Part 76

+-------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------+ |=A. D.=| =Franks and Germans= | =Italy and Church= | +-------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------+ | |_The power of the mayors of the palaces in-| | | =625= |creases by their being appointed regents |625-638. Honorius I. | | |over the countries conquered by Clotaire._ |Much money spent in | | | |building churches. | | |628-633. Dagobert I., King of all the | | | |Frankish realms. |_Africa and Asia, | | | |with the churches of | | |633. Death of Dagobert I., and long minori-|Jerusalem, Alexan- | | |ty rule of his sons. |dria, and Antioch, | | | |lost to the Christian| | | |world by the progress| | | |of Mohammedanism._ | | | | | | |636-687. Continued decline and final decay |636-652. Rotharis. | | |of the Merovingians. | | | | |_Legislation of | | | |Rotharis and gradual | | | |formation of the | | | |Italian language._ | | | | | | | |Invasion of the | | | |Slavs, who are re- | | | |pulsed. | | | | | | | |649. POPE MARTIN I. | | =650= | | | | | |662. Grimoald, Duke | | | |of Benevento, comes | | | |to aid Gondebert, but| | | |kills him and seizes | | | |the crown. | | | | | | | |664. Roman Christia- | | | |nity triumphs in | | | |England at the | | | |Council at Whitby. | | =675= | | | | | |680-681. The sixth | | |687-714. Pipin, Mayor of the Palace. |general council at | | | |Constantinople con- | | |The Alemani, Bavarians, Frisons, Thuringi- |demns the Monothe- | | |ans and Saxons, while France is occupied |lites. | | |with the dissensions of the mayors of the | | | |palace, shake off the Frankish yoke. |697. Venice begins to| | | |have its Doges. | | =700= | | | | | |710. Emperor | | | |Justinian II. con- | | | |firms the Roman See | | | |in its privileges. | | | | | | | |712. Constantine | | | |opposes the emperor | | | |Philippicus Bardanes | | | |in the question of | | | |the Monothelite | | | |heresy. | | | | | | | |712-744. Luitbrand, a| | | |great and virtuous | | | |prince. Luitbrand | | | |takes advantage of | | | |the civil broils in | | | |Italy, captures | | | |Ravenna and several | | | |cities from the pope.| | | | | | |715. Death of Pipin, succeeded after a long|715. Pope GREGORY II.| | |struggle by his son. |engages in controver-| | | |sy with the Emperor | | |715-741. CHARLES MARTEL. Complete master of|Leo the Isaurian over| | |the French monarchy. |image-worship. | | | | | | |720-729. The Arabs invade France, but are | | | |several times defeated and driven back by |722. Boniface conse- | | |Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine. |crated bishop of | | | |Germany. | | =725= | | | | | |730. Gregory excommu-| | | |nicates the emperor. | | | | | | | |731. Pope GREGORY | | |732. Charles Martel gains the decisive |III. | | |victory of =Tours= which saves the liber- | | | |ties and religion of Europe. |749-756. Aistulf. | | | | | | | =Carlovingian Dynasty= | | | =750= | | | | |751. With Pipin the Short (741-768), | | | |Charles Martel’s son, the Carolingians |752. He defeats the | | |became kings of the Franks. |Greek exarchs, and | | | |demands a tribute | | | |from Rome. | | | | | | | END OF THE GREEK EXARCHATE | | | | | | |754-756. Pipin makes two expeditions into Italy and bestows the | | |exarchate upon the pope, thus laying the foundation of the | | |temporal power of the Papacy. | | | | | | | |756. Commencement of | | | |the pope’s temporal | | | |power under the aus- | | | |pices of Pipin, who | | | |bestows on Stephen | | | |the exarchate of | | | |Ravenna. Didier, the | | | |last king, quarrels | | | |with Pope Adrian, | | | |772, at whose request| | | |Charlemagne crosses | | | |the Great St. Bernard| | | |from Geneva, takes | | | |Pavia, dethrones | | | |Didier, and thus, | | | |774, ENDS THE KINGDOM| | | |OF THE LOMBARDS which| | | |had lasted 206 years.| | | | | | |768-814. CHARLEMAGNE, and Carloman, the |768. Pope STEPHEN | | |former one of the greatest monarchs, be- |III. | | |comes sole ruler upon the death of | | | |Carloman, 771. |772. Pope HADRIAN I.,| | =775= | |whom Charlemagne con-| | | |firms in possession | | | |of Pipin’s donation. | | | | | | | |787. The seventh | | | |general council at | | | |Nice, in which the | | | |doctrine of the | | | |Iconoclasts was | | | |condemned. | | | | | | | |795. Pope LEO III. | | | |Image-worship con- | | | |demned by Synod of | | | |Frankfort. | | | +---------------------+ | =800= |800. Charlemagne or Charles the Great crowned Emperor by Pope Leo| | |III. The Holy Roman Empire founded. It included all France, | | |Germany, Spain to the Ebro, Italy to Benevento, several isles of | | |the Mediterranean, and the greater portion of Pannonia. | | | | | |806. Charlemagne divides the empire between his three sons, two | | |of whom die, 810, 811. | | | | | |808. =Descent of the Normans or Northmen upon France.= Many | | |bishoprics founded--Great increase of monastic institutions. | | | | | |813. National assembly at Aix. Louis co-ruler. Charlemagne dies | | |there 814. | | | | | |814-840. Louis, the Pious, crowned emperor at Rheims, 816, by | | |Pope Stephen IV. | | | | | |817. Louis divides the empire between his three sons, and, 823, a| | |fourth, Lothaire, is associated in the empire. | | | | | |820. Second invasion of the Normans. | | =825= | | | |830. Rebellion of Louis’s three sons, and succession of quarrels | | |between them till Louis’s death--Field of lies at Alsace, 833-- | | |Louis is deposed, but soon restored. | | | | | |841. Battle of Frontenai between Lothaire, Charles and Louis; | | |Louis is defeated. | | | | | |843. PARTITION OF THE CARLOVINGIAN EMPIRE AT VERDUN, _when | | |properly begins the history of France, Germany and Italy as | | |separate states_. | | | | | |The Treaty of Verdun was originally merely a family contract, | | |made without regard to national differences. In Louis’ kingdom, | | |however, the German element was in the majority; in that of | | |Charles the Romance element prevailed. Thus there developed, in | | |the course of the following centuries, from the East Frankish | | |element the German, from the West Frankish the French nationali- | | |ty. The East Franks called their language, in contrast to the | | |Latin used by the educated clergy, the deutsche, i. e. the lan- | | |guage of the people, and gradually those who spoke Deutsche came | | |to be called Deutsche, or German. | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | =France= | =Germany= | =Italy= | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | |843-987. Carolingian |843-911. Carolingians|843-875. Carolingians| | |Kings of France. |in Germany. |in Italy.843-855. | | | | | | | |843-877. Charles the |843-876. Louis the |Lothaire, Emperor, | | |Bald obtains France; |German obtains |obtains Italy and | | |boundaries: the |Germany to the Rhine,|Lotharingia, or | | |Meuse, Saone, Rhone, |with Mayence, Spires |Lorraine. | | |Scheldt and Ebro. |and Worms. | | | | | | | | |_The power of the monarchs declines, and the nobles become inde- | | |pendent. The empire by the almost universal system of division | | |and subdivision, is broken up into an immense number of feudal | | |states._ | +-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+