Part 9

+-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+ |=Life Ages | =Rock Systems= | =Series of | =Forms of Life= | |of the Earth=| | Rock Strata= | | +-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | | |Recent, or Human. |Man predominant. | | | | | | | | |=Pleistocene= |Mammoth, mastodon, | | | |(_plīs´tŏ-sēn_), |bear, bison, rein- | | |=Quaternary= |or “most recent.” |deer, musk-ox. | | |(_kwa-ter´na-ri_) |Glacial Period. |Possibly man was | | |or “fourth.” Once | |living but that is | | |supposed to be the| |uncertain. | | |_fourth_ sedimen- | | | | |tary system. Age |=Pliocene= |Plants and animals | | |of man. |(_plī´ō-sēn_), or |much as today, | | | |“more recent.” |aside from human | | | | |and domestic | | | | |species. | | +------------------+------------------+-------------------+ |=Cenozoic= | |=Miocene= (_mī´ō- |Land animals in- | |(_se´nō-zō´- | |sēn_), or “less |clude elephants, | |ik_), or | |recent.” |camels, deer, oxen,| |“Recent | | |horses, true apes, | |life.” | | |etc. Marine animals| | | | |much like those to-| |_Estimated | | |day. Among plants, | |Age of | | |grasses become im- | |Period_, | | |portant; deciduous | |=3,000,000= | | |trees increase. | |_years_. |=Tertiary= (_ter´-| | | | |shi-a-ri_), or |=Oligocene= |Ancient dogs, cats,| | |“third”. Once |(_ōl´ĕ-gō-sēn_), |rabbits, squirrels,| | |supposed to be the|or “a little more |camels, and horses | | |_third_ sedimen- |recent.” |were represented. | | |tary system, or | | | | |Age of mammals. | | | | | |=Eocene= (_ē´-ō- |Mammals flourished,| | | |sēn_), or “dawn of|including rodentia,| | | |recent.” |carnivera, eden- | | | | |tates, lemuroids, | | | | |birds, reptiles, | | | | |etc. Flora included| | | | |figs, palms, | | | | |bananas; willows, | | | | |chestnuts, oaks, | | | | |etc. | +-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | | |{Upper. |Reptiles predomi- | | | |{ |nate: turtles, | | | |{ |lizards, | | | |{ |crocodiles, flying | | | |{ |reptiles, etc. Many| | | |{ |waterbirds. Angio- | | |=Cretaceous= |{ |sperms predominate:| | |(_krē-ta´-she-us_)|{ |larch, beech, | | |or “bearing |{ |walnut, tulip | | |chalk.” |{ |trees, etc. | | | |{ | | |=Mesozoic= | |{Lower. |Reptiles abound. | |(_mĕs-ō-zō´- | |{ |Flora includes | |ic_), or | |{ |cycadeous, coni- | |“Middle | |{ |fers, horsetails; | |Life.” | |{ |angiosperms appear.| | +------------------+------------------+-------------------+ |_Estimated | |{Upper. |Ammonites, belem- | |Age of |=Jurassic= (_jȯȯ- |{ |ites continue in | |Period_, |ras´sik_), or like|{ |great variety. | |=5,000,000= |the mass of the |{Middle. |Reptiles numerous | |_years_. |Jura Mountains. |{ |and varied types. | | |Age of Reptiles. |{ |Flying reptiles and| | | |{Lower. |reptile-like birds | | | |{ |appear. | | | | | | | | |{Upper. |Reptiles of enor- | | |=Triassic= |{ |mous size dominate | | |(_trĭ-ăs´ĭk_), or |{ |the land and sea. | | |in a triple |{Middle. |Mammals appear. | | |series. |{ |Ammonites and | | | |{ |belemites dominate | | | |{Lower. |invertebrate life. | +-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | | |=Permian= (_per´- |Reptiles become | | | |mē-ăn_), like |prominent in number| | | |those at Perm, |and variety; in- | | | |Russia. |habit fresh water, | | | | |salt water and | | | | |land. | | | | | | | |=Carboniferous= |=Pennsylvanian=, |Plants abound. | | |(_kăr-bŏn-if´-er- |like those of |Marked development | | |us_), or coal- |Pennsylvania. |of land animals, | | |bearing. Age of | |including insects, | | |Amphibians. | |spiders and scorpi-| | | | |ons. Lizards become| | | | |important. Amphibi-| | | | |ans reach climax. | | | | | | | | |=Mississippian=, |Crinoids greatly | | | |or Lower Carboni- |developed. Am- | | | |ferous. |phibians appear. | | | | |Plant life expands.| | +------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | | |{Upper. |Rapid changes in | | | |{ |animal kingdom; | | |=Devonian= (_de- |{ |shifting habitat; | | |vō´ni-an_) like |{ |extensive develop- | | |those of Devon- |{Middle. |ment of fishes; | |=Paleozoic= |shire, England. |{ |sharks flourish. | |(_pāl-æ-ô- |Age of Fishes. |{ |Plants are mainly | |zō´ic_), or | |{ |small leaf and reed| | “Old Life.” | |{Lower. |types. | | +------------------+------------------+-------------------+ |_Estimated | |{=Ontarian= (_on- |Vertebrates appear;| |Age of |=Silurian= (_si- |{tā´rē-ăn_), place|low forms of | |Period_, |lū´ri-an_), in the|{name. |fishes. First reef | |=24,000,000= |land of the |{ |building corals. | |_years_. |Silures, England. |{=Champlainian= |Crinoids and bra- | | |Age of In- |{(_shăm-plān´ē- |chiopods, important| | |vertebrates. |{ăn_), place name.|Cephalopods con- | | | |{ |tinue to dominate. | | +------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | | |{=Cincinnatian= |Much as in the Cam-| | | |{(_sĭn-sĭn-năt´-ē-|brian. Remains are | | | |{ăn_), place name.|more abundant. | | |=Ordovician= (_ŏr-|{ |Species more numer-| | |dŏ-vīsh´ăn_), a |{=Mohawkian= (_mō-|ous; insects were | | |place name in |{hŏk´ē-ăn_), place|present. Verte- | | |Wales. |{name. |brates appear. Low | | | |{ |forms of fishes. | | | |{ |Trilobites reach | | | |{ |climax. | | +------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | | |{=Saratogan= |All great divisions| | | |{(_săr-ă-tō´găn_),|of animal kingdom | | | |{place name. |except vertebrates | | |=Cambrian= (_kam´-|{ |are represented; | | |bri-an_), from |{=Acadian= (_ä- |trilobites, bra- | | |Cambria, the old |{kād´ē-ăn_), place|chiopods, sponges, | | |name for Wales. |{name. |graptolites, etc. | | | |{ |Little evidence of | | | |{=Georgian= (_jōr´|vegetation, but it | | | |{gē-ăn_), place |must have abounded | | | |{name. |as food for | | | |{ |animals. | +-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+ |=Proterozoic=| |{=Keweenawan=, |Fossils rare or | |(_prō-ter-ō- | |{(_kē´wē-năh- |wanting. | |zō´ik_) or |=Algonkian= (_ăl- |{wān_), pertaining| | |“Former |gŏn´kē-ăn_), from |{to Keweenaw Pen- | | |Life.” |district of |{insula, Michigan.| | | |Algonquin |{ | | |_Estimated |Indians, north of |{=Huronian= (_hu- |Rocks contain clear| |Age of |St. Lawrence. |{rō´nē-ăn,_), |evidence of low | |Period_, | |{rocks on borders |forms of life. | |=18,000,000= | |{of Lake Huron. | | |_years_. | |{ | | +-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | | |{=Laurentian= |Since the rocks are| |=Archaeozoic=| |{(_law-ren´shi- |of igneous origin, | |(_ar´kē-o-zō´| |{an_), pertaining |they contain no | |ic_), “With- | |{to rocks along |organic remains. | |out Life.” | |{the St. Lawrence | | | |=Archean= (_är- |{River. | | |_Estimated |kē´-ăn_), |{ | | |Age of |“oldest.” |{=Keewatin= (_kē- |No fossils found, | |Period_, | |{wā´tĭn_), rocks |but carbonaceous | |=18,000,000= | |{in a district of |schists and lime- | |_years_. | |{Manitoba, Canada.|stones are believed| | | |{ |to indicate the | | | |{ |presence of life. | +-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+

+-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+ |=Life Ages | =Rock Systems= | =Series of | =Chief Economic | |of the Earth=| | Rock Strata= | Products= | +-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | | |Recent, or Human. |Clay, peat, bog | | | | |iron ore, marl, | | | | |gold placers. | | |=Quaternary= | | | | |(_kwa-ter´na-ri_) |=Pleistocene= |Clay, gravel, | | |or “fourth.” Once |(_plīs´tŏ-sēn_), |gold placers. | | |supposed to be the|or “most recent.” | | |=Cenozoic= |_fourth_ sedimen- |Glacial Period. | | |(_se´nō-zō´- |tary system. Age | | | |ik_), or |of man. |=Pliocene= |Gold (in part | |“Recent | |(_plī´ō-sēn_), or |placers), coal, | |life.” | |“more recent.” |oil, gas. | | +------------------+------------------+-------------------+ |_Estimated | |=Miocene= (_mī´ō- |Silver, gold, coal,| |Age of | |sēn_), or “less |oil, gas, phosphate| |Period_, | |recent.” |rock, diatomaceous | |=3,000,000= |=Tertiary= (_ter´-| |earth. | |_years_. |shi-a-ri_), or | | | | |“third”. Once |=Oligocene= |Copper, silver. | | |supposed to be the|(_ōl´ĕ-gō-sēn_), | | | |_third_ sedimen- |or “a little more | | | |tary system, or |recent.” | | | |Age of mammals. | | | | | |=Eocene= (_ē´-ō- |Gold, zinc, lead, | | | |sēn_), or “dawn of|coal, oil, gas. | | | |recent.” | | +-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | |=Cretaceous= |{ |Coal, oil, gas, | | |(_krē-ta´-she-us_)|{Upper. |copper, gold, china| | |or “bearing |{ |clay, fire clay, | | |chalk.” |{Lower. |cement building | |=Mesozoic= | |{ |stone. | |(_mĕs-ō-zō´- | |{ | | |ic_), or | |{ | | |“Middle +------------------+------------------+-------------------+ |Life.” |=Jurassic= (_jȯȯ- |{Upper. |Oil, gold. | | |ras´sik_), or like|{ | | |_Estimated |the mass of the |{Middle. | | |Age of |Jura Mountains. |{ | | |Period_, |Age of Reptiles. |{Lower. | | |=5,000,000= | | | | |_years_. | |{Upper. |Salt, gypsum, a | | |=Triassic= |{ |little coal in | | |(_trĭ-ăs´ĭk_), or |{Middle. |Virginia, copper, | | |in a triple |{ |building stone. | | |series. |{Lower. | | +-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | | |=Permian= (_per´- |Salt and gypsum; | | | |mē-ăn_), like |some coal in | | | |those at Perm, |Eastern States. | | | |Russia. | | | | | | | | |=Carboniferous= |=Pennsylvanian=, |Coal, oil, gas, | | |(_kăr-bŏn-if´-er- |like those of |iron ore, fire | | |us_), or coal- |Pennsylvania. |clay, phosphate | | |bearing. Age of | |rock. | | |Amphibians. | | | | | | | | | | |=Mississippian=, |Oil, gas, lead, | | | |or Lower Carboni- |zinc, building | | | |ferous. |stone, cement rock.| | +------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | |=Devonian= (_de- |{Upper. | | | |vō´ni-an_) like |{ |Gas, oil, iron ore,| | |those of Devon- |{Middle. |phosphate rock. | |=Paleozoic= |shire, England. |{ | | |(_pāl-œ-ô- |Age of Fishes. |{Lower. | | |zō´ic_), or +------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | “Old Life.” | |{=Ontarian= (_on- |Iron ore, gas, | | |=Silurian= (_si- |{tā´rē-ăn_), place|salt, gypsum, | |_Estimated |lū´ri-an_), in the|{name. |cement rock. | |Age of |land of the |{ | | |Period_, |Silures, England. |{=Champlainian= | | |=24,000,000= |Age of In- |{(_shăm-plān´ē- | | |_years_. |vertebrates. |{ăn_), place name.| | | +------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | | |{=Cincinnatian= |Oil, gas, lead, | | |=Ordovician= (_ŏr-|{(_sĭn-sĭn-năt´-ē-|zinc, phosphate | | |dŏ-vīsh´ăn_), a |{ăn_), place name.|rock, manganese, | | |place name in |{ |marble. | | |Wales. |{=Mohawkian= (_mō-| | | | |{hŏk´ē-ăn_), place| | | | |{name. | | | +------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | | |{=Saratogan= |Lead, zinc, barite,| | | |{(_săr-ă-tō´găn_),|copper. | | | |{place name. | | | |=Cambrian= (_kam´-|{ | | | |bri-an_) from |{=Acadian= (_ä- | | | |Cambria, the old |{kād´ē-ăn_), place| | | |name for Wales. |{name. | | | | |{ | | | | |{=Georgian= (_jōr´| | | | |{gē-ăn_), place | | | | |{name. | | +-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | | |{=Keweenawan=, |Copper, silver. | |=Proterozoic=| |{(_kē´wē-năh- | | |(_prō-ter-ō- | |{wān_), pertaining| | |zō´ik_) or | |{to Keweenaw Pen- | | |“Former |=Algonkian= (_ăl- |{insula, Michigan.| | |Life.” |gŏn´kē-ăn_), from |{ | | | |district of |{=Huronian= (_hu- |Principal iron ores| |_Estimated |Algonquin |{rō´nē-ăn,_), |of Lake Superior | |Age of |Indians, north of |{rocks on borders |region; also | |Period_, |St. Lawrence. |{of Lake Huron. |copper, nickel, | |=18,000,000= | |{ |silver, cobalt, | |_years_. | |{ |gold. Building | | | |{ |stone and ornamen- | | | |{ |tal stone. | +-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+ | | |{=Laurentian= |Iron ores, precious| |=Archaeozoic=| |{(_law-ren´shi- |metals, gems, | |(_ar´kē-o-zō´| |{an_), pertaining |apatite, rare | |ic_), “With- | |{to rocks along |earths, graphite, | |out Life.” | |{the St. Lawrence |asbestos. | | |=Archean= (_är- |{River. | | |_Estimated |kē´-ăn_), |{ | | |Age of |“oldest.” |{=Keewatin= (_kē- |Emery, building and| |Period_, | |{wā´tĭn_), rocks |ornamental stones. | |=18,000,000= | |{in a district of | | |_years_. | |{Manitoba, Canada.| | +-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+

THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH

LAND FORMS OF THE WORLD

The proportion of land to water upon the earth is as 27 to 72, or roughly _one-fourth_ to _three-fourths_; the land covering fifty-three million square miles, the sea one hundred and forty-four million. The land consists of six great bodies called continents, and a multitude of small fragments called islands, which skirt the shores of the continents or dot the broad expanse of the sea.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AND WATER

By far the greatest proportion of land is in the northern hemisphere, and in temperate latitudes. Broadly speaking, the northern hemisphere is the hemisphere of land, and the southern hemisphere is the hemisphere of ocean. The earth could be bisected in such a way that one hemisphere contained almost no land, while the other was composed almost equally of land and water.

LOCATION OF THE CONTINENTS