Part 221

================+=====+======+====+====+=========+=====+=====+=====+======= STATE OR | | | | | ONIONS | | | | TERRITORY | | | | +----+----+ | | | | HER-| HUN- |MIL-|OATS| On-| On-| OR- |OSAGE|PARS-|PEACHES | DES |GARIAN| LET| |ions| ion|CHARD| OR- | NIPS| |GRASS| GRASS| | | * |Sets|GRASS| ANGE| | | | SEED | | | | | SEED| SEED| | ----------------+-----+------+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+------- =United States= | ...| ...| ...| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... +-----+------+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+------- =Alabama= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Arizona= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Arkansas= | ...| ...| 50| 32| 57| ...| 14| ...| ...| ... =California= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Colorado= | ...| ...| ...| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Connecticut= | 45| ...| ...| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| 45| ... =Delaware= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Florida= | ...| ...| 50| 32| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| 54 =Georgia= | ...| ...| ...| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Hawaii= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Idaho= | ...| ...| ...| 36| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Illinois= | ...| ...| ...| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Indiana= | ...| ...| 50| 32| 48| ...| 14| 33| 55| ... =Iowa= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 57| ...| 14| 32| 42| 48 =Kansas= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| 52| 48 =Kentucky= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 57| 36| 14| ...| ...| ... =Louisiana= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Maine= | 45| ...| ...| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| 45| ... =Maryland= | 45| 50| 50| 32| 57| ...| 14| ...| ...| 40 =Massachusetts= | 45| ...| ...| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| 45| 48 =Michigan= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 54| ...| 14| 33| ...| ... =Minnesota= | ...| 48| 48| 32| 52| ...| 14| ...| 42| ... =Mississippi= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Missouri= | ...| 48| 50| 32| 57| 28| 14| 36| 44| 48 =Montana= | ...| 50| ...| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| 50| ... =Nebraska= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 57| 25| ...| 32| ...| ... =Nevada= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| 50| 48 =New Hampshire= | 45| ...| ...| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| 45| 48 =New Jersey= | ...| ...| ...| 30| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| 50 =New York= | 45| ...| ...| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =North Carolina=| ...| ...| 50| 32| 57| ...| 14| ...| ...| ... =North Dakota= | ...| ...| 50| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Ohio= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 55| ...| ...| ...| ...| 48 =Oklahoma= | ...| ...| 50| 32| 57| 28| 14| 36| 44| 48 =Oregon= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Pennsylvania= | ...| ...| ...| 32| 50| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Rhode Island= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 50| ...| ...| ...| 50| 48 =South Carolina=| ...| ...| ...| ...| 52| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =South Dakota= | ...| ...| ...| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Tennessee= | ...| 48| 50| 32| 56| 28| 14| 33| 50| 50 =Texas= | ...| 48| 50| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| 50 =Vermont= | 45| ...| ...| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Virginia= | 12| 48| 50| 30| 57| 28| 14| 34| ...| ... =Washington= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =West Virginia= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Wisconsin= | ...| 48| 50| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| 44| ... ----------------+-----+------+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-------

=Table I. UNITED STATES LEGAL WEIGHTS= (_in pounds_) =PER BUSHEL--Continued=

================+=======+====+=====+============+====+=====+====+===== STATE OR | | | | PEAS | | | | TERRITORY | | | +-------+----+ | | | | DRIED |PEA-|PEARS| Green |Peas| PO-|SWEET|RED-|ROUGH |PEACHES|NUTS| * | Peas | * | TA-| PO- |TOP | RICE |PEELED | | | Un- | |TOES| TA- |SEED| | | | |shelled| | | TOES| | ----------------+-------+----+-----+-------+----+----+-----+----+----- =United States= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| ...| ...| ... +-------+----+-----+-------+----+----+-----+----+----- =Alabama= | 38| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 55| ...| ... =Arizona= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Arkansas= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 50| 14| ... =California= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Colorado= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| ...| ...| ... =Connecticut= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| 45 =Delaware= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Florida= | 33| 22| 60| ...| ...| 60| 60| ...| ... =Georgia= | 38| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 55| ...| 43 =Hawaii= | ...| 25| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Idaho= | ...| ...| 45| ...| ...| 60| ...| ...| ... =Illinois= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 50| ...| ... =Indiana= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 55| ...| ... =Iowa= | ...| 20| ...| 50| 60| 60| 46| 14| ... =Kansas= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 50| ...| ... =Kentucky= | 39| 24| ...| ...| 60| 60| 55| ...| ... =Louisiana= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =Maine= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| ...| ...| ... =Maryland= | ...| 22| ...| ...| 60| 60| 60| 14| ... =Massachusetts= | 33| 20| 58| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| 45 =Michigan= | 28| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 56| 14| ... =Minnesota= | 28| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 55| 14| ... =Mississippi= | 33| 24| ...| ...| 60| 60| 60| ...| ... =Missouri= | 33| ...| 48| 56| 60| 60| 56| 14| ... =Montana= | ...| ...| 45| ...| 60| 60| ...| ...| ... =Nebraska= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 50| ...| ... =Nevada= | ...| ...| 58| ...| 60| 60| 50| ...| ... =New Hampshire= | ...| 20| ...| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| ... =New Jersey= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| ... =New York= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| 45 =North Carolina=| ...| 22| ...| ...| 60| 60| 56| 14| 44 =North Dakota= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 46| ...| ... =Ohio= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 50| ...| ... =Oklahoma= | ...| 22| 48| 56| 60| 60| 55| 14| ... =Oregon= | 28| ...| 45| ...| ...| 60| ...| ...| ... =Pennsylvania= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ... =Rhode Island= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| ... =South Carolina=| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =South Dakota= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 46| ...| ... =Tennessee= | 26| 23| 56| 30| 60| 60| 50| 14| ... =Texas= | 28| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 55| ...| ... =Vermont= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| ...| ...| ... =Virginia= | 40| 22| ...| ...| 60| 56| 56| 12| ... =Washington= | 28| ...| 45| ...| ...| 60| ...| ...| ... =West Virginia= | 33| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| ...| ...| ... =Wisconsin= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| 45 ----------------+-------+----+-----+-------+----+----+-----+----+-----

================+=====+====+===+======+====+====+====+====+===== STATE OR | | | | | | | | | TERRITORY | | | | | | | | | |RUTA-| RYE|RYE|SHORTS|SOR-| TO-|TIM-|TUR-|WHEAT |BAGAS|MEAL| | * |GHUM| MA-|OTHY|NIPS| | | | | |SEED|TOES|SEED| | | | | | | | | | | ----------------+-----+----+---+------+----+----+----+----+----- =United States= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60 +-----+----+---+------+----+----+----+----+----- =Alabama= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| 55| 60 =Arizona= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60 =Arkansas= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| ...| 60| 57| 60 =California= | ...| ...| 54| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60 =Colorado= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| ...| 60 =Connecticut= | 60| 50| 56| 20| ...| ...| ...| 50| 60 =Delaware= | ...| ...|...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60 =Florida= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 56| ...| ...| 54| 60 =Georgia= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 55| 60 =Hawaii= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60 =Idaho= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60 =Illinois= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 55| 60 =Indiana= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 55| 60 =Iowa= | 50| ...| 56| ...| 50| 50| 45| 55| 60 =Kansas= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| 56| 45| 55| 60 =Kentucky= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 60| 60 =Louisiana= | ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60 =Maine= | 60| 50| 50| ...| ...| ...| ...| 50| 60 =Maryland= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| 60| 45| 50| 60 =Massachusetts= | ...| 50| 56| 20| ...| 56| 45| 55| 60 =Michigan= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 58| 60 =Minnesota= | 52| ...| 56| ...| 57| ...| 45| ...| 60 =Mississippi= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 42| ...| 45| 55| 60 =Missouri= | 50| ...| 56| ...| 42| 45| 45| 42| 60 =Montana= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 50| 60 =Nebraska= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| ...| 45| 55| 60 =Nevada= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| 56| 45| 56| 60 =New Hampshire= | ...| 50| 56| 20| ...| 56| 45| 55| 60 =New Jersey= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| ...| 60 =New York= | ...| 50| 56| 20| ...| ...| 45| ...| 60 =North Carolina=| ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| ...| 45| 50| 60 =North Dakota= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 60| 60 =Ohio= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| 56| 45| 60| 60 =Oklahoma= | 50| ...| 56| ...| 50| 45| 45| 60| 60 =Oregon= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60 =Pennsylvania= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60 =Rhode Island= | ...| 50| 56| 20| ...| 56| 45| 50| 60 =South Carolina=| ...| ...|...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ... =South Dakota= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 42| 60| 60 =Tennessee= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| 56| 45| 50| 60 =Texas= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| 55| 45| 55| 60 =Vermont= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 60| 60 =Virginia= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 55| 60 =Washington= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60 =West Virginia= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| ...| 60 =Wisconsin= | 56| 50| 56| 20| ...| ...| 45| 42| 60 ----------------+-----+----+---+------+----+----+----+----+-----

* Not defined. _a_ Small white beans, 60 pounds. _b_ Green apples. _c_ Sugar beets and mango-wurzels. _d_ Shelled beans, 60 pounds; velvet beans, 78 pounds. _e_ White beans. _f_ Wheat bran. _g_ Corn in ear, 70 pounds until December 1st next after growth; 68 pounds thereafter. _h_ English blue-grass seed, 22 pounds; native blue-grass seed, 14 pounds. _i_ Rice corn. _j_ Corn in ear from November 1st to May 1st following, 70 pounds; 68 pounds from May 1st to November 1st. _k_ Soy beans, 58 pounds. _l_ Cracked corn, 50 pounds. _m_ Green unshelled beans, 30 pounds. _n_ Cannel coal, 70 pounds. _o_ Standard weight in borough of Greensburg, 75 pounds. _p_ Dried beans; green unshelled beans, 30 pounds. _q_ Red and white. _r_ Unwashed plastering hair, 8 pounds; washed plastering hair, 4 pounds.

=Table II. LEGAL WEIGHTS PER BUSHEL FIXED IN BUT ONE OR TWO STATES=

===================+======+============================================ ARTICLE |WEIGHT| STATES -------------------+------+-------------------------------------------- |Pounds| Blackberries | 30|Iowa. Tennessee, 48 pounds; dried 28 pounds. Blueberries | 42|Minnesota. Canary seed | 60|Tennessee. Cantaloupe melon | 50|Tennessee. Cement | 80|Tennessee. Cherries | 40|Iowa. Tennessee, with stems 56 pounds; | |without stems, 64 pounds. Chestnuts | 50|Tennessee. Virginia, 57 pounds. Cotton seed, staple| 42|South Carolina. Cucumbers | 48|Iowa, Tennessee, Missouri. Wisconsin, | |50 pounds. Currants | 40|Iowa and Minnesota. Grapes | 40|Iowa. Tennessee, with stems, 48 pounds; | |without stems, 60 pounds. Hickory nuts | 50|Tennessee. Hominy | 60|Ohio. Tennessee, 62 pounds. Horse-radish | 50|Tennessee. Kaffir corn | 56|Kansas. Kale | 30|Tennessee. Land plaster | 100|Tennessee. Mustard | 30|Tennessee. Plums | 40|Florida. Tennessee, 64 pounds. Plums, dried | 28|Michigan. Popcorn | 70|Iowa, Indiana, Tennessee. Ohio, in the ear, | |42 pounds; Iowa, shelled, 56 pounds. Prunes, dried | 28|Idaho; green, 45 pounds. Quinces | 48|Florida, Iowa and Tennessee. Rape seed | 50|Wisconsin. Raspberries | 32|Iowa, Kansas, Tennessee, 48 pounds. Rhubarb | 50|Tennessee. Salads | 30|Tennessee. Sand | 130|Iowa. Spinach | 30|Tennessee. Strawberries | 32|Iowa. Tennessee, 48 pounds. Sugar-cane seed | 57|New Jersey. Velvet-grass seed | 7|Tennessee. Walnuts | 50|Tennessee, Iowa. -------------------+------+--------------------------------------------

APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT

Apothecaries’ Weight is used by apothecaries and physicians weighing medicines for prescriptions.

TABLE 20 grains (gr.) = 1 scruple (sc., or ℈) 2 scruples = 1 dram (dr., or ʒ) 8 drams = 1 ounce (oz., or ℥) 12 ounces = 1 pound (lb., or ℔)

Pound Ounces Drams Scruples Grains 1 = 12 = 96 = 288 = 5760

1. In writing prescriptions, physicians express the number in Roman characters, using j instead of i final. They also write the symbol first; thus: ℥v, ʒvj, ℈ij.

MEDICAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS

℞ (Lat. Recipe), take; āā, of each; ℔, pound; ℥, ounce; ʒ, drachm; ℈, scruple; ♏, minim, or drop; O or o, pint; f℥, fluid ounce; fʒ, fluid drachm; as, ℥ss, half an ounce; ℥i, one ounce; ℥iss, one ounce and a half; ℥ij, two ounces; gr. grain; Q. S., as much as sufficient; Ft. Mist., let a mixture be made; Ft. Haust., let a draught be made; Ad., add to; Ad lib., at pleasure; Aq., water; M., mix; Mac., macerate; Pulv., powder; Pil., pill; Solv., dissolve; St., let it stand; Sum., to be taken; D., dose; Dil., dilute; Filt., filter; Lot., a wash; Garg., a gargle; Hor. Decub., at bed time; Inject., injection; Gtt., drops; ss, one-half; Ess., essence.

COMPARISON OF WEIGHTS

TABLE

1 pound avoirdupois = 7000 grains 1 ounce avoirdupois = 437-1/2 grains 1 pound Troy, or apothecary = 5760 grains 1 ounce Troy, or apothecary = 480 grains

CIRCULAR MEASURES

_Circular or Angular Measures_ are used in surveying, navigation, astronomy, geography, reckoning latitude and longitude, and computing differences in time.

A _Circle_ is a plane figure bounded by a curved line, every point of which is equally distant from a point within, called the center.

The _Circumference_ is the bounding line of a circle.

The _Radius_ of a circle is a straight line drawn from the circumference to the center.

The _Diameter_ is a straight line drawn through the center, with the ends terminating in the circumference.

An _Arc_ of a circle is any portion of the circumference.

An _Angle_ is the difference in direction between two straight lines which meet.

If two diameters divide a circle into four equal parts, these diameters make _right angles_ with each other.

An angle less than a right angle is an _acute angle_.

The circumference of a circle may be divided into 360 equal parts, called _degrees_. If the circle is large, the degree is large, and if the circle is small, the degree is small, but the degree is always 1/360 part of the circumference, whatever the size of the circle.

An angle at the center of a circle is measured by the arc which bounds it.

If the angle is a right angle, it is measured by 1/4 of 360 degrees, or 90 degrees; hence, any angle of 90 degrees is a right angle.

An acute angle is always less than 90 degrees.

An obtuse angle is always more than 90 degrees.

TABLE OF CIRCULAR MEASURE

60 seconds (′′) = 1 minute (′) 60 minutes = 1 degree (°) 360 degrees = 1 circumference (cir.)

Circumference Degrees Minutes Seconds 1 = 360 = 21,600 = 1,296,000

A _quadrant_ is 1/4 of a circumference, or 90°; a _sextant_ is 1/6 of a circumference, or 60°.

The length of a degree of longitude on the earth’s surface at the Equator is 69.16 miles.

In astronomical calculation 30° are called a _sign_, and there are therefore 12 signs in a circle.

LONGITUDE AND TIME

The earth’s circumference (which has the form of a circle) at the equator is (3.1416 × 7926), 24900 miles; which divided by 360, gives 69.17 miles for 1 degree of longitude at the equator. Leaving the equator, degrees of longitude gradually diminish, since all meridians converge at the poles. Thus, 1 degree of longitude, at 10 degrees of latitude, is 68.1 miles; at 20 degrees 65 miles; at 30 degrees 59.9 miles; at 40 degrees 53 miles; at 50 degrees 44.5 miles; at 60 degrees 34.6 miles; at 70 degrees 23.7 miles; at 80 degrees 12 miles; at 90 degrees 0.

Imaginary lines running north and south, through these degrees, from pole to pole, are called _meridians_. Those east and west, _parallels_.

One meridian which runs through Greenwich, near London, England, is called the _prime meridian_, and all the other meridians are reckoned as east or west of it.

_Longitude_ is distance east or west of the prime meridian. When we say that the longitude of Paris is 2° 20′ East, we mean that the meridian running through Paris is 2° 20′ east of the prime meridian that runs through Greenwich, England. The longitude of Washington, D. C., is 77° 7′ West. That means that the meridian which passes through Washington is 77° 7′ west of the prime meridian.

The longitude of a place tells in degrees, minutes, and seconds, the distance it is east or west of the prime meridian.

RULE.--_To find the difference of time between two places, when the difference of longitude is known, or vice versa, multiply the given longitude, expressed in degrees, by 4. This gives the equivalent time in minutes. Dividing the given time, expressed in minutes, by 4, gives the equivalent longitude in degrees._

EXAMPLE: The difference of longitude between Boston and San Francisco is nearly 51-1/4°, what is the difference of time?

51-1/4 × 4 = 205. 205 minutes equal 3 hours and 25 minutes. _Ans._ 3 hours and 25 minutes.

The difference of time between London and New York is about 4 hours and 55-1/2 minutes, what is the difference of longitude?

4 hours and 55-1/2 minutes equals 295-1/2 minutes. 295-1/2 ÷ 4 = 73-7/8. _Ans._ 73-7/8°.

MEASURES OF TIME

The unit of time measurement is the same among all nations. Practically it is 1-86400 of the mean solar day, but really it is a perfectly arbitrary unit, as the length of the mean solar day is not constant for any two periods of time. There is no constant natural unit of time.

Time measures are used in telling the time of day, in problems in longitude and time, in figuring interest on notes and bills, and in numerous other ways.

TABLE OF THE DIVISIONS OF TIME

60 seconds (sec.) = 1 minute (min.) 60 minutes = 1 hour (hr.) 24 hours = 1 day (da.) 7 days = 1 week (wk.) 30 days = 1 commercial month (mo.) 52 weeks = 1 year (yr.) 12 months = 1 year 360 days = 1 commercial year 365 days = 1 common year 366 days = 1 leap year 100 years = 1 century

Century Years Months Days Hours Minutes 1 = 100 = 1,200 = 36,500 = 876,000 = 52,560,000

Centennial years exactly divisible by 400, and other years exactly divisible by 4, are _Leap Years_.

WHY WE HAVE LEAP YEAR

The average time it takes the earth to revolve once around the sun (_one_ year) is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 47.8 seconds, or about 365-1/4 days.

The change in the length of the mean sidereal day, _i.e._, of the time of the earth’s rotation upon its axis, amounts to 0.01252 seconds in 2400 mean solar years.

Instead of reckoning this part of a day each year, it is disregarded, and an addition is made when this amounts to one day, which is very nearly every fourth year. This addition of one day is made to the month of February. Since the part of a day that is disregarded when 365 days are considered as a year, is a little less than one quarter of a day, the addition of one day every fourth year is a little too much, and, to correct this excess, addition is made to only every fourth centennial year.

STANDARD TIME

By this is meant time which differs from Greenwich mean time by whole hours.

The earth revolves on its axis from west to east, nearly 17.3 miles in 1 minute at the equator; at the latitude of New Orleans, nearly 15 miles in 1 minute; at Memphis, 14 miles; at Chicago, 13 miles; at London, 10.8 miles; at St. Petersburg, 8.6 miles. That is, a watch would gain one minute going west, or lose one minute going east that distance, in the latitudes of the respective cities.