Part 35

_Cables_, why apt to part when weighing anchor in a swell, ii. 167. this defect of, remedied, 168.

_Cabot_, Sebastian, his commission from Henry VII., iii. 348.

_Calvinism_, Franklin educated in the principles of, i. 79.

_Campaign_ in America, account of the first, iii. 357.

_Canals_, observations on their depth, ii. 159.

_Canada_, importance of, to England, i. 136. visited by Franklin, 147. its extent, iii. 20. pamphlet on the importance of, 89. easily peopled without draining Britain, 139.

_Cancers_, specific for, i. 260, 261.

_Candles_ lighted by electricity, i. 176. distance at which the flame of, may be seen, ii. 90.

_Cann_, silver, a singular experiment on, i. 307.

_Canoes_ of the American Indians, their advantages, ii. 176.

_Canton_, Mr. John, experiments by, i. 286, 346. draws electricity from the clouds, 428.

_Capitals_, their use in printing, ii. 352.

_Caribbees_, possession of, only a temporary benefit, iii. 142.

_Carolina_, South, see _Lightning_.

_Cavendish_, lord Charles, his electrical experiments, i. 348.

_Cayenne_ would be a great acquisition to Britain, iii. 140.

_Centre_ of the earth, hypothesis concerning, ii. 119, 127.

_Cessions_ from an enemy, on what grounds may be demanded, iii. 93.

_Chapel_, nickname for a printing house, i. 63.

_Character_, remarks on the delineation of, iii. 445.

_Charcoal-fires_, hurtful, ii. 235.

_Charging_ and discharging, in electricity, explained, i. 190. a number of bottles at once, how done, _ibid._

_Charters_ of the colonies could not be altered by parliament, iii. 332.

_Chess_, morals of, iii. 488. not an idle amusement, _ibid._ teaches various virtues, 489. advice to those who play, 490. too intense an application to, injurious, 500.

_Chimnies_, different kinds of, enumerated, ii. 228. inconvenience of the old-fashioned ones, 229. defect of more modern ones, 230. have not long been in use in England, 277. Staffordshire, described, 285. have a draft of air up and down, 289. may be used for keeping provisions in summer, 290. may be of use to miners, 291. funnels to, what the best, 292, 295. method of contracting them, 317. smoky. See _Smoky_.

_China_, provision made there against famine, ii. 407.

_Chinese_ wisely divide the holds of their vessels by partitions, ii. 171. how they row their boats, 177. their method of warming ground floors, 292. improvement in this method suggested, 293. their method of making large paper, 349.

_Circle_, magical, account of, ii. 327, 328.

_Cities_, spring water gradually deteriorates in, i. 163. do not supply themselves with inhabitants, ii. 384.

_Clark_, Dr. of Boston, quoted, on the instigation of the American Indians against the English, iii. 95, 100, 102.

_Clothes_, wet, may preserve from lightning, i. 213. will relieve thirst, ii. 104. do not give colds, _ibid._ imbibe heat according to their colour, 108. white, most suitable for hot climates, _ibid._

_Clothing_ does not give, but preserves, warmth, ii. 81.

_Clouds_, at land and at sea, difference between, i. 207. formed at sea, how brought to rain on land, 208. driven against mountains, form springs and rivers, 209. passing different ways, accounted for, 211. electrical, attracted by trees, spires, &c. 213. manner in which they become electrised, 257, 305. are electrised sometimes negatively and sometimes positively, 274, 277, 284, 292. electricity drawn from them, at Marly, 420. by Mr. Cauton, 428. by Dr. Bevis, 429, by Mr. Wilson, _ibid._ how supported in air, ii. 5. how formed, 7. whether winds are generated or can be confined in them, 57. have little more solidity than fogs, _ibid._

_Club_, called the Junto, instituted by Franklin, i. 82. rules of, ii. 366, 369. questions discussed in, 369.

_Coal_, sea, letter on the nature of, ii. 128.

_Cold_, why seemingly greater in metals than in wood, ii. 56, 77. sensation of, how produced, 57. only the absence of heat, 81. produced by chemical mixtures, _ibid._ evaporation. See _Evaporation_.

_Colden_, Mr. his remarks on Abbé Nollet's letters, i. 430. meteorological observations, ii. 51. observations on water-spouts, 53.

_Colds_, causes of, ii. 214, 230.

_Coleman_, William, a member of the Junto club, i. 84, 89.

_Colica pictorum_, caused by lead, ii. 219.

_Collins_, John, an early friend of Franklin's, i. 17, 27, 41, 43, 44.

_Collinson_, Mr. some account of, iii. 514.

_Colonial_ governments in America of three kinds, iii. 50.

_Colonies_, the settlement of, does not diminish national numbers, ii. 391. their prosperity beneficial to the mother country, iii. 113. are intitled to distinct governments, 303. American, preferable to the West Indies, _ibid._ not dangerous to Britain, 132. aids to government, how given by, 225, 226. originally governed by the crown, independent of Parliament, 291. not settled at the expence of Britain, 348.

_Colonists_ in America, double their number in 25 years, iii. 113. from Britain, their rights, 299.

_Colours._ See _Clothes_.

_Comazants_, or corposants, are electrical appearances, i. 248.

_Commerce_, influence of, on the manners of a people, ii. 400. is best encouraged by being left free, 415. should not be prohibited in time of war, 417. by inland carriage, how supported, iii. 116.

_Common-sense_, by Paine, Franklin supposed to have contributed to, i. 148.

_Compass_, instances of its losing its virtue by lightning, i. 248. how to remedy the want of, at sea, ii. 191.

_Conductors_ of lightning, very common in America, i. 113. first suggestion of the utility of, 227. construction of, 358. particulars relating to, 377. of electricity, difference in the action of, 200, 303. which the most perfect, 253, 256. and non-conductors, other terms substituted for, _ibid._ of common fire, their properties and differences, ii. 76, 77. experiments on, ii. 77.

_Congress_, Franklin appointed a delegate to, i. 146. proposed overture from, in 1775, iii. 347.

_Consecration_ of bells in France, form of, i. 384.

_Conspirators_, electrical, meaning of the term, i. 196.

_Controversy_, benefit of, iii. 92.

_Conversation_, advantage of useful topics of, at dinner, i. 12.

_Cook_, captain, circular letter concerning, iii. 515. copy of the voyages of, presented to Franklin, by the Admiralty, 517.

Cookery, at sea, generally bad, ii. 194.

_Copper_, manner of covering houses with, ii. 318, 320, 322.

_Copper_ plate printing-press, the first in America, constructed by Franklin, i. 77.

_Corn_, ill policy of laying restraints on the exportation of, ii. 413, 418.

_Countries_, distant and unprovided, a plan for benefiting, ii. 403.

_Creation_, conjectures as to, ii. 118.

_Credit_, that of America and Britain in 1777, compared, iii. 372. depends on payment of loans, 373. industry and frugality, 374. public spirit, 375. income and security, 376. prospects of future ability, _ibid._ prudence, 377. character for honesty, 378. is money to a tradesman, 464.

_Criminal_ laws, reflections on, ii. 439.

_Crooked_ direction of lightning explained, i. 316.

_Cutler_, circumstance that prevented Franklin's being apprenticed to one, i. 14.

_Currents_ at sea, often not perceivable, ii. 185.

_Cyder_, the best quencher of thirst, ii. 195.

D.

_Dalrymple_, Mr. scheme of a voyage under his command to benefit remote regions, ii. 403.

_Damp_ air, why more chilling than dry air that is colder, ii. 56, 77.

_Dampier_, account of a water-spout by, ii. 33. references to his voyage, on the subject of water-spouts, 58.

_Dampness_ on walls, cause of, ii. 50.

_Day-light_, proposal to use it instead of candle-light, iii. 470.

_Deacon_, Isaac, from an underling to a surveyor, becomes inspector- general of America, i. 78. prognosticates the future eminence in life of Franklin, _ib._

_Death_ of Franklin, i. 153. letter from Dr. Price on, iii. 541. of relatives, reflections on, 507.

_Deism_, effects on Franklin of books written against, i. 79.

_Deluge_, accounted for, ii. 127.

_Denham_, a quaker, a friend of Franklin's, i. 54. extraordinary trait of honesty of, to his creditors, 67. Franklin's engagement with, as a clerk, 68, 70.

_Denmark_, the people of, not subject to colds, ii. 244.

_Denny_, governor, remarks on his official conduct in Pensylvania, iii. 170.

_Desaquiliers_, his experiment on the vapour of hot iron, ii. 249.

_Dew_, how produced, i. 207.

_Dialogue_, between Franklin and the gout, iii. 499.

_Dickenson_, Mr. his remarks on the views of England in framing laws over the colonies, iii. 234. remarks on his conduct, 192. on his protest, 202.

_Discontented_ dispositions satirized, iii. 485.

_Discontents_ in America before 1768, causes of, iii. 225.

_Dissentions_ between England and America, letter on, iii. 310.

_Dissertation_, early one of Franklin's, that he repented having written, i. 58.

_Disputation_, modesty in, recommended, i. 21. ii. 317.

_Disputes_ between Franklin and his brother, to whom he was apprenticed, i. 24.

_Domien_, a traveller, short account of, i. 302.

_Drawling_, a defect in modern tunes, ii. 345.

_Dreams_, art of procuring pleasant ones, iii. 493.

_Dumas_, Monsieur, letter to, on the aid wanted by America in her struggle for independence, iii. 360.

_Duna_ river, not to be confounded with the Dwina, iii. 119, note.

_Dust_, how raised and carried up into the air, ii. 3.

_Duties_, moral, the knowledge of, more important than the knowledge of nature, ii. 95.

_Dutch_ iron stove, advantages and defects of, ii. 233.

E.

_Early_ impressions, lasting effect of, on the mind, iii. 478.

_Earth_ will dissolve in air, ii. 2. dry, will not conduct electricity, i. 206. the, sometimes strikes lightning into the clouds, 274. grows no hotter under the summer sun, why, ii. 86. different strata of, 116. theory of, 117.

_Earthquakes_, general good arising from, ii. 116. how occasioned, 120, 128.

_Eaton_, in Northamptonshire, residence of Franklin's family, i. 3.

_Ebb_ and flood, explanation of the terms, ii. 100.

_Economical_ project, iii. 469.

_Edinburgh_, an ordinance there against the purchase of prize-goods, ii. 447.

_Education_ of women, controversy respecting, i. 17.

_Eel_, electrical, of Surinam, i. 408, 409.

_Effluvia_ of drugs, &c. will not pass through glass, i. 243.

_Electrical_ air-thermometer described, i. 336, _et seq._ atmosphere, how produced, 221. how drawn off, 222. atmospheres repel each other, 294. repel electric matter in other bodies, _ib._ battery, its construction, 193. clouds, experiment regarding, 229. death, the easiest, 307. experiments, Franklin's eager pursuit of, 104. made in France, 109. various, 182, 229, 254, 255, 261, 271, 278, 286, 294, 307, 327, 337, 348, 371, 434. fire, not created by friction, but collected, 173. passes through water, 202. loves water and subsists in it, 203. diffused through all matter, 205 visible on the surface of the sea, _ibid._ its properties and uses, 214, _et seq._ produces common fire, 214, 238, 356. has the same crooked direction as lightning, 315. fluid, its beneficial uses, 219. is strongly attracted by glass, 236. manner of its acting through glass hermetically sealed, 241. a certain quantity of, in all kinds of matter, 275. nature of its explosion, 280. chooses the best conductor, 281, 378. force, may be unboundedly increased, 251. horse-race, 334. jack for roasting, 197. kiss, its force increased, 177. kite, described, 268. machine; simple and portable one, described, 178. matter, its properties, 217, 294. party of pleasure, 202. phial, or Leyden bottle, its phenomena explained, 179. shock, observations on, 182. effects of a strong one on the human body, 297, 306. spark, perforates a quire of paper, 195. wheel, its construction, 196. self-moving one, 198.

_Electricity_, summary of its progress, i. 104. positive and negative, discovered, 106. distinguished, 175. in a tourmalin, 370. does not affect the elasticity of the air, 254. its similarity to lightning, 288. its effects on paralysis, 401. of fogs in Ireland, 405. supposed affinity between, and magnetism, 410.

_Electrics per se_ and non-electrics, difference between, i. 242, 258.

_Electrified_ bumpers described, i. 203.

_Electrisation_, what constitutes the state of, i. 218. various appearances of, 175. variety of, 176.

_Electrising_ one's self, manner of, i. 174.

_Elocution_, how best taught, ii. 374.

_Embassador_ from the United States to France, Franklin appointed to the office of, i. 148.

_Emblematical_ design illustrative of the American troubles, iii. 371.

_Emigrants_ to America, advice to, iii. 398.

_Empire_, rules for reducing a great one, iii. 334.

_England_, Franklin's first arrival in, i. 55. second arrival in, as agent for the province of Pensylvania, 134. third arrival in, as agent for the same province, 141. its air moister than that of America, ii. 140. decrease of population in, doubtful, 296.

_English_, effect of the ancient manners of, ii. 399. language, innovations in, 351.

_Enterprises_, public, Franklin's early disposition for, i. 10.

_Ephemera_, an emblem of human life, iii. 508.

_Epitaph_ on Franklin's parents, i. 13. on himself, 155.

_Episcopalians_, conduct of the American legislature towards, ii. 455.

_Errors_ of Franklin's early life, i. 45, 58, 61, 80, 97.

_Ether_, what, ii. 59.

_Evaporation_, cold produced by, i. 344, ii. 76, 83, 85. of rivers, effects of, 106.

_Examination_ of Franklin before the house of commons, i. 142, iii. 245. before the privy council, 328. further particulars of, 551.

_Exchange_, rate of, between Philadelphia and Britain, iii. 252.

_Exercise_, should precede meals, iii. 493.

_Experiments_, to show the electrical effect of points, i. 171, 172. to prove the electrical state of the Leyden phial, 182. of firing spirits by a spark sent through a river, 202. to show how thunder-storms produce rain, 209. on the clouds, proposed, 228. on drugs electrified, 243. on the elasticity of the air, 254. on the electric fluid, 255. by Mr. Kennersley, 261. on the electricity of the clouds, 271. for increasing electricity, 278. by Mr. Canton, 286. in pursuance of those of Mr. Canton, 294. on a silver cann, 307. on the velocity of the electric fluid, 327, 329, 330. for producing cold by evaporation, 344. on the different effects of electricity, 357. by lord Charles Cavendish, 348. on the tourmalin, 371. to show the utility of long pointed rods to houses, 389. on amber, 403 _et seq._ on the Leyden phial, 434. on different coloured cloths, ii. 108, 109. on the sailing of boats, 160.

_Exportation_ of gold and silver, observations on, ii. 416.

_Exports_ to North America and the West Indies, iii. 127, 128. to Pensylvania, 129, 250. from ditto, 250.

_Eye_, retains the images of luminous objects, ii. 340.

F.

_Facts_, should be ascertained before we attempt to account for them, ii. 96.

_Family_ of Franklin, account of, i. 5. _et seq._

_Famine_, how provided against in China, ii. 407.

_Fanning_, how it cools, ii. 87.

_Farmers_, remonstrance in behalf of, ii. 420.

_Federal_ constitution, speech on, iii. 416.

_Felons_, transportation of, to America, highly disagreeable to the inhabitants, iii. 235.

_Fermenting_ liquors, their steam deleterious, ii. 59.

Fire, not destroyed by water, but dispersed, i. 172. makes air specifically lighter, 206. exists in all bodies, 214. common and electrical, exist together, _ibid._ a region of, above our atmosphere, 257, ii. 124. many ways of kindling it, i. 356. exists in a solid or quiescent state in substances, _ibid._ ii. 80, 122. recovers its fluidity by combustion, _ibid._ is a fluid permeating all bodies, 76. conductors of, are also best conductors of the electric fluid, _ibid._ difference between, and electrical conductors, 77. how diffused through substances, 78. how generated in animated bodies, 79. theory of, 122. a fixed and permanent quantity of, in the universe, 123. its properties, 227. electrical, see _Electrical_.

_Fire-companies_, numerous at Philadelphia, i. 103.

_Fire-places_, Pensylvanian, account of, ii. 225. large and open, inconvenient, 228. hollow backed, by Gauger, 232. Staffordshire, 285. an ingenious one for serving two rooms, 296.

_Fires_, at sea, how often produced, ii. 174. great and bright, damage the eyes and skin, 230.

_Fisheries_, value of those of Newfoundland, iii. 452.

_Flame_, preserves bodies from being consumed while surrounding them, ii. 310, 311.

_Flaxseed_, amount of the exportation of from America to Ireland, iii. 270.

_Flesh_, of animals, made tender by lightning and by electricity, i. 359, 414.

_Flies_, drowned in America, brought to life in England, ii. 223.

_Flood_ and ebb, explanation of the terms, ii. 100.

_Florence_ flask, when filled with boiling water, not chargeable with electricity, i. 332, 345.

_Fog_, great, in 1783, ii. 68. conjectures as to its cause, _ibid._

_Fogs_, how supported in air, ii. 5. electricity of, in Ireland, i. 405.

_Folger_, family-name of Franklin's mother, i. 8.

_Foreigners_, the importation of, not necessary to fill up occasional vacancies in population, ii. 390.

_Forts_ in the back settlements, not approved of, iii. 99.

_Foster_, judge, notes on his argument for the impress of seamen, ii. 437.

_Foundering_ at sea, accidents that occasion it, ii. 169, 170.

_Fountain_, when electrified, its stream separates, i. 206.

_Fowls_, improperly treated at sea, ii. 193.

_Fragments_, political, ii. 411.

_France_, its air moister than that of America, ii. 140. effects of its military manners, 399.

_Franklin_, derivation of the name, i. 4. genealogy of the family of, 5.

_Franks_, the improper use of, reprobated, ii. 435.

_Freezing_ to death in summer, possibility of, ii. 84.

_French_ language, its general use, ii. 353.

_Frontiers_, in America, the attack of, the common cause of the state, iii. 109.

_Frugality_, advantages of, ii. 397. observance of, in America, iii. 374

_Fruit-walls_, blacking them recommended, ii. 110.

_Fuel_, scarce in Philadelphia, ii. 225.

_Fulling-mills_ in America, iii. 270.

_Fusion_, cold, of metals, supposed, i. 215. proves a mistake, 339. error respecting it acknowledged, 355.

G.

_Galloway_, Mr, preface to his speech, iii. 163.

_Garnish-money_, practice among printers of demanding it, i. 63.

_Gauger_, M. his invention for fire-places, ii. 232.

_Genealogy_ of the Franklin family, i. 5.

_German_ stoves, advantages and disadvantages of, ii. 234.

_Germany_, why the several states of, encourage foreign manufactures in preference to those of each other, iii. 118. note.

_Gilding_, its properties as a conductor, i. 201. the effects of lightning and of electricity on, 229. fails as a conductor after a few shocks, 231.

_Glass_, has always the same quantity of electrical fire, i. 191. possesses the whole power of giving a shock, 192, 247. in panes, when first used in an electrical experiment, 193, 194. great force in small portions of, 199. impermeable to the electric fluid, 234, 310. strongly attracts the electric fluid, 236. cannot be electrified negatively, _ibid._ its opposite surfaces, how affected, _ibid._ its component parts and pores extremely fine, 237. manner of its operation in producing electricity, _ibid._ its elasticity, to what owing, 239. thick, resists a change of the quantity of electricity of its different sides, 242. rod of, will not conduct a shock, _ibid._ when fluid, or red hot, will conduct electricity, 256. difference in its qualities, 301. error as to its pores, 302. will admit the electric fluid, when moderately heated, 345, 347. when cold retains the electric fluid, 346. experiments on warm and cold, 348. singular tube and ball of, 386.

_Glasses_, musical, described, ii. 330, _et seq._

_God_, saying in America respecting, iii. 401.

_Godfrey_, Thomas, a lodger with Franklin, i. 81. a member of the Junto, 83. inventor of Hadley's quadrant, _ibid._ wishes Franklin to marry a relation of his, 95.

_Gold_ and silver, remarks on exportation of, ii. 416.

_Golden_ fish, an electrical device, i. 233.

_Government_, free, only destroyed by corruption of manners, ii. 397.

_Gout_, dialogue with that disease, iii. 499.

_Grace_, Robert, member of the Junto club, i. 84, 89.

_Gratitude_ of America, letter on, iii. 239.

_Greasing_ the bottoms of ships, gives them more swiftness, ii. 180.

_Greece_, causes of its superiority over Persia, ii. 397.

_Greek_ empire, the destruction of, dispersed manufacturers over Europe, iii. 122.

_Green_ and red, relation between the colours of, ii. 341.

_Greenlanders_, their boats best for rowing, ii. 176.

_Guadaloupe_, its value to Britain over-rated, iii. 139.

_Gulph-stream_, observations on, ii. 186. whalers frequent its edges, _ibid._ long unknown to any but the American fishermen, _ibid._ how generated, 187. its properties, _ibid._ tornadoes and water-spouts attending it, accounted for, 188. how to avoid it, 197. Nantucket whalers best acquainted with it, 198. thermometrical observations on, 199. journal of a voyage across, _ibid._

_Gunpowder_, fired by electricity, i. 250. magazines of, how to secure them from lightning, 375. proposal for keeping it dry, 376.

H.

_Habits_, effects of, on population, ii. 393. 394.

_Hadley's_ quadrant, by whom invented, i. 83, 95.

_Hail_, brings down electrical fire, i. 292. how formed, ii. 66.

_Hamilton_, Mr. a friend of Franklin's, i. 54, 88.

_Handel_, criticism on one of his compositions, ii. 345.

_Harmony_, in music, what, ii. 339.

_Harp_, effect of, on the ancient Scotch tunes, ii. 340.

_Harry_, David, companion of Franklin's, i. 72, 93.

_Hats_, summer, should be white, ii. 109. the manufacture of, in New England, in 1760, iii. 131.

_Health_ of seamen, Captain Cook's method of preserving it recommended, ii. 190.