Part 40

Carte blanche (_cart-blansh_). Unconditional terms. Chateau (_shat-o_). Country-seat. Chef d’œuvre (_she-deuvre_). Master piece. Ci-devant (_see-de-vang_). Formerly. Comme il faut (_com-e-fo_). As it should be. Con amore (_con-a-mo-re_). Gladly. Conge d’elire (_congee-de-leer_). Permission to choose. Corps (_core_). Body. Coup de grace (_coo-de-grass_). Finishing stroke. Coup de main (_coo-de-main_). Sudden enterprize. Coup d’œil (_coo-deil_) View, or Glance.

Debut (_de-bu_). Beginning. Denouement (_de-nooa-mong_). Finishing, or Winding up. Dernier ressort (_dern-yair-res-sor_). Last resort. Depôt (_dee-po_). Store, or Magazine. Dieu et mon droit (_dew-a-mon-drwau_). God and my right. Double entendre (_doo-blean-tan-der_). Double meaning. Douceur (_doo-seur_). A bribe.

Eclaircissement (_ec-lair-cis-mong_). Explanation. Eclat (_ec-la_). Splendour. Eleve (_el-ave_). Pupil. En bon point (_ang-bon-poing_). Jolly. En flute (_ang-flute_). Carrying guns on the upper deck only. En masse (_ang-mass_). In a mass. En passant (_ang-pas-sang_). By the way.

Ennui (_ang-wee_). Tiresomeness. Entreé (_ong-tray_). Entrance.

Faux pas (_fo-pa_). Misconduct.

Honi soit qui mal y pense (_ho-nee-swau kee mal e panss_). May evil happen to him who evil thinks.

Ich dien (_ik deen_). I serve. Incógnito. Disguised, or unknown. In pétto. Hid, or in reserve.

Je ne sais quoi (_ge-ne-say-kwan_). I know not what. Jeu de mots (_zheu-de-mo_). Play upon words. Jeu d’esprit (_zheu-de-sprie_). Play of wit.

L’argent (_lar-zhang_). Money, or silver.

Mal-a-propos (_mal-ap-ro-po_). Unseasonable, or unseasonably. Mauvaise honte (_mo-vaiz honte_). Unbecoming bashfulness.

Nom de guerre (_nong des giair_). Assumed name. Nonchalance (_non-shal-ance_). Indifference.

Outre (_oot-ray_). Preposterous.

Perdue (_per-due_). Concealed. Petit maitre (_pette e maiter_). Fop. Protege (_pro-te-zhay_). A person patronized and protected.

Rouge (_rooge_). Red, or red paint.

Sang froid (_sang-froau_). Coolness. Sans (_sang_). Without. Savant (_sav-ang_). A learned man. Soi-disant (_swau-dee-zang_). Pretended.

Tête-a-tête (_tait-a-tait_). Face to face, or private conversation of two persons.

Unique (_yew-neek_). Singular.

Valet de chambre (_val’-e-de-shamb_). Footman. Vive le roi (_veev-ler-wau_). Long live the king.

_EXPLANATION of LATIN WORDS and PHRASES in common use._

_N. B. The pronunciation is the same as if the words were English; but divided into distinct syllables, and accented as below_.

Ad cap-tan′dum. _To attract_ Ad in-fin′-i-tum. _To infinity_ Ad lib′-it-um. _At pleasure_ Ad ref-er-end′-um. _For consideration_ Ad va-lo′-rem. _According to value_ A for-ti-o′-ri. _With stronger reason_ A′-li-as. _Otherwise_ Al′-ib-i. _Proof of having been elsewhere_ Al′-ma ma′ter. _University_ Ang′-li-ce. _In English_ A pri-o′-ri. _From a prior reason_ Ar-ca′num, or Ar-ca′-na. _Secret, or Secrets_ Ar-gu-men′-tum ad hom′-in-em. _Personal argument_ Au′di al′-ter-am par′-tem. _Hear both sides_

Bo′-na fi′-de. _In reality._

Cac-o-e′-thes scri-ben-di. _Passion for writing_ Com′-pos men′-tis. _In one’s senses_ Cre′-dat Ju-dæ′us. _I do not believe it_ Cum mul′-tis a′-li-is. _With many others_ Cum priv-i-le′-gi-o. _With privilege_

Da′-tum, or Da′-ta. _Point or points settled or determined_ De fac′-to. _In fact_ De′-i gra′-ti-a. _By the grace of God_ De ju-re. _By right_ Dom′-in-e di′-re-ge nos. _O Lord direct us_ Dram′-a-tis per-so′-næ. _Characters represented_ Du-ran′-te be′-ne pla″-ci-to. _During pleasure_ Du-ran′-te vi′-ta. _During life_

Er′-go. _Therefore_ Er-ra′-ta. _Errors_ Est′-o per-pet′-u-a. _May it last for ever_ Ex. _Late, or out of_ Ex of-fi″-ci-o. _Officially_ Ex par′-te. _On one side only_

Fac sim′-i-le. _An exact copy_ Fe′-lo de se. _Self-murderer_ Fi′-at. _Let it be done, or made_ Fi-nis. _End_

Gra′-tis. _For nothing_

Ib-i′-dem. _In the same place_ I′-dem. _The same_ Id est. _That is_ Im-pri-ma′-tur. _Let it be printed_ Im-pri′-mis. _In the first place_ In cœ′-lo qui′-es. _In heaven is rest_ In-for′-ma pau′-per-is. _As a pauper_ In com-men′-dam. _For a time_ In pro′-pri-a per-so′-na. _In person_ In sta′-tu quo. _In the former state_ In ter-ro′-rem. _As a warning_ Ip′-se dix′-it. _Mere assertion_ Ip′-so fac′-to. _By the mere fact_ I′-tem. _Also, or article_

Ju′-re di-vi′-no. _By divine right_

Lo′-cum te′-nens. _Deputy_

Mag′-na char′-ta (kar′-ta). _The great charter of England_ Me-men′-to mo′-ri. _Remember death_ Me′-um and tu′-um. _Mine and thine_ Mul-tum in par′-vo. _Much in a little_

Ne plus ul′-tra. _Greatest extent_ No′-lens vo′-lens. _Willing or not_ Non com′-pos _or_ Non com′-pos men′-tis. _Out of one´s senses_

O tem′-po-ra, O mo′-res. _O the times, O the manners_ Om-nes. _All_ O′-nus. _Burden_

Pas′-sim. _Every where_ Per se. _Alone, or by itself_ Pro bo′-no pub′-li-co. _For the public benefit_ Pro and con. _For and against_ Pro for′-ma. _For form’s sake_ Pro hac vi′-ce. _For this time_ Pro re na′-ta. _For the occasion_ Pro tem′-po-re. _For the time_

Quis sep-er-a-bit. _Who shall separate us?_ Quo an-i-mo. _Intention_ Quon′-dam. _Former_

Re-qui-es′-cat in pa′-ce. _May he rest in peace_ Re-sur′-gam. _I shall rise again_ Rex. _King_

Scan′-da-lum mag-na-tum. _Great scandal_ Sem′-per e-a′-dem, or sem′-per i′-dem. _Always the same_ Se-ri-a-tim. _In regular order_ Si′-ne di′-e. _Without naming a day_ Si′-ne qua non. _Indispensably requisite_ Su′-i gen-e-ris. _Unparalleled_ Sum′-mum bo′-num. _Greatest good_

Tri′-a junc′-ta in u′-no. _Three in one_

U′-no vo′-ce. _Unanimously_ U′-ti-le dul′-ci. _Utility with pleasure_

Va′-de me′-cum. _Constant companion_ Vel′-u-ti in spec-u-lum. _As in a glass_ Ver′-sus. _Against_ Vi′-a. _By the way of_ Vi′-ce. _In the room of_ Vi′-ce ver′-sa. _The reverse_ Vi′-de. _See_ Vi-vant rex et re-gi-na. _Long live the king and queen_

ROMAN NUMERALS.

I. 1. One. II. 2. Two. III. 3. Three. IV. 4. Four. V. 5. Five. VI. 6. Six. VII. 7. Seven. VIII. 8. Eight. IX. 9. Nine. X. 10. Ten. XI. 11. Eleven. XII. 12. Twelve. XIII. 13. Thirteen. XIV. 14. Fourteen. XV. 15. Fifteen. XVI. 16. Sixteen. XVII. 17. Seventeen. XVIII. 18. Eighteen. XIX. 19. Nineteen. XX. 20. Twenty. XXI. 21. Twenty-one. XXX. 30. Thirty. XL. 40. Forty. L. 50. Fifty. LX. 60. Sixty. LXX. 70. Seventy. LXXX. 80. Eighty. XC. 90. Ninety. C. 100. One Hundred. CC. 200. Two Hundred. CCC. 300. Three Hundred. CCCC. 400. Four Hundred. D. 500. Five Hundred. DC. 600. Six Hundred. DCC. 700. Seven Hundred. DCCC. 800. Eight Hundred. DCCCC. 900. Nine Hundred. M. 1000. One Thousand. MM. 2000. Two Thousand. MDCCCXXV. 1825. One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty Five.

The ancient Romans in their notation made use of the following seven letters; viz. I. V. X. L. C. D. and M. which singly stood for one, five, ten, fifty, one hundred, five hundred, and one thousand. By repeating and combining these any other numbers were formed.

The _annexing_ a less number to a greater increases its value, and denotes the sum of both; as VI. signifies six. The _prefixing_ a less number to a greater lessens its value, or shews their difference; thus, IV. is four, &c. The word thousand is often expressed by a line drawn over the top of a number; thus, X̅. signifies ten thousand.

_Abbreviations and Characters, in Common Use._

L. S. D. _Libra_, Pounds; _Solidi_, Shillings; _Denarii_, Pence.

Cwt. One hundred weight, or 112 lbs.

Q. or Qrs. A quarter or quarters of a hundred, or 28 lbs.

lb. or lbs. A pound or several pounds.

Oz. (℥) ounce or ounces.

Dwts. Pennyweights.

Dr. (ʒ) Drams; ℈ scruples; grs. grains.

Bk. Book; ch. chapter; v. verse; ¶ paragraph; § section.

Fol. folio; 4to. quarto; 8vo. octavo; 12mo. duodecimo.

° ′ ″ Hours, minutes, and seconds of Time; or Degrees, minutes and seconds, in Geographical and Astronomical Measurement.

Yr. Year; Qr. Quarter; Mo. Month; Wk. Week; D. Day.

Jan. January; Feb. February; Mar. March; Ap. April; Aug. August; Sept. September; Oct. October; Nov. November; Dec. December.

Yd. Yard; Ft. foot or feet; In. inches.

Pt. Pint; Qt. Quart; Gal. Gallon; Fir. Firkin; Kil. Kilderkin; Bar. Barrel; Hhd. Hogshead; P. Pipe; B. Butt; T. Tun.

P. Pole, Perch, Rod, or Lug; R. Rood; M. Mile; F. Furlong.

=FORMS OF A RECEIPT, NOTES, &c.=*

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

RECEIPT.

Received, January 6th, 1825, of A—— B——, Esq. Seventeen Pounds and Ten Shillings, for one Quarter’s Wages,† due Dec. 25th last.

£17 10 0 JAMES HANDY.

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

NOTE OF HAND, OR PROMISSORY NOTE.

£25 0 0 _London, April 5th, 1825._

On Demand,‡ I promise to pay to Mr. C—— D——, or Order, the sum of Twenty-Five Pounds, for value received.

RICHARD PEARSON, _No. 101, Essex St. Strand_.

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

DRAFT, OR BILL.

£75 10 0 _London, March 17th, 1825._

Two Months§ after Date pay to my Order Seventy-Five Pounds and Ten Shillings, for value received.

JAMES SMITH.

_To Charles H. Lewis, Esq._ _Merchant, Liverpool._ ————————————————————— N.B. A Draft is payable by the Person on whom it is drawn, it must be accepted by him, in _writing_, on the _face_ of it.

—————————————————————————————————————————————————————— * For the _Stamps_ for RECEIPTS, NOTES, &c. see page 48. † Rent,—on Account,—or, in full,—or, as the case may be. ‡ Two Months after Date, or, as the case may be. § On Demand,—or, at Six Months, or as the case may be.

MULTIPLICATION TABLE,

_With the Pence Added._

+-------- | _s. d._ Twice 2 are 4 | 0 4 3 ... 6 | 0 6 4 ... 8 | 0 8 5 ... 10 | 0 10 6 ... 12 | 1 0 7 ... 14 | 1 2 8 ... 16 | 1 4 9 ... 18 | 1 6 10 ... 20 | 1 8 11 ... 22 | 1 10 12 ... 24 | 2 0 --------------------+-------- 3 times 3 are 9 | 0 9 4 ... 12 | 1 0 5 ... 15 | 1 3 6 ... 18 | 1 6 7 ... 21 | 1 9 8 ... 24 | 2 0 9 ... 27 | 2 3 10 ... 30 | 2 6 11 ... 33 | 2 9 12 ... 36 | 3 0 --------------------+-------- 4 times 4 are 16 | 1 4 5 ... 20 | 1 8 6 ... 24 | 2 0 7 ... 28 | 2 4 8 ... 32 | 2 8 9 ... 36 | 3 0 10 ... 40 | 3 4 11 ... 44 | 3 8 12 ... 48 | 4 0 --------------------+-------- 5 times 5 are 25 | 2 1 6 ... 30 | 2 6 7 ... 35 | 2 11 8 ... 40 | 3 4 9 ... 45 | 3 9 10 ... 50 | 4 2 11 ... 55 | 4 7 12 ... 60 | 5 0 --------------------+-------- 6 times 6 are 36 | 3 0 7 ... 42 | 3 6 8 ... 48 | 4 0 9 ... 54 | 4 6 10 ... 60 | 5 0 11 ... 66 | 5 6 12 ... 72 | 6 0 --------------------+-------- 7 times 7 are 49 | 4 1 8 ... 56 | 4 8 9 ... 63 | 5 3 10 ... 70 | 5 10 11 ... 77 | 6 5 12 ... 84 | 7 0 --------------------+-------- 8 times 8 are 64 | 5 4 9 ... 72 | 6 0 10 ... 80 | 6 8 11 ... 88 | 7 4 12 ... 96 | 8 0 --------------------+-------- 9 times 9 are 81 | 6 9 10 ... 90 | 7 6 11 ... 99 | 8 3 12 ... 108 | 9 0 --------------------+-------- 10 times 10 are 100 | 8 4 11 ... 110 | 9 2 12 ... 120 | 10 0 --------------------+-------- 11 times 11 are 121 | 10 1 12 ... 132 | 11 0 --------------------+-------- 12 times 12 are 144 | 12 0

N. B.—Any two numbers multiplied into each other produce the same amount. Thus: 3 times 4 are 12; and 4 times 3 are 12.—Also, 4 times 5 are 20; and 5 times 4 are 20. And so of all others.

USE and APPLICATION.—How much do 7 pounds of sugar come to at ten-pence per lb.—_Ans._ 7 times 10, or 10 times 7, are 70, and 70 pence are five shillings and ten pence, the value of the sugar.

MONEY TABLES.

4 Farthings make 1 Penny 12 Pence 1 Shilling 20 Shillings 1 Sovereign or a Pound

PENCE TABLES.

_Pence._ _s. d._ 20 are 1 8 30 ... 2 6 40 ... 3 4 50 ... 4 2 60 ... 5 0 70 ... 5 10 80 ... 6 8 90 ... 7 6 100 ... 8 4 110 ... 9 2 120 ... 10 0

_Pence._ _s. d._ 12 are 1 0 24 ... 2 0 36 ... 3 0 48 ... 4 0 60 ... 5 0 72 ... 6 0 84 ... 7 0 96 ... 8 0 108 ... 9 0 120 ... 10 0

TABLE OF SHILLINGS.

_Shillings._ _£. s. d._

20 make 1 0 0 30 ... 1 10 0 40 ... 2 0 0 50 ... 2 10 0 60 ... 3 0 0 70 ... 3 10 0 80 ... 4 0 0 90 ... 4 10 0 100 ... 5 0 0 105 ... 5 5 0

EVEN PARTS OF A SHILLING.

_d._ 6 is half 4 1-3d 3 1-4th 2 1-6th 1½ 1-8th 1 1-12th ¾ 1-16th ½ 1-24th ¼ 1-48th

EVEN PARTS OF A SOVEREIGN OR POUND.

_s. d._ 10 0 is half 6 8 ... 1-3d 5 0 or a Crown 1-4th 4 0 ... 1-5th 3 4 ... 1-6th 2 6 or half a Crown 1-8th 2 0 ... 1-10th 1 8 ... 1-12th 1 0 ... 1-20th

THE VALUE OF GOLD AND SILVER.

GOLD.—An ounce of Standard Gold, of 22 Carats fine, (that is, having 22 parts of pure Gold, and 2 parts of Alloy,) is worth £4—a pennyweight 4d, and a grain 2d. A sovereign weighs about a quarter of an ounce.

SILVER.—An ounce is worth 5s. and a pennyweight 3d. This is, about one fifteenth part of the value of Gold. A crown piece weighs about an ounce.

_Characters used in Accounts, for the Sake of Brevity._

+ Plus, or More, Addition, thus, 3 + 4 = 7 - Minus, or Less, Subtraction, 5 - 3 = 2 × Multiply, Multiplication, 3 × 4 = 12 ÷ Divide, Division, 12 ÷ 3 = 4 = Equal, Equality, 6 + 6 = 12 : :: : Proportion, Proportionality, 1:4::3:12

_A Table of Customary Weights and Measures._

_lbs._ A Firkin of Butter is 56 A Barrel of Do. or 4 Firkins 224 A Firkin of Soap 64 A Barrel of Do. or 4 Firkins 256 A Barrel of Pot-ashes 200 A Barrel of Anchovies 30 A Barrel of Candles 120 A Stone of Butchers’ Meat 8 A Stone, Horsemen’s weight, or Butchers’ Meat in the Country 14 A Stone of Glass, 5 lbs. and, a Seam of Do. or 24 Stones 120 A Quire of Paper is 24 Sheets. A Ream of Paper is 20 Quires. A Bundle of Paper is 2 Reams. A Cord or Stack of Wood is 108 solid Feet. 42 Feet is a Ton of Shipping. 40 Feet of rough, or 50 Feet of hewn Timber is a Load or Ton. A Dozen is 12; a long Dozen is 13. A Gross is 12 Dozen, or 144. A Pace is 3 Feet or a Yard.

Mathematicians conceive every Circle to be divided into 360 equal Parts, called Degrees, and each Degree into 60 equal parts, called Seconds, and each Second subdivided into 60 smaller parts, called thirds, and so on.

The Diameter of a Circle is a straight line drawn from one side to the other through the centre; and is one-third of the circumference.

TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

TROY WEIGHT.

N.B. _The Imperial Standard Troy Pound_, established in 1758, containing 5760 Grains, became, May 1, 1825, the ONLY _genuine standard weight from which all other weights are to be derived, computed, and ascertained_.

24 Grains make 1 Pennyweight 20 Pennyweights 1 Ounce 12 Ounces 1 Pound

The proportion that _Avoirdupois_ bears to _Troy_ Weight, from which it is derived, is as 7000, the number of Troy grains in a pound Avoirdupois, is to 5760, the grains in a pound Troy. The Pound _Avoirdupois_ makes 14 oz. 11 dwt. and 16 grains _Troy_; and 9 pounds Avoirdupois are equal to nearly 11 pounds Troy.

⁂ By _Troy_ weight Jewels, Gold, Silver, &c. are weighed.

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.

N.B. This weight is derived from the _Imperial Standard Troy Pound_, 7000 grains Troy making one pound _Avoirdupois_, and the proportion it bears to _Troy_ Weight is as 7000 to 5760, the number of grains in each pound respectively. The Pound Troy is equal to 13 oz. 2 drms. ⅔ Avoirdupois, and (nearly) 11 Pounds Troy are equal to 9 Pounds Avoirdupois.

16 Drams make 1 Ounce 16 Ounces 1 Pound 28 Pounds ¼ of a Cwt. 4 Qrtrs. (112 lb.) 1 Cwt. 20 Hundreds 1 Ton

⁂ By this weight Bread, Butter, Cheese, Meat, Grocery, Drugs, and all coarse goods that have _waste_, are bought and sold.

APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT.

20 Grains make 1 Scruple 3 Scruples 1 Dram 8 Drams 1 Ounce

⁂ Apothecaries compound their medicines by this weight, but they buy and sell by Avoirdupois Weight.

BREAD.

lbs. oz. dwts. A Peck Loaf weighs 17 6 2 Half do. 8 11 1 Quartern do. 4 5 8 Half Quartern do. 2 2 12

Note.—By a late act, Bakers in London and within 10 miles thereof are to sell bread by the _pound only_, and are obliged to keep scales and weights in their shops, at all times, and to weigh every loaf, in the presence of the customer, before they deliver it, whether requested so to do or not, under severe penalties. In every other part of the kingdom bread is sold by weight, according to the above table.

By a former act, whatever is the price of the best wheat in shillings, so many pence must be the price of the quartern loaf, (with one penny more for baking.) And, when the best wheaten bread is sold at 8d., the standard should be sold for 7d., and the household for 6d.

THE NEW MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

WINE, SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS, ALE, BEER, and _all sorts of Liquids_, as well as CORN, _and all kinds of Dry Goods_, are _now_ bought and sold by _one_ measure _only_; of which the _basis_ is the GALLON, containing _ten pounds_ Avoirdupois of distilled or rain water, and called _the Imperial Standard Gallon_.

This new measure is _larger_ than the former WINE _Measure_ by about _one-fifth_; therefore a gallon of Wine, or other article, that is worth 5s. by the _old_ Wine Measure, is worth 6s. by _this_ measure; and so on at the rate of 2½d. _more_ in every shilling: and the present _new_ gallon being _smaller_ than the former BEER and ALE Gallon by _one-sixtieth_ part, the difference will be 1d. upon 5s. _less_ than by the _old_ measure; that is one farthing upon 15d. _less_, whatever may be the amount.

4 Gills make 1 Pint 2 Pints 1 Quart 4 Quarts 1 Gallon 9 Gallons 1 Firkin 10 Gallons 1 Anker 18 Gallons (2 Fir.) 1 Kilderkin 36 Gall. (2 Kild.) 1 Barrel 54 Gall. (3 Kild.) 1 Hogshead 42 Gallons 1 Tierce 63 Gallons 1 Hhd. of Wine 84 Gallons 1 Puncheon 108 Gal. (2 Hhds.) 1 Butt of Beer 126 Gal. (2 Hhds.) 1 Pipe of Wine 2 Pipes (4 Hhds.) 1 Tun

THE NEW MEASURE FOR CORN, and all other dry goods; (_except those measured by heap_.)

2 Pints make 1 Quart 4 Quarts 1 Gallon 2 Gallons 1 Peck 8 Gal. (4 Pecks) 1 Bushel 2 Bushels 1 Strike 4 Bushels 1 Sack or Coomb 8 Bushel (2 Sacks) 1 Quarter 5 Quarters 1 Load or Way

N.B. _The Imperial Standard Gallon_, containing 10 _gallons of pure water_, (the same as for liquids) is the _basis_ of this measure.

This is about a _thirty-second part_, or _one quart on a bushel_, _larger_ than the former Winchester Measure; therefore a Bushel of Oats, or _any_ quantity of _any_ thing, that is worth 2s. 8d. Winchester Measure, is worth 2s. 9d. by _this_;—a Bushel of Barley, Rye, or other thing, that would cost 5s. 4d. Winchester Measure, will cost 5s. 6d. by the _new_;—and a Bushel of Wheat, Malt, &c. worth 8s. by the Winchester Bushel is worth 8s. 3d. by the _Imperial Bushel_;—and so on at the rate of one farthing upon every 8d. by the _new_ measure _more_ than by the _old_ measure.

THE NEW HEAPED MEASURE.

The Standard Measure of Capacity for COALS, COKE, CULM, LIME, FISH, POTATOES, FRUIT, and _all other Goods_ commonly sold by _heaped_ measure, is _now the Imperial Standard Bushel_, containing 80 _pounds Avoirdupois_, of pure water,—made round, with a plain and even bottom, and being 19½ inches from outside to outside, to be heaped up in the form of a cone, at least 6 inches above the outer edge thereof, which is to be the base of the said cone.

4 Pecks make 1 Bushel 3 Bushels 1 Sack 3 Sacks, 1 Vat or Strike 36 Bushels or 12 Sacks 1 Chaldron 21 Chaldrons A Score*

* Coals bought in large quantities have an allowance of one Chaldron on 20; or half a Chaldron in 10; or 3 sacks in 5 Chaldrons; which is called the Ingrain.

LONG MEASURE.

N.B. The basis of _this_ and _of all other measures_ of _length_ or extension whatsoever, is the Standard Yard, established in 1760, which _remains unaltered_, and is _now_ called _the Imperial Standard Yard_.

4 Inches 1 Hand 9 Inches 1 Span 12 Inches 1 Foot 18 Inches 1 Cubit 3 Feet _the Standard Yard_. 6 Feet or 2 Yards 1 Fathom 5½ Yards 1 Pole 40 Poles, or 220 Yards 1 Furlong 8 Furlongs or 1760 Yds. 1 Mile 3 Miles 1 League 20 Leagues, or 60 M. 1 Degree 69½ Miles 1 Geographical Deg.

360 Geographical Degrees, or about 25,000 miles, is the circumference of the Earth.

In measuring length, if Gunter’s Chain be used, 20 Chains make a ¼ of a Mile 40 Ditto Half a Mile and 80 Ditto One Mile

N.B. Long measure relates to length only.

LAND OR SQUARE MEASURE.

N.B. The _basis_ of _this_ and of _all other measures of extension_, is the _Standard Yard_, established in 1760,—which _remains unaltered_.