Chapter IV

_Prosperity and Expansion: 1901-1920_

The last twenty years of Auckland's history have continued the prosperity which commenced in the late 'nineties, with the recovery from the slump. The rise in the population illustrates this clearly. The increase was slow, but steady, in the first decade; in the next it reached almost a record rate. At the 1901 census the population of the city was 34,213, a small increase of 2789 over the figures of 1896. Ten years later the numbers had risen to 40,536, and in 1916 to 64,951. At the recent enumeration, taken at the opening of the present year (1921), the city's population totalled 83,467, an increase in the last ten years exceeding 100 per cent. The recent increase is partly attributable to the amalgamation of contiguous local bodies with the city, the details of which are given on p. 239, but the main cause of the city's prosperity is due to the position which Auckland holds as the principal city of the large and wealthy pastoral districts which surround it. The agricultural industry has made wonderful progress in these years, and the city, being the natural medium of exchange between the producer and the oversea markets, advanced rapidly as an important commercial centre. Auckland's prosperity has been built upon its advantageous commercial position, and the present ratio of progress is a happy augury of the future.

The Twentieth Century opened auspiciously with the visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York, who arrived in Auckland--their first port of call in New Zealand--on the 10th of June, and remained here until the 12th. The heir to the throne and his princess were welcomed to the Dominion and the city by the Governor, the Earl of Ranfurly, the Rt. Hon. R. J. Seddon, Prime Minister, other ministers and members of Parliament, Dr. (afterwards Sir) John Logan Campbell, Mayor, and members of the City Council, the Chairman (Mr. Alfred Kidd) and members of the Harbour Board. The city was lavishly decorated, the illuminations at night being a feature. On their journey from the wharf to Government House Their Royal Highnesses received a welcome, characterised by unparalleled enthusiasm, from the citizens, which included some 2500 school children, who formed a living Union Jack in Wellesley Street East. During his stay in Auckland the Duke was present at a military review at Potter's Paddock, where he distributed medals to men who had served in the Boer War.

Two interesting events were associated with the Royal visit, the principal one being the presentation by Dr. John Logan Campbell of a park of 230 acres, which the donor invited His Royal Highness to accept on behalf of the people of New Zealand, and requested him to name it Cornwall Park, in commemoration of the visit; the other was the laying of the foundation stone of the Queen Victoria School for Maori Girls, Parnell, which the Duke performed on behalf of the Duchess.

The gift of Cornwall Park by the venerable doctor was the "crowning glory of his life," as the donor himself said. Logan Campbell arrived in New Zealand in 1839, and, pending the choice of the capital on the Waitemata, he settled temporarily on Motu Korea (Brown's Island). As soon as the site had been fixed he moved over to the mainland, and was amongst the original buyers of land at the first Auckland land sale. He became Superintendent of the Auckland Provincial Council, 1855-56, and at different times represented Auckland and Parnell in the House of Representatives. He was associated with practically every movement to develop Auckland's commercial interests, and every organisation which had for its object the social advancement of the city obtained his willing assistance. In 1901, prior to the Royal visit, he was appointed Mayor of Auckland, and no more suitable person could have been found than this pioneer, who had helped to build the city from its inception. The following year he was knighted. He died June 22nd, 1912, and was buried on the summit of Maungakiekie (One Tree Hill), the funeral being the most largely attended in the history of the city. Business was suspended, and thousands of persons lined the route as the funeral _cortége_ passed, bearing the mortal remains of the aged pioneer to its last resting place.

His benefactions during his life included the Kindergarten, the Crèche and the Nursery, all of which bear his name, and at his death he bequeathed to public institutions a total of £76,000.

Cornwall Park was formally opened on August 26th, 1903, the donor leading a procession of carriages, containing the public men and women of the city and district, through the new drive from Manukau road to the Huia Lodge. The Drive to the hilltop was completed and opened on January 29th, 1907, and the park was vested in a domain board. With a view to commemorating the gift of Cornwall Park and Sir John Logan Campbell's other services to the community, it was decided to erect a statue of him at the entrance to the park. The work was entrusted to Mr. Fred Pegram, an English sculptor. The unveiling was performed by the Governor, Lord Plunket, on May 24th, 1906, Sir John himself taking part in the ceremony.

Later in the same year (1901) the distinguished Scottish general, Sir Hector Macdonald, who had risen from the ranks, visited Auckland on November 8th, and remained in the city until the 11th. He was welcomed by the Mayor, Mr. Alfred Kidd, and citizens, the Scottish community in particular showering hospitality upon him. He spent a busy time in Auckland, and, amongst other things, inspected the cadets at the Domain. As a memorial of his visit, the Scotsmen of the city endowed a cot at the Hospital, which bears the name of this famous soldier, whose career closed a few years later under tragic circumstances.

Eleven years later two other famous generals, Earl Kitchener and Lieutenant-General Sir Robert S. S. Baden-Powell, visited Auckland. The former reached the city on March 1st, 1912. The object of his visit was of a military character, as he had been invited by the Government to prepare a scheme of defence for the Dominion. Lord Kitchener was received with enthusiasm, and during his brief sojourn he inspected the harbour defences, and reviewed 4000 cadets in the Domain.

Sir Robert Baden-Powell, founder and Chief of the Boy Scouts, came to Auckland in connection with this movement. He arrived on May 28th, 1912, and received a civic welcome from the citizens, the Mayor, Mr. C. J. Parr, presiding. The hero of Mafeking spent a busy day, which included a review of 2500 cadets and 500 boy scouts at the Domain, the Governor, Baron Islington, taking the salute. In the evening Sir Robert delivered a lecture at the Town Hall.

Two years later Sir Ian Hamilton, Inspector-General of the Overseas Forces, came to New Zealand in an official capacity. He arrived in Auckland on May 12th, 1914, for the purpose of inspecting the military stations in the district, and the day following reviewed 4000 senior cadets at the Domain. He was accorded a civic reception, Mr. A. J. Entrican, Acting-Mayor, officiating.

During the same year two Australian statesmen visited the Dominion on official business. Mr. W. A. Holman, Premier of New South Wales, arrived in Auckland on February 9th, and Mr. Andrew Fisher, Premier of the Commonwealth of Australia, on December 28th, 1914.

In the last twenty years the Waitemata has received a number of visits from various navies, the first of which was made by the Australian Squadron, which arrived in the harbour on February 28th, 1903, under the command of Vice-Admiral Arthur Dalrymple Fanshawe. The warships comprising the squadron were the _Royal Arthur_ (flagship), _Ringarooma_, _Wallaroo_, _Phoebe_, _Archer_, _Karrakatta_, _Sparrow_, _Lizard_ and _Penguin_. The fleet remained for a week in the harbour, and during its stay the annual fleet regatta took place. While on this visit, Admiral Fanshawe declined the offer of the use of Admiralty House, which had been erected by the Harbour Board at a cost of over £8500, including land.

The visit of the United States Navy, in 1908, was one of the gayest and most spectacular events in the history of Auckland. The fleet reached Auckland on Sunday morning, August 9th, and the Admiral and his men were welcomed by crowds estimated at 100,000 persons, who utilised every vantage point on the harbour front. The city and harbour were decorated in a most extensive manner, the illuminations, in which electricity was used for the first time, being particularly elaborate. The official landing of Rear-Admiral Sperry and his officers took place on Monday, when they were received by the Prime Minister, the Rt. Hon. J. G. Ward; members of the Legislature; the Mayor (Mr. Arthur M. Myers), and members of the City Council; the chairman (Hon. E. Mitchelson), and members of the Harbour Board, and others.

Thereafter a week of festivities, the like of which the city had never previously indulged in, took place, including banquets, receptions on land and aboard the ships of the fleet, reviews, race meetings and sports, both general and aquatic. Public and private organisations vied with each other in the entertainment of both officers and men. The population joined in all these proceedings, and made the occasion memorable for the visitors and a pleasure to themselves. "Fleet Week," the name by which the event is now generally referred to, ended on August 15th, on which date the fleet steamed out of the harbour.

H.M.S. _New Zealand_, a battle cruiser of 18,800 tons, which was presented by the Government of New Zealand to the Home Government, arrived, on a visit, in Auckland Harbour on April 29th, 1913, with Captain Lionel Halsey in command. The vessel and its crew received a great welcome from the citizens, and while in port she was visited by 94,616 persons. In the Great War the ship took part in the sea fights of Heligoland, Dogger Bank and Jutland. After the close of the war the battle cruiser revisited Auckland, on September 23rd, 1919, with Admiral Lord Jellicoe, who was engaged upon a report on Empire defence, in command. Another great welcome was accorded both ship and the distinguished sailor, who the year following returned to New Zealand as Governor-General. He made his first visit to Auckland in a gubernatorial capacity on October 30th, 1920.

During the war period two Japanese warships, _Iwate_ and _Azuma_ visited New Zealand, arriving here on July 9th, 1916. Admiral Matsumura, his officers, and the cadets who manned the ships, were received by the civic authorities, and were entertained during their stay in port. Both ships had seen service in the Great War, but were now being used as training ships.

Fires are the commonplace events of a city's history, and every city's records are full of these occurrences. During the twenty years under review large fires alone, _i.e._, those causing damage to the extent of £10,000, destroyed property to the value of over half a million sterling. The first of these took place on January 13th, 1901, and completely destroyed three large buildings in Commerce and Customs Streets, and damaged two others. The principal losers by the fire were Messrs. Bond and Bell, L. D. Nathan and Co. (bond store), and G. W. Owen and Co. The origin of the fire was unknown, but owing to the inflammable nature of the goods in stock, the flames soon obtained a firm hold of the buildings, and in three hours had entirely consumed them. The loss sustained in the fire amounted to £90,000 (estimated). The Fire Brigades were unfit to cope with so large a conflagration, on account of the inadequacy of their appliances, although the water pressure was all that was required.

A characteristic of the fires which had occurred in Auckland up to this time was that, with one exception, no lives had been lost. The Grand Hotel fire of May 31st, 1901, was unfortunately responsible for the death of five persons--three children and two adults. The building was burned out, only the walls remaining. The damage was approximately £12,000.

A disastrous outbreak of fire took place on 4th May, 1904, in the warehouse belonging to Messrs. T. and S. Morrin, High Street, practically gutting the building and destroying a valuable stock of ironmongery. The damage was estimated to be in excess of £50,000. A number of firemen were injured by the collapse of a wall. After this fire had been brought under control, another outbreak in the retail premises of the same firm, which stood on the other side of High Street. Fortunately, it was confined to the roof.

The City Chambers, situated at the corner of Queen and Victoria Streets, was destroyed by fire in the early part of the evening of June 21st, 1906. All the storeys except the first were destroyed. The damage to the building amounted to considerably over £10,000, and the loss on stock was also considerable, but difficult to ascertain, as the Chambers were rented as offices and occupied by many people.

Another serious fire, causing damage estimated at £100,000, destroyed the four-storeyed building in Queen Street, known as the Strand Arcade, on August 16th, 1909. So intense were the flames that in two hours the building, which had only been erected eight years, was reduced to a heap of ruins. It was due to the energies of the Fire Brigades that the hotels on either side of the Arcade were not involved in the conflagration.

One of the biggest fires ever experienced in Auckland broke out a few minutes before eleven o'clock on November 16th, 1911, in the premises of Messrs. Macky, Logan, Caldwell and Co., Elliott Street. The outbreak was first observed at the Darby Street end of the building, but in a very short time the whole front, from Darby Street to Victoria Street, was in flames. As a spectacle, it was one of the grandest fires seen in the city. It burned so fiercely that fears were entertained that the whole block, which is bounded by Queen Street, would be involved. A right-of-way in Darby Street, combined with the efforts of the firemen, however, stayed the course of the fire, and in less than three hours the outbreak was under control, but not before damage estimated at £150,000 had been caused.

On 29th March, 1913, Endean's Buildings, at the corner of Queen and Quay Streets, were destroyed by fire. The damage was estimated at £35,000.

A fire which took place on October 23rd, 1915, at the stables of Messrs. J. J. Craig Ltd., Parnell, totally destroyed the building, and caused the death of more than two hundred horses. So speedily did the fire spread that only two animals escaped alive.

The fire on February 6th, 1917, which occurred in Gleeson's Buildings, High Street, was peculiar in respect of the amount of damage to goods in relation to the damage which the building sustained. Cinematograph films, stated to be worth £28,000, belonging to the Amalgamated Film Exchange of Australia (whose representatives occupied floors in this building), were destroyed. The damage to the building did not exceed £1000.

Two outbreaks of fire took place at Messrs. Bycroft Ltd., Shortland Street within a month of one another. The first occurred on February 6th, 1919, gutting the part of the building fronting Shortland Street, and causing damage estimated at £15,000. The second fire broke out on March 8th in the rear portion of the building, destroying it and causing injury to the machinery. The damage on this occasion was about £12,000.

Another fire, which had fatal results, was the Thames Hotel blaze of February 19th, 1919. Two storeys were gutted, and one of the guests was burned to death. Others received injuries while escaping from the burning building.

The most serious wreck of this period connected with the Port of Auckland was the disaster which overtook the Huddart-Parker steamer _Elingamite_ (2585 tons), which was totally wrecked on the Three Kings, while on a voyage from Sydney to Auckland, on November 9th, 1902. The vessel, which was travelling slowly on account of a very thick fog, had no warning of her danger, and when she struck, the engines were reversed without delay, but she had stuck fast. The boats and rafts were immediately launched, and all aboard, except the captain and chief steward, were taken off. Only one boat, however, reached the mainland, while others managed to make the Big King and the Middle King. The survivors on these islands underwent some hardships, until rescued by the steamer _Zealandia_, which had been intercepted by the master of a whaling boat, who conveyed the news of the disaster to the captain of that vessel. Later a raft was picked up by H.M.S. _Penguin_, but only eight out of sixteen found on it were alive. The survivors had undergone four days of terrible sufferings. One boat load of passengers was completely lost without trace. The total number of lives lost through the wreck was forty-nine.

A shipwreck of a more local character was the disaster which overtook the _Kapanui_ inside the Heads on December 23rd, 1905. About nine o'clock in the evening the coastal steamer _Kapanui_, on its homeward voyage from Waiwera, was rammed by another coaster, the _Claymore_, outward bound, between Devonport wharf and North Head. The _Kapanui_ sunk in a few minutes, five persons being drowned. The collision was due primarily to the _Kapanui's_ port light becoming extinguished, but the Court of Inquiry also found fault with the captain's handling of the vessel.

Another coastal steamer, the _Kia-Ora_, while voyaging to Onehunga, was wrecked at Kawhia, on June 13th, 1907. Captain J. C. Blacklock and two passengers were drowned.

An unusual shipping accident occurred in the Calliope Dock on November 27th, 1906, during the docking of the Shaw, Savill and Albion Company's steamer _Mamari_ (7062 tons), which resulted in the death of two men by drowning, and the injuring of thirty others. The accident was caused by the vessel lurching suddenly while there was still six feet of water in the dock. This unexpected movement of the ship sent the water swirling in the dock, taking men and loose timber with it, and causing the casualties stated. The ship had to be refloated without delay, as the position she had got into was extremely dangerous.

Another Huddart-Parker liner, the _Wimmera_ (3021 tons), was sunk on June 26th, 1918, off North Cape, after striking a submerged mine. At the time of the disaster she was on a voyage from Auckland to Sydney. After the explosion the life-boats were lowered, and five of them got safely away. One of the boats (No. 4) was stoved in against the ship, and most of its complement perished. Altogether, ten passengers and sixteen of the crew, including Captain R. J. Kell, were drowned.

The city's municipal progress in the last twenty years has been most marked. The Corporation's motto, "Advance," appears to have been kept in mind and lived up to, and in no direction was this activity more noticeable than in the city's streets. In 1902 Auckland possessed only one paved street; there are now thirty-three streets laid in either asphalt, wood blocks, or concrete, as well as a large number of macadamised roads. The failure of a supply of good road metal retarded Auckland's progress in road making, but the substitution of concrete has had successful results, and the Council has given authority for a large number of streets to be laid in this material, and the work is now being proceeded with. Another project which has engaged the attention of the Corporation was the widening of narrow streets, in order to carry the increased traffic which now passes over them. The improvements are most apparent on the waterfront, where the co-operation of the Harbour Board was obtained, and the largest and most costly undertaking of this class of work was the scheme known as the eastern outlet. This work necessitated the purchase of all properties between Beach Road and Jermyn Street, the widening of the first named from 66 feet to 110 feet, and the laying down of a new thoroughfare, named Anzac Avenue, 84 feet wide, from Beach Road to Lower Symonds Street. The making of this new highway was commenced in 1915, and the trams commenced running on it in February, 1921.

The opening, in 1910, of the Grafton Bridge, which is constructed in ferro-concrete, and is notable as having the longest three-hinged arch in the world, was another important undertaking, which provided easy access to the Hospital and Domain, and linked up Parnell and Newmarket with the western districts of the city.

The provision of parks in, and adjacent to, the city was another feature of this time. At the beginning of the period the only parks in the city were the Domain (194 acres), Albert Park (14 acres), and Western Park (6 acres). In 1901, on completion of the reclamations, Victoria Park (18 acres) was leased from the Harbour Board, and has been formed into an excellent sports and recreation ground, containing a children's playing area, which has recently been equipped by Mr. John Court. Point Erin Park, Ponsonby (12 acres) was acquired ten years later, and soon after the amalgamation of Parnell with the city, the Corporation acquired the Gillies property and "Kilbryde," formerly the residence of the late Sir John Logan Campbell, which adjoined. These two properties united were opened in 1915 and named Parnell Park (9 acres). In the same year Myers Park (6 acres) was opened. This park, which was presented by Mr. (afterwards the Hon.) A. M. Myers in 1913, was originally an unsightly gully, overgrown with weeds; it has been transformed into a delightful and useful reserve, where one was much needed. At a later date Mr. Myers erected in the park (which has been equipped especially for children's play) a free kindergarten. The building, which was designed by Messrs. Chilwell and Trevithick, and built by Messrs. Johns and Sons, was formally opened by the Governor, Lord Liverpool, on November 15th, 1916. Its cost, exclusive of equipment, was £5666. Three other parks, which lie outside the city boundary, on the shores of the Manukau Harbour, were also added to the city's reserves by the generosity of various donors. Cornwallis Park (1927 acres) was bequeathed under the will of the late J. Mitchell McLachlan in 1911; Atkinson Park (30 acres) was the gift of the late H. W. Atkinson, two years later; and Kaiterakihe Park (761 acres) was presented by Mr. Wesley Spragg in 1918. Waiatarua Park (156 acres) is another large reserve, undeveloped at present, which the Council acquired by purchase, with a view to the future needs of the city.

Another form of recreation which the city has made provision for is swimming, and up-to-date outdoor baths have been erected at Shelly Beach (150ft. × 60ft.), and at Point Resolution, Parnell (194ft. × 149ft.). The former was opened in 1912 and the latter in 1914. The Hobson Street Tepid Baths, which are indoor baths, were constructed at a cost of £10,673 by Messrs. J. T. Julian and Sons, and were opened on December 17th, 1914. There are two ponds (100ft. × 50ft. and 60ft. × 30ft.), as well as private baths, dressing rooms, laundry, etc.

Some large engineering works have also been carried out during these years. The Waitakere dam, which stores 220,000,000 gallons of water, was finished in 1906. Two other reservoirs are under construction at Nihotupu, the upper designed to contain 69,000,000 gallons of water, and the main dam 540,000,000 gallons. The smaller dam is expected to be completed shortly, and the large one in 1923. A comprehensive scheme of drainage and sewerage for the city and suburbs was started on 25th October, 1909, and the main outfall works were opened on March 25th, 1914. The work of linking up other districts has proceeded during the following years. Electrical supply for power and lighting was taken in hand by the Corporation in 1906, and the first supply was given from Freeman's Bay in 1908. Since that date the department has grown considerably, although the war interfered with the supply of material and delayed the development of the scheme. An idea of the present extent of the undertaking may be formed from the fact that for the year ending 31st March, 1921, 10,496,060 units were sold, the revenue being £108,734. The electric tramway system was inaugurated on 24th November, 1902, powers having been given to a company for this purpose. The City Council took over the concern on July 1st, 1919. There are at present twenty-seven miles of lines and 154 cars in commission. For the year ending 31st March, 1921, the cars carried 45,820,939 persons.

Other activities which engaged the attention of the Council were the erection of new abattoirs at Westfield (opened in 1909), and large new city markets, which were completed in 1917 and 1918. The Corporation also entered the fish trade, opening markets and providing trawlers to catch fish, and, besides supplying the trade, it retails this food at its own shop. The figures of last year's working indicate the extent of this business. The total weight of fish received from all sources was 1040 tons, the sales amounting to £49,758.

The provision of houses by the municipality was commenced in 1915, when six houses were erected in Ponsonby. A larger scheme of dwellings, to be erected on the old abattoir site at Grey Lynn, was proposed in 1918, but, owing to financial difficulties, it could not be carried out. As an instalment of the proposal, ten cottages have been built on this site up to the present.

The erection of the Town Hall, which commenced in 1908, was significant of the position which the municipality had now attained. The question of a Town Hall had been under consideration from 1880, but until this time the Council had not been in a position to do anything. Prior to the opening of the Town Hall, the Council's staff had no settled headquarters, the first Council offices under the present constitution being located in rooms over Messrs. Upton and Co.'s book shop, Queen Street. As the Council's affairs increased, further accommodation was found necessary, and the old Magistrate's Court, at the corner of High and Chancery Streets, was obtained to meet the requirements. After the opening of the Public Library and Art Gallery, the Council utilised some of the rooms in this building as municipal chambers, and here the Council's work was carried on until the Town Hall was ready for occupation.

The foundation stone of the Town Hall was laid by the Mayor, Mr. A. M. Myers, on the 24th February, 1909, and the building was opened by the Governor, Baron Islington, on the 14th December, 1911, Mr. C. J. Parr, Mayor, presiding at the ceremony which took place in the large hall. The festivities connected with the opening continued for a week, concerts, organ recitals, oratorios, and the annual reunion of the Old Colonists' Association being held in the new hall. The building was designed by Messrs. J. J. and E. J. Clark, of Melbourne, and the contractors were Messrs. Ferguson and Malcolm, of Auckland, whose contract for the work was £87,565.

The building is divided into two portions, one being devoted to administrative purposes, including the Council Chamber, and the other comprising the halls, of which there are two, with a supper room and ante-rooms. The large hall has seating accommodation for 2700, and the orchestral platform and chorus galleries can seat 350 performers. The Concert Chamber has seating capacity for 880 persons.

At the opening ceremony the Mayor formally acknowledged two splendid gifts, which had been made to the citizens and erected in the Town Hall. These were the pipe organ, the gift of Mr. Henry Brett, and the clock, which was presented by Mr. A. M. Myers.

The finances of the city show clearly the present position of municipal affairs, and the development which has been made in the last two decades. The city's annual valuation in 1901 was £349,765; to-day it stands at £1,497,095. The Council's revenue at the same date was £1,077,047, compared with £82,657 twenty years ago.

The spirit of civic progress was not confined to the municipal authority for the Harbour Board also embarked upon a huge programme of work, which is still going on, and which has completely transformed the waterfront, making it one of the most up-to-date ports in Australasia. It even permeated to individuals, as the record of benefactions amply demonstrates. Some of these benefactions have already been mentioned, but others remain to be described.

Mrs. E. A. Mackechnie, who died on November 7th, 1902, bequeathed by direction of her deceased husband, to the Auckland Institute and Museum the sum of £2500, of which £2000 was to endow a library and £500 to purchase cases of animals. A similar amount, £2500 was left to the Auckland Society of Arts to erect a gallery. The Institute received also by this bequest the late Mr. Mackechnie's library.

The Leys Institute was founded by the will of the late William Leys, who died on the 5th October, 1899. The funds available being inadequate for the early realisation of the testator's benevolent purpose, Mr. Thomson W. Leys, a brother of the deceased, and one of his trustees, offered to defray one-half of the entire cost of erecting and equipping a building, and to furnish the institution with a library, on condition that the Corporation provided a suitable site. This condition was readily agreed to by the City Council, and on the 29th March, 1905, the institution was officially opened by the Mayor, the Hon. E. Mitchelson. Mr. R. M. Watts was the architect, and the cost of erecting and equipping the building, exclusive of books, was £3234. The Leys Institute consists of a reference library and reading room, a lending department, boys' room and recreation rooms. The course of winter lectures and entertainments has been a feature of its work since the commencement. The gymnasium has recently been converted into a large boys' hall, probably the largest boys' institute in the Dominion. Mr. T. W. Leys has been president of the institute since its inception, and its success is due mainly to his personal interest and benefactions.

Charitable institutions were also fortunate in the assistance they received from benefactors. By the will of the late William Arrowsmith, who died in 1902, a sum of about £23,000 was bequeathed, in equal parts, to the Orphans' Home and Mrs. Cowie's Women's Home.

Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Smith presented in March, 1907 to the Hospital Board a property at Russell Crescent, Ellerslie, containing over three acres and a two-storey dwelling, formerly the home of the donors, for the purpose of founding a convalescent home for women and children, which was named the Alexandra Convalescent Home. At the time the gift was made the estate was valued at about £5000.

A number of Auckland institutions benefited by the will of Mrs. Knox, widow of the late Charles Knox, both pioneers, who arrived in New Zealand in the 'forties. Mrs. Knox died on the 19th October, 1908, bequeathing £70,000 to charities, including £20,000 for the erection of a building for the treatment of poor people suffering from incurable diseases. This institution, which bears the donor's name, is situated at Tamaki.

The Leslie Presbyterian Orphanage was opened on the 21st October, 1911, although the bequest of £3485 of Mr. James Leslie, the founder of the institution, was made known at his death on 15th November, 1888. For some years after the date of the bequest the trustees did not feel justified in erecting a building, on account of the small sum at their disposal, but with the addition of £1000 bequeathed by Mrs. Birrell, and the bequest of Mrs. Knox of £500, they decided to carry out the original testator's will. The home, which is situated on the harbour at Meadow Bank, was designed by the late E. Bartley, the builder being Mr. O. E. Farrow.

The Auckland Exhibition of 1913, which was officially opened on 1st December, 1913, by the Governor, the Earl of Liverpool, was a striking proof of the commercial and industrial advancement of the city and province. The opening ceremony was attended by a most representative gathering, including the Prime Minister (Rt. Hon. W. F. Massey), members of Parliament, and mayors and municipal representatives from the whole Dominion. On the Governor's arrival at the Exhibition grounds, he was received by Mr. George Elliot, chairman, and members of the Exhibition Executive, the Mayor of Auckland (Mr. C. J. Parr), and others. In the evening the Corporation gave a banquet to the distinguished visitors, at which the Mayor presided. In this manner the exhibition was inaugurated. The exhibition grounds occupied an area of 48 acres of the Domain, and the cost of erecting the buildings and laying out the grounds was £30,000.

Generally, the exhibition was run on conventional lines, being principally of an industrial and commercial character. Special features were introduced as far as Auckland was concerned, the principal one being the engagement of the Band of the Royal Regiment of Artillery of 45 performers, under the command of Captain N. P. R. Preston, with Mr. C. E. Stretton, musical director, this being the first occasion on which one of the great regimental bands of the British Army had visited New Zealand. The enterprise shown in bringing out the Royal Artillery Band was repaid by the financial success which resulted, due in great measure to this attraction. The amusements provided in the exhibition, while not new to Auckland, were on a larger scale than had hitherto been attempted, and occupied 15 acres, named Wonderland Park. The art section contained a collection of 600 paintings, etc., collected and brought out to New Zealand from London by Mr. John Baillie, formerly of Wellington. The illumination by electricity of the buildings and grounds by night was another interesting and beautiful feature.

The exhibition remained open till April 18th, 1914, and during the four and a half months of its life it was estimated that 870,000 people visited it. From the social and business aspects the exhibition was a great success, and after expenses had been met a sum of £21,758 remained as profit. It had previously been decided that any surplus accruing from the exhibition should be used in beautifying the Domain, and this sum of money has since been expended on improvements carried out on the outer Domain, including the laying-out of paths, flower beds, playing areas, and the erection of the winter-garden, which stands on the site of one of the exhibition buildings. The tea kiosk and the bandstand, near the main drive, are permanent survivals of the exhibition.

The principal officials were: Mr. George Elliot, chairman of executive; Messrs. Bamford and Pierce, architects; Mr. E. A. Pearce, supervisor of buildings, etc.; and Mr. W. R. Holmes, manager. Mr. Holmes, it is interesting to note, had filled the same position in the exhibition of 1898-9.

Another banking establishment was added to the number of these institutions in 1913, the Commercial Bank of Australia opening a branch in Shortland Street in October of that year, but later the business was removed to premises in Queen Street.

The principal overseas shipping of the port was brought up to 1909 in the previous section. For the two following years Auckland did not receive much consideration as a port of call for the trans-Pacific steamers, but in 1911 the Union Company reinstated Auckland as the way port in the Sydney-Vancouver service, the _Marama_ (6437 tons) taking up the run, and arriving at Auckland on August 5th. The _Makura_ (8200 tons) and the _Zealandia_ (now the _Paloona_, 2771 tons) were also commissioned for this service. In April, 1913 the _Niagara_ (13,415 tons) replaced the _Zealandia_, and the _Marama_ was withdrawn in July, 1914, since when the _Niagara_ and _Makura_ have maintained the running between Australia and Canada.

The P. & O. Company established a service to New Zealand _via_ Suez Canal in 1910, the Mongolia arriving in Auckland on November 23rd. With the sailing of the _Macedonia_, on April 12th, 1913, the service was discontinued.

The latest line of steamers to inaugurate a New Zealand service is the Canadian Government Merchant Marine, Ltd., the first steamer of this line to reach Auckland being the _Canadian Raider_, which arrived on 3rd April, 1920. The undertaking is interesting, having been created by the Canadian Government with the purpose of extending the commerce of that dominion. The steamers, which are designed to carry general and refrigerated cargo, number seventy, and trade to all parts of the world _via_ the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, monthly calls being made at Auckland, where the head office for Australasia is situated. The marine service is worked in conjunction with the Canadian National and Grand Trunk railway systems.

The inter-colonial service has been carried on regularly by the Huddart-Parker and the Union lines, while the latter has practically gained a monopoly of the inter-provincial and the Island services.

An industrial disturbance, which ended in a general strike, paralysing the trade of the Dominion, occurred at the end of 1913. The trouble began with the miners in 1912, but the strikes of the Wellington shipwrights and the Huntly miners, which took place simultaneously in October, 1913, brought out other trades, including the waterside workers, and for some weeks the commerce and industry of the Dominion were at a standstill. Even the city trams ceased running. After a fortnight, free labour became available and rapidly grew in extent. Within a month the city became normal. One of the features of the strike was the introduction of special police, who were enlisted to protect the free labourers. The Auckland special police included over 800 mounted men, who camped in the Domain. Although feeling between the unionists and the strike-breakers ran high, there was no conflict at any time.

During the following years there were a number of industrial disputes, but in the war period strikes were not resorted to. The "go-slow" policy was, however, introduced during the later stages of the war, and caused considerable inconvenience. In 1919 the strike reappeared and coal supplies became so short that public conveniences, such as gas and electricity, were affected, and their curtailment became frequent. The railway services were also affected, only the briefest time-tables being carried out. In 1920 complete suspension of both trams and gas supplies occurred, owing to lack of fuel. On two occasions the trams ceased running--from January 31st to February 13th, and from September 25th to October 11th. Almost simultaneously with the second suspension of the trams the gas supply was entirely stopped, the period being from September 30th until October 14th.

Another strike, which was not appreciated by the public, was the butchers' strike, which lasted from November 15th to December 6th, 1919.

The jockeys' strike, which took place at the Avondale races on April 10th, 1920, was a small affair in itself, and would not merit mention if it were not for the events which followed it. On June 3rd the tramwaymen detailed for duty on the race cars refused to run the "race specials" and were suspended. The other tramwaymen, out of sympathy with these men, ran their cars into the depôts. The City Council, which had taken over the system from the Auckland Tramway Company, considered that the men had struck, and the service was not resumed until June 8th, when the dispute was settled.

Between the jockeys' strike and its sequel--the tramways dispute--the railwaymen came out, on account of dissatisfaction with their conditions. The strike commenced on April 27th, and the dispute threatened to be a most serious affair. It lasted for less than a week, the men returning to duty on May 2nd. If the dispute had not been thus speedily settled, the results, both economic and commercial, would have been disastrous to the community. This event took place when the Prince of Wales had just commenced his tour of New Zealand. He was then at Rotorua, but the men on the train agreed to bring the Royal visitor back to Auckland. This unscheduled hold-up of the tour was taken in a philosophic spirit by His Royal Highness.

The European War, which fell on the world with such suddenness, soon became felt on this side of the globe. The report at first brought consternation to New Zealanders, with which was mingled the usual display of patriotic ardour. Bands of youths and young men paraded Queen Street, singing patriotic songs and demonstrating. To many business people the idea of war spelt ruin, and many of them immediately curtailed their staffs. Within a very short time--a fortnight at most--these extreme expressions of the public mind settled down, and the true feelings of the community found vent. The New Zealand Government at once offered Great Britain its assistance, which was as speedily accepted. On August 10th the first portion of Auckland volunteers for overseas service left for Wellington, to join the other units which formed the advance party of the N.Z.E.F. for the Samoan expedition. From this onwards there were regular concentrations of men for the forces, and at intervals the troops left for the seat of war.

The embarkations were usually made from Wellington, but in the earlier days of the war the troops sometimes left from other ports, including Auckland. One of the most memorable send-offs to outgoing troops took place on September 23rd, 1914, when 2000 soldiers paraded at the Auckland Domain, and were ceremonially farewelled by the citizens, the Prime Minister (the Rt. Hon. W. F. Massey) and the Mayor (Mr. C. J. Parr, C.M.G.) addressing the men. A similar event took place on the occasion of the embarkation of the Second Maori Reinforcements, on 17th September, 1915. This departure was an impressive spectacle, as the older Maoris and their women-folk carried out the ceremony in traditional manner. The Mayor (Mr. J. H. Gunson) presided at the ceremony, which took place outside the Town Hall.

In the first months of the war a training camp for local recruits was located at Epsom, but as the Dominion's military organisation developed, this camp was abandoned, and the Auckland recruits went direct to Trentham or one of the other concentration camps. The only permanent camp in the Auckland district was at Narrow Neck, Devonport, where the Maoris and recruits from the South Seas underwent their course of training.

Apart from the unusual number of men in khaki, and the economic conditions brought into being by the war, New Zealand was scarcely disturbed. The economic factors have been mentioned in another part of this narrative, and, although serious while they lasted, they could not be described as hardships, such as were experienced by people living nearer the war zones.

The most exciting event which occurred near Auckland during the war was the escape of Commander von Luckner and ten other German prisoners of war on December 13th, 1917, from internment at Motuihi. They seized the motor launch belonging to the camp commandant, and then commandeered the scow _Moa_ at sea. They were recaptured near the Kermadec Islands on December 21st and brought back to Auckland on Boxing Day, on board the cable ship _Iris_.

The discovery of a submarine minefield between North Cape and Cape Maria van Diemen was another incident, which was followed by fatal results. Shipping was notified on June 11th, 1918, to avoid the locality. Unfortunately, the steamer _Wimmera_ neglected to observe the instructions, and became a victim, as related elsewhere in this section.

Apart from the number of soldiers which New Zealand sent to the war, the people of the Dominion entered with enthusiasm into the work arising out of the war and the relief of the sufferers thereby. Associations, in which both young and old laboured with good results, were formed. The dull days of war were enlivened from time to time by carnivals and special days for the Red Cross, Blue Cross, the Servian and Belgian relief funds, and other patriotic purposes. In connection with the Belgian fund, Mr. H. E. Partridge presented, in March 1915, the collection of Maori paintings by Mr. G. Lindauer, to the Auckland Art Gallery, on condition that the people of Auckland district subscribed £10,000. The condition was fulfilled within a very short period. On October 14th of the same year the Auckland Queen Carnival, organised by the Auckland Patriotic and War Relief Association, was started. The respective supporters of the twelve queens worked with great assiduity, and by November 29th, when the coronation of Mrs. Bollard (Queen of the South), the winner, took place, the proceeds from this effort totalled £264,547.

The Auckland Patriotic League, which afterwards became the Auckland Provincial Patriotic and War Relief Association, was formed in the first month of the war, the Mayor of Auckland being chairman _ex officio_. Mr. C. J. Parr was the first chairman, occupying the position from August, 1914, to April, 1915, when he was succeeded by Mr. J. H. Gunson, who has held the position up to the present. In recognition of his services to this and other patriotic endeavours, including the work which he did on the National Efficiency Board[29] he was made an officer of the Order of the British Empire (O.B.E.) in 1918, and in the following year was elevated to the commandership of the Order (C.B.E.). The Mayoress (Mrs. Gunson) was also made an officer of the same Order, in acknowledgement of her patriotic work.

The total funds collected by the Patriotic and War Relief Association from the 10th August, 1914, until the end of September, 1921, including interest, amounted to over half a million sterling.

The official peace celebrations were held on July 19th, 1919. A universal holiday was observed, and the city wore a gala appearance, bunting and decorations being everywhere in evidence. The official part of the proceedings commenced with a procession, which formed at the foot of Queen Street, and travelled to the Domain. In the procession the men who had served in the war took pride of place. The official, consular and civil life of the city was also represented. Next to the soldiers, in point of interest, were the various local organisations which had taken part in the work connected with the war and patriotic endeavour. Many of these associations were represented by members who wore symbolic costumes and were conveyed in tastefully decorated vehicles, adding a picturesque touch to the procession.

At the Domain the troops, of which some 5500 were on parade, marched past the saluting base, Colonel H. R. Potter, C.M.G., officer commanding the district, taking the salute. At the conclusion of the military function the Deputy-Mayor (Mr. A. J. Entrican) read the King's message, after which a salute of twenty-one guns was fired. The returned soldiers were then entertained to lunch by the Peace Celebrations Committee.

At night the city was transformed into a carnival. Bonfires were lit, and the spirit of revelry was abroad, but owing to the coal shortage only limited illuminations were permitted.

The welcome accorded to the soldiers returning to New Zealand after hostilities had ceased was usually of a private character, being confined to relatives. The civic heads and other officials were present, and on behalf of the citizens welcomed the soldiers home. An exception to this, however, was made on the return of the Maori Battalion, numbering 1000 strong, on April 6th, 1919. The occasion was made a great festival by the natives, and representatives from every tribe in New Zealand were congregated at Auckland to take part in the welcome, which was conducted in accordance with Maori custom. The gathering was held in the Auckland Domain, and the day being a Sunday a great assemblage of the public collected there to take part in the welcome home. It was the greatest Maori ceremonial gathering which had been held in New Zealand since the Maori ceremonies attending the visit to Rotorua of the Duke and Duchess of York, in 1901. Native dances were performed, and speeches of welcome made by the chiefs of the various tribes. On behalf of the white people of New Zealand, the Maori soldiers were welcomed home by Sir James Allen, Minister for Defence, Mr. J. H. Gunson, Mayor of Auckland, Hon. Sir James Carroll, K.C.M.G., M.P., and others. After the formal reception, the Maoris partook of a feast in native fashion.

Shortly after the conclusion of hostilities a French mission, representative of the national, economic and commercial interests of France, with General Pau, the famous soldier, who had served in the war, at its head, visited New Zealand, and arrived at Auckland on December 27th, 1918. The object of the visit was to thank the Government and people for the services rendered by New Zealand in the war, and to study how inter-commercial relations could be extended. On the mission's return to Auckland from the South, the members were accorded a civic reception on January 24th, the Mayor (Mr. J. H. Gunson) presiding.

During 1919 and 1920 two distinguished soldiers, who were intimately connected with the New Zealand forces which had served overseas, were given cordial welcome to Auckland. The first to arrive in the city was Brigadier-General G. S. Richardson, who had held the position of Commandant of the New Zealand Forces in England, during the period that the New Zealanders served in France. He reached Auckland on May 5th, 1919, and his reception was in the nature of a welcome home, as he had been connected with the New Zealand Forces for many years before the outbreak of hostilities.

General Sir William Riddell Birdwood, who commanded the Australian and New Zealand Division on Gallipoli, and gained a great reputation among the troops under his care, arrived in Auckland on July 6th, 1920. He was given an enthusiastic reception by returned soldiers and the general public. The city tendered him a reception at the Town Hall, at which the Mayor (Mr. J. H. Gunson) again presided.

The Soldiers' Club was opened on September 13th, 1915, in rooms of the Y.M.C.A., which were loaned by the directors. As larger numbers of repatriated soldiers came back to Auckland, the accommodation at the Y.M.C.A. became insufficient, and new premises for the club were found in Albert Street, which were opened on 20th October, 1920.

The most serious epidemic of disease ever experienced in Auckland was the outbreak of influenza, which occurred in October, 1918. The account of the epidemic given in the "Auckland and Charitable Aid Board: a History" is the best account the writer has seen, and he therefore makes no apology for quoting from it. "Influenza in a somewhat unusual form was prevalent in the city from the early part of October ... but the worst phases dated from a fortnight after the arrival of the R.M.S. _Niagara_ from Vancouver, on the 12th of the month.... On the berthing of the vessel in Auckland, twenty-eight men were removed to the Hospital and placed in an isolation ward. Within a few days the disease was communicated to members of the Hospital staff. Simultaneously it spread to the community.... The insufficiency of the ordinary hospital accommodation to meet the demands of such an extraordinary emergency were early apparent. Temporary hospitals were accordingly established at the Seddon Memorial Technical College, "Kilbryde" (Point Resolution), the Sailors' Home, the Avondale racecourse buildings, Myers Kindergarten, the Y.W.C.A. hostel, Vermont Street schools, and St. Joseph's schoolroom, Grey Lynn. The Auckland Racing Club's buildings at Ellerslie were converted into a temporary convalescent home.... Rigorous measures were taken at the beginning of November to limit the spread of the disease. Business in the city was brought almost to a standstill. Places of amusement and worship, banks, schools, hotel bars, and many warehouses were closed; public meetings ... were forbidden; such facilities as the telegraphic, telephonic, railway and shipping services were curtailed, and all classes of the community united in the supreme work of meeting [combating] the scourge.... The visitation was at its height in the first two weeks of November.... By the middle of November it was evident that the progress of the disease had been stayed, and from that time onward it gradually diminished in severity until by the end of the month only isolated cases remained."

The official statistics of the deaths for the Auckland registration district during the period of the epidemic was 1013, or 7.57 per thousand of the population. The largest number of deaths recorded in one day was 56.

On November 8th an announcement of the signing of the Armistice was received in Auckland, which later proved to have been premature. Despite the epidemic, which was then at its height, the city went wild with joy, and never were such scenes enacted as on that morning. When the official intimation was received, four days later, there was no demonstration.

Sporting events have not found much space in these pages, as it would have been difficult to know where to draw a line on such a subject. Such an international event as the Davis Cup Challenge Round, which commenced on December 30th, 1920, is of such an exceptional nature as to justify its mention. The choice of New Zealand as the scene of the final round was in the nature of a compliment to the brilliant New Zealand exponent of the game, Anthony Wilding, who lost his life in the Great War. The games were contested on special courts prepared in the Auckland Domain.

The year 1918 was remarkable for the weather. There were three severe gales, the first occurring on February 14th, the next on March 18th, and the last on June 20th. In the latter the wind blew at the rate of 440 miles in 24 hours; in the two former the velocity reached 520 miles. The temperature during July was extremely low, and in the last week of the month it dropped to 30 degrees, which was the lowest temperature recorded for over thirty years. The severe frost which covered the ground was an unusual sight for Aucklanders. June, 1920, was another cold month, and on July 1st the thermometer at Albert Park registered 29 degrees.

The event which opened this section of Auckland's annals was the visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York, who are now the reigning sovereigns. It is fitting, therefore, to close it with the visit of their son and heir, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, in 1920. The visit was the outcome of a promise made by His Majesty the King that the Prince would visit the Dominions as a token of appreciation of the spirit of loyalty and unity displayed by the whole Empire during the war. H.M.S. _Renown_ (26,500 tons) conveyed the Royal visitor on his tour, and arrived in the Waitemata Harbour on April 24th. The voyage from North Head was a wonderful water pageant, craft of every sort and size taking part in it. The Prince first set foot on New Zealand at Auckland, and was welcomed by the Governor-General (Admiral Lord Jellicoe), the Prime Minister (the Rt. Hon. W. F. Massey, P.C.), the Mayor (Mr. J. H. Gunson), and the Chairman of the Harbour Board (Mr. H. D. Heather). He then paid an official call on the Governor-General, and later made a triumphal journey along Queen Street to the Town Hall, where the Mayor and citizens formally welcomed His Royal Highness to the city and delivered to him a loyal address. In the afternoon a military review was held in the Domain in the presence of the Prince. The following day was Anzac Day, and the 1920 commemoration will be long remembered on account of the Prince joining in the service to honour the heroes of the Gallipoli expedition.

On Monday His Royal Highness attended the Auckland Domain, where the school children of the city were marshalled into groups, forming the word "Welcome" and a living Union Jack, and as the Prince passed among the children the enthusiasm was unprecedented. In the afternoon the Royal visitor attended a race meeting at Ellerslie, specially arranged in honour of his visit, and at night he was present at an "At Home" in the Town Hall, where he was again received with enthusiasm. Thus ended the official part of the Prince's visit, but owing to the railwaymen's strike he spent a few days privately in the city.

_Postscript_

The task which the writer undertook has now been accomplished. Its imperfections are such as inevitably accompany a first attempt to write a local history. Other hands, he hopes, will repair what omissions he has made. In spite of its shortcomings, he feels some little satisfaction in having had the opportunity of contributing a stone to the building of Auckland's history.

Looking back over the brief period which comprehends the city's career, no citizen of Auckland but should be proud of the progress--social, economic and commercial, which has been made; it is a record of difficulties successfully overcome, and of advancement, despite many handicaps.

Appendix I

_The Name of Auckland_

The City of Auckland is generally stated to have been named after Lord Auckland by Governor Hobson, but, as a rule, no authority for the statement appears in any of the books relating to the subject. As already shown from Hobson's despatch, dated 10th November, 1840, the Governor chose the name himself. So far, so good. What was his reason for doing so? I exhausted every possible source of information at my command, and failed to obtain any satisfaction. Learning from Mr. Horace Fildes, of Wellington, that Dr. Guy H. Scholefield had, while in England, been given access by the Hobson family to the late Governor's papers, and from these had written a biography (which, unfortunately, is still in manuscript), I communicated with him on the question of the naming of the city, and specifically inquired if he had seen any document or paper giving in Hobson's own words his reasons for the name which he bestowed upon the capital. Dr. Scholefield courteously looked through his MS. and replied as follows:--

"I have come across the volume and looked carefully through it for what you want. Here it is, roughly. Having been idle for some years after returning from the West Indies, Hobson applied to the First Lord (Sir James Graham), recounting his services and asking for employment. This was shelved, but in June, 1834, Lord Auckland came to the Admiralty, and in December he gave Hobson command of the _Rattlesnake_, with orders to proceed to the East Indies (the cruise which brought him first to New Zealand). Hobson wrote thanking Auckland for his patronage, and Auckland replied a few days later:--

"'I am glad to know from you that your appointment to the _Rattlesnake_ is so satisfactory to you, and can assure you that it was highly pleasing to me to give the service the advantage of having you again in active employment.' (_Private letter in possession of Hobson's family_).

"While Hobson was on the East Indies station Auckland was himself appointed Governor-General of India. Troubles with Burma for months, and even for years, made it seem that an expedition would be necessary, and both before and after the Australian cruise, Hobson had been instructed to be ready for this, as he would be senior naval officer on the station. Finally, Hobson's time came to return to England, and the instructions were handed over to another captain. In his letters to his wife at this period, which I have copied, but cannot find just now, Hobson frequently refers in terms of gratitude to Auckland's kindly interest. At one time he expected a naval appointment at Bombay worth £2000 a year, which he compared with a 'factorship' in New Zealand or a governorship of Port Philip, which he surveyed. His conclusion was rather in favour of the latter.

"In my chapter on Hobson's character, I refer to his frequent acknowledgments of the kindly interest of three men, Sir Lawrence Halsted, Lord Auckland and the Duke of Clarence. He has commemorated them and others in the nomenclature of Australia and New Zealand, wherever he had a chance. 'Believe me,' he writes to his wife in 1836, regarding the kindly interest of Lord Auckland, 'many a valuable officer pines in obscurity merely because he has no friends to bring his merits into notice.' The friendship of Lord Auckland was well recognised, for an acquaintance once asked him to exert his influence on behalf of his own son-in-law. 'It would gratify me beyond measure,' he writes to Mrs. Hobson in reply 'to be the means of pushing his son-in-law forward, but to write to Lord Auckland, as ---- wishes me to do, to ask his Lordship's interest on behalf of another, merely because he befriended me, is so absurd a thing that I cannot help wondering how any rational man could propose it.'

"I hope that this may be sufficient to fix the responsibility for the name of Auckland. There can be no historical doubt as to its origin, and the reason for it."

Appendix II

_Population of the City of Auckland_

YEAR. POPULATION. 1840 -- 1841 1,500 (estimated) 1842 2,895 1843 2,522 1844 2,754 1858 6,283 1861 7,989 1864 12,423 1867 11,153 1871 12,937 1874 12,775 1878 13,758 1881 16,664 1886 33,161 1891 28,613 1896 31,424 1901 34,213 1906 37,736 1911 40,536 1916 64,951 1921 83,467

The population of the City and suburbs in 1921 was 158,000.

Appendix III

_Table Showing Imports and Exports at the Port of Auckland: 1853-1920_

YEAR. IMPORTS. EXPORTS. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1853 253,926 12 8 148,724 19 0 1854 336,697 19 4 156,645 3 11 1855 358,540 13 11 146,593 19 6 1856 259,294 9 5 100,380 2 4 1857 314,327 6 2 81,052 18 4 1858 334,386 2 1 74,382 2 4¼ 1859 399,972 0 0 72,012 0 0 1860 454,311 0 0 78,164 0 0 1861 591,468 0 0 57,673 0 0 1862 815,205 0 0 72,354 0 0 1863 959,219 0 0 195,228 0 0 1864 2,219,287 0 0 329,243 0 0 1865 1,842,416 0 0 292,802 0 0 1866 1,092,399 0 0 215,393 0 0 1867 777,667 0 0 291,557 0 0 1868 799,926 0 0 398,974 0 0 1869 1,357,326 0 0 736,086 0 0 1870 1,296,940 0 0 861,675 0 0 1871 937,655 0 0 1,601,763 0 0 1872 1,190,008 0 0 740,234 0 0 1873 1,422,395 0 0 832,997 0 0 1874 1,546,438 0 0 633,656 0 0 1875 1,558,355 0 0 695,418 0 0 1876 1,232,881 0 0 674,003 0 0 1877 1,136,316 0 0 734,336 0 0 1878 1,408,823 0 0 544,112 0 0 1879 1,476,325 0 0 551,849 0 0 1880 1,242,871 0 0 758,271 0 0 1881 1,490,124 0 0 813,113 0 0 1882 1,911,606 0 0 975,301 0 0 1883 1,916,241 0 0 1,067,326 0 0 1884 1,978,945 0 0 835,424 0 0 1885 1,857,655 0 0 1,035,125 0 0 1886 1,720,898 0 0 581,881 0 0 1887 1,401,379 0 0 986,712 0 0 1888 1,403,664 0 0 933,958 0 0 1889 1,363,131 0 0 1,042,087 0 0 1890 1,385,959 0 0 1,237,600 0 0 1891 1,595,036 0 0 1,218,321 0 0 1892 1,642,686 0 0 1,214,878 0 0 1893 1,487,827 0 0 1,256,450 0 0 1894 1,562,434 0 0 1,174,920 0 0 1895 1,592,558 0 0 1,302,075 0 0 1896 1,960,570 0 0 1,276,035 0 0 1897 2,132,477 0 0 1,365,040 0 0 1872 1,190,008 0 0 740,234 0 0 1898 2,187,128 0 0 1,676,152 0 0 1899 2,211,719 0 0 1,860,604 0 0 1900 2,617,329 0 0 2,068,361 0 0 1901 3,023,566 0 0 1,922,792 0 0 1902 3,087,460 0 0 2,091,016 0 0 1903 3,167,185 0 0 2,501,605 0 0 1904 3,248,163 0 0 2,512,938 0 0 1905 3,156,470 0 0 2,643,495 0 0 1906 3,591,342 0 0 3,168,927 0 0 1907 4,533,999 0 0 3,472,405 0 0 1908 4,671,295 0 0 2,900,551 0 0 1909 4,333,857 0 0 3,371,407 0 0 1910 4,741,326 0 0 3,960,655 0 0 1911 5,650,734 0 0 3,280,878 0 0 1912 6,398,533 0 0 3,381,938 0 0 1913 6,610,745 0 0 4,024,740 0 0 1914 6,548,880 0 0 4,062,530 0 0 1915 6,494,462 0 0 5,407,074 0 0 1916 7,362,778 0 0 5,894,787 0 0 1917 6,413,477 0 0 5,712,467 0 0 1918 7,217,732 0 0 6,022,514 0 0 1919 9,567,409 0 0 9,847,296 0 0 1920 18,732,082 0 0 9,383,603 0 0

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Known also as Toi-Kai-rakau.

[2] One-taunga (Mooring's beach)

[3] Subsequently the first Maori king.

[4] The marriage of Kati with Matere Toha, brought about in accordance with ancient Maori custom, was designed to perpetuate the peace made between the Northern and the local tribes. The high rank of both Kati and Matere Toha, and their personal influence and worth, made the union a great success from the diplomatic standpoint. The marriage was one of the epoch-making events of local Maori history, and was a happy consummation to all the events that had gone before. Kati and his wife lived and died at Mangere. At their death they were interred in the old cemetery near by the venerable church which was erected by the Maoris on the Mangere hillside in those far-off days as a token of the advent of Christianity among their people.

[5] He was made an archdeacon in September, 1844.

[6] See Appendix I _re_ name of city.

[7] Captain William Cornwallis Symonds;

[8] John Johnston, M.D.;

[9] Captain David Rough;

[10] William Mason;

[11] George Clarke, jun.;

[12] Felton Mathew. (Captain Rough states in his reminiscences--published in the Supplement to the _New Zealand Herald_ of January 11, 18 and 25, 1896, that Mr. E. Williams, Native Interpreter, was also of the company of officials).

[13] "Poenamo," p. 316.

[14] "Poenamo," pp. 337-40.

[15] This house, known as Acacia Cottage, was built by the late Sir John Logan Campbell with his own hands, and was occupied by him for many years. It has now been removed to Cornwall Park.

[16] P. 157.

[17] At the Old Colonists' Reunion, which takes place annually, the oldest survivor of the passengers by this ship is presented with a gift of five pounds.

[18] He was not made a knight until 1848.

[19] "Auckland, the Capital of New Zealand and the Country Adjacent," 1853. Pp. 28-30.

[20] The gaol was moved to the Mount Eden location in 1856.

[21] Albert Barracks occupied the area bounded by Kitchener Street as far as Victoria Street, then followed an irregular line to Symonds Street at the point where Grafton Road now intersects, thence along Symonds Street to O'Rorke Street, and back on a line bordering Wellesley Street to the starting point at Kitchener Street. In 1871 the Barracks were transferred from the Government to the City Corporation.

[22] The actual area was 21 acres 1 rood 27 perches.

[23] "Further Papers Relative to New Zealand," 1854. P. 243.

[24] Coromandel.

[25] "Auckland ... and the Country Adjacent" [Swainson], P. 87.

[26] _Ibid._ P. 89.

[27] I am indebted for much of the information in this section to Will Lawson's "Steam in the Southern Pacific." 1909.

[28] Originally The Auckland College and Grammar School.

[29] The National Efficiency Board consisted of Messrs. W. Ferguson (Wellington), Chairman, W. D. Hunt (Otago), James Frostick (Canterbury) and J. H. Gunson (Auckland).

Index

ABATTOIRS, 204

ACACIA Cottage, 51

ADELAIDE, Melbourne and Otago S.N. Co., 118

ADMIRALTY House built by Harbour Board, 189

ADMIRALTY House, old, used as University College 162

AFRICA, _Russian Cruiser_, visited Auckland, 157

AGRICULTURE, State of, in early '50s, 89; Progress of, 183

AHURIRI, _steamer_, 116

ALAMEDA, _steamer_, 169-70

ALBERT Barracks, Description of, 82-3; Used as Grammar School, 129

ALBERT Cars used for city and suburban travelling, 105

ALBERT Street Congregational Church, 138

ALDINGA, _steamer_, 119

ALEXANDRA Convalescent Home, 210

ALEXANDRA Street P. Methodist Church, 138

ALFRED, Prince. _See_ Edinburgh, Duke of

ALHAMBRA, _steamer_, 119

ALL SAINTS Church, Ponsonby, 134

AMALGAMATION of suburban districts with city, 182

AMUSEMENTS in early 'fifties, 84-5

ANNA, proposed township of, 53

ANNA WATSON, _ship_, 38-9

ARAWA, _steamer_, 170

ARCHER, _H.M.S._, 189

ARCH HILL amalgamated with city, 144

ARMISTICE, 1918, 231

ARROWSMITH, W., bequeathed £23,000 to Orphan Home and Mrs. Cowie's Women's Home 210

ART Gallery. _See_ Public Library, Art Gallery, etc.

ATKINSON, H. W., presented park to city, 202

AUCKLAND Chronicle and N.Z. Colonist, _newspaper_, 62

AUCKLAND (city), Founded by Captain Hobson, 35-42; Named by Captain Hobson, 37, 236-8; Boundaries, 1840, 43; 1851, 80; 1871, 144; 1921, 145; In 1842, 47-8; First plan made by Felton Mathew, 50; Its features, 51; Threatened by Maoris, 57; In early '50s, 80-90; Threatened invasion by natives in 1851, 90-2; Takes defensive measures at outbreak of Maori trouble, 98; Adult male population conscripted, 100; Blockhouses for defence erected during Maori wars, 101; Militia ordered on active service, 101; Amalgamated with adjacent districts, 144-5; Population, 239. _See also_ City Council.

AUCKLAND City Council. _See_ City Council; Municipal Government.

AUCKLAND-ONEHUNGA Railway line opened, 103

AUCKLAND Provincial Council, 96; Library transferred to Public Library, 147

AUCKLAND Provincial Patriotic and War Relief Association, 223-4

AUCKLAND Railway Station, 103

AUCKLAND Standard, _newspaper_, 62

AUCKLAND Star, _newspaper_, 66-7

AUCKLAND Steam Packet Company, 117

AUCKLAND Timber Company's mill burned, 167

AUCKLAND Times, _newspaper_, 62-3

AUCKLAND Vaudeville Employee's Association equip Children's Hospital as a War Memorial 73

AUCKLAND Weekly News, _newspaper_, 65

AUCKLAND-WELLINGTON railway inaugurated, 104

AUSTRALIAN Squadron, Visit of, 189

AUSTRALIA, _steamer_, 169

AZUMA, _Japanese warship_, Visit of, 191

BADEN-POWELL, Lt.-Gen., Sir R. S. S., Visit of, 187-8

BALCLUTHA, _steamer_, 117

BANK of Auckland, 109

BANK of Australasia, 110

BANK of New South Wales, 108

BANK of New Zealand 108-9, 143

BANKS, 70-1, 108-10, 174, 214

BAPTIST Church, 136-7

BATHS, 203

BERESFORD Street Congregational Church, 138

BIRDWOOD, Gen. Sir W. R., Visit of, 228

BLOCKHOUSES erected around Auckland for defence, 101

BOER War. _See_ South African War.

BONITE, _French warship_, crew of, assist at fire, 1865, 121-2

BOOM, 141

BOROUGH of Auckland incorporated, 77-8

BOUNDARIES of the city, 43, 80, 144-5

BOWEN, Sir G. F., welcomed Duke of Edinburgh to Auckland, 127

BOYS' Institute, 177

BREAKWATER, 152

BRETT, H. M. presented pipe organ to Town Hall, 207

BRITISH KING, _steamer_, 170

BRITOMART Barracks, 82-3

BRITOMART, _H.M. Brig_, visited the Waitemata, 43

BRITOMART Point, named after H.M. brig _Britomart_, 43; Demolition of, 153

BUILDINGS, Early 44-5, 81-2, 120

BUSSES used for city and suburban travelling, 105

BUTCHERS' strike, 218

BYCROFT'S fire, 196

CALIFORNIA Line, 168

CALLIOPE Dock opened, 155; Disaster in, 198

CALLIOPE, _H.M.S._, 155

CAMPBELL, Sir J. Logan settled on the Waitemata, 42; His pioneering experiences, 44; Describes the social and economic conditions of the '40s, 45-7; Welcomed Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York, 183; Presented Cornwall Park, 183; Resumé of his life 184-6

CANADIAN Government Merchant Marine, 215

CANADIAN Raider, _steamer_ 215

CAPITAL, Auckland selected as site of, 35-42; N.Z. Company's opposition, 38; Removed to Wellington, 38, 107

CENSUS. _See_ Population.

CHALLENGER, _H.M.S._, 126

CHORAL Hall, 176; Incorporated in University College, 161-2

CHURCHES, 67-9, 133-40

CHURCH of England 67-8, 133-4

CHURCH of S. Francis de Sales, 135

CHURCH of the Holy Sepulchre, 134

CIRCULAR Saw Line, 113-4

CITY Chambers burned, 193

CITY COUNCIL. Auckland made first borough in N.Z., 77-8; Its history, 1851-70, 77-9; Its history, continued, 1900-20, 199-207; Constituted under Municipal Corporations Act, 144; Finances and valuation, 207

CITY, of, Melbourne, _steamer_, 118, 169

CITY of New York, _steamer_ 169

CITY of San Francisco, _steamer_, 169

CITY of Sydney, _steamer_, 169

CLARK, A., elected first Mayor of Auckland, 78

CLAUD Hamilton, _steamer_ 118

CLAYMORE, _steamer_, rams _Kapanui_, 198

COACHES, Travel by, 104

COAL discovered in the Waikato and Kawakawa, 102

COASTAL Steamer Service, 115-7

COLIMA, _steamer_, 169

COLONIAL Bank of Issue, 70

COMMERCE, 70, 89, 174-6, 183

COMMERCE Street Fire, 1901, 192

COMMERCIAL Bank of Australia, 214

COMPULSORY, military service of adult male population of Auckland, 100

CONGREGATIONAL Church, 138

CONSTITUTION Act passed, 95

CORIO, _steamer_, 116

CORNWALL and York, Visit of Duke and Duchess of, 183-4

CORNWALL Park, 184, 186

COROMANDEL Goldfields 93-5

COROMANDEL Steamship Co., 171

COSTLEY, E., Bequest of, 177

COSTLEY Home, 74, 177

COST of Living, 1841, 48-49; 1851, 86-7

COURT, J., equipped children's playground, 201

CRAIG, J. J. (Ltd.), Stables burned, 195

CUSTOMS Street Fire, 1901, 192

CYPHRENES, _steamer_, 169

DACOTAH, _steamer_, 168

DAVIS Cup Contest, 1920, 231

DEVONPORT Steam Ferry Co., 105

DIAMOND, _H.M.S._, 155-6

DILWORTH, J., Bequest of 177

DISTRICT Court utilised by Grammar School, 129; Used as University College, 162

DOMAIN improvements made from Exhibition funds, 213-4

DRAINAGE, 203

DRIVER, _H.M.S._, first steamer to arrive at Auckland, 75

DUCHESS of Argyle, _ship_ 53-4

DUKE of Edinburgh, _steamer_, 116

EASTERN Outlet Scheme, 200

ECONOMIC Conditions of the '40s described by Dr. J. Logan Campbell, 45-7; In the early '50s, 87-90

EDEN Terrace amalgamated with city, 144

EDINBURGH, Visit of Duke of, 125-9

EDUCATION, 157-164

EIGHT Hours' Demonstration, 176

18TH (ROYAL IRISH) Regiment leaves Auckland for England, 107; Formed Guard of Honour to Duke of Edinburgh, 127

ELAM, J. E., Bequest of, 150

ELECTRICITY for lighting and power, 204

ELINGAMITE, _steamer_, wrecked, 196-7

ELLIOTT Street Fire, 1911, 194

ENDEAN'S Buildings burned, 194

ENTERPRISE, _ferry steamer_, 105

ENTERPRISE No. 2, _ferry steamer_, 106

EPSOM, Cultivation at, 48; Proposed township of, 52-3; First race meeting held at, 71; Amalgamated with city, 144; Military training camp located at, 221

EPSOM Girls' Grammar School, 131

EUROPEAN War, 1914-9, 219-26

EVENING News, _newspaper_, 66

EXECUTION, First, 72

EXHIBITIONS, 1873, 159; 1898-9, 175-6; 1913, 211-4

FAIRFIELD Shipbuilding Co., 169

FAVOURITE, _steamer_, 117

FERRIES, 105

58TH REGIMENT, 96; Assisted at fire, 122

FINANCES of City, 207

FINANCIAL Crisis, 141-3

FIRES, 75; 120-4; 135; 164-7; 192-6

FISHER, A., Visit of, 189

FITZROY, Governor R., absorbs unemployed on road making, 55; Visited Maori Festival, 59; Recalled, 57

FLAGSTAFF Hill, original name of Point Britomart, 43

FLEET Week, 189-90

FLY, _H.M.S._, 92

FORT Street Fire, 164-5

FRANKLIN Road P. Methodist Church, 138

FRENCH Mission, Visit of, 227

GALATEA, _H.M.S._, 126

GALES, 1866, 124; 1874, 167-8; 1918, 232

GAOL, 82

GAS Lighting introduced, 124-5

GILLIES, Judge T. B., endowed two scholarships at University College, 164

GIRLS' College united with Grammar School, 130

GIRLS' Grammar School, 130-1

GLEESON'S Buildings, Fire in, 195

GOLD discovered in Auckland Province, 89, 93; First sale of, 94

GOLDEN Crown, _steamer_, 117

GORE-BROWN, Sir T., makes arrangements for defence of Auckland at outbreak of Maori dispute, 98

GORE Street Wharf 152, 154

GOVERNMENT Buildings destroyed by fire, 165

GOVERNMENT House burned, 76

GOVERNMENT Officers, First, 40-1

GOVERNMENT Records lost by wreck of _White Swan_, 118

GOVERNOR Wynyard, first steamer built in New Zealand, 112

GRAFTON Bridge, 200-1

GRAFTON district amalgamated with city, 144

GRAFTON Road Wesleyan Church, 137

GRAHAM, Robert, his description of Auckland in 1842, 47-8

GRAMMAR School, 129-31

GRAND Hotel Fire, 193

GREY, Sir G., Resumé of his life, 58; Statue unveiled by Lord Plunket, 59; Suppressed threatened invasion of Auckland, 90; Opened new Grammar School, 130; Presented his collection of books, etc., to citizens, 145-6, 147; Introduced denominational schools, 158

GREYHOUND Hotel burned, 1863, 122

GREY Lynn amalgamated with city, 144

GUNSON, J. H., opened additions to Art Gallery building and Old Colonists' Museum, 150; Received O.B.E. and C.B.E. 224

GUNSON, Mrs. received O.B.E., 224

HALL, Mr., runs steamer service, 169

HAMILTON, Sir Ian, Visit of, 189

HARBOUR Board 143, 151-5, 207

HARRIER, _H.M.S._, 120

HEKE, Hone, proposes to attack Auckland, 60

HEKE'S Rebellion, 57

HELPING Hand Mission 137

HENDERSON and McFarlane's Fires, 1865, 123; 1873, 166

HIGH Street Fires, 1858, 121; 1904, 193

HOBSON, Captain W., founded City of Auckland, 35-42; Gave name to Auckland City, 37 and 236-8; Took up official residence in Auckland, 41; Became Governor, 41; Died and buried at Auckland, 41; Laid foundation stone of St. Paul's Church, 67

HOBSON Street Wharf, 154

HOLMAN, W. A., Visit of 189

HOSPITAL, 72-4, 177, 187

HOUSE, First wooden, built in Auckland, 51

HOUSE of Representatives. _See_ Parliament.

HOUSING, Municipal, 205

HUDDART Parker Company, 215

IMMIGRANTS and Immigration, 53, 54, 55, 142

IMPERIAL Regiments leave Auckland, 107

INDUSTRIAL Disputes, 216-9

INFLUENZA Epidemic, 1918, 229-31

INSTITUTE and Museum. _See_ Museum and Institute.

INTER-COLONIAL R.M.S. Co., 117-8

INTER-COLONIAL Steamer Services, 117

INTER-PROVINCIAL Steamer Service, 118

IRIS, _H.M.S._, 99

IROQUOIS, _ship_, Crew of, render help at fire, 167

ISLINGTON, Baron, opened Town Hall, 206

IWATE, _Japanese warship_, Visit of, 191

JACOB'S Ladder, 151

JANE Gifford, _barque_, 53-4

JELLICOE, Lord, 191

JERVOIS, Sir W. F. D., opened Savings Bank's new premises, 71; Opened Calliope Dock, 155; Opened University College, 162

JOCKEYS' Strike, 218

JUBILEE Institute for the Blind, 177-8

JUNO, first merchant _steamer_ to reach Auckland, 75

KAPANUI, _steamer_, wrecked 198

KARANGAHAPE Highway District amalgamated with the city, 144

KARRAKATTA, _H.M.S._, 189

KENNY, Lieut.-Col., mentioned in Governor's despatch in connection with Maori invasion, 1851, 92; Placed in command of settlement at Onehunga, 99

KIA-ORA, _steamer_, wrecked, 198

KITCHENER, Earl, Visit of 187

KNOX, Mrs., bequeathed £70,000 to charities, 210, 211

KOHIMARAMA Conference, 1860, 98

KORORAREKA, Destruction of, 57

LABOUR, 176

LABOUR Day Demonstration, 176

LAND Sales, 50-2, 88

LAND, Speculation in, 142-3

LEGISLATIVE Council. _See_ Parliament.

LESLIE Presbyterian Orphanage, 211

LEYS, T. W., and University College, 163; LL.D. conferred by McGill University, Toronto, 163-4

LEYS Institute, 208-9

LIVERPOOL, Earl of, opened new Grammar School, 131; Opened Myers Kindergarten, 202; Opened Exhibition, 1913, 212

LIZARD, _H.M.S._., 189

LUCKIE, D.M., printed a fictitious report describing the capture of Auckland by a Russian man-of-war, 156

LUCKNER, Commander von, and other German prisoners escaped from Motuihi, 221-2

MACDONALD, Sir Hector, Visit of, 186-7

MACEDONIA, _steamer_, 215

McKECHNIE, E. A., bequeathed books to Public Library, 148

McKECHNIE, Mrs. E. A., Bequest of, 207

MACKELVIE, J. T., presented books to Public Library, 148; Bequeathed his art collection and funds to establish a Museum of Fine Art, 149

MACKY, Logan, Caldwell and Co.'s Fire, 194

McLACHLAN, J. M., bequeathed Cornwallis Park to the city, 202

MAKETU Hanged, 72

MAKURA, _steamer_, 215

MALCOLM, Messrs., Fire starts in premises of, 1866, 123-4

MAMARI, _steamer_, Accident to, 198

MANUKAU Steamship Co., 171

MAORI Battalion welcomed home, 226-7

MAORI Chapel utilised by Grammar School, 129

MAORI Festival, Remuera, 59

MAORI Police, 92

MAORI Traders, 86, 89, 115

MAORI Wars, 1860-64, 97-101

MARAMA, _steamer_, 214-5

MARAROA, _steamer_, 169

MARIPOSA, _steamer_ 169, 170

MARITIME Strike, 1890, 176

MARKETS, 146, 204

MASON, W., Bequest of, 178

MATHEW, F., Surveyor-General favoured Tamaki for site of capital, 35-6; Selected site for settlement on the Waitemata, 39; Made first plan of city, 50

MAYOR--A. Clark elected first, 73

MECHANICS' Institute and Library, 75, 146; Conducted courses of lectures and classes, 159; Promoted an exhibition, 159

MEREDITH, Mr., and his son murdered, 100

METHODIST Church of New Zealand, 138

MIKADO, _steamer_, 169

MILITIA, Auckland, ordered on active service, 101

MOA, _scow_, 222

MOA, _ship_, 112

MOANA, _steamer_, 170

MONGOL, _steamer_, 169

MONGOLIA, _steamer_, 215

MONOWAI, _steamer_, 170

MOORE, J., printer of early newspapers, 62

MORNING News, _newspaper_, 66

MORRIN & Co.'s fire, 1858, 122

MORRIN, T. & S., Warehouse of, burned, 193

MOSES Taylor, _steamer_, 168

MUNICIPAL Government. Auckland made first borough in New Zealand, 77-8; Urgency of, 145. _See also_ City Council.

MUSEUM and Institute 132-3, 208

MYERS, Hon. A. M. presented park and kindergarten, 201-2; Presented clock to Town Hall, 207

NATIONAL Bank of N.Z., 174

NATIONAL Efficiency Board, 224

NEBRASKA, _steamer_, 168

NELSON, _steamer_, 118

NEVADA, _steamer_, 168

NEWSPAPERS, 61-7

NEWTON Congregational Church, 138

NEW Ulster, Province of, abolished, 95

NEW Zealand Banking Co., 70

NEW Zealand Company oppose choice of Auckland as capital, 38

NEW Zealander, _newspaper_ 64

NEW Zealand Herald, _newspaper_, 64-6

NEW Zealand Herald and Auckland Gazette, _newspaper_, 61-2

NEW ZEALAND, _H.M.S._, 190-1

NEW Zealand Insurance Company, 110-1

NEW Zealand proclaimed independent of New South Wales, 41

NEW Zealand Shipping Company, 170-1

NEW Zealand Steam Navigation Company, 118

NGAKAPA, Threatened invasion of Auckland led by, 90

NGAWIKI apprehended for theft, 90

NIAGARA, _steamer_, 229

NIGER, _H.M. steam frigate_ 99

NIHOTUPU Dam, 203

NIXON, Lieut.-Col., placed in command, Otahuhu, 99

NORTHERN Steamship Co. 171

NOVELTY, _barque_, built by Mr. Niccol, 113

OCEANIC Company, 169

OLD Colonists' Association 54

OLD Colonists' Museum. _See_ Public Library, Art Gallery and Old Colonists' Museum.

ONSLOW, Earl of, opened Costley Home, 74

ORIENTAL Bank Corporation, 108

O'RORKE, Sir G. M., and University College, 162

ORPHAN Home bequeathed £12,150 by E. Costley, 177; Bequeathed £11,000 by W. Arrowsmith, 210

ORPHEUS, _H.M.S._, wrecked on Manukau Bar, 119-20

OSPREY Inn burned, 1858 121

P. & O. Company, 215

PACIFIC Mail Company, 169

PALOONA, _steamer_, 215

PANAMA, N.Z. and Australian Line, 114, 117

PANMURE recommended as site of capital by Felton Mathew, 35

PARKS, 201-2

PARLIAMENT Building, 97; Acquired by University College, 162

PARLIAMENT opens its maiden session at Auckland, 96

PARNELL originally designed for suburban allotments, 51-2; Laid out as township, 52-3; Amalgamated with city, 144

PARNELL Hill pierced by railway tunnel, 103

PARTRIDGE, H. E., presented Lindauer Collection to Art Gallery, 223

PAU, General, Visit of, 227

PEACE Celebrations, 1919, 224-5

PENGUIN, _H.M.S._, 189

PENNY Savings Bank inaugurated, 71

PENSIONERS, 91

PHILSON, Dr. F. M., first medical officer of Auckland, 72

PHOEBE, _H.M.S._, 189

PHOENIX Foundry burned, 167

PITT Street Wesleyan Church, 137

PLATINA, _barque_, 39

PLUNKET, Lord, unveiled statue of Sir Geo. Grey, 59; Laid foundation stone of Technical College, 160; Opened Jubilee Institute for the Blind, 178; Unveiled statue of Sir J. Logan Campbell, 186

POINT Britomart. _See_ Britomart Point.

POINT Chevalier amalgamated with city, 145

PONSONBY amalgamated with city, 144

POPULATION, 1841-2, 53; 1851, 80; 1853, 87; 1861-67, 107-8; 1871-96, 141-2; 1901-21, 182; Table of, 239

POST Office Fire, 165

POTATAU (Te Wherowhero) and other Maori chiefs decline to join Hone Heke in attacking Auckland, 60-1

PRESBYTERIAN Church, 68-9, 135-6

PRESBYTERY of Auckland formed, 69

PRIMITIVE Methodist Church, 138

PRINCE Alfred, _steamer_ 116-7

PRINCESS Mary Hospital for Children, 73

PROVISIONS, 1841, 49; 1851, 86

PUBLIC Library, Art Gallery and Old Colonists' Museum, 115, 125; Description of, 146-50, 177, 223

QUAY Street Jetty, 154

QUEEN Carnival, 223

QUEEN, _steamer_, 118

QUEEN Street Fires, 1866, 123-4; 1873, 165-6; 1876, 166-7

QUEEN Street Wharf 152, 153-4

QUEEN Victoria School for Maori Girls, Foundation stone of, laid, 184

RACE Meeting, First held in New Zealand, 71

RAILWAY Strike, 218

RAILWAYS, 103

RANFURLY, Earl of, opened Exhibition, 1898-9, 176; Unveiled statue of Queen Victoria, 180; Opened Veterans' Home, 181

RANGATIRA, _steamer_, 116, 117

RANGER, _revenue cutter_, 36

RECLAMATION of foreshores, 151, 152-3

REGATTA, First held at Auckland, 40

REMUERA, Maori Festival held at, 59; Amalgamated with city, 144

RENOWN, _H.M.S._, 233

RENTS and Lodgings, 1841, 49; 1851, 86

RICHARDSON, Brig.-Gen. G. S., welcomed home 227-8

RING, C., discovers gold at Coromandel, 93-4

RINGAROOMA, _H.M.S._, 189

ROAD Making in the '40s 55-6

ROADS, 199

ROMAN Catholic Church 68, 134-5

ROUGH, Capt. D., appointed Harbour Master at Waitemata, 36; Immigration Agent, 54; Superintendent of Works, 55-6

ROYAL Albert, _steamer_, 116

ROYAL Arthur, H.M.S., 189

ROYAL Irish Regiment. _See_ 18th (Royal Irish) Regiment.

ROYAL Regiment of Artillery Band, 213

RUAPEKAPEKA, Capture of, 60

RUBY, _steamer_, wrecked, 173

SAILOR'S Home, 177

ST. ANDREW'S Presbyterian Church, 69

ST. ANDREW'S School used as Grammar School, 130

ST. BENEDICT'S Church, 135

ST. DAVID'S Presbyterian Church, 136

ST. GEORGE, _ship_, 54

ST. JAMES' Presbyterian Church, 136

ST. MARY'S Pro-Cathedral, 133-4

ST. MATTHEW'S Church, 133

ST. PATRICK'S Cathedral, 68

ST. PAUL'S Church, 67

SAVINGS Bank, 70-1; Contributed £10,000 towards cost of Technical Col-building, 160

SCHOOL of Art established by will of Dr. J. E. Elam, 150

SCHOOLS, Primary, 158

SCOTTISH Element in Auckland traceable to the immigrants by the _Duchess of Argyle_ and _Jane Gifford_, 54

SECCOMBE'S Well supplied city with water, 145

SEDDON Memorial Technical College. _See_ Technical College.

SELWYN, Bishop, arrived in Auckland, 67; Consecrated St. Paul's Church, 67; Dedicated St. Mary's Pro-Cathedral, 134

SEWERAGE, 203

SHAW, F., presented collection of books to Public Library, 148

SHAW, H., presented collection of books to Public Library, 148

SHAW, Savill and Albion Line, 171

SHIPBUILDING, 111-12

SHIPPING 75, 88, 113-9, 168-71 214-6

SHIPWRECKS and Disasters, 116, 118, 119, 120, 172-3, 196-9

SHORTLAND Street Fire, 1919, 196

SIERRA, _steamer_, 170

SIXTY-FIFTH Regiment, 99

SLUMP. _See_ Financial Crisis.

SMITH, S. Hague, commenced a steamer service 116

SMITH, Mr. and Mrs. W. H., presented Convalescent Home, 210

SOCIAL Conditions described by Dr. J. Logan Campbell, 45-7

SOCIAL Life in the early '50s, 84-5

SOCIETY of Arts, Mrs. McKechnie bequeathed £2500 to erect a gallery, 207

SOLDIERS' Club, 228

SONOMA _steamer_, 170

SOUTH African War, 180-1

SOUTH British Insurance Co., 174

SOUTHERN CROSS, _newspaper_, 63-4; Printed fictitious report describing the capture of Auckland by a Russian man-of-war 156

SPARROW, _H.M.S._, 189

SPECULATION precipitated financial crisis, 142-3

SPENSER, _brig_, 114

SPORT. _See also_ Amusements.

SPRAGG, W., presented Kaiterakihe Park to the city, 202

STAR of the South, _steamer_, 171

STOCKS for petty criminals, 45

STORMBIRD, _steamer_, 118

STRAND Arcade Burned, 194

STRIKES, 176, 216-9

SUBMARINE Minefield discovered between North Cape and Cape Maria van Diemen, 222; Wrecked steamer _Wimmera_, 199

SUPREME Court, 72

SWIMMING Baths, 203

SYMONDS Street Cemetery, 41

SYNAGOGUE, 138-9

TABERNACLE, 137

TAKAPUNA, _ferry steamer_, 106

TAMAKI suggested as site of capital by Rev. H. Williams, 35

TARTAR, _steamer_, 169

TASMANIA, _steamer_, wrecked, 173

TECHNICAL College, 160-1

TECHNICAL Education 159-61

TECHNICAL School, 160

TELEGRAPH, Electric, 101-2

TERRY, Charles, _quoted_ 48-9

TE WHEROWHERO. _See_ Potatau.

THAMES Hotel Fire, 1919, 196

THISTLE Hotel Burned, 1863, 122

TOWN Hall, 205-7

TRADES and Labour Council founded, 176

TRADE Unions, 176

TRAMS, Electric, 204

TRAMS, Horse, 146

TRAMWAYS Dispute, 218

TRANSPORTATION, 103-6

TRUST, Mr., Two sons of, murdered, 100

TYSER Line, 171

UNEMPLOYMENT, 55, 107

UNION Bank of Australia 71

UNIONISM, 176

UNION Sash and Door Co.'s Fire, 167

UNION Steamship Co. 169, 214-5, 216

UNITED States Navy, Visit of, 189-90

UNIVERSITY College acquired Old Parliament building, 97; Historical note, 161-4

VALUATIONS, City, 207

VASCO de Gama, _steamer_, 169

VENTURA, _steamer_, 170

VETERANS' Home, 181

VICTORIA, _ferry steamer_, 106

VICTORIA, Queen, Diamond Jubilee of, 178

VIRAGO, _H.M.S._, 126

WAGES, 1841, 49; 1851, 86

WAIRARAPA, _steamer_, wrecked, 172-3

WAIRAU, Massacre at, 57

WAITAKERE Dam, 203

WAITEMATA, _ferry steamer_, 105

WAITEMATA suggested as site of capital by Rev. H. Williams, 35

WALES, Visit of Prince of, 219, 232-3

WALLAROO, _H.M.S._, 189

WATERFRONT, Original state of, 43-4

WATER Supply, 145, 203

WEATHER, 124, 167-8, 232

WEBB and Holladay, Messrs., 168

WELLESLEY Street Fire, 1873, 165-6

WELLINGTON, _steamer_, 118

WELLINGTON Steamship Co., 115

WESLEYAN Church, 69, 137

WESTERN Springs Purchased, 145

WESTMINSTER, _ship_, 55

WHARVES, 81, 151-4

WHITE Star Line, 171

WHITE Swan, _steamer_, 118

WILLIAM Denny, _steamer_ 117

WILLIAMS, Rev. H., recommended the Tamaki or Waitemata as site of capital, 35

WILLIAMS, _steamer_, 117

WILL o' the Wisp, _ship_, 114

WIMMERA, _steamer_, wrecked, 199

WINDSOR Terrace, proposed township of, 53

WONGA WONGA, _coastal steamer_, 115-6, 120

WONGA WONGA, _Pacific steamer_, 118

WYNYARD Pier, 152

Y.M.C.A. 122, 139, 160

Y.W.C.A. 139-40

ZEALANDIA, _steamer_, 169, 215

ZINGARI, _steamer_, 118

Transcriber's notes:

The following is a list of changes made to the original. The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.

collectively acknowledged the superior prestige of an Arika, collectively acknowledged the superior prestige of an Ariki,

Hobsons' choice of the capital was strenuously Hobson's choice of the capital was strenuously

According to the official "Gazette," only 116 allotmets were sold, According to the official "Gazette," only 116 allotments were sold,

that of Auckand for the year ending June 30, 1852, amounting to that of Auckland for the year ending June 30, 1852, amounting to

although such a step would have taken place in due cousre. although such a step would have taken place in due course.

The Auckland Grammar School, which was a most unpretentions affair, The Auckland Grammar School, which was a most unpretentious affair,

Miss Whitelaw retired from the the Head Mistressship in 1910, Miss Whitelaw retired from the Head Mistressship in 1910,