Part 174

BOOK OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

HOW TO SPEAK CORRECT ENGLISH

HOW TO WRITE CORRECT ENGLISH

ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND DEGREES

FORMS OF WRITTEN ENGLISH

LETTER WRITING AND CORRESPONDENCE

DICTIONARY OF CLASSIC WORDS AND PHRASES

WORDS AND PHRASES FROM MODERN LANGUAGES

DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE

CHARTS OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN AUTHORS

DICTIONARY OF LITERARY ALLUSIONS

PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF MYTHOLOGY

CHART OF GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHS

BOOK OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

HOW TO SPEAK CORRECT ENGLISH -- FUNDAMENTAL RULES -- THE ORGAN OF SPEECH -- VOWELS -- CONSONANTS -- TABLE OF CONSONANTS -- RULES OF PRONUNCIATION -- COMMON ERRORS IN PRONUNCIATION -- EXPRESSION -- INFLECTION OF THE VOICE -- WRITTEN ENGLISH -- RULES RELATING TO STYLE -- GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTION -- RIGHT AND WRONG USE OF WORDS IN SPEAKING AND WRITING -- USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS -- ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND DEGREES -- PUNCTUATION -- RHETORICAL FIGURES OF SPEECH -- FORMS OF WRITTEN ENGLISH -- LETTER WRITING OR CORRESPONDENCE -- OFFICIAL AND TITLED SALUTATIONS -- NARRATION -- (BIOGRAPHY -- FICTION AND DRAMA -- NEWS) -- EXPOSITION -- (ESSAY -- EDITORIALS) -- DESCRIPTION -- ARGUMENT -- POETRY AND POETICS -- PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF CLASSIC WORDS AND PHRASES -- PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF WORDS AND PHRASES FROM THE MODERN LANGUAGES -- ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE -- OUTLINE CHARTS OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN AUTHORS -- DICTIONARY OF LITERARY ALLUSIONS: FAMOUS BOOKS, POEMS, DRAMAS, LITERARY CHARACTERS, PLOTS, PEN NAMES, LITERARY SHRINES AND GEOGRAPHY, AND OTHER MISCELLANY -- PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF MYTHOLOGY: GODS, HEROES, AND MYTHICAL WONDER TALES -- CHART OF GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHS, THEIR ORIGIN, RELATIONSHIP AND DESCENT.

HOW TO SPEAK CORRECT ENGLISH

Correctly spoken English is quite as important as correctly written English. Errors in pronunciation, modulation and general expression are of frequent occurrence, and it sometimes seems that the erroneous utterance of whole classes of words league the tongue and ear against their right use. An improved standard of pronunciation, therefore, is the safest bulwark against a permanent deterioration of our language, as well as a positive influence in advancing individual culture of speech.

=Five Fundamental Rules.=--The essential steps toward securing the unconscious ability to speak correctly may be set down as follows:

1. To thoroughly study the elementary sounds, and their mode of representation.

2. To observe the current usage of the best speakers with regard to such words as are most liable to be mispronounced.

3. To note the standard of pronunciation and expression of the best dramatic theaters.

4. By forming the habit of frequent reference to the dictionary and learning to interpret at sight the authorized pronunciation.

5. Ample practice in the reading and application of the leading principles of pronunciation that give words their true spoken values.

=The Organ of Speech.=--The mouth is the organ of speech; and the manner of production of the various sounds is of the first importance in the cultivation of correct pronunciation.

The sound uttered depends upon the form of the mouth. Change the form and you change the sound. Each particular sound is produced from a particular position.

Not more than one sound can be produced from one position of the mouth.

To produce a different sound you must change the position.

Each sound should be clear and precise. There should be no slurring.

The muscles must be under perfect control so that the mouth (lips and tongue included) may readily assume the position necessary for the emission of the required sound.

The proper use of the lips is the great factor in fluent speech.

It is from inability to use or negligence in using the muscles of the organ of speech that Americans are such indifferent linguists and frequently even incapable of distinct utterance of their own language.

The manner of production of the various sounds is of the first importance in the cultivation of correct pronunciation.

=Vowels.=--Pronounce the following words: moor; meer; merry; marry; mar; more. The whole compass of the mouth is brought into exercise by these words.

The first sound is produced from the lips. The second comes from a point just inside the mouth. The third sound point is farther back still. The last vowel is uttered from the throat.

If the sound _a_ (long) as in bare, fair, is included, we have a scale of seven sounds produced by a gradual opening of the mouth, the sound point receding note by note from the front of the lips to the back of the throat, thus: moor, meer, merry, Mary, marry, mar, more.

In cultured English centers and in some parts of New England, the long sound of _ä_, No. 4, appears in such words as dance, France, glass, castle, cast, past, grasp, grant, etc.

In pronouncing the four words--meer merry, marry, mar--the mouth is gradually opened. The four separate “sound points” may be clearly recognized.

Repeat slowly:

1 2 3 4 meer merry marry mar mee mé mâ mä ee é â ä

_O_ is a single sound. In conversation, however, it usually becomes double, being combined with the sound--oo (as in too, tooth, woo)--thus:

so is pronounced so-oo no is pronounced no-oo go is pronounced go-oo

The short _o_ sound is pronounced as in hot, pot, nod, God.

_O_ followed by a double consonant is short:

off not awf office not awfice coffee not cawfee cross, dross, loss, toss

The sound _oo_ unites with the open sound _ä_ to form the double sound in such words as--cow, how, now:

cä-oo cow nä-oo now dä-oo-n down ä-oo-t out

The sound _u_ is a peculiar combination of at least three sounds. It is really a continued flow from _ee_ to _oo_.

The letter is pronounced exactly as the word _you_. Speak the vowel very slowly.

The intermediate sound of û may be represented thus:

u is ee-û-oo duke is dee-û-oo-k tube is tee-û-oo-b mute is mee-û-oo-t

The same sounds occur in such words as few, new, mew.

The middle sound is the most important, and the first and last must be cut very short for a good style.

_Ru_ and _lu_. When _u_ is preceded by _r_ or _l_, the first portion of the triple sound is omitted and a double vowel sound is heard--the last part also being cut very short.

=Consonants.=--Speak slowly and pronounce every letter.

INITIAL CONSONANTS.--Of these only two require special attention:

_th_ and _sh_ followed by _r_.

Children frequently say:--one, two, _free_; and grown-up people will speak of--shrimps as _srimps_.

Examples: three, shrimp; thread, shrill; throat, shrink; thrush, shroud; through, shrew.

FINAL CONSONANTS.--The slurring or omission of final consonants is a greater fault than the mispronunciation of vowels, for it points directly to carelessness and indolence on the part of the speaker.

_R._ It is sometimes stated that there is no _r_ sound in English.

In singing the _r_ is always made distinct.

It should also be apparent in conversation. Thus: _father_ and _farther_ are quite distinct. So, too, _ma_ and _mar_.

The _t_ belongs to the preceding syllable and the words should be pronounced thus: nat-ure, feat-ure, pict-ure, premat-ure, creat-ure, fut-ure, indent-ure, nurt-ure.

The consonant values of _w_ and _y_ are never terminal in a syllable, but are followed in the same syllable by a vowel. In attempting, for phonic practice, to sound either of these consonants apart from its vowel, make it continuous, not abrupt.

_H_ cannot be separated from its accompanying vowel. Pronounce _ha_, _he_, _hi_, _ho_, _hu_, _hy_. Notice that the office of _h_ is _to cover the following vowel with breath_. It will be seen, on careful examination, that any attempt to sound _h_ alone will result in whispering a vowel with it.

_Wh_ has for its initial sound simply unvocalized breath, poured through the lips placed in position for _w_. As a whole the digraph is sounded as it would naturally be if the order of the letters were reversed, thus, _hw_; as, _when_, _while_, _whip_, pronounced _hwen_, _hwile_, _hwip_.

Lisping children and Germans need to carefully observe the sounds of _s_ and _th_.

The sound of _s_ is formed by forcing unvocal breath between the tip of the tongue and the upper gum.

_Th_ is produced by placing the tip of the tongue between the teeth or against the upper front teeth, and forcing vocal or unvocal breath between the tongue and the teeth. If vocal breath is used, sonant _th_ is heard, as in _this_; if unvocal breath, then non-sonant _th_ is produced, as in _thin_--this last is the sound made for _s_ by those who lisp (lithp).

TABLE OF CONSONANTS

===============+===============+=========================+========+===== =Name according| =Checks= | =Spirants, Breathings= | =Liq- |=Na- to exit of | | [13] | uids |sals= sound= | | | Trills=| ---------------+-------+-------+------------+------------+--------+----- =Name according|=Tenues|=Mediæ |=Sharp Hard=| =Flat Soft=| | to quality of | Sharp | Flat | | | | sound= | Hard= | Soft= | | | | ---------------+-------+-------+------------+------------+--------+----- {Labials | p | b |... | w | ... | m O {Labiodentals|... |... |... | v | ... |... r {Dentals | t | d | th in | th in this | l | n g { | | | thunder | | | a { |... |... |{ s | z | ... |... n { |... |... |{ |{ j in (Fr.)| ... |... i { | | |{ sh |{ jour | | c { |... |... |{ |{ s in | ... |... {Palatals | | |{ |{ pleasure | | N { |... |... |{ ch in | j in John | r |... a { | | |{ church | | | m { |... |... |{ ch in | y in you | ... |... e { | | |{(Germ.) ich| | | s {Gutturals |k, q, c|g in go|ch in Scotch|g in (Germ.)| ... | ng { | | | (loch) | tage | | ---------------+-------+-------+------------+------------+--------+-----

[13] Some of the _Breathings_ are often called _Aspirates_.

ACCENT OF WORDS

One syllable of every word with two or more syllables receives, in pronouncing, _more force_ than another. This stronger force is called ACCENT, and the syllable which receives this force is said to be _accent´ed_.

MARKS OF ACCENT.--The primary accent is marked with a firm oblique stroke, thus: _ob´ject_, _object´_, _discov´er_. The secondary accent is marked by a similar but lighter stroke, or sometimes by two light strokes, thus: _lem[´]on-ade´_ (or _lem´´on-ade´_).

UNACCENTED VOWELS.--Every vowel, when under either the primary or the secondary accent, is distinct; that is, the exact sound of the vowel is evident, as short _a_, long _i_, broad _o_, etc. In an unaccented syllable, the vowel sound is sometimes doubtful; in most instances, however, it is not. For instance, a correct speaker says: ăttĕn´tĭve, ăn´ĕcdōte, cōmprēhĕnd´, ăllēgā´tiȯn, chăp´ĕl, prĕs´_e_nt, ĕm´ĭnĕnt, prāi´rĭe, a̤u´dĭĕnce, căl´loŭs.

RULES OF PRONUNCIATION

RULE I.--The letter _u_ should not be sounded as _ōō_, except when immediately preceded by the sound of _r_.

Exceptions: sure and its derivatives, also sumac, tulle, hurrah, pugh.

Pronounce rule, fruit, garrulous, ruin, sure, tūne, mūle, institūte, constitūtion, sūture, dūty, lūcid.

RULE II.--_A_ constituting or ending an unaccented syllable is short Italian _a_.

Examples: cȧnine´, lȧpel´, ȧgain´, ȧlas´, fȧtal´ity, al´kȧli, or´nȧment, pal´ȧtȧble.

When the _a_ of terminal _ary_ or _any_ is immediately preceded by an accented syllable, it has the sound of short Italian _a_; thus, pri´mȧry, epiph´ȧny.

RULE III.--_E_ or _o_ constituting or ending a syllable is long.

Examples: ēvent, mēmentō, lōcōmōtion, sōciety, nōtōriety, sōbriety, supērior, infērior, thēōries, cōteriē, lōcō-fōcō.

RULE IV.--_I_ constituting or ending an unaccented syllable not initial, is always short, and is usually short even in initial syllables, if unaccented.

Examples: Dĭvide, dĭrect, fĭnance, phĭlosophy, imĭtate, pĭazza, tĭrade, intĭmate, indĭvisĭble, nobilĭty.

In the _initial_ syllables _i_, _bi_, _chi_, _cli_, _cri_, _pri_, _tri_, however, _i_ is generally _long_.

Examples: īdea, īdle, īsothermal, bīology, Chīnese, chīrurgery, clīmatic, crīterion, prīmeval, trīangular, trīpod.

RULE V.--_E_ before terminal _n_ should always be silent in participles, and also in most other words.

Examples: given (giv n), taken (tak n), bitten (bit n), broken, spoken, riven, fallen.

But in the following words _e_ must be sounded:

Aspĕn, chickĕn, glutĕn, kitchĕn, lichĕn, lindĕn, martĕn, mittĕn, suddĕn.

It must also be sounded in any word (not a participle) in which terminal _en_ is immediately preceded by _l_, _m_, _n_, or _r_.

Examples: womĕn, lĭnen, omĕn, barrĕn, Helĕn, Allĕn, Ellĕn, woolĕn, pollĕn.

RULE VI.--_E_ before terminal _l_ should usually be sounded.

Examples: levĕl, bevĕl, novĕl, nickĕl, cancĕl, vessĕl, chapĕl, gravĕl, hovĕl, camĕl, channĕl, kernĕl, Abĕl, Mabĕl, panĕl, modĕl, funnĕl, flannĕl.

But in the following words the _e_ before terminal _l_ must not be sounded:

Betel (bē´tl), chattel (chat´tl), drivel, easel, grovel, hazel, mantel, mussel, navel, ravel, shekel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, swivel, teasel, weasel, and their derivatives.

RULE VII.--In all but the following words, _i_ before terminal _l_ or _n_ must be sounded: devil, evil, weevil, basin, cousin, raisin.

Pronounce Latĭn, satĭn, matĭn, spavĭn, anvĭl, civĭl, cavĭl, councĭl, perĭl, javelĭn, lentĭl, pistĭl, resĭn, fusĭl, coffĭn, codicĭl, axĭl.

RULE VIII.--The eight words, bath, cloth, lath, moth, mouth, oath, path, wreath, and these only, require sonant _ths_ in the plural.

Pronounce m_oth_s, p_ath_s, truths, o_ath_s, heaths, cl_oth_s, b_ath_s, l_ath_s, deaths, wr_eath_s, mo_uths_, Sabbaths, sheaths, piths, plinths, lengths, widths, depths, breadths, earths, myths, Goths, fourths, breaths.

RULE IX.--_O_ in a final unaccented syllable ending in a consonant, frequently verges toward the sound of short _u_; as in custom, felon, bigot, bishop, method, carol, Briton. But it has its regular short sound in pentagon, hexagon, octagon, etc.

When, however, the termination _on_ is immediately preceded by _c_, _ck_, _s_ or _t_, the _o_ is commonly suppressed.

Examples: bacon, beacon, beckon, benison, button, cotton, crimson, damson, deacon, garrison, glutton, lesson, mason, mutton, parson, person, poison, prison, reason, reckon, season.

RULE X.--_I_ accented in most words from the French has the sound of long _e_.

Examples: pĭque, caprĭce, guillotĭne, quarantĭne, routĭne, suĭte, fatĭgue, valĭse, antĭque, Bastĭle, critĭque, palanquĭn, tambourĭne, regĭme (rā-zheem´), cuĭsĭne (kwe-zeen´), unĭque, intrĭgue, magazĭne.

RULE XI.--_Ou_ in most words from the French has the value of _ōō_, but in Anglo-Saxon words it has the sound of _ow_, as in _cow_.

Examples: bouquet, contour, croup; out, bound, sound.

Note.--_Ou_ has also other values, as in soul, rough, adjourn, could, ought, hough (hŏk), trough.

RULE XII.--_X_ followed by an accented vowel, or by an accented syllable beginning with a silent _h_, has the sound of _gz_.

Examples: luxu´rious, exam´ple, exhaust´, exhale´, exhib´it, exam´ine, exalt´, exec´utive.

RULE XIII.--The termination _tion_ is always _shun_, except when it follows the letter _s_ or _x_, as in question (kwestyun), bastion, combustion.

Examples: notation, completion, equation, relation, suggestion, transition (tranzish´un).

RULE XIV.--The termination _sion_ immediately preceded by an accented vowel is _zhun_; when not so preceded it is _shun_.

Examples: expulsion, immersion, mansion, excursion, diversion, explosion, adhesion, delusion.

RULE XV.--_C_ is soft (_s_) before _e_, _i_ and _y_, and hard (_k_) in other positions.

Examples: _ca_, _ce_, _ci_, _co_, _cu_, _cy_.

Exceptions: _c_ is hard (_k_) in sceptic and scirrhus; and in the following words it has the sound of _z_: sacrifice (fīz), sice, suffice, discern, and their derivatives. It is silent in czar, victuals, indict, and their derivatives, and also in the termination _scle_, as in _muscle_, _corpuscle_.

RULE XVI.--_G_ is generally soft (_j_) before _e_, _i_ and _y_, and always hard (_g_) before other vowels.

Examples: _ga_, _ge_, _gi_, _go_, _gu_, _gy_.

Note.--The exceptions to the rule that _g_ is usually soft before _e_, _i_ and _y_ are many; but they are nearly all common Anglo-Saxon words, such as get, give, gild, girl, girdle, giddy, foggy, gimlet, geese, gig, giggle, gift, gills, begin, gimp, beget, gird, gear, gizzard.

RULE XVII.--In an accented syllable of any primitive word, a vowel before _r_ followed by a syllable beginning with a vowel or another _r_ has its short sound.

Examples: Ărab, ărabesque, ărid, Ăristotle, Săracen, bĕryl, pĕril, delĭrious, ĭrritate, mĭracle, delĭrium, abhŏrrence, flŏrid, cŏroner, fŏreign, tŭrret, bŭrrow, cŭrry, coŭrage, fŭrrow, py̆rrhic, empy̆real.

RULE XVIII.--_N_ ending an accented syllable has the sound of _ng_, if immediately followed by hard _g_ or _k_, or any equivalent of _k_ (_c_, _q_, or _x_).

Examples: co̱ṉ´gress, ga̱ṉ´grene, co̱ṉ´cord, tra̱ṉ´quil, u̱ṉ´cle, a̱ṉ´ger, hu̱ṉ´ger, mo̱ṉ´key, sa̱ṉ´guine, si̱ṉ´gle, cla̱ṉ´gor, exti̱ṉ´guish, bla̱ṉ´ket, twi̱ṉ´kle, co̱ṉ´course, Li̱ṉ´coln.

Exceptions: concrete, penguin, mangrove, Mongol, pancreas, and some others.

RULE XIX.--_C_, _s_, or _t_, when immediately preceded by an accented syllable and followed by _e_, _i_ or _u_, has usually the force of _sh_, and is said to be “aspirated,” as in ocean, nauseate, Asiatic, negotiation.

RULE XX.--In pronouncing the terminal syllables, _ble_, _cle_, _dle_, _fle_, _gle_, _kle_, _ple_, _stle_, _tle_, and _zle_, no vowel sound is heard. Terminal _cre_, however, is pronounced _kẽr_. The combination of any of these terminations with _ing_ forms but one syllable.

Examples: quibbling, doubling, circling, meddling, huddling, ruffling, shuffling, giggling, struggling, pickling, trickling, coupling, rippling, battling, whittling, whistling, jostling, puzzling, muzzling, massacring.

COMMON ERRORS IN PRONUNCIATION

1. Do not pronounce _ing_ like _in_; as _eve´nin_ for _eve´ning_, _writ´in_ for _writ´ing_.

Pronounce the following: Speak´ing, read´ing, talk´ing, walk´ing, stop´ping, smok´ing, suppos´ing, expect´ing, cel´ebrating.

2. Do not pronounce _ow_ like _ur_ or _uh_; as _hol´lur_ or _hol´luh_ for _hol´low_, _shad´ur_ or _shad´uh_ for _shad´ow_.

Pronounce the following: Bor´row, to-mor´row, nar´row, yel´low, fel´low, wid´ow, pil´low, mel´lowing, swal´lowing.

3. Do not pronounce _ed_ like _id_ or _ud_; as _unit´id_ or _unit´ud_ for _unit´ed_, _provid´id_ or _provid´ud_ for _provid´ed_.

Pronounce the following: Rest´ed, resid´ed, decid´ed, regard´ed, exhib´ited, cel´ebrated, excit´ed, delight´ed, support´ed.

4. Do not pronounce _ess_ like _iss_; as _good´niss_ for _good´ness_, _bold´niss_ for _bold´ness_.

Pronounce the following: Hard´ness, bad´ness, harm´less, care´less, clear´ness, ful´ness, seam´stress, host´ess, em´press.

5. Do not pronounce _el_ like _il_, nor _et_ like _it_, nor _est_ like _ist_; as _cru´il_ for _cru´el_, _bask´it_ for _bask´et_, _for´ist_ for _for´est_.

Pronounce the following: Fu´el, du´el, bush´el, yet, get, mark´et, hatch´et, rock´et, rack´et, riv´ulet, hon´est, bold´est, larg´est, small´est, young´est, strong´est.

6. Do not pronounce _ent_ like _unt_, nor _ence_ like _unce_; as _si´lunt_ for _si´lent_, _sen´tunce_ for _sen´tence_.

Pronounce the following: Pru´dent, de´cent, mo´ment, gar´ment, mon´ument, gov´ernment, superintend´ent, par´liament (par´lĭ-ment), pa´tience, expe´rience, superintend´ence.

7. Do not insert the sound of short _u_ before a final _m_; as _hel´um_ for _helm_, _chas´um_ for _chasm_.

Pronounce the following: Spasm, rhythm, phan´tasm, bap´tism, pa´triotism, elm, film, overwhelm´, worm.

8. Do not give the drawling sound _ăōō_ for _ou_ (i. e. _äōō_); as _căōō_ for _cow_, _hăōōs_ for _house_.

Pronounce the following: How, now, ground, sound, bound, found, town, gown, pound, confound´, around´, astound´.

9. Do not sound _sh_ before _r_ like _s_; as _srub_ for _shrub_, _srink_ for _shrink_.

Pronounce the following: Shred, shrine, shriek, shroud, shriv´el, shrunk´en.

10. Do not sound _wh_ like _w_; as _wen_ for _when_, _wat_ for _what_.

Pronounce the following: Where, wheat, wharf, whale, whine, white, whim´per, whis´per, whip´ping, whit´tle.

11. Do not omit to give the sound of _r_ after a vowel in the same syllable, as in _arm_, _form_, etc., not _ahm_, _fawum_, etc.

Pronounce the following: Dark, hark, start, chart, are, tar, remark´, course, for, nor, door, floor, lord, hon´or, do´nor, short, support´, report´, pa´per, or´der, horse, purse, warm, alarm´ing, return´ing, reform´ing.

12. Do not add the sound of _r_ to a final vowel or dipthong; as _lawr_ for _law_, _ide´ar_ for _ide´a_.

Pronounce the following: saw, draw, paw, claw, pota´to, toma´to, com´ma, Em´ma.

13. Do not shorten the sound of long _o_ in certain words by leaving off its vanishing element _ōō_.

Pronounce the following: Boat, bone, broke, choke, cloak, colt, comb, dolt, hole, home, home´ly, hope, jolt, load, on´ly, road, rogue, smoke, spoke, spok´en, stone, throat, toad, whole, wrote, yoke, bolster.

14. Do not omit the sound of _d_ when preceded by _n_; as _stan_ for _stand_, _frenz_ for _friends_.

Pronounce the following: Stands, bands, wĭnds, wīnds, depends´, defends´, demands´, blind´ness, grand´mother, grand´father, hand´ful.

15. Do not omit the sound of _d_ in the terminal letters _lds_; as _wīlz_ for _wilds_, _fēlz_ for _fields_.

Pronounce the following: Folds, holds, scolds, builds, scalds, unfolds´, child´s.

16. Do not omit the sound of _t_ when preceded by _c hard_ in the same syllable; as _aks_ for _acts_, _exak´ly_ for _exact´ly_.

Pronounce the following: Facts, tracts, com´pacts, inspects´, respects´, inducts´, instructs´, correct´ly, direct´ly, ab´stractly, per´fectly.

17. Do not omit the sound of _t_ in the terminal letters _sts_; as _fis´s_ for _fists_, _pes´s_ for _pests_.

Pronounce the following: Posts, boasts, coasts, hosts, ghosts, accosts´.

18. Do not improperly suppress the vowel sounds in unaccented syllables; as _ev´ry_ for _ev´er-y_, _his´try_ for _his´to-ry_.

Pronounce the following: Belief´, crock´ery, fam´ily, fa´vorite, des´perate, des´olate, nom´inative, mis´ery, li´brary, sal´ary, com´pany, com´fortable, perfum´ery, mem´ory, vic´tory, slip´pery, part´iciple, sev´eral, bois´terous.

19. Do not suppress the sound of _e_ or of _i_ before _l_ or _n_ in those words in which it should be articulated; as _lev´l_ for _lev´el_, _civ´l_ for _civ´il_, _kitch´n_ for _kitch´en_, _Lat´n_ for _Lat´in_.

Pronounce the following: Trav´el, nov´el, bar´rel, par´cel, hov´el, chap´el, quar´rel, sor´rel, pen´cil, chick´en, lin´en, sud´den, mit´ten, sat´in.

20. Do not sound _e_ or _i_ before _n_ or _l_ in those words in which it is properly silent; _e´ven_ for _e´vn_, _heav´en_ for _heav´n_, _ba´sin_ for _ba´sn_, _haz´el_ for _ha´zl_, _e´vil_ for _e´vl_.

Pronounce the following: Ha´ven, sev´en, gold´en, o´pen, short´en, wood´en, wak´en, wid´en, fro´zen.