Part 94

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ |=A. D.=| =Italy= | =Church= | =Scandinavia and | | | | | Slavs= | +-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | =850= | | | | | |855. Kingdom divided.| | | | |Louis II., Emperor, |860. =Separation of | | | |obtains Italy and |the Greek and Latin |862. Russia: Rurik, | | |Rhætia till 875. |Churches.= |first grand prince. | | |Charles, Provence, | | | | |till 863. | |863-1030. Norway: | | | |867. Pope Hadrian |Harold Harfargar to | | | |II., Photius, |St. Olaf. | | | |Patriarch of | | | | |Constantinople, de- | | | | |posed. | | | | | | | | | |872. Pope John VIII. | | | =875= | | | | | |Carloman, Bavaria, | | | | |etc. till 879; be- | |895. Hungary: Magyars| | |comes King of Italy, | |under Arpad enter the| | |877. | |Kingdom. | | =900= | | | | | | |911. The Northmen in | | | |919-1024. Kings and |France embrace | | | |Emperors of the Saxon|Christianity. | | | |house. | | | | =925= | | | | | | |927. Odo, abbot of | | | | |Cluny, establishes | | | | |celebrated code of | | | | |discipline. | | | =950= |950-961. Berenger | | | | |II., submitted to |959. St. Dunstan be- | | | |Otto as his suzerain.|comes Archbishop of | | | | |Canterbury and | | | |961-965. Otho’s |attempts to reform | | | |second expedition |the church; enforcing| | | |into Italy; he de- |clerical celibacy. | | | |thrones Berenger; is | | | | |crowned king, and |966. Poland receives | | | |emperor. |Christianity under | | | | |Miecislas. | | | =975= | | | | | | |989. Byzantine | | | | |Christianity propa- | | | | |gated in Russia by | | | | |Vladimir the Great. | | | | | | | | | |999. Pope Sylvester | | | |Venice, Genoa, and |II. | | | =1000=|Pisa rise in power, | | | | |opulence and civili- | |1019. Russia: | | |zation. | |Yaroslaff the Great. | | =1025=| | | | | |1029. Settlement of | | | | |the Normans in South | | | | |Italy. | | | | | | | | | |1041. They conquer | | | | |Apulia from the | | | | |Greeks; 1060, | | | | |Calabria; 1060-1090, | | | | |Sicily. | | | | =1050=| | | | | |1059. =Quarrels between the Popes and | | | |German Emperors respecting investitures and| | | |nomination to the Holy See.= | | | | | | | | |1060. Robert | | | | |Guiscard, first duke.| | | | | | | | | |1060-1090. Sicily | | | | |conquered by Count |1073. _POPE GREGORY | | | |Roger, brother of |VII._ | | | |Robert. | | | | |Robert invades the |_Papacy attains great| | | |Greek Empire and |power._ | | | =1075=|gains the battle of | | | | |Durazzo. | |1077. Hungary: | | | | |Ladislas I., the | | | | |Saint. | | | | | | | | | |1084. Bohemia erected| | | |1088. Pope Urban II. |into a kingdom by the| | | | |Emperor Henry IV. | | | |1099. Pope Pascal II.| | | =1100=| | |1100-1523. Denmark: | | | | |Introduction of | | | | |Feudal system to In- | | | | |dependence of Sweden.| | | | | | | | | |1100-1468. Norway. | | | | | | | | | |1100-1448. Sweden. | | |1106-1125. Henry V., | | | | |Emperor of Germany |1119. POPE CALIXTUS | | | |and King of Italy. |II. | | | =1125=| | | | | |1139. The two | | | | =1150=|Sicilies erected into| | | | |a kingdom under |1154. Pope Hadrian | | | |Roger. |IV. |1157. Denmark: | | | | |Waldemar I., the | | |1158. Venice a great | |Great. | | |maritime power. |1159. Pope Alexander | | | | |III. | | | |1166. Frederic in | | | | |Italy. League of the |1170. The Waldenses. | | | =1175=|Italian cities, 1167,| | | | |to preserve their | |1177. Poland: Casimir| | |liberties. | |the Just. | | | | | | | |1183. Peace of | | | | |Constance re- | | | | |establishes the inde-| | | | |pendence of the | | | | |Italian Republics. | | | | | | | | | |1189. =Third Crusade=| | | | |led by Philip | | | | |Augustus, of France; | | | | |Richard, of England; | | | | |and Frederic Barba- | | | | |rossa. | | | | | | | | | |1190-1198. Henry VI.,| | | | |Emperor and King of |1191. Pope Celestine | | | |Italy and the |III. | | | |Sicilies. | | | | | |1198. =Pope Innocent | | | =1200=| |III.= | | | | | |1202-1241. Denmark: | | |1204. Venice ag- |Papal power attains |Waldemar II., the | | |grandized by the con-|its climax. It is |Conqueror. | | |quest of |supreme over secular | | | |Constantinople. |power. | | | | | | | | |1210-1212. First war | | | | |of Venice and Genoa. |_ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI_ (1182-1226) | | | | | | | | |1215. Fourth Lateran,| | | | |and twelfth general |1217-1262. Norway: | | | |council against the |Haco IV. | | | |Albigenses and all | | | | |heretics. The doc- | | | | |trines of transub- | | | | |stantiation and auri-| | | | |cular confession | | | | |established. | | +-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

X. FROM THE SIGNING OF MAGNA CHARTA TO THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS, 1215-1492 A. D.

GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 1200-1300: Hanse League established. Great conquests Tartars in Asia; they overrun Russia and establish a dynasty at Moscow. 1300-1400: Growth of cities and trade--especially in Italy, where also literature and art, inspired by Dante and Giotto, make progress. Popes at Avignon. Era of Wyclif: his teaching spreads in Bohemia. Invention of gunpowder. Mariner’s compass comes into use in the West. 1400-1500: Turks take Constantinople. Revival of learning and advance of art in the West--especially in Italy. Consolidation of France and Spain. End of Tartar rule in Russia. Invention of printing. Formation of modern “middle classes.” Maritime discoveries: The cape route to India; the “New World.” End of the Middle Ages.