Part 62

+----------+---------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+ | =Race= | =Stock= | =Group= | =Peoples and | =Estimated | =Races | | | | | Tribes= | Total |Represented| | | | | | Population= | in the | | | | | | | United | | | | | | | States= | +----------+---------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+ | |{ |{Egyptians |{Copts | 800,000 |} 500 | | |{ |{ |{Fellaheen | 5,000,000()|} | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{ |{Berbers | 7,500,000 | ... | | |{ |{ |{(modern) | | | | |{Hamitic |{Lybians |{_Etruscans_ | | | | |{ |{ |{_Assyrians_ | | | | |{ |{ |{(early) | | | | |{ |{ |{_Hittites_ | | | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{East | Somalis | 1,000,000 | ... | | |{ |{Africans | | | | | |{ | | | | | | |{ |{Arabians |{Arabs |} 5,000,000 | 500 | | |{ |{ |{Bedouins |} | | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{Abyssini- | Ethiopians | 9,000,000 | ... | | |{ |{ans | | | | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{Semitic |{ |{_Assyrians_ | | | | |{ |{ |{(later) | | | | |{ |{ |{_Babylonians_| | | | |{ |{Chaldean |{Hebrews | 11,000,000 | 2,050,000 | | |{ |{ |{Arameans | 2,000,000 | 50,000 | | |{ |{ |{(Syrians) | | | | |{ |{ |{_Samaritans_ | | | | |{ | | | | | | |{ |{ |{Hindus |225,000,000 | 10,000 | | |{ |{Iranic, or|{_Medes_ | | | | |{ |{Persic |{Persians | 6,500,000 | 300 | | |{ |{ |{Gypsies | 800,000 | 4,000 | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{Armenic | Armenians | 4,000,000 | 30,000 | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{ |{_Britons_ |}Celtic popu-|Scotch: | | |{ |{ |{Scotch (part)|}lation of | 660,000 | | |{ |{ |{Irish (part) |}Europe, |Irish: | | |{ |{Celtic |{Welsh |} 3,200,000; | 4,600,000 | | |{ |{ |{_Gauls_ |}of the |Welsh: | |=Caucasian|{ |{ |{_Picts_ |}world, | 250,000 | | Race= |{ |{ |{ |} 9,200,000 | | | (White) |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{ |{_Latins_ | | | | |{ |{ |{(Romans) | | | | |{ |{ |{Italians | 38,000,000 | 2,100,000 | | |{ |{Italic |{(part) | | | | |{Aryan |{ |{Roumanians | 10,000,000 | 90,000 | | |{ |{ |{Spanish | 50,000,000 | 1,375,000 | | |{ |{ |{Portuguese | 5,000,000 | 115,000 | | |{ |{ |{French | 45,000,000 | 300,000 | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{Hellenic | Greeks | 6,000,000 | 110,000 | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{Illyric |Albanian | 1,500,000 | 3,000 | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{ |{Scandinavian | 13,000,000 | ... | | |{ |{ |{ Danish | 2,800,000 | 450,000 | | |{ |{ |{ Norwegian | 3,000,000 | 1,010,000 | | |{ |{ |{ Swedish | 5,500,000 | 1,450,000 | | |{ |{ |{German | 85,000,000 | 8,300,000 | | |{ |{Teutonic |{Dutch | 6,300,000 | 300,000 | | |{ |{ |{English |126,000,000 | 2,250,000 | | |{ |{ |{(part) | | | | |{ |{ |{Flemish | 4,000,000 | 100,000 | | |{ |{ |{Swiss (part) | 2,300,000 | 300,000 | | |{ |{ |{Austrians | 10,000,000 | 2,000,000 | | |{ |{ |{(part) | | | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{Lettic | Lithuanians | 4,000,000 | 225,000 | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{ |{Russians | 84,000,000 | 100,000 | | |{ |{ |{Polish | 17,000,000 | 1,725,000 | | |{ |{ |{Czech: | | | | |{ |{ |{ Bohemian | 4,000,000 |} 550,000 | | |{ |{Slavonic |{ Moravian | 2,000,000 |} | | |{ |{ |{Serbs, Croa- | 10,000,000 | 125,000 | | |{ |{ |{tians (Servia, Montenegro, Bosnia, | | |{ |{ |{Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Herzego- | | |{ |{ |{vina) | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{Caucasic |{Georgians | 1,200,000 | ... | | |{ |{ |{Circassians | 500,000 | ... | | | | | | | | | |{ |{ |{Finns | 6,000,000 | 200,000 | | |{ |{ |{Lapps | 30,000 | ... | | |{ |{Finnic |{Magyar | 8,500,000 | 700,000 | | |{ |{ |{(Hungarian) | | | | |{ |{ |{Bulgarian | 5,000,000 | 25,000 | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{ |{Turks | 10,000,000 | 125,000 | | |{Sibiric |{Tartaric |{Cossacks | 4,000,000 | ... | | |{ |{ |{Kalmucks | 200,000 | 500 | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{Iberian | Basques (in | 800,000 | ... | | |{ |{ | Spain) | | | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{Japanese |{Japanese | 48,000,000 | 75,000 | | |{ |{ |{Korean | 10,000,000 | ... | | |{ |{ | | | | |=Mongolian|{ | |{Chinese |305,000,000 | 75,000 | | Race= |{Sinitic | Chinese |{Indo-Chinese | 35,000,000 | ... | | (Yellow |{ | |{ Siamese | 1,600,000 | ... | |and Brown)|{ | |{ Burmese | 10,000,000 | ... | | |{ | | | | | | |{ |{ |{New Zealand | 45,000 | ... | | |{ |{ |{(Maoris) | | | | |{ |{ |{Philippines | 7,600,000 | 7,600,000 | | |{ |{Polynesian|{(part) | | | | |{ |{ |{Hawaiians | 40,000 | 40,000 | | |{ |{ |{(part) | | | | |{ |{ |{Samoans | 40,000 |} 500 | | |{Malay |{ |{Javanese | 25,000,000 |} | | |{ |{ | | | | | |{ |{ |{Dravidians | 65,000,000 |} | | |{ |{ |{Madagascar | 2,000,000 |} | | |{ |{East |{(part) | |} 10,000 | | |{ |{Indian |{Sumatra | 3,000,000 |} | | |{ |{ |{(part) | |} | | |{ |{ |{Borneo (part)| 1,500,000 |} | +----------+---------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+ | |{Tribes and peoples whose real homes|{(1) | | | =Negro |{are (1) Central and Southern |{180,000,000 | ... | | Race= |{Africa; (2) Malay Peninsula, Anda- |{(2) | | | (Black) |{mans, parts of the Eastern Archi- |{ 5,000,000 | ... | | |{pelago and Philippines, New Guinea,|{(3) | | | |{Australia; (3)America |{ 25,000,000 | 9,850,000 | +----------+------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+ |=American |{Tribes comprising: (1) North Ameri-|(1) 500,000 | 270,000 | | or |{can Indians; (2) South American In-|(2)6,000,000 | ... | | Indians= |{dians; (3) Central American Indi- |(3)7,500,000 | ... | | (Red) |{ans; (4) Patagonians; (5) Eskimo |(4) 190,000 | ... | | | |(5) 40,000 | ... | +----------+------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+

N.B.--Races in _italic_ are either now non-existent or have merged with later peoples thus forming mixed races.

THE BOOK OF NATIONS

_Geographical, Historical, Descriptive_

EXTINCT NATIONS OF THE PAST

CHIEF HISTORICAL PEOPLES: EGYPTIANS -- BABYLONIANS -- ASSYRIANS -- HEBREWS -- PHŒNICIANS -- MEDES AND PERSIANS -- HINDUS -- GREEKS -- ROMANS

PROGRESS OF HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AND DISCOVERY, B.C. 3800 TO THE PRESENT, WITH 16 MAPS

THE WORLD’S GREATEST EXPLORERS, B.C. 1400 TO 1917 A.D.

COMPARATIVE OUTLINE HISTORY OF ANCIENT NATIONS, B.C. 5000 TO 843 A.D.

DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT:

THE SPELL OF EGYPT: ANCIENT AND MODERN

THE BABYLONIAN-ASSYRIAN EMPIRES

THE HEBREWS AND THE HOLY LAND

THE PHŒNICIANS: FIRST NATION OF COLONIZERS

THE MEDO-PERSIAN EMPIRE

THE GREEKS: GLORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

ROME: MISTRESS OF THE WORLD

THE SARACEN EMPIRE: ITS FANATICISM, ART AND LEARNING

THE GERMANIC EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE

LIVING NATIONS OF TO-DAY

COMPARATIVE OUTLINE HISTORY OF MODERN NATIONS

TRANSITION PERIOD FROM THE ANCIENT TO THE MODERN

GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREAT POWERS: GREAT BRITAIN -- FRANCE -- GERMANY -- ITALY -- AUSTRIA-HUNGARY -- RUSSIA -- UNITED STATES -- JAPAN

THE LESSER MODERN NATIONS: IN EUROPE, Spain and Portugal -- Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark) -- The Netherlands -- Switzerland -- The Balkan States (Bulgaria, Roumania, Turkey, Greece, Servia); IN ASIA, China, Persia, Turkey; IN AMERICA, Brazil -- Argentina -- Chile -- Mexico -- Canada

DICTIONARY OF HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT, including Great Wars, Great Battles, Dynasties, Rulers, Historic and Literary Shrines, Allusions, etc.

HISTORICAL CHARTS AND TABLES, MAPS AND PLANS

THE BOOK OF NATIONS

We shall perhaps gain the best idea of the gradual expansion of the world to-day if we go back to the earliest times of which we have any definite historical records, and from that as a starting point, picture to ourselves the world at important epochs as it was divided among the more civilized nations. In spite of revolutions and the rise and fall of nations, the course of history has been continuous. The periods of history are not separated by gaps or breaks, but really merge gradually one into another. Bearing this in mind, the general history of the world may be viewed in two great divisions--ancient and modern. _Ancient history_ begins with the dawn of civilization, and traces the progress of mankind among those nations which have now ceased to exist--or at least have ceased to contribute anything to the world’s progress. _Modern history_, on the other hand, deals with the origin and growth of those nations which still exist and are working out the problems and ideals peculiar to their own national life.

THE ANCIENT EXTINCT NATIONS

In the Oriental world we see the beginnings of civilized life--the first successful efforts of man to subdue the earth and to utilize the resources of nature; the beginnings of science and of a well-defined written language; the first evidences of architectural skill in the construction of great buildings; and the first marked tendency in the direction of great empires and of centralized governments. The chief nations may be summarized as follows:

EGYPTIANS.--One of the earliest civilized nations--the great representative of the Hamitic race--developed apart--were not a conquering or aggressive people--wonderful builders in the massive style--made great progress in mechanical arts, and some advances in science--government a monarchy restricted in authority by law, custom, and powerful priesthood--religion a nature-worship--popular worship the adoration of animals--an artistic, industrious and peculiar nation--always wonderful and interesting to foreigners---did not greatly influence others.

BABYLONIANS.--As ancient a race in civilization as the Egyptians--partially of Tartar race, mainly Semitic--made great progress at an early date in science--reached a high pitch of power and civilization--known to us, in great measure, from ruins with inscriptions in cuneiform writing--invented permanent system of weights and measures--great in astronomy--the Chaldæan priests developed into a caste of learned men, continuing (in the later Babylonian and Persian empires) long after extinction of their own nation as an independent power.

ASSYRIANS.--A Semitic people--warlike and conquering race--great in architecture and sculpture--very wealthy and luxurious--empire extended over Asia Minor (east of river Halys), Syria, Phœnicia, Palestine, most of Egypt, Media, and countries on Tigris and Euphrates to Persian Gulf--artistic workers in glass, metals, gems--rule despotic over loosely connected nations.

BABYLONIANS (Later kingdom).--A Semitic people--as a political power ruled for only eighty-seven years, 625-538 B.C., from end of Assyrian power to conquest by Persians under Cyrus--were a commercial and luxurious race--city of Babylon emporium for trade between eastern Asia and western Asia, Egypt and Europe--great in manufactures of woven stuffs and gem-engraving.

HEBREWS.--A pure Semitic race--little influence on political history of antiquity--distinguished by their worship of one God, and for the Scriptures transmitted to future ages--a great monarchy under David and Solomon, then declined--a non-artistic, unscientific nation in ancient history.

PHŒNICIANS.--A pure Semitic people--greatest commercial and colonizing race of early times--distinguished as transmitters of civilization from East to West--never formed one great independent state--several independent cities, sometimes in alliance, sometimes hostile--Tyre and Sidon famous for dyes, glass-making, embroideries, brass-work, weaving of cloth in linen and cotton, ship-building, mining--developers of alphabet still used by modern nations--religion a sensual worship--a crafty, money-making people--Carthage was the greatest of all the Phœnician colonies.

MEDES AND PERSIANS.--Pure Aryans in race--warlike people, great in cavalry and as archers--Median monarchy ended 558 B.C., then Persian monarchy arose--Persians a lively, brave, poetical people, simple in life at first, after their great conquests degenerated into luxury--more like Europeans in civilization than any other Asiatics--were the great ruling power in Asia from time of Cyrus to conquest by Alexander the Great (558-331 B.C.)--first Asiatics that tried to conquer in Europe--signally failed--empire extended over all western Asia, and over Egypt--religion recognized two principles, a good and a bad spirit--had taste in architecture--no literature of importance.

HINDUS.--Until recent times almost isolated from the western world--unwarlike, dreamy specimens of Aryan stock--early advance in civilization--a rich and remarkable religious and poetical literature in Sanscrit, one of the oldest of the Indo-European tongues--first known in real history on invasion by Alexander the Great, 327 B.C.--progress greatly checked by rigid system of castes--government of native princes thoroughly despotic--no free aspirations or political instincts in the people--popular religion grossly superstitious--Brahminism (a philosophic deism), creed of the educated, along with Mohammedanism, introduced by conquest in thirteenth century A.D.--skilled at an early period in mathematics, manufactures, architecture--a tasteful, intelligent, but unpractical, non-historical people.

GREEKS.--In the Greek world we see a finer type of humanity: a versatile intellect, expressed in exalted works of philosophy and literature; a refined æsthetic taste embodied in the most beautiful specimens of architecture and sculpture; and a strong love of freedom, shown in the development of democratic institutions.

ROMANS.--In the Roman world we see a more practical genius and a more vigorous manhood; a great capacity for military and political organization; a broad sense of civil justice, expressed in an enduring system of law; a wide cosmopolitan spirit, capable of appropriating the ideas of other peoples--in short, a civilization which expressed the highest unity and broadest culture of the ancient world.

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AND DISCOVERY

No intelligent knowledge of the historical nations is possible without a corresponding knowledge of their geography. The first and most important question that geography answers for us is _where_. Historical Geography answers both _where_ and _when_? _Where_ is Rome located? _Where_ and _when_ did the Babylonian Empire exist?

_History_ not only answers the questions _when_ and _who_ but, in addition, gives us a consecutive account of the doings of civilized mankind in their progress toward the most valued and elevating of social and political blessings. It deals rather with the life of _nations_ than with _races_ of men; and its special function is to sketch the career and describe the conditions of those great nations whose ideas and institutions, or whose achievements in politics, war, literature, art and science, were remarkable in their own epoch, or, by influencing other nations, helped to make the civilized world what it is now.

WHERE THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS BEGAN

The first scenes in the drama of human history are laid in two remarkable river valleys--the one formed by the Euphrates and the Tigris in western Asia, and the other formed by the river Nile in northeastern Africa. The Euphrates and the Tigris poured their waters into the Persian Gulf, the Nile flowed north into the Mediterranean Sea. Both these valleys were possessed of a rich, alluvial soil, that favored the early development of industrial life among their dwellers. Along the lower courses of the Asiatic rivers were the Babylonians, and later, by conquest, the Chaldeans. In the upper reaches were the Assyrians. On the banks of the Nile were the Egyptians. Such, according to our present knowledge, is the first historic zone in which the real history of the civilized world began.

In the basins of the Tigris and the Euphrates were several distinct territories: Armenia, or the mountainous region between Asia Minor and the Caspian Sea; Assyria proper, between the Tigris and the Zagros Mountains; Babylonia, the great plain between the lower courses of the Tigris and of the Euphrates, and extending westward to the Syrian Desert; Chaldæa (in the narrower sense, as a province of the Babylonian Empire), west of the Euphrates, at the head of the Persian Gulf; Mesopotamia, between the middle courses of the Tigris and the Euphrates; _Elam_ or Susiana, east of the Tigris, and at the head of the Persian Gulf.

THE REGION WEST OF THE EUPHRATES

West of the Euphrates we have the peninsula of Asia Minor which later contained the important Lydian nation, and many Greek colonies connected with later history; Syria, on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, divided into three distinct parts,--Syria proper; Phœnicia, or the strip of coast between Mount Lebanon and the sea; and Palestine, south of Phœnicia; the peninsula of Arabia, extending southeastward, and having little to do with ancient history.

THE HISTORIC PLATEAU OF IRAN

East of the Zagros Mountains lay Media and Persia proper,--Media, northeastward, towards the Caspian Sea; and Persia, on the tableland of Iran stretching southward to the Persian Gulf. The latter absorbed the great monarchies of Babylonia and Assyria in the sixth century B. C., and extended almost from the Indus to the Mediterranean, Ægean, Euxine, and Caspian Seas, when it had reached the summit of its power.

THE FAR DISTANT ORIENT

Farthest to the east was ancient China, drained by two great rivers, the Hoang and the Yangtze. Its remote situation and the barriers on the west formed by the spurs of the Himalayas, combined to make this land the most isolated of the civilized lands of the Old World.