Part 177

I brought her a book, from the library, _which_ she enjoyed very much.

This is the house _that_ she bought.

I do not want you to repeat _what_ I have told you.

(1) In the last sentence _what_ is equivalent to _that which_ or the _thing which_. It differs from the other relative pronouns in that _its antecedent is never expressed_, it being implied in the word itself (that which).

(2) _What_ is always of the neuter gender, and is used in only the nominative and the objective case. _Who_, _whose_, and _whom_ are either masculine and feminine (common gender) and are used, respectively, in the nominative, the possessive, and the objective case.

(3) _Which_ is neuter and may be used in either the nominative or the objective case.

(4) _Whose_ is the form of the possessive for either _who_ or _which_.

=Remarkable, Remarkably.=--“She is a remarkable pretty girl.” Say _remarkably pretty_.

=Reside and Live.=--The simple word _live_ is preferable to _reside_ when referring to one’s place of residence, _reside_ being reserved for more stately occasions.

=Respect.=--Instead of “in respect of,” say “in respect _to_,” or “with respect _to_.”

=Respectfully and Respectively.=--_Respectfully_ mean in a respectful manner; _respectively_ refers to persons or things thought of singly; as, “He behaved _respectfully_ toward his parents”; “The names of the boys are, _respectively_, John, Henry, and James.”

=Rise up.=--“He rose up and left the room.” Say “he rose”; say also, _raise_, _lift_, _hoist_; not _raise up_, _lift up_, _hoist up_.

=Saw, Seen, See.=--“I see him last Monday.” Say “I saw him.” “I seen him yesterday.” Say “I saw him.” “I haven’t saw him for along time.” Say “I haven’t seen him.” _See_ is present, _saw_ imperfect, _seen_ the participle. The habit of confusing them prevails widely.

=Section.=--“Mr. ---- does not live in this section.” Say “in this neighborhood,” “vicinity,” or “part of the country.” A _section_, in geography, is one square mile, or six hundred and forty acres of land, which has been laid out by the government.

=Shall and Will.=--_Shall_ in the first person and _will_ in the second and third persons denote mere futurity.

_Will_ in the first person and _shall_ in the second and third denote volition.

In asking questions _shall_ must always be used with a subject in the first person. In the second and third persons we use _shall_ and _will_ according to the answers that we expect. When we expect the answer _shall_, we use _shall_ in asking the question. When we expect the answer _will_, we use _will_ in asking the question.

Similar statements are true of _should_ and _would_.

The proper use of _shall_, _will_, _should_, and _would_ in indirect discourse may be determined by turning the sentence into the direct discourse and choosing the proper word according to the rule.

With all three persons, we may use _would_ to express a wish. Also we may use _would_ without regard to future time, to denote that an action is customary; as, “He would often fish for days in succession.”

_Should_ is sometimes used in its original sense of _ought_; as, “You should not do that.”

The forms given below are examples of the simple future statement.

Examples:

I shall be happy. We shall be happy. You will be happy. You will be happy. He will be happy. They will be happy.

If we wish to add the idea of a compelling force, or of determination or obligation, the proper auxiliary for the first person is _will_; for the second and third persons, _shall_.

Examples:

I will go means I am determined to go.

You shall go means You must go.

He shall go means He must go.

We will go means We are determined to go.

You shall go means You must go.

They shall go means They must go.

_I shall have satisfaction_ means that the satisfaction will come in the course of time.

_I will have satisfaction_ means _I am determined to have it_.

=Sink down.=--“The stone sunk down in the water.” Omit _down_.

=Some for Somewhat.=--“He is some better today.” It is better to say “he is somewhat better.”

=Split Infinitive.=--To explain, to thank (infinitive). These words should not be separated (split). “Have the goodness to clearly explain,” should be “Have the goodness to explain clearly.”

“I want to personally thank you,” should be “I want to thank you personally.”

=Tenses.=--In subordinate clauses the tense of the verb is relative to the tense of the principal verb.

“He intended to have done so,” should be “He intended to do so.”

The imperfect tense, _I did_ is used in speaking of events which took place before a time that is past.

The perfect tense, _I have done_, is used in speaking of events which have been completed before the present time.

=Than me.=--“He is taller than me.” The word after _than_ should be in the same case with the word before it.

=Than him.=--“You are stronger than him.” Say “than he.”

=That.=--See Relative Pronouns.

=Thee and You.=--“I owe thee a heavy debt of gratitude, and you will not permit me to pay it.” Avoid such confusion of numbers. Use the same word--either _thee_ or _you_--in both clauses.

=Them, They.=--“It was _them_.” Say “it was they.”

=These, This.=--I don’t like _these sort_ of folks (this sort).

Those kind of boots--that kind (those kinds).

=These kind, Those sort.=--_Kind_ and _sort_ are singular nouns, and should be modified by singular adjectives. Say “_this kind_,” “_that sort_.”

=They, Everyone.=--Do not use _they_ indefinitely instead of _everyone_, as, “They are always in a hurry in the city”; better say “Everyone is in a hurry in the city.”

=Though= is followed by _yet_. “Though he was rich, yet for our sakes he became poor.”

=Through.=--Often misused in the sense of _finished_. “I am _through_ with my breakfast,” instead of “I have _finished_ my breakfast.”

=To be.=--The verb “to be” takes the same case after it as before it. Example: “Who is there?” “It is I.” Say “It was I who rang the bell.”

=Trousers, Waistcoat, Gown, Petticoat=, are good old respectable English words, which point out particular garments without possibility of mistake. They are better than the new ones, _pantaloons_, _vest_, _dress_, _skirt_.

=Try and.=--“I will try and do it.” Say “I will try to do it.”

=Unique= is not properly modified by _very_, _unique_ meaning the only one of its kind.

=Use to.=--_Used to_, not _use to_, is the correct form; as, “_I used to go_ there very often.” In negative constructions “didn’t used to” is always incorrect.

=View to and View of.=--One properly says, “With _a view to_ finding out.” or “With _the view of_ finding out.”

=Visit with.=--_Visit_ is improperly followed by _with_ in such constructions as, “I am _visiting with_ friends in New York,” “I am visiting friends,” etc., being the correct form.

=Vocation.=--A man’s _vocation_ is his calling, his regular business. His _avocation_ is something outside of his business with which he occupies himself incidentally. My friend’s _vocation_ is the practice of law; his _avocation_ is photography. Still, while _avocation_, in the sense of _vocation_, is usually avoided by good writers, such use has some sanction of authority.

=Want.=--Avoid _want_ in the sense of “ought” or “had better,” as, “You want to hurry if you are going to catch the car”; better say “You had better hurry if you expect to catch the car.”

=Was, Were.=--“Was you?” “You was.” Say “were you?” “You were.”

=Way, Away.=--_Way_ should not be used for away. “I saw him away (not way) down the road.”

=What for Who, Which, and That.=--See Relative Pronouns.

=Where for In which.=--“It is a cause where justice is particularly concerned.” Say _in which_. “We presented a paper where his case was fully explained.” Say “a paper in which.” But _where_ may be used instead of _which_ and a preposition when place is the predominant idea. “The old house where I was born.”

=Whether= is followed by _or_. “Whether he will go or not, I cannot tell.”

=Which.=--See Relative Pronouns.

=Who.=--See Relative Pronouns.

=Without, Unless.=--_Without_ must not be used for _unless_. “You won’t catch the train _without_ you run,” should be, “You won’t catch the train _unless_ you run.”

“My uncle would not take me _without_ my mother wished it,” should be “My uncle would not take me _unless_ my mother wished it.”

=Wrong and Wrongly.=--_Wrong_ is an adverb as well as an adjective. For this reason, _wrong_ is often interchangeably used with _wrongly_; as, “The mail was sent off _wrong_” (or _wrongly_). When preceding the verb, _wrongly_ is required; as “The letter was _wrongly_ addressed.”

USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS

The following are the general rules for the use of capitals, together with the abbreviations most commonly used. Many special uses of capital letters are also insisted upon by writers which cannot be reduced to general rules.

=Rule 1.=--The first word of every sentence should begin with a capital letter.

A sentence preceded by an introductory word or clause such as Resolved, Be it enacted, etc., begins with a capital notwithstanding the introductory word.

=Rule II.=--The first word of a direct quotation, of an important statement, and of a direct question, should begin with a capital.

Examples:

One truth is clear: Whatever is, is right.--_Pope._ Ask yourselves this question: Are you doing right?

=Rule III.=--The first word of every line of poetry should begin with a capital.

=Rule IV.=--All proper names begin with capitals. If the proper name consists of several words, all are capitalized except articles, prepositions, and conjunctions.

Examples:--San Diego, Burton-on-Trent, the Grand Army of the Republic.

The words _street_, _road_, _lake_, _river_, _mountain_, etc., should begin with capitals when used in connection with proper names.

Examples:--Crawford Road, Prospect Street, Lake Erie, Cuyahoga River, Little Mountain.

_North_, _South_, _East_, and _West_, should begin with capitals when they mean sections of the country and not points of the compass.

Example:--Chicago, the largest city of the West, is south of Lake Michigan.

Capitalize _city_ only when part of the corporate name, _New York City_, _Washington City_.

=Rule V.=--Names of days and months always take a capital; but the names of seasons of the year are not commonly capitalized.

=Rule VI.=--Titles of office before personal names, and other titles so placed which are not mere common names of vocation, are written with capitals.

Examples:--_Senator Jones_, _Doctor_ (or _Dr._) _Brown_, _Aunt Jane_, _Miss_ or _Master Gray_; but _coachman Smith_, _barber Harris_, etc.

Titles of dignity are also commonly capitalized when used alone, as in address, or with the definite article.

Examples:--_the President_, _Senator_, _Judge_, _the Judge_, _District Attorney_.

When title, with or without Christian name, precedes “de,” use lower-case “d”; this rule applies also to “la,” “di,” “von,” “van,” etc.

Examples:--_Marquis de Lafayette_, _Di Cesnola_, _Prince von Moltke_, _Von Humboldt_, _Dr. la Mond_, _De Chaulnes_, _Mr. van Renssalaer_.

=Rule VII.=--Many special names of a common kind are, in particular uses, treated as proper nouns and capitalized.

Examples:--_Congress_, _Parliament_, _Senate_, _House of Representatives_, _State_ (for one of the United States), _Hudson River Railroad_, _Aldine Printing Company_.

Capitalize the names of political parties; as, _Republican Party_, _Democratic Party_, _Progressive Party_, etc.

Capitalize _Christmas Day_, _New Year’s Day_, _Lincoln’s Birthday_, _Washington’s Birthday_, _Good Friday_, _Decoration Day_ or _Memorial Day_, _Fourth of July_, _Labor Day_, _Election Day_, _Thanksgiving Day_, etc.; a noted day, as _Black Friday_, etc.; but _blue Monday_.

Capitalize _Northerner_, _Southerner_, _Northern gentleman_, _Southern blood_, etc.

Capitalize names of important events and periods: as, _the Creation_, _the Fall_, _the Flood_, _the Reformation_, _the Revolution_ (French or American), _Civil War_ (American), _the Middle Ages_, _the Union_, _Reconstruction_.

Capitalize religious denominations; as, _Methodist_, _Episcopal Church_, _St. Mark’s Church_, _Church and State_, etc.

Church is without the capital always when used alone or when meaning congregation or building; as, a _Methodist church in Hoboken_.

Capitalize _College_, _Club_, _Society_, etc., when referring to that particular body, in by-laws, proceedings, or other publications of a college, club, society, company, etc.

Capitalize _Monsieur_, _Madame_, _Signor_, etc.

Capitalize _State_ only when referring to one of the United States.

=Rule VIII.=--Adjectives and nouns derived from proper names are written with capitals.

Examples:--_Jacksonian_, _New Yorker_, _Congressman_ (if _Congress_ has a capital).

Names of countries and places, and adjectives derived from them.

Examples:--a German dictionary. The best Spanish wines.

But such words used in some other common way are not capitalized.

Examples:--morocco leather, russia leather, india rubber, plaster of paris, etc.

=Rule IX.=--Names of families and larger groups in natural history, and of genera, are written with capitals; also botanical specific names derived from proper names, and those that have formerly been genus-names, though zoölogical usage gives a small initial to every specific name.

Examples:--_Asplenium Trichomanes_ (a fern). _Menticirrhus americanus_ (a fish). _Carya alba_ (a hickory tree).

=Rule X.=--In headings the important words only should be capitalized.

Titles of books, newspapers, plays, and the like, are written with capitals beginning the important words, most commonly nouns, principal verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The word _the_ is capitalized as part of the title if the title is quoted exactly.

Examples:--A History of the Rebellion. Free Trade and Protection. Put Yourself in his Place. Milton’s Select Poems. The Beginnings of Poetry.

=Rule XI.=--The pronoun _I_ and the interjection _O_ are capitalized.

=Rule XII.=--All names of God, all words that may be regarded as titles of the Deity, should begin with capitals.

=Rule XIII.=--In compound words, as vice-president, ex-president, etc., the prefix (vice) should not be capitalized.

=Rule XIV.=--In personification it is usual to capitalize the personified words.

Examples:-- Vice is a monster; smiling Spring. The Voice of Nature; but: true to nature.

ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND DEGREES

Military or naval and some professional titles preceding names are nearly always abbreviated; as _Capt. Jones_, _Dr. Brown_, _Rev. Dr. Smith_.

Titles of collegiate degree are abbreviated; as, _William Lee, Ph. D., LL. D._

In general writing, it is better to avoid abbreviation as far as possible.

_A._, _a._ Adjective.

_A._ Alto.

_A._, _ans._ Answer.

_a._, @ (Lat. _ad_). To; At.

_ä_, _ää._ The like quantity of each.

_A. A. A. S._ American Association for the Advancement of Science.

_A. B._ (Lat. _artium baccalaureus_). Bachelor of Arts.

_Abbr._, _Abbrev._ Abbreviated, Abbreviation.

_Abl._, _ablat._ Ablative.

_Abp._ Archbishop.

_A. C._ (Lat. _ante Christum_). Before Christ; Analytical Chemist.

_Acad._ Academy.

_Acc._, _Accus._ Accusative.

_Acc._, _Acct._ Account.

_A. D._ (Lat. _anno Domini_). In the year of our Lord.

_A. D. C._ Aide-de-camp.

_Ad._, _advt._ Advertisement.

_Adj._ Adjective.

_Adjt._ Adjutant.

_Adjt. Gen._ Adjutant-General.

_Ad lib._, _Ad libit._ (Lat. _ad libitum_). At pleasure.

_Adm._ Admiral.

_Admr._ Administrator.

_Admx._ Administratrix.

_Adv._ Adverb.

_Æ._, _Æt._ (Lat. _ætatis_). Of Age, Aged.

_A. G._, _Agt.-Gen._ Adjutant-General.

_Ag._ (Lat. _argentum_). Silver.

_Agl. Dept._ Agricultural Department.

_Agr._, _Agric._ Agriculture, Agricultural.

_Agt._ Agent.

_A. L. of H._ American Legion of Honor.

_Al._, Ala. Alabama.

_Alas. Ter._ Alaska Territory.

_Ald._ Alderman.

_Alex._ Alexander.

_Alf._ Alfred.

_Alg._ Algebra.

_A. M._ (Lat. _anno mundi_). In the year of the world.

_A. M._ (Lat. _ante meridiem_). Before noon.

_A. M._ (Lat. _artium magister_). Master of Arts.

_Am._, _Amer._ America, American.

_Amer. Phil. Soc._ American Philosophical Society.

_Amt._ Amount.

_an._ (Lat. _anno_). In the year.

_Anal._ Analysis.

_Anat._ Anatomy, Anatomical.

_Anc._ Ancient.

_Anon._ Anonymous.

_Ans._ Answer.

_Ant._, _Antiq._ Antiquities, Antiquarian.

_Anthrop._ Anthropology, Anthropological.

_A. O. U. W._ Ancient Order of United Workmen.

_Ap._, _App._ Apostle, Apostles.

_A. P. A._ American Protestant Association; American Protective Association.

_Apoc._ Apocalypse, Apocrypha.

_Apog._ Apogee.

_App._ Appendix.

_approx._ Approximate, -ly.

_Apr._ April.

_Aq._ (Lat. _aqua_). Water.

_Ar._ _Arab._ Arabic, Arabian.

_A. R. A._ Associate of the Royal Academy.

_Arab._ Arabic, Arabian.

_Aram._ Aramaic.

_Arch._ Architecture.

_Archæol._ Archæology.

_Archd._ Archdeacon.

_Arith._ Arithmetic, Arithmetical.

_Ariz._ Arizona.

_Ark._ Arkansas.

_Art._ Article.

_A. S._, _A.-S._ Anglo-Saxon.

_Asst._ Assistant.

_A. S. S. U._ American Sunday School Union.

_Assyr._ Assyrian.

_Astrol._ Astrology.

_Astron._ Astronomy, Astronomical.

_Atty._ Attorney.

_Atty.-Gen._ Attorney-General.

_A. U. A._ American Unitarian Association.

_A. U. C._ (Lat. _anno urbis conditæ_). In the year from the building of the city--Rome.

_Aug._ Augustus; August.

_Auxil._ Auxiliary.

_Avoir._ Avoirdupois.

_B._, _Brit._ British.

_b._ Born.

_B. A._ Bachelor of Arts [_A. B._]

_Bal._ Balance.

_Balt._, _Balto._ Baltimore.

_Bap._, _Bapt._ Baptist.

_Bar._ Barrel, Barometer.

_Bart._, _Bt._ Baronet.

_bbl._, _bbls._ Barrel, Barrels.

_B. C._ Before Christ.

_B. C. L._ (Lat. _baccalaureus civilis legis_). Bachelor of Civil Law.

_B. D._ (Lat. _baccalaureus divinitatis_). Bachelor of Divinity.

_Bd._ Bound.

_Bdls._ Bundles.

_B. E._ Bachelor of the Elements; Bachelor of Elocution.

_Belg._ Belgic, Belgian.

_Ben._, _Benj._ Benjamin.

_Bib._ Bible, Biblical.

_Biog._ Biography, Biographical.

_Biol._ Biology, Biological.

_B. L._, _B. L. L._ (Lat. _baccalaureus legum_). Bachelor of Laws.

_B. ès L._ (F. Bachelier ès Lettres). Bachelor of Letters.

_bls._ Bales.

_B. M._ (Lat. _baccalaureus medicinæ_). Bachelor of Medicine.

_B. M._, _B. Mus._ (Lat. _baccalaureus musicæ_). Bachelor of Music.

_B. O._ Branch Office.

_B. O._ Bachelor of Oratory.

_Boh._ Bohemian or Czech.

_Bot._ Botany, Botanical.

_Bp._ Bishop.

_Br._, _Bro._ Brother.

_Brig._ Brigade.

_Brig.-Gen._ Brigadier-General.

_Brit._ Britain, Britannia, British.

_B. S._ Bachelor of Surgery; Bachelor of Science.

_B. Sc._ (Lat. _baccalaureus scientiæ_). Bachelor of Science.

_Bt._ Baronet.

_bush._ Bushel.

_B. V._ Blessed Virgin.

_B. V. M._ Blessed Virgin Mary.

_bx._, _bxs._ Box, Boxes.

_C._ Cent, Cents; Centigrade; Consul; Centime, Centimes; a hundred.

_C._, _Cap._ (Lat. _caput_). Chapter.

_C. A._ Chartered Accountant.

_Cal._ California; Calendar.

_Cant._ Canticle.

_Cantab._ (Lat. _Cantabrigiensis_). Of Cambridge.

_Cap._ (Lat. _caput_). Capital; Chapter.

_Caps._ Capitals.

_Capt._ Captain.

_Card._ Cardinal.

_Cath._ Catharine; Catholic.

_C. D. V._ Carte-de-Visite.

_C. E._ Civil Engineer.

_Celt._ Celtic.

_Cent._ (_centum_). A hundred; Centigrade.

_Centig._ Centigrade.

_Cert._, _Certif._ Certify; Certificate.

_Cf._ (Lat. _confer_). Compare.

_C. ft._ Cubic feet.

_C. G._ Coastguard; Commissary-General.

_C. G. S._ Centimetre-Gramme-Second.

_C. H._ Court House.

_Ch._ Church; Chapter.

_Chal._, _Chald._ Chaldee.

_Chan._ Chancellor.

_Chap._ Chapter.

_Chas._ Charles.

_Chem._ Chemistry, Chemical.

_Ch. Hist._ Church History.

_Chr._ Christ; Christian; Christopher.

_Chron._ Chronology, Chronological.

_Cit._ Citation; Citizen.

_Civ._ Civil.

_C. J._ Chief Justice.

_Class._ Classical.

_Clk._ Clerk.

_cm._ Centimetre.

_C. M._ Certified Master; Common metre.

_C. M._ (Lat. _chirurgiæ magister_). Master in Surgery.

_C. M. G._ Companion of the Order of St. Michael and George.

_Co._ Company; County.

_C. O. D._ Cash on delivery; Collect (payment) on delivery.

_Col._ Colonel; Colossians; Column.

_Colloq._ Colloquial; Colloquialism; Colloquially.

_Colo._ Colorado.

_Com._ Commander; Commerce; Commissioner; Committee; Commodore; Common.

_Comm._ Commentary; Commerce.

_Comp._ Compare; Comparative; Compound, Compounded.

_Con._, _contra_ (Lat.). Against.

_Con. Cr._ Contra Credit.

_Cong._ Congregation, Congregational, Congregationalist; Congress.

_Conj._ Conjunction.

_Conn._ Connecticut.

_Contr._ Contracted, Contraction.

_Cop._, _Copt._ Coptic.

_Cor._ Corinthians.

_Cor. Mem._ Corresponding Member.

_Corrup._ Corruption, Corrupted.

_Cor. Sec._ Corresponding Secretary.

_Cos._ Cosine.

_C. P._ Clerk of the Peace; Common Pleas.

_C. P. A._ Certified Public Accountant.

_C. P. C._ Clerk of the Privy Council.

_C. P. S._ (Lat. _custos privati sigilli_). Keeper of the Privy Seal.

_C. Q. D._ Come quick--danger.

_Cr._ Credit, Creditor.

_C. R._ (Lat. _Civus Romanus_). Roman Citizen.

_C. R._ (Lat. _custos rotulorum_). Keeper of the Rolls.

_Cres._ Crescendo.

_Crystall._, _Crystallog._ Crystallography.

_C. S. A._ Confederate States of America.

_C. S._ Court of Sessions, Clerk to the Signet.

_Csks._ Casks.

_Ct._ (Lat. _centum_). A hundred.

_Ct._ Court.

_Ct._, _Conn._ Connecticut.

_C. T. A. U._ Catholic Total Abstinence Union.

_Cu._ (Lat. _cuprum_). Copper.

_Cub._, _Cu. ft_. Cubic, Cubic foot.

_Cur._, _Curt._ Current--this month.

_Cwt._ A hundredweight; Hundredweights.

_Cyc._ Cyclopædia.

_d._ (Lat. _denarius_, _denarii_). A penny, Pence.

_d._ Died.

_Dan._ Daniel; Danish.

_Dat._ Dative.

_Dav._ David.

_D. C._, _Dist. Col._ District of Columbia.

_D. C. L._ Doctor of Civil (or Canon) Law.

_D. D._ (Lat. _divinitatis doctor_). Doctor of Divinity.

_D. D. S._ Doctor of Dental Surgery.

_D. E._ Dynamic Engineer.

_D. Eng._ Doctor of Engineering.

_Dec._ December.

_decim._ Decimetre.

_Def._ Definition.

_Deft._ Defendant.

_Deg._ Degree, Degrees.

_Del._ Delaware.

_Dep._, _Dept._ Department.

_Dep._ Deputy.

_Der._ Derived, Derivation.

_Deut._ Deuteronomy.

_D. G._ (Lat. _Dei gratia_). By the grace of God.

_Dict._ Dictionary.

_Dim._, _Dimin._ Diminutive.

_Dis._, _Disct._ Discount.

_Dist._ District.

_Dist. Atty._ District Attorney.

_Div._ Divide; Dividend; Division; Divisor.

_D. Lit._, _D. Litt._ Doctor of Literature.

_D. L. O._ Dead Letter Office.

_D. M._, _D. Mus._ Doctor of Music.

_D. M. D._ Doctor of Dental Medicine.

_D. O._ Doctor of Osteopathy; Doctor of Optics.

_Do._ (Ital. _ditto_). The same.

_Dols._ Dollars.

_Doz._ Dozen.

_Dpt._ Deponent.

_Dr._ Debtor; Doctor; Dram, Drams.

_Dram._ Dramatic, Dramatically.

_D. Sc._ Doctor of Science.

_D. T._ (Lat. _doctor theologiæ_). Doctor of Theology.

_Du._, _Dut._ Dutch.

_Dub._ Dublin.

_Duo._, _12mo._ Duodecimo (twelve folds).

_D. V._ (Lat. _Deo volente_). God willing.

_D. V. M._ Doctor of Veterinary Medicine.

_D. V. S._ Doctor of Veterinary Surgery.

_Dwt._ (Lat. _denarius_, an English _weight_). Pennyweight, Penny- weights.

_Dynam._ Dynamics.

_E._ East, Eastern; English; Edinburgh.

_Ea._ Each.

_Eccl._, _Eccles._ Ecclesiastical.

_Econ._ Economy.

_Ed._ Editor; Edition; Edinburgh.

_Ed._, _Edm._ Edmund.

_Edin._ Edinburgh.

_Edw._ Edward.

_E. E._ Electrical Engineer.

_e. g._ (Lat. _exempli gratia_). For example.

_Elec._, _Elect._ Electric, Electricity.

_Eliz._ Elizabeth, Elizabethan.

_Emp._ Emperor, Empress.

_Ency._, _Encyclo._ Encyclopædia.

_E. N. E._ East-northeast.

_Eng._ England, English.

_Eng._, _Engin._ Engineer, Engineering.

_Eng. Dept._ Department of Engineers.

_Ent._, _Entom._ Entomology, Entomological.

_Env. Ext._ Envoy extraordinary.

_Eph._ Ephesians; Ephraim.

_Epiph._ Epiphany.

_Epis._ Episcopal.

_Epist._ Epistle, epistolary.

_Eq._ Equal, equivalent.