

_Privateering_, reprobated, ii. 436. further observations on, 446. article to prevent it, recommended in national treaties, 448. inserted in a treaty between America and Prussia, 449.

_Proas_, of the pacific ocean, safety of, ii. 173. flying, superior to any of our sailing boats, 176.

_Produce_ of the inland parts of America, iii. 119.

_Products_ of America, do not interfere with those of Britain, iii. 124.

_Prose-writing_, method of acquiring excellence in, i. 18.

_Protest_ against Franklin's appointment as colonial agent, remarks on, iii. 203.

_Provisions_, cheapness of, encourages idleness, ii. 415.

_Prussian_ edict, assuming claims over Britain, iii. 311.

_Public_ services and functions of Franklin, i. 125. spirit, manifest in England, iii. 91. different opinion respecting it expressed, 375.

_Punctuality_ of America in the payment of public debts, iii. 373.

_Puckridge_, Mr. inventor of musical glasses, i. 136.

Q.

_Quaker-lady_, good advice of one to Franklin in his youth, i. 42.

_Quakers_, persecution of, in New England, ii. 454. proportion of, in Pensylvania, iii. 249.

_Quebec_, remarks on the enlargement of the province of, iii. 20, note.

_Queries_ concerning light, i. 258. proposed at the Junto club, ii. 366. from Mr. Strahan, on the American disputes, iii. 287.

_Questions_ discussed by the Junto club, ii. 369.

R.

_Rain_, how produced, i. 207. generally brings down electricity, 292. why never salt, ii. 32. different quantities of, falling at different heights, 133.

_Ralph_, James, a friend of Franklin's, i. 50, 53, 54, 57, 60.

_Rarefaction_ of the air, why greater in the upper regions, ii. 6.

_Read_, maiden name of Franklin's wife, i. 33, 37, 49, 54, 59, 70, 96.

_Reading_, Franklin's early passion for, i. 15, 16. how best taught, ii. 372. advice to youth respecting, 378.

_Recluse_, a Roman Catholic one, in London, i. 65.

_Red_ and green, relation between the colours of, ii. 341.

_Regimen_, sudden alterations of, not prejudicial, i. 49.

_Religious_ sect, new one, intended establishment of, i. 48.

_Repellency_, electrical, how destroyed, i. 172.

_Representation_, American, in the British parliament, thoughts on, iii. 37, 243.

_Repulsion_, electrical, the doctrine of, doubted, i. 333. considerations in support of, 349.

_Revelation_, doubted by Franklin in his youth, i. 79.

_Rhode-Island_, purchased for a pair of spectacles, iii. 21. its population at three periods, iii. 129.

_Rich_, hints to those that would be, iii. 466.

_Ridicule_, delight of the prince of Condé in, iii. 424.

_Rivers_, from the Andes, how formed, i. 209. motion of the tides in, explained, ii. 96, 102. do not run into the sea, 105. evaporate before they reach the sea, 106. inflammability of the surface of, 130.

_Rods_, utility of long pointed ones, to secure buildings from lightning, i. 388. See farther. _Iron._ _Lightning._ _Metalline._

_Rome_, causes of its decline enquired into, ii. 398. political government of its provinces, iii. 136.

_Rooms_, warm, advantages of, ii. 249. do not give colds, ibid.

_Roots_, edible, might be dried and preserved for sea-store, ii. 190.

_Rosin_, when fluid, will conduct electricity, i. 256.

_Rousseau_, his opinion of tunes in parts, ii. 342.

_Rowing_ of boats, Chinese method of, ii. 177.

_Rowley_, Dr. Franklin's obligations to, iii. 555*.

S.

_Sailing_, observations on, ii. 163.

_Sails_, proposed improvements in, ii. 164, 166.

_Saint_ Bride's church, stroke of lightning on, i. 374.

_Salt_, dry, will not conduct electricity, i. 258. rock, conjectures as to its origin, ii. 91.

_Saltness_ of the sea-water considered, _ib._

_Savage_, John, a companion of Franklin's, i. 72.

_Savages_ of North America, remarks on, iii. 383, _et seq._

_School_, sketch of one, for Philadelphia, ii. 370.

_Scotch_ tunes, harmony of, and melody, ii. 338.

_Screaming_, a defect in modern tunes, ii. 345.

_Scull_, Nicholas, member of the Junto club, i. 83.

_Sea_, electrical qualities of its component parts, i. 205. opinion, that it is the source of lightning, considered, 269, 321, 322. supposed cause of its luminous appearance, ii. 88. from what cause, salt, 91. has formerly covered the mountains, _ib._

_Sea-coal_, has a vegetable origin, ii. 128. prejudices against the use of, at Paris, 278.

_Sea-water_, soon loses its luminous quality, i. 269. considerations on the distillation of, ii. 103. how to quench thirst with, 104. thermometrical observation on, 199, _et seq._

_Security_, a just ground to demand cessions from an enemy, iii. 93.

_Separation_ of the colonies from Britain, probability of, in 1775, iii. 356.

_Servants_ in England, the most barren parts of the people, ii. 395.

_Settlements_, new, in America, letter concerning, iii. 409.

_Settlers_ of British colonies, their rights, iii. 299.

_Sheep_, a whole flock killed by lightning, i. 415.

_Ships_, abandoned at sea, often saved, ii. 169. may be nicely balanced, 170. accidents to, at sea, how guarded against, 172.

_Shirley_, governor, letters to, on the taxation of the colonies, iii. 30. on American representation in the British parliament, 37.

_Shooting-stars_, letter on, ii. 36.

_Shop-keepers_ in America, iii. 394.

_Sides_ of vessels, the best construction of, ii. 172.

_Silver_ cann, experiment with, i. 307. vessels, not so easily handled as glass, when filled with hot liquors, ii. 57.

_Slavery_, society for the abolition of, i. 151. address to the public on the abolition of, iii. 517.

_Slaves_, not profitable labourers, ii. 386. diminish population, ii. 387.

_Slave-trade_, sentiment of a French moralist respecting, ii. 195. parody on the arguments in favour of, 450.

_Sliding-plates_ for smoky chimnies described, ii. 287.

_Slitting-mills_ in America, iii. 270.

_Small_, Mr. Alexander, letter from, i. 374.

_Smell_ of electricity, how produced, i. 244.

_Smoke_, principle by which it ascends, ii. 257. stove that consumes it, 296. the burning of, useful in hot-houses, 316.

_Smoky_ chimnies, observation on the causes and cure of, ii. 256. remedy for, if by want of air, 261, 262. if by too large openings in the room, 266, 268. if by too short a funnel, 269. if by overpowering each other, 270, 271. if by being overtopped, 271, 272. if by improper situation of a door, 273. if by smoke drawn down their funnels, 274, 275. if by strong winds, 275, 276. difficult sometimes to discover the cause of, 282.

_Smuggling_, reflections on, ii. 430. encouragement of, not honest, 432.

_Snow_, singular instance of its giving electricity, i. 373.

_Soap-boiler_, part of Franklin's early life devoted to the business of, i. 10, 14.

_Societies_, of which Franklin was president, i. 151. learned, of which he was a member, 135.

_Socrates_, his mode of disputation, i. 21.

_Songs_, ancient, give more pleasure than modern, ii. 342. modern, composed of all the defects of speech, 344.

_Soul_, argument against the annihilation of, iii. 548*.

_Sound_, best mediums for conveying, ii. 335. observations on, 336. queries concerning, 337.

_Sounds_ just past, we have a perfect idea of their pitch, ii. 340.

_Soup-dishes_ at sea, how to be made more convenient, ii. 195.

_Spain_, what has thinned its population, ii. 390.

_Specific_ weight, what, ii. 226.

_Spectacles_, double, advantages of, iii. 544*, 551*.

_Speech_, at Algiers, on slavery and piracy, ii. 450. of Mr. Galloway, preface to, iii. 163. last of Franklin, on the federal constitution, 416.

_Spelling_, a new mode of, recommended, ii. 359.

_Spheres_, electric, commodious ones, i. 178.

_Spider_, artificial, described, i. 177.

_Spirits_, fired without heating, i. 214, 245. linen wetted with, cooling in inflammations, ii. 87. should always be taken to sea in bottles, 175.

_Spots_ in the sun, how formed, i. 260.

_Squares_, magical square of, ii. 324.

_Staffordshire_ chimney, description of, ii. 285.

_Stamp-act_ in America stigmatized, iii. 228. letter on the repeal of, iii. 239. examination of Franklin on, 245.

_Stars._ See _Shooting_.

_State_, internal, of America, iii. 291.

_Storms_, causes of, ii. 65.

_Stove_, Dutch, its advantages and defects, ii. 233. German, ditto, 234. to draw downwards, by J. G. Leutmann, 298. for burning pit-coal and consuming its smoke, 301, 304, 308.

_Strata_ of the earth, letter on, ii. 116.

_Strahan_, Mr. queries by, on American politics, iii. 287. answer to the queries, 290. letter to, disclaiming his friendship, iii. 354.

_Stuber_, Dr. continuator of Franklin's life, i. 98.

_Studies_ of trifles, should be moderate, ii. 95.

_Stuttering_, one of the affected beauties of modern tunes, ii. 245.

_Sugar_, cruelties exercised in producing it, ii. 196.

_Sulphur_ globe, its electricity different from that of the glass globe, i. 265.

_Sun_, supplies vapour with fire, i. 207. why not wasted by expense of light, 259. effect of its rays on different coloured clothes, ii. 108. light of, proposed to be used instead of candlelight, iii. 470, 473. discovered to give light as soon as it rises, 471.

_Surfaces_ of glass, different state of its opposite ones, when electrised, i. 191, 238.

_Swimming_, skill of Franklin in, i. 66. art of, how to be acquired, ii. 206 how a person unacquainted with it may avoid sinking, 208. a delightful and wholesome exercise, ii. 209, 211. advantage of, to soldiers, 210. inventions to improve it, _ibid._ 212. medical effects of, _ibid._

T.

_Tariffs_, not easily settled in Indian trade, iii. 218.

_Tautology_, an affected beauty of modern songs, ii. 345.

_Taxation_, American, letters to governor Shirley on, iii. 30. American, Dr. Franklin's examination on, iii. 246, 256. internal and external, distinguished, 259. on importation of goods and consumption, difference between, 266.

_Tea-act_, the duty on, in America, how considered there, iii. 261, 317, 319. characterized by Mr. Burke, 319, _note_.

_Teach_, or Blackbeard, name of a ballad written by Franklin in his youth, i. 16.

_Thanks_ of the assembly of Pensylvania to Franklin, iii. 214.

_Thanksgiving-days_ appointed in New England instead of fasts, iii. 392.

_Theory_ of the earth, ii. 117. of light and heat, 122.

_Thermometer_, not cooled by blowing on, when dry, ii. 87. electrical, described, and experiments with, ii. 336.

_Thermometrical_ observations on the gulph-stream, ii. 199. on the warmth of sea-water, 200.

_Thirst_, may be relieved by sea-water, how, ii. 105.

_Thunder_ and lightning, how caused, i. 209. seldom heard far from land, 216. comparatively little at Bermuda, _ibid._ defined, 378.

_Thunder-gusts_, what, i. 203. hypothesis to explain them, 203, _et seq._

_Tides_ in rivers, motion of, explained, ii. 96, 102.

_Time_, occasional fragments of, how to be collected, ii. 412. is money to a tradesman, iii. 463.

_Toads_ live long without nourishment, ii. 223.

_Toleration_ in Old and New England compared, ii. 457.

_Torpedo_, how to determine its electricity, i. 408, 409.

_Tourmalin_, its singular electrical properties, i. 370. experiments on it, 371, 372.

_Trade_, pleasure attending the first earnings in, i. 81. should be under no restrictions, ii. 415. exchanges in, may be advantageous to each party, 418. inland carriage no obstruction, to, iii. 116. great rivers in America, favourable to, 118. bills of credit, in lieu of money, the best medium of, 156. will find and make its own rates, 219.

_Tradesman_, advice to a young one, iii. 463.

_Transportation_ of felons to America, highly disagreeable to the inhabitants there, iii. 235.

_Treaty_ between America and Prussia, humane article of, ii. 449.

_Treasures_, hidden, search after, ridiculed, iii. 450.

_Trees_, dangerous to be under, in thunder-storms, i. 213. the shivering of, by lightning, explained, 359. why cool in the sun, ii. 87.

_Tubes_ of glass, electrical, manner of rubbing, i. 178. lined with a non-electric, experiment with, 240. exhausted, electric fire moves freely in, 241.

_Tunes_, ancient Scotch, why give general pleasure, ii. 338. composed to the wire-harp, 341. in parts, Rousseau's opinion of, 342. modern, absurdities of, 344, _et seq._

_Turkey_ killed by electricity, i. 299.

_Turks_, ceremony observed by, in visiting, iii. 436.

V. U.

_Vacuum_, Torricellian, experiment with, i. 291. electrical experiment in, 317.

_Vapour_, electrical experiment on, i. 343.

_Vapours_ from moist hay, &c. easily fired by lightning, i. 215. cause of their rising considered, ii. 46, 49.

_Vanity_, observation on, i. 2.

_Varnish_, dry, burnt by electric sparks, i. 199.

_Vattel's_ Law of Nations, greatly consulted by the American congress, iii. 360.

_Vegetable_ diet, observed by Franklin, i. 20. abandoned by Franklin, why, 47.

_Vegetation_, effects of, on noxious air, ii. 129.

_Velocity_ of the electric fire, i. 319.

_Virtue_ in private life exemplified, iii. 427.

_Vernon_, Mr. reposes a trust in Franklin, which he violates, i. 44.

_Vis_ inertiæ of matter, observations on, ii. 110.

_Visits_, unseasonable and importunate, letter on, iii. 432.

_Unintelligibleness_, a fault of modern singing, ii. 345.

_Union_, Albany plan of. See _Albany_.

_Union_ of America with Britain, letter on, iii. 239.

_United_ states of America, nature of the congress of, iii. 550*.

_Voyage_, from Boston to New York, i. 27. from New York to Philadelphia, 28. from Newfoundland to New York, remarks on, ii. 197. crossing the gulph stream, journal of, 199. from Philadelphia to France, 200, 201. from the channel to America, 202. to benefit distant countries, proposed, 403.

_Vulgar_ opinions, too much slighted, ii. 146.

W.

_Waggons_, number of, supplied by Franklin, on a military emergency, i. 131.

_War_, civil, whether it strengthens a country considered, ii. 399. observations on, 435. laws of, gradually humanized, _ib._ humane article respecting, in a treaty between Prussia and America, ii. 449. French, of 1757, its origin, iii. 274.

_Warm_ rooms do not make people tender, or give colds, ii. 249.

_Washington_, early military talents of, i. 130. Franklin's bequest to, 164.

_Water_, a perfect conductor of electricity, i. 201. strongly electrified, rises in vapour, 204. particles of, in rising, are attached to particles of air, 205. and air, attract each other, 206. exploded like gunpowder, by electricity, 358. expansion of, when reduced to vapour, _ib._ saturated with salt, precipitates the overplus, ii. 2. will dissolve in air, _ib._ expands when boiling, _ib._ how supported in air, 45. bubbles on the surface of, hypothesis respecting, 48. agitated, does not produce heat, 49, 96. supposed originally all salt, 91. fresh, produce of distillation only, _ib._ curious effects of oil on, 142.

_Water-casks_, how to dispose of, in leaky vessels, ii. 170.

_Water-spouts_, observations on, ii. 11. whether they descend or ascend, 14, 23, 38. various appearances of, 16. winds blow from all points towards them, 21. are whirlwinds at sea, _ib._ effect of one on the coast of Guinea, 33. account of one at Antigua, 34. various instances of, 38. Mr. Colden's observations on, 53.

_Watson_, Mr. William, letter by, on thunder-clouds, i. 427.

_Waves_, stilled by oil, ii. 144, 145, 148. greasy water, 146.

_Wax_, when fluid will conduct electricity, i. 256. may be electrised positively and negatively, 291.

_Wealth_, way to, iii. 453. national, positions to be examined concerning, ii. 408. but three ways of acquiring it, 410.

_Webb_, George, a companion of Franklin's, i. 72, 84, 86.

_Wedderburn_, Mr. remarks on his treatment of Franklin before the privy council, iii. 330, 332, notes; 550.

_West_, Mr. his conductor struck by lightning, i. 340.

_Western_ colonies, plan for settling them, iii. 41.

_Whatley_, Mr. four letters to, iii. 543*.

_Wheels_, electrical, described, i. 196.

_Whirlwinds_, how formed, ii. 10. observations on, 20. a remarkable one at Rome, 24. account of one in Maryland, 61.

_Whistle_, a story, iii. 480.

_White_, fittest colour for clothes in hot climates, ii. 109.

_Will_, extracts from Franklin's, i. 155.

_Wilson_, Mr. draws electricity from the clouds, i. 429.

_Wind_ generated by fermentation, ii. 59.

_Winds_ explained, ii. 8, 9, 48. the explanation objected to, 50, 51. observations on, by Mr. Colden, 52. whether confined to, or generated in, clouds, 57. raise the surface of the sea above its level, 188. effect of, on sound, 337.

_Winters_, hard, causes of, ii. 68.

_Winthrop_, professor, letters from, i. 373, 382.

_Wire_ conducts a great stroke of lightning, though destroyed itself, i. 282.

_Wolfe_, general, i. 136.

_Women_ of Paris, singular saying respecting, as mothers, iii. 548*.

_Wood_, dry, will not conduct electricity, i. 172. why does not feel so cold as metals, ii. 56.

_Woods_, not unhealthy to inhabit, ii. 130.

_Woollen_, why warmer than linen, ii. 57, 81.

_Words_, to modern songs, only a pretence for singing, ii. 348.

_Wygate_, an acquaintance of Franklin's, i. 66.

_Wyndham_, sir William, applies to Franklin to teach his sons swimming, i. 69.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

For consistency and clarity, the pound abbreviation 'l.' has been italicized, so for example '123,321l.' has been replaced by '123,321_l._' in the etext.

For consistency, the date and salutation at the beginning of each letter, and the closing and name at the end of each letter, have been put on separate lines (they were sometimes placed on the same line in the original printed text).

A 'List of the Plates' has been created and added in front of the Errata.

For consistency, all occurrences of 'Abbe' have been replaced by 'Abbé'.

One occurrence of the oe ligature replaced by oe (l'oeuvre).

Text omitted by the editor may be indicated by '***', '****' or '----'.

All the changes noted in the Errata (pg xiv) have been applied to the text.

Except for those changes noted below, misspelling in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained. For example, compleat; cieling; inclose; watry; spunge; negociate; Pensylvania; Massachussets; newspaper, news-paper; farther, further.

In addition: Pg v. 'works af' replaced by 'works of'. Pg vi. 'side the' replaced by 'side of the'. Pg xiv. 'anology' replaced by 'analogy'. Pg xiv. Errata: '12 1:' replaced by '20 1:'. Pg xiv. Errata: '29 3:' replaced by '28 3:'. Pg xiv. Errata: '40 19:' replaced by '50 19:'. Pg 5. 'frandfather' replaced by 'grandfather'. Pg 48. 'oponent' replaced by 'opponent'. Pg 74. 'tolera-manner' replaced by 'tolerable manner'. Pg 102. 'over the the lives' replaced by 'over the lives'. Pg 110. 'Mary-la-ville' replaced by 'Marly-la-ville'. Pg 110. 'with a whom' replaced by 'with whom'. Pg 131. 'a juncion with' replaced by 'a junction with'. Pg 132. 'of governtment' replaced by 'of government'. Pg 133. 'was appehensive' replaced by 'was apprehensive'. Pg 139. 'in the goal' replaced by 'in the gaol'. Pg 140. 'A num-of' replaced by 'A number of'. Pg 142. 'be learned' replaced by 'he learned'. Pg 144. 'stampt-act' replaced by 'stamp-act'. Pg 170. 'in crouds' replaced by 'in crowds'. Pg 173. 'o bright' replaced by 'of a bright'. Pg 222. 'with mose ease' replaced by 'with more ease'. Pg 242. 'yerhaps' replaced by 'perhaps'. Pg 244. 'does nor burn' replaced by 'does not burn'. Pg 263. 'powdered sulpur' replaced by 'powdered sulphur'. Pg 305. 'satisfation' replaced by 'satisfaction'. Pg 310. 'appear to to me' replaced by 'appear to me'. Pg 318. The * * * asterisks denote text omitted by the Editor. Pg 356. 'and by electricty' replaced by 'and by electricity'. Pg 358. 'above a a quarter' replaced by 'above a quarter'. Pg 404. 'most of of the' replaced by 'most of the'. Pg 406. 'silk handkercheif' replaced by 'silk handkerchief'. Pg 418. 'and bottless' replaced by 'and bottles'. Pg 424. 'è celle que' replaced by 'à celle que'. Pg 424. 'piquûres' replaced by 'piqûres'. Pg 426. 'évenénement' replaced by 'événement'. Pg 440. 'and so dicharge' replaced by 'and so discharge'. Index Pg 4i. 'Animalcnles' replaced by 'Animalcules'. Index Pg 29i. 'relation batween' replaced by 'relation between'.

The Index covers all three volumes and was originally printed at the end of Volume 1 only. It has been copied to the end of Volume 2 and 3 as a convenience for the reader.

The Index had no page numbers in the original text; page numbers from 1i to 36i have been added for completeness. For clarity, some volume identifiers (i. or ii. or iii.) have been added, or removed, in the index. Only references within this volume have been hyperlinked.

The Index has some references to page numbers with a *, eg 551*. These are valid references; the book printer inserted pages 543*-556* between pages 542 and 543 in Vol iii.