Chapter 6

A hundred herds of black and white Upon our Gowns securely feed, And yet if any dare us bite, He dies therefore as sure as Creed: Thus beggers Lord it as they please, And only beggers live at ease: Bright shines the Sun, play beggers play, here's scraps enough to serve to day_.

_Pisc_. I thank you good Scholer, this Song was well humor'd by the maker, and well remembred and sung by you; and I pray forget not the Ketch which you promised to make against night, for our Country man honest _Coridon_ will expect your Ketch and my Song, which I must be forc'd to patch up, for it is so long since I learnt it, that I have forgot a part of it. But come, lets stretch our legs a little in a gentle walk to the River, and try what interest our Angles wil pay us for lending them so long to be used by the _Trouts_.

_Viat_. Oh me, look you Master, a fish, a fish.

_Pisc_. I marry Sir. that was a good fish indeed; if I had had the luck to have taken up that Rod, 'tis twenty to one he should not have broke my line by running to the Rods end, as you suffered him; I would have held him, unless he had been fellow to the great _Trout_ that is neer an ell long, which had his picture drawne, and now to be seen at mine Hoste _Rickabies_ at the _George_ in _Ware_; and it may be, by giving that _Trout_ the Rod, that is, by casting it to him into the water, I might have caught him at the long run, for so I use alwaies to do when I meet with an over-grown fish, and you will learn to do so hereafter; for I tell you, Scholer, fishing is an Art, or at least, it is an Art to catch fish.

_Viat_. But, Master, will this _Trout_ die, for it is like he has the hook in his belly?

_Pisc_. I wil tel you, Scholer, that unless the hook be fast in his very Gorge, he wil live, and a little time with the help of the water, wil rust the hook, & it wil in time wear away as the gravel does in the horse hoof, which only leaves a false quarter.

And now Scholer, lets go to my Rod. Look you Scholer, I have a fish too, but it proves a logger-headed _Chub_; and this is not much a miss, for this wil pleasure some poor body, as we go to our lodging to meet our brother _Peter_ and honest _Coridon_--Come, now bait your hook again, and lay it into the water, for it rains again, and we wil ev'n retire to the _Sycamore_ tree, and there I wil give you more directions concerning fishing; for I would fain make you an Artist.

_Viat_. Yes, good Master, I pray let it be so.

CHAP. V.

_Pisc_. Wel, Scholer, now we are sate downe and are at ease, I shall tel you a little more of _Trout_ fishing before I speak of the _Salmon_ (which I purpose shall be next) and then of the _Pike_ or _Luce_. You are to know, there is night as well as day-fishing for a _Trout_, and that then the best are out of their holds; and the manner of taking them is on the top of the water with a great _Lob_ or _Garden worm_, or rather two; which you are to fish for in a place where the water runs somewhat quietly (for in a stream it wil not be so well discerned.) I say, in a quiet or dead place neer to some swift, there draw your bait over the top of the water to and fro, and if there be a good _Trout_ in the hole, he wil take it, especially if the night be dark; for then he lies boldly neer the top of the water, watching the motion of any _Frog_ or _Water-mouse_, or _Rat_ betwixt him and the skie, which he hunts for if he sees the water but wrinkle or move in one of these dead holes, where the great _Trouts_ usually lye neer to their hold.

And you must fish for him with a strong line, and not a little hook, and let him have time to gorge your hook, for he does not usually forsake it, as he oft will in the day-fishing: and if the night be not dark, then fish so with an _Artificial fly_ of a light colour; nay he will sometimes rise at a dead Mouse or a piece of cloth, or any thing that seemes to swim cross the water, or to be in motion: this is a choice way, but I have not oft used it because it is void of the pleasures that such dayes as these that we now injoy, afford an _Angler_.

And you are to know, that in _Hamp-shire_, (which I think exceeds all _England_ for pleasant Brooks, and store of _Trouts_) they use to catch _Trouts_ in the night by the light of a Torch or straw, which when they have discovered, they strike with a _Trout_ spear; this kind of way they catch many, but I would not believe it till I was an eye-witness of it, nor like it now I have seen it.

_Viat_. But Master, do not _Trouts_ see us in the night?

_Pisc_. Yes, and hear, and smel too, both then and in the day time, for _Gesner_ observes, the _Otter_ smels a fish forty furlong off him in the water; and that it may be true, is affirmed by Sir _Francis Bacon_ (in the eighth Century of his Natural History) who there proves, that waters may be the _Medium_ of sounds, by demonstrating it thus, _That if you knock two stones together very deep under the water, those that stand on a bank neer to that place may hear the noise without any diminution of it by the water_. He also offers the like experiment concerning the letting an _Anchor_ fall by a very long Cable or rope on a Rock, or the sand within the Sea: and this being so wel observed and demonstrated, as it is by that learned man, has made me to believe that _Eeles_ unbed themselves, and stir at the noise of the Thunder, and not only as some think, by the motion or the stirring of the earth, which is occasioned by that Thunder.

And this reason of Sir _Francis Bacons_ [Exper. 792] has made me crave pardon of one that I laught at, for affirming that he knew _Carps_ come to a certain place in a Pond to be fed at the ringing of a Bel; and it shall be a rule for me to make as little noise as I can when I am a fishing, until Sir _Francis Bacon_ be confuted, which I shal give any man leave to do, and so leave off this Philosophical discourse for a discourse of fishing.

Of which my next shall be to tell you, it is certain, that certain fields neer _Lemster_, a Town in _Herefordshire_, are observed, that they make the Sheep that graze upon them more fat then the next, and also to bear finer Wool; that is to say, that that year in which they feed in such a particular pasture, they shall yeeld finer wool then the yeer before they came to feed in it, and courser again if they shall return to their former pasture, and again return to a finer wool being fed in the fine wool ground. Which I tell you, that you may the better believe that I am certain, If I catch a _Trout_ in one Meadow, he shall be white and _faint_ and very like to be _lowsie_; and as certainly if I catch a _Trout_ in the next Meadow, he shal be strong, and _red_, and _lusty_, and much better meat: Trust me (Scholer) I have caught many a _Trout_ in a particular Meadow, that the very shape and inamelled colour of him, has joyed me to look upon him, and I have with _Solomon_ concluded, _Every thing is beautifull in his season_.

It is now time to tell you next, (according to promise) some observations of the _Salmon_; But first, I wil tel you there is a fish, called by some an _Umber_, and by some a _Greyling_, a choice fish, esteemed by many to be equally good with the _Trout_: it is a fish that is usually about eighteen inches long, he lives in such streams as the _Trout_ does; and is indeed taken with the same bait as a _Trout_ is, for he will bite both at the _Minnow_, the _Worm_, and the _Fly_, both _Natural_ and _Artificial_: of this fish there be many in _Trent_, and in the River that runs by _Salisbury_, and in some other lesser Brooks; but he is not so general a fish as the _Trout_, nor to me either so good to eat, or so pleasant to fish for as the _Trout_ is; of which two fishes I will now take my leave, and come to my promised Observations of the _Salmon_, and a little advice for the catching him.

CHAP. VI.

The _Salmon_ is ever bred in the fresh Rivers (and in most Rivers about the month of _August_) and never grows big but in the Sea; and there to an incredible bigness in a very short time; to which place they covet to swim, by the instinct of nature, about a set time: but if they be stopp'd by _Mills, Floud-gates_ or _Weirs_, or be by accident lost in the fresh water, when the others go (which is usually by flocks or sholes) then they thrive not.

And the old _Salmon_, both the _Melter_ and _Spawner_, strive also to get into the _Sea_ before Winter; but being stopt that course, or lost; grow sick in fresh waters, and by degrees unseasonable, and kipper, that is, to have a bony gristle, to grow (not unlike a _Hauks_ beak) on one of his chaps, which hinders him from feeding, and then he pines and dies.

But if he gets to _Sea_, then that gristle wears away, or is cast off (as the _Eagle_ is said to cast his bill) and he recovers his strength, and comes next Summer to the same River, (if it be possible) to enjoy the former pleasures that there possest him; for (as one has wittily observed) he has (like some persons of Honour and Riches, which have both their winter and Summer houses) the fresh Rivers for Summer, and the salt water for winter to spend his life in; which is not (as Sir _Francis Bacon_ hath observed) [in his History of Life and Death] above ten years: And it is to be observed, that though they grow big in the _Sea_, yet they grow not fat but in fresh Rivers; and it is observed, that the farther they get from the _Sea_, the better they be.

And it is observed, that, to the end they may get far from the _Sea_, either to Spawne or to possess the pleasure that they then and there find, they will force themselves over the tops of _Weirs_, or _Hedges_, or _stops_ in the water, by taking their tails into their mouthes, and leaping over those places, even to a height beyond common belief: and sometimes by forcing themselves against the streame through Sluces and Floud-gates, beyond common credit. And 'tis observed by _Gesner_, that there is none bigger then in _England_, nor none better then in Thames.

And for the _Salmons_ sudden growth, it has been observed by tying a Ribon in the tail of some number of the young _Salmons_, which have been taken in _Weires_, as they swimm'd towards the salt water, and then by taking a part of them again with the same mark, at the same place, at their returne from the Sea, which is usually about six months after; and the like experiment hath been tried upon young _Swallows_, who have after six months absence, been observed to return to the same chimney, there to make their nests, and their habitations for the Summer following; which hath inclined many to think, that every _Salmon_ usually returns to the same River in which it was bred, as young _Pigeons_ taken out of the same Dove-cote, have also been observed to do.

And you are yet to observe further, that the He _Salmon_ is usually bigger then the Spawner, and that he is more kipper, & less able to endure a winter in the fresh water, then the She is; yet she is at that time of looking less kipper and better, as watry and as bad meat.

And yet you are to observe, that as there is no general rule without an exception, so there is some few Rivers in this Nation that have _Trouts_ and _Salmon_ in season in winter. But for the observations of that and many other things, I must in manners omit, because they wil prove too large for our narrow compass of time, and therefore I shall next fall upon my direction how to fish for the _Salmon_.

And for that, first, you shall observe, that usually he staies not long in a place (as _Trouts_ wil) but (as I said) covets still to go neerer the Spring head; and that he does not (as the _Trout_ and many other fish) lie neer the water side or bank, or roots of trees, but swims usually in the middle, and neer the ground; and that there you are to fish for him; and that he is to be caught as the _Trout_ is, with a _Worm_, a _Minnow_, (which some call a _Penke_) or with a _Fly_.

And you are to observe, that he is very, very seldom observed to bite at a _Minnow_ (yet sometime he will) and not oft at a _fly_, but more usually at a _Worm_, and then most usually at a _Lob_ or _Garden worm_, which should be wel scowred, that is to say, seven or eight dayes in Moss before you fish with them; and if you double your time of eight into sixteen, or more, into twenty or more days, it is still the better, for the worms will stil be clearer, tougher, and more lively, and continue so longer upon your hook.

And now I shall tell you, that which may be called a secret: I have been a fishing with old _Oliver Henly_ (now with God) a noted Fisher, both for _Trout_ and _Salmon_, and have observed that he would usually take three or four worms out of his bag and put them into a little box in his pocket, where he would usually let them continue half an hour or more, before he would bait his hook with them; I have ask'd him his reason, and he has replied, _He did but pick the best out to be in a readiness against he baited his hook the next time_: But he has been observed both by others, and my self, to catch more fish then I or any other body, that has ever gone a fishing with him, could do, especially _Salmons_; and I have been told lately by one of his most intimate and secret friends, that the box in which he put those worms was anointed with a drop, or two, or three of the Oil of _Ivy-berries_, made by expression or infusion, and that by the wormes remaining in that box an hour, or a like time, they had incorporated a kind of smel that was irresistibly attractive, enough to force any fish, within the smel of them, to bite. This I heard not long since from a friend, but have not tryed it; yet I grant it probable, and refer my Reader to Sir _Francis Bacons_ Natural History, where he proves fishes may hear; and I am certain _Gesner_ sayes, the _Otter_ can smell in the water, and know not that but fish may do so too: 'tis left for a lover of Angling, or any that desires to improve that Art, to try this conclusion.

I shall also impart another experiment (but not tryed by my selfe) which I wil deliver in the same words as it was by a friend, given me in writing.

_Take the stinking oil drawn out of_ Poly pody _of the_ Oak, _by a retort mixt with_ Turpentine, _and Hive-honey, and annoint your bait therewith, and it will doubtlesse draw the fish to it_.

But in these things I have no great faith, yet grant it probable, and have had from some chemical men (namely, from Sir _George Hastings_ and others) an affirmation of them to be very advantageous: but no more of these, especially not in this place.

I might here, before I take my leave of the _Salmon_, tell you, that there is more then one sort of them, as namely, a _Tecon_, and another called in some places a _Samlet_, or by some, a _Skegger_: but these (and others which I forbear to name) may be fish of another kind, and differ, as we know a _Herring_ and a _Pilcher_ do; but must by me be left to the disquisitions of men of more leisure and of greater abilities, then I profess myself to have.

And lastly, I am to borrow so much of your promised patience, as to tell you, that the _Trout_ or _Salmon_, being in season, have at their first taking out of the water (which continues during life) their bodies adorned, the one with such red spots, and the other with black or blackish spots, which gives them such an addition of natural beautie, as I (that yet am no enemy to it) think was never given to any woman by the Artificial Paint or Patches in which they so much pride themselves in this age. And so I shall leave them and proceed to some Observations of the _Pike_.

CHAP. VII.

_Pisc_. It is not to be doubted but that the _Luce_, or _Pikrell_, or _Pike_ breeds by Spawning; and yet _Gesner_ sayes, that some of them breed, where none ever was, out of a weed called _Pikrell-weed_, and other glutinous matter, which with the help of the Suns heat proves in some particular ponds (apted by nature for it) to become _Pikes_.

Sir _Francis Bacon_ [in his History of Life and Death] observes the _Pike_ to be the longest lived of any fresh water fish, and yet that his life is not usually above fortie years; and yet _Gesner_ mentions a _Pike_ taken in _Swedeland_ in the year 1449, with a Ring about his neck, declaring he was put into the Pond by _Frederick_ the second, more then two hundred years before he was last taken, as the Inscription of that Ring, being Greek, was interpreted by the then Bishop of _Worms_. But of this no more, but that it is observed that the old or very great _Pikes_ have in them more of state then goodness; the smaller or middle siz'd _Pikes_ being by the most and choicest palates observed to be the best meat; but contrary, the _Eele_ is observed to be the better for age and bigness.

All _Pikes_ that live long prove chargeable to their keepers, because their life is maintained by the death of so many other fish, even those of his owne kind, which has made him by some Writers to bee called the Tyrant of the Rivers, or the Fresh water-wolf, by reason of his bold, greedy, devouring disposition; which is so keen, as _Gesner_ relates, a man going to a Pond (where it seems a _Pike_ had devoured all the fish) to water his Mule, had a _Pike_ bit his Mule by the lips, to which the _Pike_ hung so fast, that the Mule drew him out of the water, and by that accident the owner of the Mule got the _Pike_; I tell you who relates it, and shall with it tel you what a wise man has observed, _it is a hard thing to perswade the belly, because it hath no ears_.

But if this relation of _Gesners_ bee dis-believed, it is too evident to bee doubted that a _Pike_ will devoure a fish of his own kind, that shall be bigger then this belly or throat will receive; and swallow a part of him, and let the other part remaine in his mouth till the swallowed part be digested, and then swallow that other part that was in his mouth, and so put it over by degrees. And it is observed, that the _Pike_ will eat venemous things (as some kind of _Frogs_ are) and yet live without being harmed by them: for, as some say, he has in him a natural Balsome or Antidote against all Poison: and others, that he never eats a venemous _Frog_ till he hath first killed her, and then (as _Ducks_ are observed to do to _Frogs_ in Spawning time, at which time some _Frogs_ are observed to be venemous) so throughly washt her, by tumbling her up and down in the water, that he may devour her without danger. And _Gesner_ affirms, that a _Polonian_ Gentleman did faithfully assure him, he had seen two young Geese at one time in the belly of a _Pike_: and hee observes, that in _Spain_ there is no _Pikes_, and that the biggest are in the _Lake Thracimane_ in _Italy_, and the next, if not equal to them, are the _Pikes_ of _England_.

The _Pike_ is also observed to be a melancholly, and a bold fish: Melancholly, because he alwaies swims or rests himselfe alone, and never swims in sholes, or with company, as _Roach_, and _Dace_, and most other fish do: And bold, because he fears not a shadow, or to see or be seen of any body, as the _Trout_ and _Chub_, and all other fish do.

And it is observed by _Gesner_, that the bones, and hearts, & gals of _Pikes_ are very medicinable for several Diseases, as to stop bloud, to abate Fevers, to cure Agues, to oppose or expel the infection of the Plague, and to be many wayes medicinable and useful for the good of mankind; but that the biting of a _Pike_ is venemous and hard to be cured.

And it is observed, that the _Pike_ is a fish that breeds but once a year, and that other fish (as namely _Loaches_) do breed oftner; as we are certaine Pigeons do almost every month, and yet the Hawk, a bird of prey (as the _Pike_ is of fish) breeds but once in twelve months: and you are to note, that his time of breeding or Spawning is usually about the end of _February_; or somewhat later, in _March_, as the weather proves colder or warmer: and to note, that his manner of breeding is thus, a He and a She _Pike_ will usually go together out of a River into some ditch or creek, and that there the Spawner casts her eggs, and the Melter hovers over her all that time that she is casting her Spawn, but touches her not. I might say more of this, but it might be thought curiosity or worse, and shall therefore forbear it, and take up so much of your attention as to tell you that the best of _Pikes_ are noted to be in Rivers, then those in great Ponds or Meres, and the worst in smal Ponds.

And now I shall proceed to give you some directions how to catch this _Pike_, which you have with so much patience heard me talk of.

His feeding is usually _fish_ or _frogs_, and sometime a weed of his owne, called _Pikrel-weed_, of which I told you some think some _Pikes_ are bred; for they have observed, that where no _Pikes_ have been put into a Pond, yet that there they have been found, and that there has been plenty of that weed in that Pond, and that that weed both breeds and feeds them; but whether those _Pikes_ so bred will ever breed by generation as the others do, I shall leave to the disquisitions of men of more curiosity and leisure then I profess my self to have; and shall proceed to tell you, that you may fish for a _Pike_, either with a ledger, or a walking-bait; and you are to note, that I call that a ledger which is fix'd, or made to rest in one certaine place when you shall be absent; and that I call that a walking bait, which you take with you, and have ever in motion. Concerning which two, I shall give you this direction, That your ledger bait is best to be a living bait, whether it be a fish or a Frog; and that you may make them live the longer, you may, or indeed you must take this course:

First, for your live bait of fish, a _Roch_ or _Dace_ is (I think) best and most tempting, and a _Pearch_ the longest liv'd on a hook; you must take your knife, (which cannot be too sharp) and betwixt the head and the fin on his back, cut or make an insition, or such a scar as you may put the arming wyer of your hook into it, with as little bruising or hurting the fish as Art and diligence will enable you to do, and so carrying your arming wyer along his back, unto, or neer the tail of your fish, betwixt the skin and the body of it, draw out that wyer or arming of your hook at another scar neer to his tail; then tye him about it with thred, but no harder then of necessitie you must to prevent hurting the fish; and the better to avoid hurting the fish, some have a kind of probe to open the way, for the more easie entrance and passage of your wyer or arming: but as for these, time and a little experience will teach you better then I can by words; for of this I will for the present say no more, but come next to give you some directions how to bait your hook with a Frog.

_Viat_. But, good Master, did not you say even now, that some _Frogs_ were venemous, and is it not dangerous to touch them?