Part 34

_Glasses_, musical, described, ii. 330, _et seq._

_God_, saying in America respecting, iii. 401.

_Godfrey_, Thomas, a lodger with Franklin, i. 81. a member of the Junto, 83. inventor of Hadley's quadrant, _ibid._ wishes Franklin to marry a relation of his, 95.

_Gold_ and silver, remarks on exportation of, ii. 416.

_Golden_ fish, an electrical device, i. 233.

_Government_, free, only destroyed by corruption of manners, ii. 397.

_Gout_, dialogue with that disease, iii. 499.

_Grace_, Robert, member of the Junto club, i. 84, 89.

_Gratitude_ of America, letter on, iii. 239.

_Greasing_ the bottoms of ships, gives them more swiftness, ii. 180.

_Greece_, causes of its superiority over Persia, ii. 397.

_Greek_ empire, the destruction of, dispersed manufacturers over Europe, iii. 122.

_Green_ and red, relation between the colours of, ii. 341.

_Greenlanders_, their boats best for rowing, ii. 176.

_Guadaloupe_, its value to Britain over-rated, iii. 139.

_Gulph-stream_, observations on, ii. 186. whalers frequent its edges, _ibid._ long unknown to any but the American fishermen, _ibid._ how generated, 187. its properties, _ibid._ tornadoes and water-spouts attending it, accounted for, 188. how to avoid it, 197. Nantucket whalers best acquainted with it, 198. thermometrical observations on, 199. journal of a voyage across, _ibid._

_Gunpowder_, fired by electricity, i. 250. magazines of, how to secure them from lightning, 375. proposal for keeping it dry, 376.

H.

_Habits_, effects of, on population, ii. 393. 394.

_Hadley's_ quadrant, by whom invented, i. 83, 95.

_Hail_, brings down electrical fire, i. 292. how formed, ii. 66.

_Hamilton_, Mr. a friend of Franklin's, i. 54, 88.

_Handel_, criticism on one of his compositions, ii. 345.

_Harmony_, in music, what, ii. 339.

_Harp_, effect of, on the ancient Scotch tunes, ii. 340.

_Harry_, David, companion of Franklin's, i. 72, 93.

_Hats_, summer, should be white, ii. 109. the manufacture of, in New England, in 1760, iii. 131.

_Health_ of seamen, Captain Cook's method of preserving it recommended, ii. 190.

_Heat_, produced by electricity and by lightning, i. 338, 339. better conducted by some substances than others, ii. 56, 58. how propagated, 58. the pain it occasions, how produced, 78. in animals, how generated, 79, 125. in fermentation, the same as that of the human body, 80. great, at Philadelphia, in 1750, 85. general theory of, 122.

_Herrings_, shoals of, perceived by the smoothness of the sea, ii. 150.

_Hints_ to those that would be rich, iii. 466.

_Holmes_, Robert, brother-in-law to Franklin, i. 37, 71.

_Honesty_, often a very partial principle of conduct, ii. 430.

_Honours_, all descending ones absurd, iii. 550.

_Hopkins_, governor, his report of the number of inhabitants in Rhode Island, iii. 129.

_Horse-race_, electrical, i. 335.

_Hospital_, one founded by the exertions of Franklin, i. 126.

_Hospitals_, foundling, state of in England and France, iii. 544*, 548*.

_Hospitality_, a virtue of barbarians, iii. 391.

_Houses_, remarks on covering them with copper, ii. 318, 320. many in Russia covered with iron plates, 319. their construction in Paris renders them little liable to fires, 321.

_Howe_, lord, letter from, to Franklin, iii. 365. Franklin's answer to, 367.

_Hudson's_ river, winds there, ii. 52, 59.

_Hunters_, require much land to subsist on, ii. 384.

_Hurricanes_, how produced, ii. 7. why cold in hot climates, _ibid._

_Hutchinson_, governor, cause of the application for his removal, iii. 323. account of the letters of, 331, 551.

_Hygrometer_, best substances for forming one, ii. 136. mahogany recommended for forming one, 141.

I. J.

_Jackson_, Mr. remarks on population by, ii. 392.

_Jamaica_, its vacant lands not easily made sugar lands, iii. 140.

_Javelle_, his machinery for moving boats, ii. 177.

_Ice_ will not conduct an electric shock, i. 201.

_Ice-islands_, dangerous to shipping, ii. 176.

_Idleness_, the heaviest tax on mankind, ii. 411, iii. 454. encouraged by charity, ii. 422. reflections on, iii. 428.

_Jefferson_, Mr. letter from, on the character of Franklin, iii. 545.

_Jesuits_, hostility of the Indians in America excited by, iii. 95.

_Ignorance_, a frank acknowledgment of, commendable, i. 308.

_Imports_ into Pensylvania from Britain before 1766, iii. 250.

_Impress_ of seamen, notes on Judge Foster's argument in favour of, ii. 437.

_Inarticulation_ in modern singing, censured, ii. 348.

_Increase_ of mankind, observations on, ii. 383, and _seq._ what prevented by, 386, 387. how promoted, 388, 389. further observations on, 393.

_Indemnification_, just ground for requiring cessions from an enemy, iii. 93.

_Independence_, soon acquired in America, iii. 402.

_Indian trade_ and affairs, remarks on a plan for the future management of, iii. 216. spirituous liquors the great encouragement of, 219. the debts from, must be left to honour, 220. not an American but a British interest, 275.

_Indians_, of North America, a number of, murdered, i. 139. often excited by the French against the English, iii. 95. list of fighting men in the different nations of, 221. difference of their warfare from that of Europeans, 100. remarks concerning, 383. their mode of life, 384. public councils, 385. politeness in conversation, 386. rules in visiting, 388.

_Industry_, effects of Franklin's, i. 85. the cause of plenty, ii. 396. essential to the welfare of a people, 411. relaxed by cheapness of provisions, 415. a greater portion of, in every nation, than of idleness, 396, 429, iii. 396. its prevalence in America, iii. 373.

_Inflammability_ of the surface of rivers, ii. 130.

_Inland_ commerce, instances of, iii. 120.

_Innovations_ in language and printing, ii. 351.

_Inoculation_, letter on the deaths occasioned by, ii. 215. success of, in Philadelphia, 216, 217.

_Insects_, utility of the study of, ii. 93.

_Interrogation_, the mark of, how to be placed, ii. 356.

_Invention_, the faculty of, its inconveniences, i. 308.

_Inventions_, new, generally scouted, _ibid._

_Journal_ of a voyage, crossing the gulph-stream, ii. 199. from Philadelphia to France, 200, 201. from the channel to America, 202, _et seq._

_Iron_ contained in the globe, renders it a great magnet, ii. 119. query whether it existed at the creation, 126. hot, gives no bad smell, 247. yields no bad vapours, 248. rods, erected for experiments on the clouds, i. 270. conduct more lightning in proportion to their thickness, 282.

_Islands_ far from a continent have little thunder, i. 216.

_Italic_ types, use of, in printing, ii. 355.

_Judges_, mode of their appointment in America, in 1768, iii. 23.

_Junto._ See _Club_.

K.

_Keimer_, a connection of Franklin's, some account of, i. 35, 70, 93.

_Keith_, sir William, Franklin patronized by, i. 39. deceived by, 54. character of, 57.

_Kinnersley_, Mr. electrical experiments by, i. 261, _et seq._, 331.

_Kiss_, electrical, i. 177.

_Kite_ used to draw electricity from the clouds, i. 108. electrical, described, i. 268.

_Knobs_, not so proper as points, for conducting lightning, i. 359.

L.

_Labour_, why it will long continue dear in America, ii. 385. its advantages, 427, 428.

_Land_, terms on which it may be obtained in America, by settlers, iii. 409.

_Landing_ in a surf, supposed practicable, how, ii. 154. tried without success, 155.

_Language_, remarks on innovations in, ii. 351, _et seq._

_Laughers_, satyrized, iii. 425.

_Law_, the old courts of, in the colonies, as ample in their powers, as those in England, iii. 304.

_Law-expenses_, no discouragement to law-suits, iii. 270.

_Law-stamps_, a tax on the poor, iii. 269.

_Lead_, effects of, on the human constitution, ii. 219.

_Leaks_ in ships, why water enters by them most rapidly at first, ii. 109. means to prevent their being fatal, 170.

_Leather_ globe, proposed, instead of glass, for electrical experiments, i. 267.

_Left_ hand, a petition from, iii. 483.

_Leg_, handsome and deformed, humourous anecdote of, iii. 437.

_Legal_ tender of paper-money, its advantages, iii. 150. further remarks on, 151.

_Lending_ money, new mode of, iii. 463.

_Letter-founding_ effected by Franklin in America, i. 74.

_Leutmann_, J. G. extract from his vulcanus famulans, ii. 298.

_Leyden_ bottle, its phenomena explained, i. 179. analysed, 192. experiment to prove its qualities, 245. when sealed hermetically, retains long its electricity, 345.

_Liberty_ of the press, observations on, ii. 463. abused, 465. of the cudgel, should be allowed in return, 467.

_Libraries_, public, the first in America set on foot by Franklin, i. 99. are now numerous in America, 100. advantages of, to liberty, 101.

_Life_ and death, observations on the doctrines of, ii. 222.

_Light_, difference between that from the sun and that from a fire in electrical experiments, i. 173. difficulties in the doctrines of, i. 253. queries concerning, _ibid._ visibility of its infinitely small particles computed, ii. 90. new theory of, 122.

_Lighthouse-tragedy_, an early poem of Franklin's, i. 16.

_Lightning_, represented by electricity, i. 176. drawn from the clouds, by a kite, 268. by an iron rod, _ibid._ reasons for proposing the experiment on, 304. its effects at Newbury, 310. will leave other substances, to pass through metals, 312. communicates magnetism to iron, 314. objections to the hypothesis of its being collected from the sea, 318, 323. effects of, on a wire at New York, 326. on Mr. West's pointed rod, 340, _et seq._ how it shivers trees, 359. effects of, on conductors in Carolina, 361, 362, 364. does not enter through openings, 368. should be distinguished from its light, 369. an explosion always accompanies it, _ibid._ observations on its effects on St. Bride's church, 374, 382. how to preserve buildings from, 377. personal danger from, how best avoided, 381. brought down by a pointed rod, in a large quantity, 389. how to prevent a stroke of, at sea, ii. 175.

_Linnæus_, instance of public benefit arising from his knowledge of insects, ii. 94.

_London_, atmosphere of, moister than that of the country, ii. 139.

_Loyalty_ of America before the troubles, iii. 237.

_Luxury_, beneficial when not too common, ii. 389. definition of, 395, 425. extinguishes families, 395. not to be extirpated by laws, 401. further observations on, 425.

_Lying-to_, the only mode yet used for stopping a vessel at sea, ii. 181.

M.

_Maddeson_, Mr. death of, lamented, iii. 544*.

_Magazine_ of powder, how to secure it from lightning, i. 375.

_Magical_ circle of circles, ii. 327. picture, i. 195. square of squares, ii. 324.

_Magnetism_, animal, detected and exposed, i. 150. given by electricity, 248, 314. and electricity, affinity between, 410. supposed to exist in all space, ii. 119, 126. conjectures as to its effects on the globe, 120. enquiry how it first came to exist, 126.

_Mahogany_, expands and shrinks, according to climate, ii. 138. recommended for an hygrometer, 141.

_Mandeville_, Franklin's acquaintance with, i. 39.

_Manners_, effects of, on population, ii. 393, _et seq._ letter to the Busy-body on the want of, iii. 432.

_Manufactures_, produce greater proportionate returns than raw materials, ii. 410. founded in the want of land for the poor, iii. 107. are with difficulty transplanted from one country to another, 121. hardly ever lost but by foreign conquest, 122. probability of their establishment in America, 260. want no encouragement from the government, if a country be ripe for them, 405.

_Maritime_ observations, ii. 162.

_Marly_, experiments made at, for drawing lightning from the clouds, i. 421.

_Marriage_ of Franklin, i. 97.

_Marriages_, where the greatest number take place, ii. 383. why frequent and early in America, 385. iii. 113, 403. early, letter on, iii. 475.

_Maryland_, account of a whirlwind there, ii. 61. of paper bills formerly issued there, iii. 155. its conduct in a French war, previous to the American troubles, defended, 262.

_Massachusets_ bay, petition of the inhabitants of, to the king, iii. 325.

_Matter_, enquiry into the supposed vis inertiæ of, ii. 110. man can neither create nor annihilate it, 123.

_Mawgridge_, William, member of the Junto club, i. 84.

_Maxims_, prudential, from poor Richard's almanack, iii. 453.

_Mazeas_, abbe, letter from, i. 420.

_Meal_, grain, &c. manner of preserving them good for ages, i. 376. ii. 190.

_Mechanics_, advantages of an early attention to, i. 14.

_Mediocrity_, prevalence of, in America, iii. 399.

_Melody_ in music, what, ii. 340.

_Men_, six, struck down by an electric shock, i. 306.

_Mercer_, Dr. letter from, on a water-spout, ii. 34.

_Merchants_ and shopkeepers in America, iii. 394.

_Meredith_, Hugh, companion of Franklin, short account of, i. 72, 76, 89.

_Metalline_ rods, secure buildings from lightning, i. 281. either prevent or conduct a stroke, 310.

_Metals_, melted by electricity and by lightning, i. 215, 229. when melted by electricity, stain glass, 232. polished, spotted by electrical sparks, 253. feel colder than wood, why, ii. 56.

_Meteorological_ observations, ii. 1, 45, 66.

_Methusalem_ slept always in the open air, iii. 495.

_Mickle_, Samuel, a prognosticator of evil, i. 81.

_Military_ manners, effects of, ii. 398, 399. power of the king, remarks on, iii. 307.

_Militia_ bill, Franklin the author of one, i. 132. particular one, rejected by the governor of Pensylvania, 100. iii. 157.

_Mines_, method of changing air in them, ii. 291. of rock salt, conjectures as to their formation, 92.

_Mists_, how supported in air, ii. 5.

_Modesty_ in disputation recommended, ii. 317.

_Money_, how to make it plenty, iii. 467. new mode of lending, 468.

_Moral_ principles, state of Franklin's mind respecting, on his entering into business, i. 79.

_Morals_ of chess, iii. 488.

_Motion_, the communication and effects of, ii. 7, 8. of vessels at sea, how to be stopped, 181.

_Mountains_, use of, in producing rain and rivers, i. 208. why the summits of, are cold, ii. 6. conjecture how they became so high, 91.

_Music_, harmony and melody of the old Scotish, ii. 338. modern, defects of, 343.

_Musical_ glasses described, ii. 330.

N.

_Nantucket_ whalers best acquainted with the gulph-stream, ii. 198.

_National_ wealth, data for reasoning on, ii. 408. three ways of acquiring, 410.

_Navigation_, difference of, in shoal and deep water, ii. 158. observations on, 195, 196. from Newfoundland to New York, 197. inland, in America, iii. 118.

_Needle_ of a compass, its polarity reversed by lightning, i. 248, 325. of wood, circular motion of, by electricity, 332, 351.

_Needles_, magnetised by electricity, i. 148. and pins, melted by electricity, 249.

_Negatively_ electrised bodies repel each other, i. 294.

_Negroes_ bear heat better, and cold worse, than whites, ii. 86.

_Newbury_, effects of a stroke of lightning there, i. 310.

_New-England_, former flourishing state of, from the issue of paper money, iii. 145. circumstances which rendered the restriction of paper money there not injurious, 148. abolition of paper currency there, 263.

_Newfoundland_ fisheries, more valuable than the mines of Peru, iii. 452.

_Newspaper_, one sufficient for all America, in 1721, i. 23. instance of one set up by Franklin at Philadelphia, 86.

_New-York_, effects of lightning there, i. 326. former flourishing state of, from the issue of paper-money, iii. 146. sentiments of the colonists on the act for abolishing the legislature of, 232. obtained in exchange for Surinam, 349.

_Nollet_, Abbé, Franklin's theory of electricity opposed by, i. 113. remarks on his letters, 430.

_Non-conductors_ of electricity, i. 378.

_Non-electric_, its property in receiving or giving electrical fire, i. 193.

_North-east_ storms in America, account of, ii. 68.

_Nurses_, office at Paris for examining the health of, iii. 549*.

O.

_Oak_ best for flooring and stair-cases, ii. 321.

_Ohio_, distance of its fort from the sea, iii. 119, note.

_Oil_, effect of heat on, ii. 4. evaporates only in dry air, _ibid._ renders air unfit to take up water, _ibid._ curious instance of its effects on water in a lamp, 142. stilling of waves by means of, 144, 145, 148, 150, 151, 154.

_Old_ man's wish, song so called quoted, iii. 546*.

_Onslow_, Arthur, dedication of a work to, by Franklin, iii. 59.

_Opinions_, vulgar ones too much slighted, ii. 146. regard to established ones, thought wisdom in a government, iii. 226.

_Orthography_, a new mode of, ii. 359.

_Osborne_, a friend of Franklin's, i. 50, 53

_Oversetting_ at sea, how it occurs, ii. 172. how to be prevented, _ibid._, 173.

_Outriggers_ to boats, advantages of, ii. 173.

P.

_Packthread_, though wet, not a good conductor, i. 200.

_Paine's_ Common Sense, Franklin supposed to have contributed to, i. 148.

_Paper_, how to make large sheets, in the Chinese way, ii. 349. a poem, iii. 522.

_Paper-credit_, cannot be circumscribed by law, ii. 418.

_Paper-money_, pamphlet written by Franklin on, i. 91. American, remarks and facts relative to, iii. 144. advantages of, over gold and silver, iii. 152.

_Papers_ on philosophical subjects, i. 169, _et seq._ ii. 1, _et seq._ on general politics, ii. 383, _et seq._ on American subjects, before the revolution, iii. 3, _et seq._ during the revolution, iii. 225, _et seq._ subsequent to the revolution, iii. 383, _et seq._ on moral subjects, iii. 421, _et seq._

_Parable_ against persecution, ii. 450.

_Paradoxes_ inferred from some experiments, i. 262.

_Paralysis_, effects of electricity on, i. 401.

_Parliament_ of England, opinions in America, in 1766, concerning, iii. 254.

_Parsons_, William, member of the Junto club, i. 83.

_Parties_, their use in republics, iii. 396.

_Party_ of pleasure, electrical, i. 202.

_Passages_ to and from America, how to be shortened, ii. 138. why shorter from, than to, America, 189.

_Passengers_ by sea, instructions to, ii. 192.

_Patriotism_, spirit of, catching, iii. 90.

_Peace_, the victorious party may insist on adequate securities in the terms of, iii. 96.

_Penn_, governor, remarks on his administration, iii. 183. sold his legislative right in Pensylvania, but did not complete the bargain, 189.

_Pensylvania_, Franklin appointed clerk to the general assembly of, i. 102. forms a plan of association for the defence of, 104. becomes a member of the general assembly of, 114. aggrievances of, iii. 50. infraction of its charter, 52. review of the constitution of, 59. former flourishing state of, from the issue of paper-money, 146. rate of exchange there, 154. letter on the militia bill of, 157. settled by English and Germans, 162. English and German, its provincial languages, _ib._ pecuniary bargains between the governors and assembly of, 165. taxes there, 246, 251. number of its inhabitants, 249. proportion of quakers, and of Germans, _ibid._ exports and imports, 250. assembly of, in 1766, how composed, 252.

_Pensylvanian_ fire-places, account of, ii. 223. particularly described, 235. effects of, 239. manner of using them, 241. advantages of, 243. objections to, answered, 247. directions to bricklayers respecting, 251.

_Peopling_ of countries, observations on, ii. 383, _et seq._

_Perkins_, Dr. letter from, on water-spouts, ii. 11. on shooting stars, 36.

_Persecution_, parable against, ii. 450. of dissenters, letter on, 452. of quakers in New England, 454.

_Perspirable_ matter, pernicious, if retained, ii. 50.

_Perspiration_, necessary to be kept up, in hot climates, ii. 86. difference of, in persons when naked and clothed, 214.

_Petition_ from the colonists of Massachusets bay, iii. 325. of the left hand, 483.

_Petty_, sir William, a double vessel built by, ii. 174.

_Philadelphia_, Franklin's first arrival at, i. 32. account of a seminary there, instituted by Franklin, 116 to 127. state of the public bank at, iii. 551*.

_Phytolacca_, or poke weed, a specific for cancers, i. 261.

_Picture_, magical, described, i. 195.

_Plain_ truth, Franklin's first political pamphlet, iii. 524.

_Plan_ for benefiting distant countries, ii. 403. for settling two western colonies, iii. 41. for the management of Indian affairs, remarks on, 216. for improving the condition of the free blacks, 519.

_Planking_ of ships, improvement in, ii. 189.

_Pleurisy_, Franklin attacked by, i. 71, 154.

_Plus_ and minus electricity, in the Leyden bottle, i. 181. in other bodies, 185.

_Pointed_ rods, secure buildings from lightning, i. 283, 381. experiments and observations on, 388. objections to, answered, 395, 396.

_Points_, their effects, i. 170. property of, explained, 223. experiment showing the effect of, on the clouds, 283. mistake respecting, 310.

_Poke-weed_, a cure for cancers, i. 260, 261.

_Polarity_ given to needles by electricity, i. 248.

_Poles_ of the earth, if changed, would produce a deluge, ii. 127.

_Political_ fragments, ii. 411.

_Polypus_, a nation compared to, ii. 391.

_Poor_, remarks on the management of, ii. 418. the better provided for, the more idle, 422.

_Poor_ Richard, maxims of, iii. 453.

_Pope_, criticism on two of his lines, i. 23.

_Population_, observations on, ii. 383. causes which diminish it, 386. occasional vacancies in, soon filled by natural generation, 390. rate of its increase in America, 385. iii. 113, 250, 254. why it increases faster there, than in England, iii. 255.

_Positions_ concerning national wealth, ii. 408.

_Positiveness_, impropriety of, ii. 318.

_Postage_, not a tax, but payment for a service, iii. 265. state of, in America, in 1766, 279.

_Post-master_, and deputy post-master general, Franklin appointed to the offices of, i. 102, 127.

_Potts_, Stephen, a companion of Franklin's, i. 72, 84.

_Poultry_, not good at sea, ii. 193.

_Powder-magazines_, how secured from lightning, i. 375.

_Power_ to move a heavy body, how to be augmented, ii. 191.

_Pownall_, governor, memorial of, to the Duke of Cumberland, iii. 41. letter from, on an equal communication of rights to America, 243. constitution of the colonies by, 299.

_Preface_ to Mr. Galloway's speech, iii. 163. to proceedings of the inhabitants of Boston, 317.

_Presbyterianism_, established religion in New England, ii. 454.