Part 2

CHIEF HISTORICAL PEOPLES: EGYPTIANS -- BABYLONIANS -- ASSYRIANS -- HEBREWS -- PHŒNICIANS -- MEDES AND PERSIANS -- HINDUS -- GREEKS -- ROMANS -- PROGRESS OF HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AND DISCOVERY, B.C. 3800 TO THE PRESENT, WITH 16 MAPS -- THE WORLD’S GREATEST EXPLORERS, B.C. 1400 TO 1917 A.D. -- COMPARATIVE OUTLINE HISTORY OF ANCIENT NATIONS, B.C. 5000 TO 843 A.D. -- DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT: THE SPELL OF EGYPT: ANCIENT AND MODERN -- THE BABYLONIAN-ASSYRIAN EMPIRES -- THE HEBREWS AND THE HOLY LAND -- THE PHŒNICIANS: FIRST NATION OF COLONIZERS -- THE MEDO-PERSIAN EMPIRE -- THE GREEKS: GLORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD -- ROME: MISTRESS OF THE WORLD -- THE SARACEN EMPIRE: ITS FANATICISM, ART, AND LEARNING -- THE GERMANIC EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE.

II. Living Nations of To-day.

COMPARATIVE OUTLINE HISTORY OF MODERN NATIONS -- TRANSITION PERIOD FROM THE ANCIENT TO THE MODERN -- GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREAT POWERS: GREAT BRITAIN -- FRANCE -- GERMANY -- ITALY -- AUSTRIA -- HUNGARY -- RUSSIA -- UNITED STATES -- JAPAN -- THE LESSER MODERN NATIONS: IN EUROPE, Spain and Portugal -- Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark) -- The Netherlands -- Switzerland -- The Balkan States (Bulgaria, Roumania, Turkey, Greece, Servia); IN ASIA, China -- Persia -- Turkey; IN AMERICA, Brazil -- Argentina -- Chile -- Mexico -- Canada.

III. Tables and Charts.

INCLUDING GREAT WARS, GREAT BATTLES, DYNASTIES, RULERS, COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT, BIOGRAPHICAL FACTS RELATING TO THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES, IMPORTANT FACTS CONCERNING THE STATES, ETC.

IV. Historical Charts and Tables, Maps and Plans.

=⁂Books of Reference about the Nations.=--HISTORY--Freeman: _General Sketch_. Haydn: _Dictionary Dates_. Rawlinson: _Manual of Ancient History_. Peck: _Harper’s Classical Dictionary_. Duncker: _History of Antiquity_. Brugsch-Bey: _Egypt under the Pharaohs_. Ewald: _History of Israel_. Allen: _Hebrew Men and Times_. Ranke: _Universal History_. Fisher: _Outlines of Universal History_. Mommsen: _History of Rome_. Gibbon: _History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_. Grote: _History of Greece_. Duruy: _History of Rome_. Merivale: _General History of Rome_. Lecky: _History of European Morals_. Hallam: _Middle Ages_. Guizot: _History of Civilization_. Sybel: _History of the Crusades_. Cox: _The Crusades_. Emerton: _Mediaeval Europe_; _Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ages_. Harding: _Essentials in Mediaeval and Modern History_. Gieseler: _Church History_. Alzog: _Manual of Universal Church History_. Clarke: _Events and Epochs of Religious History_. Fisher: _History of the Reformation_. Ranke: _History of the Popes_. Dyer: _History of Modern Europe_. Fyffe: _History of Europe_. Sybel: _History of the French Revolution_. Acton: _Cambridge Modern History_. Larned: _Topical Outlines of Universal History_.

ATLASES.--Bartholomew: _Atlas_. Rand-McNally: _Atlas_; _Century Dictionary and Atlas_. Johnson: _Historical Atlas_. McClure: _Historical Church Atlas_.

GAZETTEERS.--Blackie: _Imperial Gazetteer_. Longman: _Gazetteer of the World_. Lippincott: _Gazetteer_. Baedecker: _Guides_.

GOVERNMENT AND LAW.--Aristotle: _Politics_. Bluntschli: _Theory of the State_. Burgess: _Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law_. Freeman: _Comparative Politics_. Goodnow: _Comparative Administrative Law_. Lalor: _Cyclopedia of Political Science_. Locke: _Treatises of Government_. Maine: _Popular Government_. Montesquieu: _Spirit of Laws_. Morley: _Ideal Commonwealths_. Plato: _Republic_. Rousseau: _The Social Contract_. Sidgwick: _Elements of Politics_. Spencer: _Man vs. the State_. Wilson: _The State_. Bryce: _The American Commonwealth_. Hart: _Actual Government_. Robinson: _Elements of American Jurisprudence_. Thompson: _English and American Encyclopedia of Law_. Burdick: _The Essentials of Business Law_. Lowell: _Governments and Parties in Continental Europe_. Goodnow: _Comparative Administrative Law_. Dicey: _The Law of the Constitution_.

BOOK OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

I. CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES -- WRITTEN AND SPOKEN ENGLISH -- THE PROPER USE OF WORDS, SENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHS -- FIGURES OF SPEECH -- POETICS -- USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS -- PUNCTUATION -- FORMS OF PRACTICAL ENGLISH COMPOSITION: LETTERS, ARGUMENT AND DEBATE, NEWS, SHORT STORY, FICTION, ESSAY, EDITORIALS, REVIEWS, CRITICISM, ADDRESSES AND OTHER FORMS OF PUBLIC SPEECH -- ABBREVIATIONS -- PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF CLASSIC WORDS AND PHRASES -- PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF WORDS AND PHRASES FROM THE MODERN LANGUAGES.

II. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE -- OUTLINE CHARTS OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN AUTHORS -- DICTIONARY OF LITERARY ALLUSIONS: FAMOUS BOOKS, POEMS, DRAMAS, LITERARY CHARACTERS, PLOTS, PEN NAMES, LITERARY SHRINES AND GEOGRAPHY, AND OTHER MISCELLANY -- PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF MYTHOLOGY: GODS, HEROES, AND MYTHICAL WONDER TALES -- CHART OF GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHS, THEIR ORIGIN, RELATIONSHIP AND DESCENT.

=⁂Books of Reference.=--LANGUAGE.--Sayce: _Introduction to the Science of Language_. Whitney: _Language and the Study of Language_. Paul: _Principles of the History of Language_. Muller: _Science of Language_. Skeat: _Philosophy_. Jesperson: _Progress in Language, with Special Reference to English_. Giles: _Manual of Comparative Philosophy for Classical Students_. Oertel: _Lectures on the Study of Language_. Sweet: _Primer of Spoken English_. Skeat: _Etymological Dictionary of the English Language_. Sweet: _Grammar, Logical and Historical_. Lewis: _Applied English Grammar_. Genung: _Practical Elements of Rhetoric_. Gummere: _Poetics_. Wendell: _English Composition_. Palmer: _Self-Cultivation in English_. Kittredge: _Words and their Ways in English Speech_. Trench: _Study of Words_. Fernald: _Synonymns and Antonymns_.

LITERATURE.--Jevons: _History of Greek Literature_. Mahaffy: _Greek Literature_. Crutwell: _History of Roman Literature_. Fortier: _History of French Literature_. Robertson: _History of German Literature_. Garnett: _Short History of Italian Literature_. Symonds: _Italian Renaissance_. Horn: _History of Scandinavian Literature_ and _Jewish Encyclopedia_. Morley: _Library of English Literature_. Brooke: _History of English Literature_. Ward: _English Poets_. Gosse: _Short History of English Literature_. Tyler: _History of American Literature_. Matthews: _History of American Literature_. Stedman: _An American Anthology_. Johnson: _Elements of Literary Criticism_. Warner: _Library of Universal Literature_.

DICTIONARIES.--Webster: _New International Dictionary_. Worcester: _Dictionary of the English Language_. Funk and Wagnalls: _Standard Dictionary_. Whitney: _The Century Dictionary_. Murray: _Oxford English Dictionary_. Wright: _Dialect Dictionary_.

BOOK OF THE SCIENCES AND INVENTION

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENCES IN PARALLEL OUTLINES -- PRACTICAL MATHEMATICS -- ARITHEMATIC AND ITS MODERN APPLICATIONS -- THE ARITHMETIC OF BUSINESS, COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL TRANSACTIONS -- CORPORATIONS, STOCKS AND BONDS -- TABLE OF COMMERCIAL LAWS -- WEIGHTS AND MEASURES -- PHYSICS: LAWS AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER -- MECHANICS AND INVENTIONS -- SOUND -- HEAT -- LIGHT AND COLOR -- ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM -- CHEMISTRY: THEORY OF CHEMISTRY -- TABLE OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS -- THE CHEMISTRY OF COMMON THINGS -- REMARKABLE INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES -- RECENT SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS, X-RAYS AND RADIUM, WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY, WIRELESS TELEPHONE, AEROPLANES, SUBMARINES, AIRSHIPS, AND EXPLOSIVES.

=⁂Books of Reference.=--BIOLOGY.--Brooks: _Foundations of Zoology_. Morgan: _Animal Behavior_. Pearson: _The Grammar of Science_. Spencer: _Principles of Biology_. Thomson: _The Science of Life_. Verworn: _General Physiology_. Weismann: _The Germ-Plasm_.

PHYSICS.--Ames: _General Physics_. Ames and Bliss: _Manual of Experiments_. Hoadley: _Measurements in Magnetism and Electricity_. Preston: _Theory of Heat_ and _Theory of Light_. Poynting and Thomson: _Heat_. Tyndal: _Light_. Schuster: _Theory of Optics_. Barker: _Physics_. Merrill: _Theoretical Mechanics_. Helmholtz: _Sensations of Tone_. Kapp: _Electric Transmission of Energy_. Crocker: _Electric Lighting_. Sewell: _Elements of Electrical Engineering_. Jackson: _Elements of Electricity and Magnetism_ and _Alternating Currents and Alternating Current Machinery_.

CHEMISTRY.--Remsen: _Introduction to the Study of Chemistry_ and _Inorganic Chemistry_. Roscoe: _Lessons in Elementary Chemistry_. Wurtz: _Elements of Modern Chemistry_. Ostwald: _Inorganic Chemistry_. Alexander Smith: _Laboratory Outline of General Chemistry_ and _General Inorganic Chemistry_. Wiley: _Chemistry of Foods_ and _Agricultural Chemistry_. Roscoe and Schorlemmer: _Treatise on Chemistry_. Watts: _Dictionary of Chemistry_. Thorp: _Industrial Chemistry_.

(Abridged in the Concise Edition.)

BOOK OF THE HUMAN BODY

ITS STRUCTURE -- ORGANIZATION INTO SYSTEMS -- FUNCTIONS -- SPECIAL SENSES -- NERVOUS SYSTEM -- PERSONAL HYGIENE -- PREVENTION OF DISEASE -- INTERDEPENDENCE OF BODY AND MIND -- EUGENICS -- ILLUSTRATIONS AND CHARTS.

=⁂Books of Reference.=--Morris: _Treatise on Anatomy_. Gray: _Anatomy_. Davidson: _Human Body and Health_. Martin: _Human Body_. Huxley and Youmans: _Elements of Physiology and Hygiene_. Wilson: _The Cell in Development and in Inheritance_. Thomson: _Heredity_. Loeb: _Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychology_. Sternberg: _Manual of Bacteriology_.

(Abridged in the Concise Edition.)

BOOK OF BIOGRAPHY

BIOGRAPHICAL CHART SHOWING THE WORLD’S MASTERS OF ACHIEVEMENT BY CENTURIES.

CHRONOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF BIOGRAPHY: (_a_) THE WORLD’S IMMORTALS, specially treated; (_b_) PRESENT-DAY BIOGRAPHIES.

(The Biographical Chart only is included in the _Concise_ edition.)

=⁂Books of Reference.=--Philips: _Dictionary of Biographical Reference_. Vincent: _Dictionary of Biography_. Thomas: _Dictionary of Biography_. Appleton: _Dictionary of American Biography_; _Dictionary of National Biography_; _Who’s Who in Great Britain_; _Who’s Who in America_. Ruoff: _Masters of Achievement_; _American Statesmen Series_; _American Men of Letters_; _English Statesmen Series_; _English Men of Letters_. Smith: _Dictionary of Christian Biography_.

(Omitted in the Concise Edition.)

BOOK OF THE CHILD WORLD

PLAYLAND -- STORYLAND -- NATURE-LAND -- SCHOOL-LAND: SIMPLE LESSONS ABOUT WORDS, READING, WRITING, NUMBERS, ETC. -- MANNERS AND CONDUCT -- THE PARENT AND CHILD -- THE OUTLOOK UPON LIFE -- EDUCATION AND MORAL GROWTH -- CARE OF THE BODY.

=⁂Books of Reference.=--PRIMARY EDUCATION.--Arnold: _Rhythms_. Barnard: _Kindergarten and Child-Culture Papers_. Blow: _Educational Issues_; _Letters to a Mother_; _Symbolic Education_. Froebel’s translated _Mother-Play Songs_. Froebel: _Education of Man_; _Education by Development_; _Last Volumes of Pedagogics_; _Pedagogics of the Kindergarten_. Hailman: _Laws of Childhood_. Harrison: _A Study of Child-Nature_; _Kindergarten Building Gifts_; _Misunderstood Children_; _Two Children of the Foothills_. Hughes: _Educational Laws_. Peabody: _Kindergarten Lectures_. Snider: _Commentary on Froebel’s Mother-Play Songs_; _Life of Froebel_; _Psychology of the Play-Gifts_. Vanderwalker: _The Kindergarten in American Education_. Von Bulow: _The Child_; _Reminiscences of Froebel_.

(Abridged in the Concise Edition.)

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Color Plates

MARVELS OF THE EARTH’S ROTATION AND FORCES PROUD COLOR BEAUTIES OF THE LAND OF FLOWERS THREE CELEBRATED PICTURES OF ANIMAL FAVORITES WASHINGTON, AMERICA’S CITY BEAUTIFUL ARCHITECTURAL GLORIES OF FAMOUS LANDS FAMOUS HISTORICAL PICTURES BY ORIENTAL ARTISTS TENNYSON’S BEAUTIFUL “LADY OF SHALOTT” “OPEN SESAME!” ALI BABA AT THE CAVE PICTURE DIAGRAMS OF EYE AND EAR THE FIERY FURNACE THAT PURIFIES BESSEMER STEEL “THE IDES OF MARCH” FAMOUS MASTERPIECES BY FAMOUS PAINTERS

(Only six Color Plates are included in the single volume edition)

Diagrams, Maps and Charts

COLOR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE OCEAN BEDS DIAGRAM OF ORBITS OF THE PLANETS PICTURE DIAGRAM OF THE MOON’S PHASES STAR CHARTS OF THE CHIEF CONSTELLATIONS MAPS OF THE CHIEF CONSTELLATIONS CHART OF THE MILKY WAY DIAGRAMS SHOWING FORMATION OF ECLIPSES DIAGRAM SHOWING A BISECTION OF THE EARTH CHART SHOWING THE GEOLOGICAL GROWTH OF THE EARTH GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE UNITED STATES MAPS SHOWING RELATIVE SIZE OF ISLANDS OF THE WORLD DIAGRAM OF THE WORLD’S FAMOUS RIVERS AND MOUNTAINS MAPS SHOWING RELATIVE SIZE OF LAKES DIAGRAMS EXPLAINING THE SEASONS, DAY AND NIGHT PICTORIAL CHART OF CLOUD FORMATIONS MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT LIFE MAP SHOWING RANGE OF ANIMAL LIFE 16 MAPS IN COLOR SHOWING THE PROGRESS OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY 2 PICTURE MAPS PRESENTING A PANORAMIC VIEW OF PARIS 5 PICTURE MAPS GIVING A PANORAMA OF THE RIVER RHINE PICTURE DIAGRAM SHOWING PARTS OF A LOCOMOTIVE PICTURE DIAGRAM OF SUBMARINE PICTURE DIAGRAM EXPLAINING WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY PICTURE DIAGRAM EXPLAINING AN ELECTRIC BATTERY PICTURE DIAGRAM SHOWING HOW ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED PICTURE DIAGRAM EXPLAINING RADIOACTIVITY MAP OF PANAMA CANAL AND CONNECTIONS

Other Full Page and Text Illustrations

These include hundreds of beautiful and instructive reproductions illustrative of the heavens, earth, minerals, plants and plant products, animal life, races and peoples, famous examples of architecture, scenes in great cities, historic shrines and ruins, mythology, science, marvels of mechanism, great works of engineering, monuments, industries, etc., as well as numerous photographic and art pictures of famous persons and episodes in the history of progress.

BOOK OF THE HEAVENS

_Descriptive and Explanatory_

THE UNIVERSE: ITS MAGNITUDE AND MEANING

THE SOLAR SYSTEM: SUN, PLANETS, MOON, CONSTELLATIONS, STARS, COMETS, METEORS, NEBULÆ, AND OTHER WONDERS OF THE SKIES

ORIGIN OF THE WORLDS: THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS

ECLIPSES: CAUSES AND EXPLANATION

MYTHOLOGY OF THE CONSTELLATIONS

DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS

STAR CHARTS AND MAPS

NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES

BOOK OF THE HEAVENS

THE UNIVERSE -- THE SOLAR SYSTEM -- PLANETS -- SUN -- MOON -- CONSTELLATIONS -- STARS -- COMETS -- METEORS -- NEBULÆ -- NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS -- ECLIPSES -- MYTHOLOGY OF THE CONSTELLATIONS -- DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED IN ASTRONOMY.

THE WORLDS IN THE SKIES

The earth upon which we live is only one of many worlds that whirl through space. If we are to understand our own world, we must first learn something about the worlds in the skies. These bodies are arranged in groups, or systems, sweeping through circuits that baffle measurement; and such is the magnitude of the boundless space they occupy that our entire solar system is only a point in comparison. To this vast expanse of worlds, and systems and space we give the general name _Universe_.

THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND ITS MEMBERS

First in importance to us in this immense space filled with stars is what astronomers call the Solar System, so-called because the sun is its center. It contains the planets, eight in number, of which our earth is one. They have been named after the ancient deities; the two interior ones, Mercury and Venus, and the exterior ones, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; the first three being smaller than our earth, and the remainder a great deal larger.

Mercury and Venus are known to be _interior_ planets, that is, planets between us and the sun, because they appear to swing on either side of the sun. Mercury very seldom leaves the sun sufficiently to rise so early before the sun, or set so late after him, as to be visible. Venus, however, gets so far away as to be seen long after sunset or before sunrise, and is called the Evening or Morning star, accordingly.

Besides the planets there are other members of the system, namely, _comets_ and _falling stars_, which will be mentioned again more fully hereafter. All these bodies form a sort of family, having the sun for their head. The illustrations and drawings on separate pages give a view of the entire system.

COMPARATIVE SIZE. The size of the planets, in general, increases with their distance from the sun. The four composing the first group are all comparatively small, the earth being the largest. Those of the second group are all of great size. Jupiter, the largest, is not less than 1,390 times as large as the earth; but as it is much less dense, the amount of matter it contains is only a trifle more than 337 times that of the earth. All the planets together equal but one seven-hundredth part of the mass of the sun.

The SATELLITES, except our moon, and the two satellites of Mars, belong wholly to the second group of planets. Jupiter has eight; Saturn eight and several revolving rings; Uranus has four, and possibly more; while Neptune, so far as known with certainty, has but one.

MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

ROTARY MOTION. The sun, all the primary planets, and their satellites, as far as known, rotate from west to east. Each rotation constitutes a day for the rotating body. The central line of rotary motion is called the axis of rotation, and the extremities of the axis are called the Poles.

REVOLUTION AROUND THE SUN. All the primary planets and asteroids revolve around the sun in the direction of their rotation, that is from west to east; and the planes of the orbits in which they revolve coincide very nearly with the plane of the sun’s equator. One revolution around the sun constitutes the year of a planet.

All the satellites, except those of Uranus and perhaps Neptune, also revolve from west to east.

Most of the comets revolve around the sun in very irregular and elongated orbits, only a few having their entire orbit within the planetary system. Some so move that after having entered our system and made their circuit around the sun, they seem to leave it, never to return.

Since the orbits of the planets are in most cases not far removed from the plane of the ecliptic, they are to be seen in a comparatively narrow belt of the heavens called,

THE ZODIAC. The belt of the sky which occupies 8° on each side of the ecliptic is called the Zodiac, and it is within this belt that the moon and the chief planets confine their movements, as none of their orbits is inclined to that of the earth by more than 8°. The Zodiac, which circles the celestial sphere, is divided into twelve signs each of which occupies 30°, and roughly coincides with a constellation. The following lists give the signs of the Zodiac, with the seasons in which the sun passes through each of them:

Spring: Aries the Ram; Taurus the Bull; Gemini the Twins.

Summer: Cancer the Crab; Leo the Lion; Virgo the Virgin.

Autumn: Libra the Balance; Scorpio the Scorpion; Sagittarius the Archer.

Winter: Capricornus the Goat; Aquarius the Water-bearer; Pisces the Fishes.

Owing to the precession of the equinoxes, the signs of the Zodiac do not now correspond with the constellations of which they bear the names. Thus the sign Aries, in which the sun is seen on March 21st as it passes the vernal equinox, with which the solar year begins, is now in the constellation of Pisces, and in the course of the next 23,000 years it will move steadily backward through the constellations until it returns to the Ram, where it stood when its name was first given to it.

KEPLER’S CELEBRATED LAWS OF PLANETARY MOVEMENTS

The laws under which the planets move were discovered through the genius of John Kepler, and are known as Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion. Kepler derived these laws from observation only, but Newton first explained them by showing that they were the necessary consequences of the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation.

KEPLER’S FIRST LAW states: “The earth and the other planets revolve in ellipses with the sun in one focus.”

KEPLER’S SECOND LAW states: “The radius vector of each planet moves over equal areas in equal times.”

KEPLER’S THIRD LAW states: “The squares of the periodic times of the planets are in proportion to the cubes of their mean distances from the sun.”

These laws cannot be fully understood without some acquaintance with mathematics. They may, however, be briefly explained for the comprehension of the non-mathematical reader. The figure in the diagram is an ellipse--what is known in popular language as an oval--which is symmetrical about the line AB, known as its major axis. It has two foci, S and S₁. The fundamental law of the ellipse is that if we take any point P on it, and join this point by a straight line to the two foci, then the sum of these two lines SP and S₁P is always the same--SP + S₁P = C.