Part 173

========================+========================+======================== =Name of Battle; Approx-| =Contesting Nations | =Results and Marked imate Location; Date= | or Parties= |Features of the Contest= ------------------------+------------------------+------------------------ =Abensberg= (_ä´bens- |=French and Bavarians= |About 90,000 engaged on berg_), Bavaria, April |vs. Austrians |each side. 20, 1809 | | | | =Aboukir= (_ä-bōō- |=English= vs. French |Nelson cut off kêr´_), =Battle of the | |Napoleon’s return to Nile=, Egypt, August 1,| |Europe. 1798 | | | | =Aboukir=, Egypt, July |=French= vs. Turks |Two-thirds of Turkish 25, 1799 | |troops killed. | | †=Abydos= (_ȧ-bī´dos_), |=Athenians= vs. |... Hellespont, B. C. 411 |Peloponnesians | | | =Acragas= (_ak´ra- |=Carthaginians= vs. |The citizens evacuated gas_), =Siege of=, |Greeks |the fortress. Sicily, B. C. 406 | | | | =Acre= (_ä´ker_ or |=Christians= vs. |Richard the Lion Hearted _ā´ker_), =Siege of=, |Saracens |won renown by this Syria, 1189-1191 | |siege. | | =Acre, Siege of=, |=Turks= vs. French |... Syria, March 17, 1799 | | | | †=Actium= (_ak´shi-um_),|=Augustus= vs. Antony |At the critical moment Greece, September 2, | |Antony and Cleopatra B. C. 31 | |sail away. | | =Adowa= (_ä´dō-wä_), |=Ethiopians= vs. |Italians routed with Northeast Africa, March|Italians |enormous loss. 1, 1896 | | | | =Adrianople= (_ad-ri- |=Constantine= vs. |Constantine gained an-ō´pl_), Thrace, July|Licinius |empire. 3, 323 | | | | =Adrianople=, Thrace, |=Visigoths= vs. Romans |Emperor Valens defeated 378 | |and slain. | | =Adwalton= (_ad´wal- |=Royalists= vs. |... ton_) =Moor=, England, |Parliamentarians | January 30, 1643 | | | | =Ægadian Islands= (_ē- |=Romans= vs. |This victory put an end gā´di-an_), Sicily, |Carthaginians |to the first Punic war. B. C. 241 | | | | †=Ægospotami= (_ē-gos- |=Spartans= vs. Athenians|Virtually ended pot´a-mī_), Thrace, | |Peloponnesian war. B. C. 405 | | | | =Aghrim= (_ô´grim_), |=William III.= vs. |Irish savagely Ireland, July 12, 1691 |James II. |slaughtered. | | =Agincourt= (_ȧ-zhan- |=English= vs. French |Great victory for Henry kōōr_); E. (_aj´in- | |V. kört_), France, October| | 25, 1415 | | | | =Agnadello= (_ä-nyä- |=French= vs. Venetians |One of the most del´lō_), Italy, May | |disastrous battles in 14, 1509 | |the history of Venice. | | =Agrigentum= (_ag-ri- |=Romans= vs. |... jen´tum_), =Siege of=, |Carthaginians | Sicily, B. C. 262 | | | | =Alamo= (_ä´lȧ-mō_), |=Mexicans= vs. Texans |Survivors put to the =Storming of the=, | |sword. Texas, U. S., February | | 22, 1836 | | | | =Albuera= (_äl-bwā´ |=British= vs. French |Heavy losses on both rā_), Spain, May 16, | |sides. 1811 | | | | =Aleppo= (_ä-lep´ō_), |=Moslems= vs. Syrians |Last serious resistance Syria, 638 | |in Syria to the invading | |Moslems. | | =Alexandria= (_ä-leks- |=Moslems= vs. Egyptians |Left Moslems masters of än´dri-ä_), =Siege of=,| |Egypt. Egypt, 638 | | | | =Alexandria, |=English= vs. Arabi |Forts totally destroyed. Bombardment of=, Egypt,|Pasha |English occupy Egypt. July 11-12, 1882 | | | | =Algiers= (_al-jērz´_),|=English and Dutch= vs. |Dey agreed to total =Bombardment of=, |Dey of Algeria |abolition of Christian Algeria, 1816 | |slavery in his dominion. | | =Allia= (_al´i-ä_), |=Brennus and his Gauls= |Rome left defenseless. Italy, B. C. 390 |vs. Romans | | | =Alma= (_äl´ma_), |=English and French= vs.|British carried heights Crimea, September 20, |Russians |at the point of the 1854 | |bayonet. | | =Almansa= (_äl-män´ |=French= vs. British and|Spain lost to the sä_), Spain, April 25, |Portuguese |allies. 1707 | | | | =Amphipolis= (_am-fip´ |=Spartans= vs. Athenians|Both Brasidas and Cleon ō-lis_), =Siege of=, | |fell. Thrace, B. C. 422 | | | | =Anaquito= (_ä-nä-kē´ |=Pizarro= vs. Viceroy |Government of Peru fell tō_), Peru, 1546 |Menez |into Pizzaro’s hands. | | =Angora= (_an-gō´rȧ_), |=Tartars= vs. Turks |Tamerlane said to have Asia Minor, 1402 | |had eight hundred | |thousand men. | | =Antietam= (_an-tē´ |*=Confederates= vs. |Heavy losses on both tam_), Maryland, U. S.,|U. S. |sides. Lee’s army September 17, 1862 | |greatly outnumbered. | | =Antioch, Siege of=, |=Crusaders= vs. Saracens|Defenders massacred. Syria, 1097-1098 | | | | =Antwerp= (_ant´wirp_),|=Spaniards= vs. Walloons|Massacre of inhabitants Belgium, 1576 | |known as the “Spanish | |Fury.” | | =Appomattox= (_ap-pō- |=U. S.= vs. Confederates|Marked the close of the mat´oks_), Virginia, | |American Civil war, and U. S., April 9, 1865 | |surrender of General | |Lee. | | =Aquae Sextiae= (_ā´ |=Romans= vs. Teutons |Caius Marius annihilates kwe seks´ti-ē_) Gaul, | |the barbarian army. B. C. 102 | | | | =Arbela= (_är-bē´lä_), |=Macedonians= vs. |This victory made Persia, B. C. 331 |Persians |Alexander master of | |Asia. | | =Arcola= (_är´kō-lā_), |=French under Napoleon= |Napoleon prevented the Italy, November 15-17, |vs. Austrians |junction of two Austrian 1796 | |armies. | | =Arcot= (_är-kot´_), |=English and Sepoys= vs.|Robert Clive held out =Siege of=, India, |French |ten weeks against a far August 31- November 15,| |superior force before 1751 | |being relieved. | | †=Arginusae= (_är-ji-nū´|=Athenians= vs. |Command of the sea sē_), Asia Minor, B. C.|Peloponnesians |temporarily restored to 406 | |Athens. | | †=Armada= (_är-mä´dä_), |=English= vs. Spanish |Beginning of English =The Invincible=, | |sea-power. English Channel, July, | | 1588 | | | | =Arsuf= (_ar-suf_), |=English Crusaders= vs. |Great victory of Richard Syria, September 7, |Saracens |the Lion Hearted over 1191 | |Saladin. | | †=Artemisium= (_ār-te- |*=Persians= vs. Greeks |Fought at the same time mish´um_), Eubœa, B. C.| |as the battle of 480 | |Thermopylæ. | | =Ascalon= (_as´ka- |=Crusaders= vs. Saracens|Moslem resistance to lon_), Syria, 1099 | |Christians ended for a | |time. | | =Asculum= (_as´ku- |=Pyrrhus= vs. Romans |Pyrrhus, though lum_), Italy, B. C. 279| |victorious, suffered | |great loss. | | =Aspern= (_äs´pern_), |*=Austrians= vs. French |Napoleon retired. Each Austria, May 21-22, | |side lost about 20,000 1809 | |men. | | =Assaye= (_ä-sī´_), |=English= vs. East |Sir Arthur Wellesley India, September 23, |Indians |(later duke of 1803 | |Wellington) defeated | |forces almost ten times | |as numerous. | | =Austerlitz= (_ous´ter-|=French= vs. Russians, |The Battle of the Three lits_), Austria, |Austrians |Emperors: Napoleon, December 2, 1805 | |Alexander I., Francis I. | | †=Azores= (_ȧ-zōrz´_), |=Spanish= vs. English |Gallant fight made by Atlantic Ocean, 1591 | |Sir Richard Grenville in | |the _Revenge_. | | =Balaclava= (_bäl-ä- |=Russians= vs. English |“Charge of the Light klä´vä_), Crimea, | |Brigade” celebrated by October 25, 1854 | |Tennyson. | | =Bannockburn= (_ban´ok-|=Scots= vs. English |Bruce drives back burn_), Scotland, June | |English invaders with 24, 1314 | |great slaughter. | | =Barnet= (_bär´net_), |=Yorkists= vs. |Earl of Warwick (“King- England, April 4, 1471 |Lancastrians |maker”) slain. | | =Bautzen= (_bout´sen_),|=French= vs. Prussians, |The allies lost 15,000 Germany, May 20-21, |Russians |killed and wounded. 1813 | | | | †=Beachy Head=, England,|=French= vs. English, |The French had been sent June 30, 1690 |Dutch |to create a diversion in | |favor of James II. in | |Ireland. | | =Belgrade= (_bel- |=Hungarians= vs. Turks |John Hunyady’s last grād´_), =Siege of=, | |exploit. Servia, April, 1456 | | | | =Beneventum= (_ben-e- |=Romans= vs. Pyrrhus |Pyrrhus’ last serious ven´tum_), Italy, B. C.| |attack against the 275 | |Romans. | | =Beresina= (_ber-yā´zē-|=Russians= vs. French |A most terrible disaster nä_), =Crossing of | |on the retreat from the=, Russia, November | |Moscow. 28, 1812 | | | | =Bergen-op-Zoom= |=French= vs. English, |French lost heavily in (_berch´en-op-zōm´_), |Dutch |this siege. =Siege of=, Nether- | | lands, 1747 | | | | =Bibracte= (_bi-brak´ |=Romans= vs. Helvetians |A defeat would have tē_), Gaul, B. C. 58 | |meant destruction to | |Cæsar. | | =Blenheim= (_blen´im_),|=British and Imperi- |Brilliant victory of Bavaria, August 13, |alists= vs. French and |Marlborough and Prince 1704 |Bavarians |Eugene. | | =Borodino= (_bor-o-dyē-|*=French= vs. Russians |One of the most bloody nô´_) commonly Angli- | |battles on record. cized, (_bor-ō-dē´nō_) | | | | =Bosworth Field=, |=Lancastrians= vs. |Richard III. slain; England, August, 1485 |Yorkists |Henry Tudor becomes | |Henry VII. of England. | | =Bouvines= (_bö-vēn´_) |=French= vs. Flemish, |Secures the position of Flanders, 1214 |English and Germans |Philip Augustus on the | |throne of France. | | =Bovianum= (_bö-vi-ä´ |=Romans= vs. Samnites |End of second Samnite num_), =Siege of=, | |war. Italy, B. C. 305 | | | | =Boyne= (_boin_) |=William III.= vs. |Irish under James II. =river=, Ireland, July |James II. |totally defeated. 1, 1690 | | | | =Breitenfeld= (_brīt´ |=Swedes and Saxons= vs. |Brilliant victory of en-felt_), Germany, |Imperialists |Gustavus Adolphus over September 7, 1631 | |Tilly. | | =Breitenfeld=, Germany,|=Swedes= vs. |Victory of Tortenson 1642 |Imperialists |over Piccolomini. | | =Brill, Seizure of=, |=Netherlanders= vs. |The first success of the Holland, 1572 |Spanish |Netherlanders. | | =Buena Vista= (_bwā´nä |=Americans= vs. Mexicans|General Zachary Taylor vēs´tä_), Mexico, | |victorious over much February 22-23, 1847 | |larger force. | | =Bull Run=, Virginia, |=Confederates= vs. |The first important U. S. A., July 21, 1861|Federals |battle of the Civil war. | | =Bunker’s Hill=, |=British= vs. Americans |Though dislodged from Massachusetts, | |their position, the U. S. A., June 17, 1775| |Americans won a | |practical victory. | | =Byzantium= (_bi-zan´ |=Constantine= vs. |Byzantium refounded as shi-um_), =Siege of=, |Licinius |Constantinople, the Thrace, 323 | |capital of the empire. | | †=Cadiz= (_kā´diz_, Sp. |=English= vs. Spanish |Here Drake “singed the _kä´dēth_), Spain, 1587| |King of Spain’s beard.” | | =Calais= (Fr. _kȧ- |=English= vs. French |Calais remained in lä´_), =Siege of=, | |English possession until France, 1346-1347 | |1558. | | †=Camperdown= (_kam-per-|=British= vs. Dutch |The Dutch fleet, allied doun´_), Holland, | |with France, was October 11, 1797 | |practically destroyed. | | =Cannæ= (_kan´ē_), |=Carthaginians= vs. |Hannibal inflicts one of Italy, B. C. 216 |Romans |the most disastrous | |defeats the Romans ever | |suffered. | | †=Cape St. Vincent=, |=British= vs. Spanish |Spanish fleet, allied Portugal, February 14, | |with France, beaten by 1797 | |Admiral Jervis. | | =Capua= (_kap´ū-a_; It.|=Romans= vs. Capuans and|Hannibal was unable to _kä´pŏŏ-ä_), =Siege |Carthaginians |break through Roman of=, Italy, B. C. 211 | |lines and relieve the | |city. | | =Carrhæ= (_kar´ē_), |=Parthians= vs. Romans |Crassus, one of the Mesopotamia, B. C. 53 | |triumvirs, defeated and | |shortly after slain. | | =Carthage= (_kär´ |=Romans= vs. |Carthage razed to the thij_), =Siege of=, |Carthaginians |ground. North Africa, B. C. 146| | | | =Castillon= (_käs-te- |=French= vs. English |This victory ended the yôn´_), France, July | |Hundred Years’ war. 17, 1453 | | | | †=Catana= (_kä-tän´ä_), |=Carthaginians= vs. |Syracusans utterly Sicily, B. C. 387 |Syracusans |routed. Carthaginians | |besieged Syracuse. | | =Caudine= (_kâ´din_) |=Samnites= vs. Romans |The whole Roman army was =Forks=, Italy, B. C. | |“sent under the yoke.” 321 | | | | =Cawnpore= (_kân´pōr_),|=British= vs. Mutineers |Sir Colin Campbell routs India, December 6, 1857| |mutineers. | | =Chæronea= (_ker-ō- |=Macedonians= vs. |Philip of Macedon wins nēȧ_), Greece, B. C. |Athenians and Thebans |hegemony of Greece. 338 | | | | =Chalons= (_shä-lôn´_),|=Romans and Visigoths= |Attila retreated and France, 451 |vs. Huns |western Europe was saved | |from the Huns. | | =Chattanooga= (_chat-ȧ-|=Federals= vs. |The “Battle above the nōō´gȧ_) Tennessee, |Confederates |Clouds” fought on U. S. A., November 24- | |Lookout Mountain. 27, 1863 | | | | =Chickamauga= (_chik-ȧ-|=Confederates= vs. |Federal losses 16,000; mô´-gȧ_), Tennessee, |Federals |Confederate about U. S. A., Sept. 19-20, | |12,000. 1863 | | | | =Chioggia= (_kyod´jā_),|=Venetians= vs. Genoese |Loss of this city broke =Blockade of=, Venetia,| |the power of the Genoese January to June, 1380 | |republic for many years. | | =Chotusitz= (_chō´tö- |=Prussians= vs. |This victory led Austria zits_) (=Caslau=), |Austrians |to sign the peace of Bohemia, May 17, 1742 | |Breslau, June 11, 1742. | | =Clusium= (_klōō´shi- |=Gauls= vs. Romans |Romans said to have lost um_), Italy, B. C. 225 | |25,000. | | †=Cnidus= (_nī´dus_), |=Athenians and Persians=|Sparta lost her recently Asia Minor, B. C. 394 |vs. Spartans |gained maritime | |ascendency. | | =Colenso= (_kō-len´ |=Boers= vs. British |First action in Buller’s sō_), South Africa, | |campaign for the relief December 15, 1899 | |of Ladysmith. | | =Colline= (_kol´in_) |=Optimates= vs. |Sulla’s victory ended =Gate=, Rome, B. C. 82 |Democrates and Samnites |the Roman civil war. | | †=Constantinople= (_kon-|=Crusaders and |Baldwin of Flanders stan-ti-nō´pl_), =Siege|Venetians= vs. Greek |becomes Latin emperor of of=, Thrace, 1204 |Empire |the East. | | =Constantinople, Siege |=Turks= vs. Greeks |Final overthrow of Greek of=, Thrace, April 26- | |Empire. May 29, 1453 | | | | =Copenhagen= (_kō-pen- |=British= vs. Danish |England forces surrender hā´gen_), =Bombardment | |of Danish fleet to save of=, Denmark, 1807 | |it from Napoleon. | | =Coronea= (_kor-ŏ-nē´ |=Sparta= vs. Thebes, |Agesilaus, Spartan king, ȧ_), Greece, B. C. 394 |Corinth, Argos and |compelled to evacuate |Athens |Bœotia. | | =Corunna= (_kō-run´ȧ_),|=British= vs. French |Sir John Moore killed. Spain, January 16, 1809| |French kept at bay while | |British embarked. | | =Courtral= (_kŏŏ- |=Flemish= vs. French |“Battle of the Spurs.” trā´_), Flanders, July | |Great carnage among 11, 1302 | |French knighthood. | | =Crécy= (_krā´sē_), |=English= vs. French |Victory due to English France, August 26, 1346| |archers. | | =Crimisus= (_kri-mī´ |=Sicilians= vs. |Secured Greek towns of sus_), =the river=, |Carthaginians |Sicily peace for many Sicily, B. C. 340 | |years. | | =Culloden= (_ku-lō´den_|=British= vs. Scots |Last attempt of the or _-lod´en_), Scot- |under Young Pretender |Stuarts to recover land, April 16, 1746 | |British throne. | | =Cunaxa= (_kū-nak´sȧ_),|=Cyrus and the “Ten |Cyrus was slain and the Babylonia, B. C. 401 |Thousand”= vs. Persians |Greeks made the | |“Anabasis” to the sea. | | =Custozza= (_kös-tōd´ |=Austrians= vs. Italians|Though defeated, the zā_), Italy, June 24, | |Italians gained Venetia 1866 | |through Prussia. | | =Cynoscephalae= (_sī- |=Romans= vs. Macedonians|Philip V. forced to nō-sef´ȧ-lē_ or _sin- | |abandon the hegemony of ō_), Greece, B. C. 197 | |Greece. | | †=Cyzicus= (_siz´i- |=Athenians= vs. |Alcibiades surprised and kus_), Propontis, B. C.|=Peloponnesians= |practically annihilated 410 | |the Peloponnesian fleet. | | =Dardanelles= (_där-dȧ-|=Turks= vs. British and |British and French with- nelz´_) =Campaign=, |French |drew after a loss of Turkey, March 18, 1915,| |115,000, killed, wounded to January 9, 1916 | |or prisoners. | | =Delhi= (_del´i_), |=British= vs. Mutineers |Delhi was the real =Siege of=, India, June| |center of the Indian 8 to September 20, 1857| |mutiny. | | =Delium= (_dē´li-um_), |=Bœotians= vs. Athenians|Decisive and disastrous Greece, B. C. 424 | |defeat for Athenians. | | =Dennewitz= (_den´ne- |=Russians, Prussians, |Victory of Bernadotte vits_), Germany, |Austrians and Swedes, |(afterward Charles XIV. September 6, 1813 |Allies=, vs. French |of Sweden) over Ney. | | =Deorham= (_de-or´ |=West Saxons= vs. Welsh |Wessex extended to häm_), England, 577 | |Bristol channel, | |severing Welsh into two | |parts. | | =Dessau= (_des´ou_), |=Imperialists= vs. |Wallenstein totally Germany, 1626 |Protestants |routed Mansfeld. | | =Dettingen= (_det´ing- |=British= vs. French |Last battle in which a en_), Germany, June 27,| |British sovereign 1743 | |engaged in person. | | =Douro= (_dō´rŏŏ_, |=British= vs. French |French driven out of Span. _dwā´rō_), =the | |Oporto. river=, Portugal, May | | 12, 1809 | | | | †=Downs, The=, North |*=Dutch= vs. English |English fleet took Sea, June 11-14, 1666 | |shelter in the Thames; | |Dutch too crippled to | |pursue. | | †=Drepana= (_drep´a- |=Carthaginians= vs. |This and other defeats nä_), Sicily, B. C. |Romans |led Romans to abandon 249 | |the sea temporarily. | | =Dresden= (_drez´den_; |=French= vs. Russians, |Napoleon’s last great Ger. _drās´den_), |Prussians, and Austrians|victory on German soil. Germany, August 26, 27,| | 1813 | | | | =Drogheda= (_drô´he-dȧ_|=British and |Cromwell put the or _drô´e-dȧ_), =Storm |Parliamentarians= vs. |garrison to the sword. of=, Ireland, Sept. 12,|Royalists | 1649 | | | | =Dunbar= (_dun-bär´_), |=Parliamentarians= vs. |Cromwell’s victory Scotland, Sept. 3, 1650|Scottish Royalists |followed by the | |surrender of Edinburgh | |and Glasgow. | | =Ebersberg= (_ā´bers- |=French= vs. Austrians |A horrible combat in berg_), =Storm of=, | |which thousands were Bavaria, May 3, 1809 | |burned in the ruined | |village. | | †=Ecnomus= (_ek´no- |=Romans= vs. |Romans laid waste mus_), Sicily, B. C. |Carthaginians |Carthaginian territory 256 | |in Africa. | | =Edgehill=, England, |*=Royalists= vs. |The first battle of the October 23, 1642 |Parliamentarians |Civil war. Royalists | |march on London. | | =El Caney= (_el kä- |=Americans= vs. |The chief battle of the nā´_), Cuba, July 1, |Spaniards |war in Cuba. 1898 | | | | =Ellandun= (_el´lan- |=West Saxons= vs. |The West Saxon Egbert dön_), England, 825 |Mercians |becomes overlord of all | |the English. | | =Evesham= (_ēvz´ham_), |=Prince Edward= vs. |This defeat ended the England, August 4, 1265|Simon Montfort |war. Simon de Montfort | |fell. | | =Eylau= (_ī´lau_), |*=Russians and |The bloodiest and most Prussia, February 8, |Prussians= vs. French |desperate battle of a 1807 | |century. | | =Falkirk= (_fôl´kerk_; |=English= vs. Scotch |Edward I. utterly routed Scot., _fô´kerk_), | |Wallace. Scotland, July 22, 1298| | | | =Fehrbellin= (_fār-bel-|=Brandenburgers= vs. |The first great victory lēn´_), Brandenburg, |Swedes |of Brandenburg, Prussia. June 18, 1675 | | | | =Flodden= (_flod´n_), |=English= vs. Scots |The Scottish king England, September 9, | |perished, with the 1513 | |bravest of his nobility. | | =Fontanet= (_fôn-tän- |=Louis and Charles= vs. |Followed by the famous ā´_), France, June 20, |Lothaire (Grandsons of |Partition of Verdun 841 |Charlemagne) |(843). | | =Fontenoy= (_fôn-t´- |=French= vs. British, |Last great victory of nwä´_), Belgium, May |Dutch and Austrians |France under the Old 11, 1745 | |Regime. | | =Fornovo= (_for-no´ |=French= vs. Italians |Charles VIII. enabled to vō_), Italy, July 6, | |continue his retreat 1495 | |following his conquest | |of Naples. | | =Friedland= (_frēt´ |=French= vs. Russians |This defeat induced the länt_ or _frēd´länt_), | |Czar to conclude the Prussia, June 14, 1807 | |peace of Tilsit. | | =Gettysburg= (_get´iz- |=Federals= vs. |One of the bloodiest bûrg_), Pennsylvania, |Confederates |battles of the war, U. S. A., July 1-3, | |forcing Lee from 1863 | |northern soil. | | =Gibraltar= (_ji-brâl´ |=British= vs. French and|The last formidable tär_), =Siege of=, |Spanish |attack upon Gibraltar Spain, 1779-1782 | |(British since 1704). | | =Granada= (_grä-nä´dä_;|=Spaniards= vs. Moors |Completes the overthrow Sp. _grä-nä´thä_), | |of the Moorish power in =Capitulation of=, | |Spain. Spain, January 2, 1492 | | | | =Granicus= (_grä-nī´ |=Alexander the Great= |Destroyed the only army kus_) =River=, Asia |vs. Persians and Greek |opposed to Alexander in Minor, B. C. 334 |Mercenaries |Asia Minor. | | =Granson= (_gran-sôn´_)|=Swiss= vs. Burgundians |First of the three great Switzerland, March 2, | |victories of the Swiss 1476 | |over Charles the Bold. | | =Gravelotte= (_gräv- |=Prussians= vs. French |The first great victory lot´_), Lorraine, | |of the Prussians in the August 18, 1870 | |war. | | =Guinegate= (_gēn- |=English and |Called the “Battle of gȧt´_), France, August |Imperialists= vs. French|the Spurs” from the 16, 1513 | |French haste in flight. | | =Haarlem= (_här´lem_), |=Spaniards= vs. Dutch |30,000 Spaniards against =Siege of=, Holland, | |4,000 Dutch; 2,000 Dutch Dec. 9-July 14, 1572- | |massacred. 1573 | | | | =Halidon= (_hal´i-dn_),|=Edward III. of England=|Won by combination of =Hill=, England, July |vs. Scots |archers and dismounted 19, 1333 | |men-at-arms. | | †=Hampton= (_hämp´tn_) |=Monitor= (=Federal=) |After this wooden ships =Roads=, Virginia, |vs. Merrimac |give way to ironclads in U. S. A., March 8, 1862|(Confederate) |naval warfare. | | =Hastenbeck=, Germany, |=French= vs. |Followed by the July 26, 1757 |Hanoverians |convention of Closter- | |Zeven, which George II. | |repudiated. | | =Hastings= (_hās´ |=Normans= vs. English |Harold fell; William the tingz_), England, | |Conqueror became king of October 14, 1066 | |England. | | =Heraclea= (_her-ȧ-klē´|=King Pyrrhus= vs. |“One more such victory ȧ_ or _-klī´ȧ_), Italy,|Romans |and I shall be ruined.” B. C. 280 | |--Pyrrhus. | | =Hexham= (_hek´sam_), |=Yorkists= vs. |The Lancastrian cause England, May 15, 1464 |Lancastrians |was completely crushed | |by this defeat. | | =Himera= (_him´er-ȧ_), |=Syracuse and |Hamilcar slain. Sicily, B. C. 480 |Agrigentum= vs. |Carthaginians purchased |Carthaginians |peace for 2,000 talents. | | =Himera, Siege of=, |=Carthaginians= vs. |Town sacked and Sicily, B. C. 409 |Sicilian Greeks |prisoners sacrificed to | |the shade of Hamilcar. | | =Höchst= (_hûkst_), |=Imperialists= vs. |Practically ends the Germany, June 20, 1622 |Palatinate troops |Bohemian-Palatinate | |phase of the Thirty | |Years’ war. | | =Hohenfriedburg= (_hō´ |=Prussians= vs. |One of Frederick the ēn-frēd´-berg_), |Austrians and Saxons |Great’s victories; due Germany, June, 1745 | |partly to Austrian | |overconfidence. | | =Hohenlinden= (_hō-en- |=French= vs. Austrians |The crowning event of lin´den_), Bavaria, | |the winter campaign; won December 3, 1800 | |by Moreau. | | =Hohkirchen= (_hō´ |=Austrians= vs. |Frederick the Great, kirch-en_), Germany, |Prussians |though surprised by a October 14, 1758 | |night attack, made good | |his retreat. | | =Homildon= (_hom´l- |=English= vs. Scots |Another great victory dn_), =Hill=, England, | |due to the prowess of September 14, 1402 | |the English longbowmen. | | =Hydaspes= (_hī-das´ |=Greeks= vs. Asiatics |The last important pēz_) =River=, India, | |battle in the eastward B. C. 326 | |advance of Alexander the | |Great. | | =Inkermann= (_ing-ker- |=British and French= vs.|A series of hand-to-hand män´_), Crimea, |Russians |combats fought in a November 5, 1854 | |dense fog. | | =Inverlochy= (_in-ver- |=Royalist Highlanders= |Power of the Campbells lock´i_), Scotland, |vs. Campbells and |in the Highlands broken February 2, 1645 |Lowland Covenanters |for many years. | | =Ipsus= (_ip´sus_), |=Seleucus= vs. Antigonus|Chief battle between Asia Minor, B. C. 301 | |Alexander’s generals | |over the partition of | |his empire. | | =Issus= (_is´us_), Asia|=Macedonians= vs. |Alexander’s brilliant Minor, B. C. 333 |Asiatics |victory over an immense | |horde of Persians. | | =Ivry= (_ēv-rē´_), |=Huguenots= vs. |Henry IV. gained a France, March 14, 1590 |Catholics |complete victory and | |invested Paris, his | |capital. | | =Jarnac= (_zhär-nak´_),|=Catholics= vs. |Prince de Condé slain. France, March 13, 1569 |Huguenots | | | =Jemmapes= (_zhe- |=French= vs. Austrians |Followed by annexation mäp´_), Belgium, | |of the Austrian November 6, 1792 | |Netherlands to France. | | =Jena= (_yā´nä_), |=French= vs. Prussians |Napoleon advanced thence Germany, October 14, | |to Berlin and issued the 1806 | |decree for a continental | |blockade. | | =Jerusalem= (_jē-rōō´ |=Jews= vs. Romans |Titus destroyed the city sȧ-lem_) =Siege of=, | |and massacred or sold Syria, 70 | |into slavery its | |inhabitants. | | =Jerusalem, Storm of=, |=Crusaders= vs. Moslems |A terrible massacre; Syria, July 15, 1099 | |feudal kingdom | |established under | |Godfrey of Bouillon. | | †=Jutland=, Baltic Sea, |=Germans= vs. British |British admitted the May 31, 1916 | |loss of six large | |cruisers and destroyers, | |the Germans a battle- | |ship, a cruiser, four | |light cruisers and five | |destroyers. The loss of | |life totaled 9,500 and | |the battle ended with | |the withdrawal of the | |German fleet. | | =Kappel= (_käp´pel_), |=Swiss Catholic Cantons=|Zwingli, the Swiss Switzerland, October |vs. Zurichers |Protestant reformer, 11, 1531 | |fell in this battle. | | =Kars= (_kärs_), =Storm|=Russians= vs. Turks |Russian success caused of=, Armenia, November | |angry negotiations 17-18, 1877 | |between England and | |Russia. | | =Katzbach= (_käts´ |=Prussians= vs. French |A decisive victory of ba_K), Germany, August | |Blücher over one of 26, 1813 | |Napoleon’s marshals. | | =Khartoum= (_kär- |=Mahdi= vs. Gordon |“Chinese” Gordon killed; töm´_), =Siege of=, | |the Soudan evacuated by Soudan, March 12- | |the Anglo-Egyptian January 26, 1884-1885 | |government. | | =Killiecrankie= (_kil- |=Highland Jacobites= vs.|The Jacobite victory was i-krang´ki_), Scotland,|Royalists |nullified by the fall of July 17, 1689 | |their leader, Dundee. | | =Kimberley= (_kim´ber- |=British= vs. Boers |The brilliant defense of li_), =Siege of=, South| |Kimberley was a notable Africa, October 15, | |feature of the war. 1899 to February 15, | | 1900 | | | | =Kin-chau= (_kin- |=Japanese= vs. Russians |General Oku opened the chow´_), Manchuria, May| |way for the land in- 26, 1904 | |vestment of Port Arthur. | | =Koniggrätz= (_kû´nich-|=Prussians= vs. |This victory gave the gräts´_), (=or | |supremacy in Germany to Sadowa=), Germany, July| |Prussia, unity to North 3, 1866 | |Germany. | | =Kolin= (_kō-lēn´_), |=Austrians= vs. |Following this defeat, Bohemia, June 18, 1757 |Prussians |Frederick the Great | |evacuated Bohemia. | | =Kossova= (_kos´ō-vō_),|=Turks= vs. Christian |A battle famed in the Servia, June 15, 1389 |Slavs |history, legend and | |literature of Servia. | | =Kossova=, Servia, |=Turks= vs. Christians |The hero, John Hunyady, October 17-19, 1448 | |overcome at the cost of | |40,000 Turkish lives. | | =Kotzim= (_cho-tem´_), |=Poles= vs. Turks |John Sobieski, by sheer Russia, November 11, | |personal ascendency, 1673 | |stems tide of Turkish | |advance. | | =Kulm= (_kōōlm_), |=Austrians, Russians and|7,000 French capitulate; Germany, August 29-30, |Prussians= vs. Napoleon |“The Caudine Forks of 1813 | |modern war.” Conduces to | |the defeat at Leipzig. | | =Kunersdorf= (_kōō´ |=Austrians and Russians=|Inactivity of the allies ners-dorf_), Germany, |vs. Prussians |saved Frederick the August 12, 1759 | |Great from annihilation. | | †=Lade= (_lā´dē_), Asia |=Persians= vs. Ionian |This defeat put an end Minor, B. C. 494 |Greeks |to the Ionian revolt. | | =Ladysmith= (_lā´di- |=British= vs. Boers |Like the siege of smith_), =Siege of=, | |Kimberley, a notable South Africa, November | |incident of the war. 2, 1899 to February, | | 1900 | | | | †=La Hogue= (_lä hōg_), |=English and Dutch= vs. |Overthrew the hopes of Northwestern France, |French |James II. of recovering May 10-20, 1692 | |his throne. | | †=Lake Erie=, Lake Erie,|=Americans= vs. British |“We have met the enemy September 10, 1813 | |and they are ours.”-- | |Perry. | | †=La Rochelle= (_lä rō- |=French and Spaniards= |Control of the sea shel´_), France, June |vs. English |passes for a time to the 22-23, 1372 | |side of the French. | | =La Rochelle, Siege |=Richelieu= vs. |Huguenots no longer an of=, France, November |Huguenots and English |armed political party 1, 1627 to October 28, | |but a tolerated sect. 1628 | | | | =Lechfeld= (_lech´ |=Otto I.= vs. Hungarians|A crushing defeat feld_), Germany, August| |inflicted on the waning 10, 955 | |power of the Hungarians. | | =Lech= (_lech_), =the |=Gustavus Adolphus= vs. |Tilly mortally wounded. river=, Germany, April |German Catholic League | 15, 1632 | | | | =Legnano= (_len-yä´ |=Lombard League= vs. |In the peace of nō_), Italy, May 29, |Frederick Barbarossa |Constance (1183), 1176 | |Frederick renounced all | |regal privileges over | |the cities. | | =Leipzig= (_līp´sik_), |=Swedes and Saxons= vs. |Brilliant victory of Saxony, September 17, |Catholic Imperialists |Gustavus Adolphus saves 1631 | |Protestant cause. | | =Leipzig=, Saxony, |=Allies= vs. Napoleon |This disaster lost October 16, 18-19, 1813| |Germany to Napoleon. | | =Le Mans= (_le mon´_), |=Prussians= vs. French |French army almost France, January 6-12, | |annihilated. 1871 | | | | †=Lepanto= (_le-pan´ |=Don John of Austria= |One of the most splendid tō_), Gulf of Corinth, |vs. Turks |naval victories ever October 7, 1751 | |achieved. | | =Leuctura= (_lūk´tra_),|=Thebans= vs. Spartans |Epaminondas’ overthrow Greece, B. C. 371 | |of Sparta gives Thebes | |the hegemony in Greece. | | =Leuthen= (_loi´ten_), |=Prussians= vs. |This battle “would alone Germany, December 5, |Austrians |make Frederick immortal 1757 | |and rank him among the | |greatest generals.”-- | |Napoleon. | | =Lewes= (_lū´is_), |=Simon de Montfort= vs. |Simon de Montfort’s England, May 14, 1264 |Henry III. and Prince |victory followed by |Edward |Parliament, the first to | |which borough represen- | |tatives were called | |(1265). | | =Leyden= (_lī´den_), |=Dutch= vs. Spaniards |Prince of Orange cut the =Siege of=, Holland, | |dikes to bring the fleet May 26 to October 3, | |to the relief of the 1574 | |city. | | =Liegnitz= (_lēch´ |=Prussians= vs. |Frederick prevented the nits_), Germany, August|Austrians |union of the Austrians 15, 1760 | |and Russians. | | =Ligny= (_lēn-yē´_), |=Napoleon= vs. Blücher |Napoleon’s last victory; Belgium, June 16, 1815 | |Blücher joined | |Wellington at Waterloo | |on the 18th. | | =Lille= (_lēl_), =Siege|=Imperialists= vs. |France now lay open to of=, France, August 12 |French |the advance of the to October 22, 1708 | |allies. | | =Lilybæum= (_lil-i-bē´ |=Carthaginian= vs. |One of the most um_), =Siege of=, |Romans |protracted sieges in Sicily, B. C. 250-241 | |history, surrendered | |only with Sicily at | |close of war. | | =Linkoping= (_lēn´chû- |=Swedes= vs. Poles under|Led to perpetual ping_), Sweden, |King Sigismund |hostility between Sweden September 25, 1598 | |and Poland in | |seventeenth century. | | †=Lissa= (_lis´a_), |=Austrians= vs. Italians|The only battle between Adriatic, July 20, 1866| |ironclads fought in | |European waters. | | =Lobositz= (_lō´bō- |*=Prussians= vs. |18,000 Saxons besieged zits_), Bohemia, |Austrians |at Pirna were now forced October 1, 1756 | |into the Prussian army. | | =Lodi= (_lō´dē_), |=Napoleon Bonaparte= vs.|This success gave the =Bridge of=, Italy, May|Austrians |whole of Lombardy to the 10, 1796 | |French. | | =Loigny-Poupry= (_lwän-|=Prussians= vs. French |Prevented the French ye´ poo-pree´_), | |from relieving Orleans. France, December 2, | | 1870 | | | | =Louisburg= (_lö´ē- |=British= vs. French |Destruction of one of berg_), =Siege of=, | |the strongest fortresses Canada, June 8 to July | |in North America. 27, 1758 | | | | =Lucknow= (_luk´nou_), |=British= vs. Sepoy |The turning of the tide; =Siege of=, India, |mutineers |next year the mutiny was March 19, 1857 to July | |totally quelled. 1, 1858 | | | | =Lutter= (_löt´ter_), |=Catholics and |Christian of Denmark, Germany, August 26, |Imperialists= vs. Danes |severely defeated, 1626 |and Protestant Germans |retires into Holstein | |and Mecklenburg. | | =Lützen= (_lüt´sen_), |=Swedes and Protestant |Gustavus Adolphus slain Saxony, November 16, |Germans= vs. Catholics |in winning his third 1632 |and Imperialists |great victory. | | =Lützen=, Saxony, May |=Napoleon= vs. Allies |The first battle in the 2, 1813 | |great German War of | |Liberation. | | =Luzzara= (_löt-sä´ |*=French= vs. |Followed by French rä_), Italy, August 15,|Imperialists |ascendency in Italy 1702 | |until 1706. | | =Macalo= (_mäk-ä´lo_), |=Venice= vs. Milan |Carmagnola gained a Italy, October 11, 1427| |brilliant victory over | |the famous condottieri, | |Sforza, Piccinino and | |Malatesta. | | =Madras= (_mä-dras´_), |=English= vs. French |Failure to take Madras =Siege of=, India, Dec.| |was a great blow to 12, 1758 to Feb. 16, | |French power in India. 1759 | | | | =Maestricht= (_mäs´ |=Spaniards= vs. |Inhabitants and garrison tricht_), =Siege of=, |Netherlanders |massacred. Belgium, March 12 to | | June 29, 1579 | | | | =Mafeking= (_maf´e- |=British= vs. Boers |Baden Powell’s king_), =Siege of=, | |resistance aroused South Africa, Oct., | |world-wide enthusiasm. 1899 to May 17, 1900 | | | | =Magdeburg= (_mäg´de- |=Catholics and |The sack of Magdeburg is bŏŏrch_), =Storm of=, |Imperialists= vs. |one of the darkest spots Germany, May 20, 1631 |inhabitants |on the pages of history. | | =Magenta= (_mä-jen´ |=French and Piedmontese=|Napoleon III. and Victor tä_), Italy, June 4, |vs. Austrians |Emmanuel entered Milan. 1859 | | | | =Magnesia= (_mag-nē´ |=Romans= vs. Antiochus |The kingdom of the shȧ_), Asia Minor, |the Great |Seleucidæ dismembered. B. C. 190 | | | | =Malaga= (_mä´lä-gä_), |=Spaniards= vs. Moors |The inhabitants were Spain, May 8 to August | |sold into slavery. 18, 1487 | | | | †=Malaga=, Spain, August|*=English and Dutch= vs.|French fleet prevented 24, 1704 |French |from uniting with | |Spanish which was | |besieging Gibraltar. | | =Malakoff= (_mä-lä´ |=French= vs. Russians |Loss of this and other kof_), =Storm of=, | |earthworks led that Crimea, September 8, | |night to the evacuation 1855 | |of Sebastopol. | | =Malo-Jaroslavitz= |*=Russians= vs. French |Napoleon was obliged to (_mä´lō yä-rō-slä´ | |abandon southerly line vets_), Russia, October| |of retreat from Moscow. 24, 1812 | | | | =Malplaquet= (_mȧl-plȧ-|=British and |Bloodiest battle of this kā´_), France, |Imperialists= vs. French|war; “carnage, not a September 11, 1709 | |battle.” | | †=Manila= (_mȧ-nil´ȧ_) |=Americans= vs. |Admiral Dewey totally =Bay=, Philippines, May|Spaniards |destroyed the Spanish 1, 1898 | |fleet. | | =Mansurah= (_män-sōō´ |*=French Crusaders= vs. |The last of the great rä_), Egypt, April 8, |Saracens |pitched battles of the 1250 | |crusaders. Shortly after | |Louis IX. was captured | |and ruinously ransomed. | | =Mantineia= (_man-ti- |=Spartans= vs. Athenians|The Spartans regained nē´ȧ_), Greece, B. C. |and Argives |their supremacy in 418 | |Peloponnesus. | | =Mantineia=, Greece, |=Thebans= vs. Spartans |The death of Epaminondas B. C. 362 | |in this battle ends | |Theban supremacy. | | =Mantua= (_man´tū-ȧ_), |=French= vs. Austrians |The close of Napoleon’s =Siege of=, Italy, | |marvelous first Italian June, 1796, to February| |campaign. 2, 1797 | | | | =Marathon= (_mär´ȧ- |=Athenians and |Miltiades’ victory thon_), Greece, B. C. |Plataeans= vs. Persians |causes Persians to 490 | |abandon their first ex- | |pedition against Greece. | | =Mardia= (_mär´di-ä_), |=Licinius= vs. |Licinius lost all his Thrace, 315 |Constantine the Great |European territory | |except Thrace. | | =Marengo= (_mä-reng´ |=French= vs. Austrians |Won for Napoleon largely gō_), Italy, June 14, | |by General Desaix. 1800 | | | | =Marignano= (_ma-rēn- |=French= vs. Swiss |Francis I. reconquered yä´nō_), Italy, | |Milan by this brilliant September 13, 14, 1515 | |victory. | | =Marne= (_märn_), a |=Allies= vs. Germans |Germans forced to river in France, | |retreat and capture of September 5-7, 1914 | |Paris averted. | | =Marsaglia= (_mär-säl´ |=French= vs. Duke of |French infantry with yä_), Italy, October 4,|Savoy |bayonets charged the 1693 | |cavalry, a new maneuver. | | =Marston Moor=, |=Parliamentarians= vs. |This victory, due to England, July 2, 1644 |Royalists |Cromwell’s Ironsides, | |gave the north to | |parliament. | | =Maserfield= (_mä´ser- |=Mercians= vs. |Mercia becomes a feld_), England, 642 |Northumbrians |competitor with | |Northumbria for English | |hegemony. | | =Maxen= (_mäks´en_), |=Austrians= vs. |The capitulation of Germany, November 20, |Prussians |Finck with 12,000 1759 | |Prussian soldiers | |disastrous to Frederick. | | =Maypu= (_mä´pö_), |=Chilians= vs. Spaniards|Established the Chili, April 5, 1818 | |independence of Chili. | | =Medellin= (_mā-tnel- |=French= vs. Spaniards |Spaniards mercilessly yēn´_), Spain, March | |sabered in the pursuit, 28, 1809 | |losing 18,000. | | =Megalopolis= (_meg-ȧ- |=Macedonians= vs. |Antipater, in absence of lop´ō-lis_), Greece, |Spartans |Alexander, puts down B. C. 331 | |revolted Spartans in a | |bloody battle. | | =Mentana= (_men-tä´ |=Garibaldians= vs. |Garibaldians routed nä_), Italy, November |French and Papal troops |after defeating papal 3, 1867 | |forces. | | †=Messina= (_mes-sē´ |=Sicilians and |Charles of Anjou nä_), Sicily, September|Aragonese= vs. French |evacuated Sicily, which 28, 1282 | |his descendants never | |recovered. | | =Metaurus= (_mā-tau´ |=Romans= vs. |Italy saved by pre- rus_), Italy, B. C. 207|Carthaginians |venting the junction of | |Hasdrubal with Hannibal. | | =Metz= (_mets_), =Siege|=Prussians= vs. French |The release of the of=, Lorraine, August | |besieging army for 19 to October 27, 1870 | |service elsewhere was | |fatal to the French | |cause. | | =Milazzo= (_mē-lät´ |=Garibaldians= vs. |This completes the sō_), Sicily, July 20, |Neapolitans |expulsion of the 1860 | |Neapolitans from Sicily. | | =Minden= (_min´den_), |=English, Hessians and |The French were Prussia, August 1, 1759|Hanoverians= vs. French |decisively beaten and | |driven from Hesse. | | =Miraflores= (_mē-rä- |=Chilians= vs. Peruvians|Practically ended the flō´res_), Argentina, | |war of the Pacific January 13 and 15, 1883| |(1879-1884) between | |Chili, and Bolivia and | |Peru. | | =Missolonghi= (_mis-ō- |=Turks= vs. Greeks |Greek heroism excited long´gē_), =Siege of=, | |sympathy throughout Greece, April 27, 1825 | |Europe. (Byron died to April 22-23, 1826 | |here, 1824.) | | =Mitylene= (_mit-i-lē´ |=Athenians= vs. Revolted|Prisoners killed, walls nē_), =Siege of=, |inhabitants |pulled down, fleet Lesbos, B. C. 428-427 | |forfeited, annual | |tribute imposed. | | =Modder= (_mod´er_) |=British= vs. Boers |Lord Methuen drives =River=, South Africa, | |Cronje from his November 28, 1899 | |intrenchments after a | |fierce fight. | | =Mohacs= (_mō´häch_), |=Turks= vs. Hungarians |“Never was a single Hungary, August 29, | |battle so disastrous to 1526 | |a people.” | | =Mollwitz= (_mōl´ |=Prussians= vs. |Frederick’s victory vitz_), Germany, April |Austrians |forces Europe to 10, 1741 | |recognize in Prussia a | |new power. | | =Montaperti= (_mon-tä- |=Florentine Ghibellines,|Secured the triumph of per´tē_), Italy, |Siennese= vs. Guelphs of|the Ghibellines over all September 4, 1260 |Florence |Tuscany. | | =Monterey= (_mon-te- |=Americans= vs. Mexicans|Followed by the rā´_), Mexico, | |occupation of the whole September 21-23, 1846 | |of northern Mexico. | | =Montreal= (_mont-ri- |=British= vs. French |Completes the British ôl´_), Canada, | |conquest of Canada from September 8, 1760 | |France. | | =Mook= (_mōk_), |=Spaniards= vs. Dutch |The battle terminated in Holland, April 14, 1574| |a horrible butchery of | |the patriot army. | | =Morgarten= (_mōr´gār- |=Swiss= vs. Austrians |The first battle fought ten_), Switzerland, | |for Swiss independence. November 15, 1315 | | | | =Mortimer’s= (_môr´ti- |=Yorkists= vs. |The Yorkist prince mer_) =Cross=, England,|Lancastrians |advanced to London and February 2, 1461 | |was proclaimed king as | |Edward IV. | | =Mukden= (_mŏŏk-den´_),|=Japanese= vs. Russians |Release of Japanese from Manchuria, February 24 | |before Port Arthur to March 10, 1905 | |enables Oyama to crush | |Kuropatkin. | | =Mühlberg= (_mül´ |=Charles V. and Prince |Maurice in 1552 berg_), Saxony, April |Maurice= vs. Saxony and |retrieves his treason to 24, 1547 |Hesse |Protestantism by driving | |Charles V. from Germany. | | =Muhldorf= (_mül´ |=Louis of Bavaria= vs. |The disputed imperial dorf_), Bavaria, |Frederick of Austria |election, over which September 28, 1322 | |this battle was fought, | |began a new struggle be- | |tween empire and papacy. | | =Munda= (_mun´dä_), |=Julius Cæsar= vs. |Cæsar’s last battle; it Spain, B. C. 45 |Pompeians |put an end to armed | |resistance. | | =Muret= (_mü-rā´_), |=Crusaders= vs. |Practically ends the France, September 12, |Albigenses and Aragonese|Albigensian crusade; 1213 | |Toulousean territories | |pass ultimately to the | |French crown. | | =Mycale= (_mik´ȧ-lē_), |=Greeks= vs. Persians |This battle and that of Asia Minor, B. C. 479 | |Platæa end the Persian | |wars against Greece. | | †=Mylæ= (_mī´lē_), |=Romans= vs. |First naval victory of Sicily, B. C. 260 |Carthaginians |Romans; due to boarding | |bridges. | | =Näfels= (_nā´fels_), |=Swiss= vs. Austrians |Hapsburgs renounced all Switzerland, April 9, | |feudal claims over the 1388 | |Swiss cantons (1389). | | =Nancy= (_nän-sē´_), |=Swiss= vs. Charles the |Charles was slain, Lorraine, January 5, |Bold |leaving his motley 1477 | |territories a prey to | |neighboring princes. | | =Narva= (_när´vä_), |=Swedes= vs. Russians |Charles XII. won a Russia, November 30, | |brilliant victory over 1700 | |the much larger army of | |Peter the Great. | | =Naseby= (_näz´bi_), |=Parliamentarians= vs. |Complete defeat of England, June 14, 1645 |Royalists |Charles I., followed by | |the general ruin of his | |cause. | | †=Naupactus= (_nô-pak´ |=Athenians= vs. |Victory wrested from tus_), Gulf of Corinth,|Peloponnesians |defeat by the genius of B. C. 429 | |Phormio, the Athenian | |commander. | | †=Navarino= (_nā-vā-rē´ |=English, French and |Destruction of Turkish nō_), Greece, October |Russians= vs. Turks |naval power; Ibrahim 20, 1827 | |retreats from Morea. | | =Navas de Tolosa= (_nā´|=Spaniards= vs. Moors |Secured forever the väs dā-tō-lō´sä_), | |preponderance of Spain, July 16, 1212 | |Christianity in Spain. | | =Neerwinden= (_nār´vin-|=French= vs. English |The French won a den_), Belgium, July | |brilliant but barren 24, 1693 | |victory over William | |III. | | =Neville’s= (_nev´ilz_)|=English= vs. Scots |Scots crushed at home, =Cross=, England, | |while Edward III. was October 17, 1346 | |winning Crécy. | | =New Orleans= (_ôr´li- |=Americans= vs. British |Owing to slowness of anz_), Louisiana, | |communication, Jackson U. S. A., January 8, | |fought this battle after 1815 | |peace had been made. | | =Nicæa= (_nī-sē´ȧ_), |=Crusaders= vs. Turks |First conquest of =Siege of=, Asia Minor,| |crusaders in the East. 1097 | | | | =Nicopolis= (_ni-kop´ō-|=Pompey= vs. Mithradates|Mithridates’ last fight lis_), Asia Minor, | |against the legions of B. C. 66 | |Rome. | | =Nördlingen= (_nerd´ |=Catholics and |One of the most bloody ling-en_), Bavaria, |Imperialists= vs. Swedes|and decisive battles of September 6, 1634 |and German Protestants |the war; followed by the | |peace of Prague. | | =Northampton= (_nôrth- |=Yorkists= vs. |Capture of Henry VI.; amp´tn_), England, July|Lancastrians |flight of Queen Margaret 10, 1460 | |and her son to Scotland. | | =Numantia= (_nū-man´ |=Romans= vs. Celtiberian|City razed by Scipio shi-ȧ_), =Siege of=, |tribes |Æmilianus and its Spain, B. C. 142-133 | |inhabitants sold as | |slaves. | | =Obligado= (_ōb-lē-gä´ |=British and French= vs.|Over the opening the thō_), =Bombardment |Argentines |waters of the Parana to of=, Argentina, Nov. | |the shipping of all 28, 1845 | |nations. | | =Olmutz= (_ol´müts_), |=Austrians= vs. |General Daun forced =Siege of=, Moravia, |Prussians |Frederick the Great to May 27 to July 1, 1758 | |raise the siege and | |retire. | | =Orleans= (_or-lā- |=French= vs. English |Joan of Arc saves France än´_); Eng. (_ôr´li- | |by driving back English anz_), =Siege of=, | |and crowns Charles VII. France, October 13, | |at Rheims. 1428, to May 8, 1429 | | | | =Ostend= (_ost-end´_), |=Spaniards= vs. Dutch |Scarcely a house in the =Siege of=, Belgium, |garrison and inhabitants|town left standing; July, 1601 to | |Spaniards lost 70,000. September, 1604 | | | | =Ostrolenka= (_os-tro- |=Russians= vs. Poles |Poland becomes a leng´kä_), Poland, May | |province of the Russian 26, 1831 | |Empire (1832). | | =Otterburn= (_ot´er- |=Scots= vs. English |The ballad of Chevy bûrn_), England, August| |Chase deals with this 10, 1388 | |battle. | | =Otumba= (_ō-töm´bä_), |=Cortez= vs. Aztecs |Two hundred Spanish Mexico, July 8, 1520 | |horsemen rout an immense | |army and make good their | |retreat. | | =Oudenarde= (_ou-de- |=English and |One of the great när´de_), Belgium, July|Imperialists= vs. French|victories of Marlborough 11, 1708 | |and Prince Eugene over | |Louis XIV. | | =Palmyra= (_pal-mī´ |=Roman= vs. Queen |Palmyra destroyed and rȧ_), =Siege of=, |Zenobia |Zenobia taken captive to Syria, 272-273 | |Rome. | | =Palo Alto= (_pä´lō-äl´|=Americans= vs. Mexicans|Mexicans completely tō_), Mexico, May 8, | |routed at small cost to 1846 | |the victors. | | =Panormus= (_pa-nôr´ |=Romans= vs. |Brilliant victory re- mus_), Sicily, B. C. |Carthaginians |stored confidence to 251 | |Romans; demonstrated | |value of elephants in | |warfare. | | =Paris= (_par´is_), |=Prussians= vs. French |City reduced to =Siege of=, France, | |desperate conditions Sept. 19, 1870 to Jan. | |through bombardment, 28, 1871 | |famine and disease. | | =Pavia= (_pä-vē´ä_), |=Emperor Charles V.= vs.|The capture of Francis Italy, 1525 |Francis I. of France |was followed by the | |peace of Madrid, which, | |however, was soon | |repudiated. | | =Pharsalus= (_fär-sā´ |=Cæsar= vs. Pompey |The West and the new lus_), Greece, B. C. 48| |monarchy completely | |triumphed over the East | |and the old republic. | | =Philippi= (_fi-lip´ |=Antony and Octavius= |Cassius and Brutus ī_), Thrace, B. C. 42 |vs. Brutus and Cassius |committed suicide | |following their defeat. | | =Pinkie= (_ping´ki_), |=English= vs. Scots |Scots thrown into the Scotland, September 10,| |arms of France and the 1547 | |little queen, Mary, | |married to the dauphin. | | =Plassey= (_pläs´ē_), |=English= vs. Bengalese |Established English India, June 23, 1757 | |control in Bengal and | |ultimately in all India. | | =Platæa= (_pla-tē´ȧ_), |=Greeks= vs. Persians |Won by the discipline Greece, B. C. 479 | |and prowess of the | |Spartan hoplites. | | =Plevna= (_plev´nä_), |=Russians= vs. Turks |Brilliant defense by =Siege of=, Bulgaria, | |Osman Pasha, who sur- July 16 to December 10,| |rendered only after four 1877 | |desperate battles. | | =Poitiers= (_pwȧ- |=English= vs. French |Brilliant victory by the tyā´_), France, | |Black Prince over five September 19, 1356 | |times his numbers. | | =Pollentia= (_po-len´ |=Romans= vs. Visigoths |Alaric, attacked by shi-ä_), Italy, April | |Stilicho on Easter 6, 402 | |Sunday, was driven out | |of Italy. | | =Pondicherry= (_pon-di-|=English= vs. French |Destroyed French power sher´i_), =Siege of=, | |in India. India, Aug., 1760 to | | Jan., 18, 1761 | | | | =Port Arthur, Siege |=Japanese= vs. Russians |Port Arthur, the Sea of of=, Manchuria, Feb. 8,| |Japan and Mukden were 1904 to Jan. 1, 1905 | |turning points in the | |war. | | †=Portland=, English |=English= vs. Dutch |This battle completely Channel, February 18- | |restored to England the 20, 1653 | |lordship of the seas. | | =Potidæa= (_pot-i-dē´ |=Athenians= vs. |Inhabitants and foreign ȧ_), =Siege of=, |Potidæans and |soldiers were allowed to Thrace, B. C. 432, |Corinthians |leave the city, which September 430 | |Athens then colonized. | | =Prague= (_prāg_), |=Catholic League= vs. |Frederick proved but a (=White Hill=), |Frederick V. and |“Winter King” of Bohemia, November 8, |Bohemian rebels |Bohemia. 1620 | | | | =Preston= (_pres´tun_),|=Cromwellians= vs. |This second civil war England, August 17-19, |Scottish Royalists |determined the army to 1648 | |put Charles I. to death. | | =Pultava= (_pōl´tä- |=Russians= vs. Swedes |Russia takes the place vä_), Russia, July 8, | |of Sweden as the leading 1709 | |power of the North. | | =Pydna= (_pid´nä_), |=Romans= vs. Macedonians|Brilliant triumphs of Macedonia, B. C. 168 | |Paulus Æmilius over the | |phalanxes of King | |Perseus. | | =Pyramids=, Egypt, July|=French= vs. Mamelukes |The crowning victory of 21, 1798 | |Napoleon in Egypt. | | =Pyrenees= (_pir´a- |=British and Spaniards= |Followed by the fall of nēz_), =Battles of=, |vs. French |San Sebastian and Spain, July 25 to | |Pampeluna, and expulsion August 1, 1813 | |of French from Spain. | | =Quatre Bras= (_kātr- |=British and Allies= vs.|The allied success here brä´_), Belgium, June |French |was rendered fruitless 16, 1815 | |by the Prussian reverse | |at Ligny. | | =Quebec= (_kwē-bek´_; |=British= vs. French |Wolfe was slain and locally often _ki- | |Montcalm mortally bek´_), =Siege of=, | |wounded in the battle of Canada, June to | |the Plains of Abraham September 18, 1759 | |(September 13). | | †=Quiberon= (_kē-brôn_),|=British= vs. French |Hawke, with a loss of =Bay=, France, November| |forty men, captured, 20, 1759 | |burned, or drove on | |shore most of the French | |vessels. | | =Ramillies= (_rȧ-mē- |=English and Allies= vs.|Followed by French yē´_), Belgium, May 23,|French |evacuation of the chief 1706 | |towns of the | |Netherlands. | | =Rhe= (_rā_), =Siege |=French= vs. English |An attempt of Buckingham of=, France, July 20 to| |to prevent the reduction November 8, 1627 | |of the Huguenot strong- | |hold of La Rochelle. | | =Rhodes= (_rōdz_), or |=Turks= vs. Knights of |Following the loss of =Rhodos= (_rō´dos_), |Rhodes |Rhodes the Knights =Siege of=, | |(Hospitallers) retired Mediterranean, July 28-| |to Malta. December 26, 1522 | | | | =Rieti= (_ri-ā´tē_), |=Austrians= vs. |The defeat of General Italy, March 7, 1821 |Neopolitan rebels |Pepe enabled Austria to | |restore the absolute | |monarchy. | | =Rivoli= (_rē´vō-lē_), |=French= vs. Austrians |Napoleon’s victory, Italy, January 14-15, | |followed by surrender of 1797 | |Mantua, completed the | |conquest of Lombardy. | | =Rocrol= (_rō-krwä´_), |=French= vs. Spaniards |This victory, won by France, May 19, 1643 | |Condé, made France the | |first military power of | |Europe. | | =Rome, Sack of=, Italy,|=Gauls= |Following the battle of B. C. 390 | |the Allia, the Gauls | |plundered and destroyed | |city. | | =Rome, Sieges of=, |=Visigoths= vs. Romans |Following the third Italy, 408, 409, 410 | |siege, Alaric sacked | |city. | | =Rome, Sack of=, Italy,|=Vandals= |For fourteen days 455 | |Genseric’s Vandals | |plundered Rome. | | =Rome, Storm of=, |=Mutinous Army of |Marks the end of the Italy, May 6, 1527 |Charles V.= vs. Papal |artistic, pleasure- |troops |loving Rome of the | |Renaissance. | | =Rome, Siege of=, |=French and Papalists= |The republic, founded by Italy, June 4 to July |vs. Roman Republicans |Mazzini, overthrown and 3, 1849 | |Pope Pius IX. restored. | | =Roncesvalles= (_rōn- |=Basques= vs. Franks |Death of Charlemagne’s thes-väl´yes_), Spain, | |paladin, Roland (Chanson 778 | |de Roland). | | =Roosebek= (_rös´bek_),|=French= vs. Flemings |A great triumph for the Flanders, November 27, | |nobles against the 1382 | |cities. | | =Rossbach= (_ros´bak_),|=Prussians= vs. French |Makes Frederick the Saxony, November 5, |and Austrians |Great a national hero of 1757 | |Germany. | | =Rouen= (_rŏŏ-än´_), |=English= vs. French |Because of its desperate =Siege of=, France, | |resistance, Henry V. June, 1418 to Jan, 1419| |granted the city | |honorable capitulation. | | =Sacriportis= (_sak-ri-|=Optimates= vs. |Followed by Sulla’s pōr´tus_), Italy, B. C.|Democrates |reign of terror. 82 | | | | =Saguntum= (_sa-gun´ |=Carthaginians= vs. |Capture of this city by tum_), =Siege of=, |Inhabitants |Hannibal the chief cause Spain, B. C. 219 | |of the second Punic war. | | =St. Albans= (_sānt ôl´|=Yorkists= vs. |The first battle of the banz_), England, May |Lancastrians |wars of the Roses; 22, 1455 | |Yorkists defeated here | |in a second battle | |(1460). | | =Salamanca= (_sal-ȧ- |=British= vs. French |This rout of the French mang´kȧ_), Spain, July | |lost them all southern 22, 1812 | |Spain. | | †=Salamis= (_sal´ȧ- |=Greeks= vs. Persians |Themistocles’ great mis_), Greece, | |victory followed by September 20, B. C. 480| |Xerxes’ withdrawal to | |Asia. | | =San Jacinto= (_san jȧ-|=Texan Rebels= vs. |Santa Anna captured by sin´tō_), Texas, |Mexicans |General Houston. U. S. A., April 2, 1836| | | | †=Santiago= (_sän-tē-ä´ |=Americans= vs. |Fleet of Admiral Cervera gō_), Cuba, July 3, |Spaniards |totally destroyed. 1898 | | | | =Saragossa= (_sä-rä- |=British= vs. French |An important success gos´ȧ_), =Siege of=, | |which broke the spell of Spain, Dec., 1808 to | |French invincibility. Feb. 21, 1809 | | | | =Saratoga= (_sar-a-tō´ |=Americans= vs. British |Followed (October 17) by gä_), New York, | |the surrender of U. S. A., October 7, | |Burgoyne, which was the 1777 | |turning point of the | |war. | | †=Sea of Japan=, Sea of |=Japanese= vs. Russians |Russia’s naval power Japan, May 27-29, 1905 | |destroyed. | | =Sebastopol= (_se-bȧs´ |=French, British and |Brought to a close the tō-pōl_), =Siege of=, |Sardinians= vs. Russians|active operations of Crimea, September 26, | |Crimean war. 1854, 59 September 9, | | 1855 | | | | =Sedan= (_sē-dan´_), |=Prussians= vs. French |Followed by the France, September 1, | |surrender of Napoleon 1870 | |III. with an army of | |84,000 men. | | =Shipka= (_ship´kȧ_), |=Russians= vs. Turks |Russians hold this =Pass=, Bulgaria, | |strategic position August 20-23, 1877 | |against blindfold | |violence of the Turks. | | =Sempach= (_zem´pä_K), |=Swiss= vs. Austrians |Celebrated for the Switzerland, July 9, | |heroic devotion of 1386 | |Arnold von Winkelried. | | =Sentinum= (_sen-tī´ |=Romans= vs. Samnites |Failure of the coalition num_), Italy, B. C. 295|and Gauls |to crush Rome from the | |north. | | =Seringapatam= (_ser- |=British= vs. Tippoo |With Bonaparte’s failure ing´ga-pa-tam´_), |Sahib |in Egypt, this battle =Siege of=, India, | |foils French designs on April 24, to May 4, | |India. 1799 | | | | =Shiloh= (_shī´lō_), |=Federals= vs. |Defeated in the first Tennessee, U. S. A., |Confederates |day’s fighting, Grant April 6 and 7, 1862 | |turned the tables the | |next day. | | =Shrewsbury= (_shrŏŏz´ |=Henry IV.= vs. Percies |Hotspur defeated and ber-i_), England, July | |slain. 21, 1403 | | | | =Silistria= (_si-lis´ |=Turks= vs. Russians |A brilliant defense tri-ȧ_), =Siege of=, | |conducted by the Turks Bulgaria, March 28 to | |under three English June 22, 1854 | |officers. | | †=Sinope= (_si-nō´pē_), |=Russians= vs. Turks |Turkish fleet destroyed Black Sea, November 30,| |and crews massacred. 1853 | | | | =Slivnitza= (_slēv-nēt´|=Bulgarians= vs. |The decisive action in sä_), Bulgaria, |Servians |the Servo-Bulgarian war. November 17, 18, 19, | | 1885 | | | | †=Sluys= (_slois_), |=English= vs. French |Gave English control of Flanders, June 22, 1340| |the sea for thirty | |years, enabling them to | |land troops in France at | |will. | | =Smolensk= (_smol- |=French= vs. Russians |First stand of the yensk´_), Russia, | |retreating Russians August 17-18, 1812 | |before Napoleon’s | |advance on Moscow. | | =Soissons= (_swä- |=Franks= vs. Romans |The first military sôn´_), France, 486 |under Syagrius |exploit of Clovis. | | =Solferino= (_sōl-fā- |=French and Piedmontese=|The horrors of this rē´nō_), Italy, June |vs. Austrians |battle and Prussia’s 24, 1859 | |threatening attitude | |caused Napoleon III. to | |make peace. | | =Somme= (_som_), a |*=Germans= vs. Allies |During this period the river in northern | |Germans were enduring France, July 1 to Sept.| |terrific attacks from 15, 1916 | |the Allies, but lost | |little ground. | | †=Southwold= (_south´ |=English and French= vs.|A victory gained by the wōld_) =Bay=, North |Dutch |duke of York over De Sea, May 28, 1672 | |Ruyter’s superior | |numbers. | | =Sphacteria= (_sfak-tē´|=Athenians= vs. Spartans|To the amazement of the ri-ä_), Greece, B. C. | |Greek world, 292 Spartan 425 | |hoplites surrendered. | | =Spicheren= (_spich´er-|=Prussians= vs. French |Reveals great en_), Palatinate, | |superiority of Prussians August 6, 1870 | |from the outset of the | |war. | | =Stamford= (_stam´ |=English= vs. Danes |This diversion of Harold ferd_) =Bridge=, | |to the North left England, September 25, | |William to land in 1066 | |England undisturbed. | | =Standard, Battle of |=English= vs. Scots |For 200 years saved the= (=or | |Yorkshire from Scottish Northallerton=), | |invasion. England, August 22, | | 1138 | | | | =Steenkerke= (_stān´ |=French= vs. English and|Five English regiments kerk´e_), Netherlands, |Allies |utterly cut to pieces. July 24, 1692 | | | | =Sterling=, Scotland, |=Scots= vs. English |Before the end of the 1297 | |year all Scotland threw | |off the English yoke. | | =Stralsund= (_shträl´ |=Protestant Inhabitants=|Wallenstein fails to zŏŏnt_), =Siege of=, |vs. Catholic |secure this important Germany, March, August |Imperialists |Baltic port. 3, 1628 | | | | =Syracuse= (_sir´a- |=Syracusans and |The weakening of kūs_), =Siege of=, |Spartans= vs. Athenians |Athenian resources in Sicily, B. C. 415-413 | |this siege was the | |final cause of their | |failure in the | |Peloponnesian war. | | =Syracuse, Siege of=, |=Greeks= vs. |The Syracusan tyrant, Sicily, B. C. 387 |Carthaginians |Dionysius, connives at | |the escape of the | |Carthaginian Himilco. | | =Syracuse, Siege of=, |=Romans= vs. |Syracuse captured and Sicily, B. C. 214-212 |Carthaginians and |plundered by the Romans. |Syracusans | | | =Talavera= (_tä-lä-vā´ |=British and Spaniards= |After this first great rä_), Spain, July 28, |vs. French |pitched battle in the 1809 | |Peninsular campaign | |Wellesley became | |commander-in-chief of | |all the English troops. | | =Tanagra= (_tan´ȧ- |=Spartans and Bœotians= |The Spartans failing to grȧ_), Greece, B. C. |vs. Athenians |follow up their victory, 457 | |Athens conquered Bœotia | |the following year. | | =Tarentum= (_tȧ-ren´ |=Romans= vs. Tarentines |Tarentum, deprived of tum_), =Siege of=, |and Epirots |her army, her ships and Italy, B. C. 274-272 | |her walls, retained the | |right of local self- | |government. | | =Tauss= (_tous_), |=Bohemian Hussites= vs. |At Procop’s approach the Bohemia, August 14, |Catholic Imperialists |Imperialists fled in 1431 | |confusion; this was the | |last effort to crush the | |Hussites by force of | |arms. | | =Telamon= (_tel´ȧ- |=Romans= vs. Gauls |The annihilation of the mon_), Italy, B. C. | |Gallic army was followed 225 | |by the Roman invasion | |and conquest of | |Cisalpine Gaul. | | =Tel-el-Kebir= (_tel´ |=British= vs. Egyptian |Arabi Pasha’s army el-kā-bēr´_), Egypt, |Rebels |completely broken up; September 13, 1882 | |the British entered | |Cairo the next day. | | =Temesvar= (_tem´esh- |=Austrians= vs. |The last stand made by vär_), Hungary, August |Hungarians |the Hungarians in the 9, 1849 | |war; their army was | |totally routed and | |dispersed. | | =Testry= (_tes-trē´_), |=Austrasians= vs. |Pippin of Heristal, France, 687 |Neustrians |mayor of the palace, | |unites the Frankish | |territories under one | |rule. | | =Tewkesbury= (_tūks´ |=Yorkists= vs. |Ends armed opposition to ber-i_), England, May |Lancastrians |Edward IV.; Margaret of 4, 1471 | |Anjou was captured and | |her son slain. | | †=Texel= (_tek´sel_), |=British= vs. Dutch |The command of the sea North Sea, June 2, 3, | |fell into the hands of 1653 | |the English fleet. | | =Thapsus= (_thap´sus_),|=Cæsar= vs. Followers of|The battle of Thapsus North Africa, February |Pompey |was the death-knell of 6, B. C. 46 | |the Pompeian cause. | | =Thermopylæ= (_ther- |=Persians= vs. Spartans |Leonidas, with 300 mop´i-lē_), Greece, |and Thespians |Spartans and 700 B. C. 480 | |Thespians, defended the | |pass to the last man | |against overwhelming | |forces. | | =Tiberias= (_tī-bē´ri- |=Saracens= vs. Crusaders|Followed by the conquest ȧs_), Palestine, 1187 | |of Jerusalem by Saladin, | |which led to the third | |crusade. | | =Ticinus= (_ti-sī´ |=Carthaginians= vs. |Hannibal’s success nus_), Italy, B. C. 218|Romans |brought in numerous | |adhesions from Gallic | |tribes; followed by the | |battle on the Trebia. | | =Ticonderoga= (_tī-kon-|=French= vs. British and|British and Americans de-rō´gȧ_), New York, |Americans |displayed in vain prodi- U. S. A., July 8, 1758 | |gies of valor in the | |rush on Montcalm’s | |almost impregnable | |position. | | =Tigranocerta= (_tig- |=Romans= vs. Armenians |Lucullus cut to pieces rā-no-cer´tä_), | |the huge army of Armenia, October 6, | |Tigranes and secured B. C. 69 | |immense booty. | | =Tinchebrai= (_tansh- |=English= vs. Normans |Henry I. defeated and brā_), France, 1106 | |captured his brother | |Robert and annexed | |Normandy to the crown of | |England. | | =Tolbiac= (_tol-bī´ |=Franks= vs. Alemanni |Clovis wins lands of the ak_), Germany, 496 | |Alemanni; he and his | |followers become Roman | |Christians in fulfill- | |ment of a vow taken on | |the battlefield. | | =Torgau= (_tôr´gou_), |=Prussians= vs. |The last pitched battle Saxony, November 3, |Austrians |of the Seven Years’ war, 1760 | |in which the Austrians | |are said to have lost | |20,000 men. | | =Torres Vedras= (_tor´ |=British and Portuguese=|Wellington’s defense resh vā´dräsh_), =Lines|vs. French |permanently arrested of=, Portugal, October | |Napoleon’s march of 12, 1810 to March 5, | |conquest and was thus 1811 | |the turning point of the | |Peninsular campaign. | | =Toulon= (_tŏŏ-lôn´_), |=French= vs. Garrison of|This siege is memorable =Siege of=, France, |British, Spaniards, |as the first important Sept. 18 to Dec. 17, |Italians and French |appearance of Napoleon, 1793 |Royalists |who commanded the | |artillery. | | =Tours= (_tör_), |=Franks= vs. Saracens |Here Charles Martel France, 732 | |saved western Christen- | |dom from the Moslem | |invader. | | =Towton= (_tou´ton_), |=Yorkists= vs. |This battle, the most England, March 28 and |Lancastrians |obstinate and bloody of 29, 1461 | |the war, secured Edward | |IV. in his possession of | |the crown. | | †=Trafalgar= (_traf-al- |=British= vs. French |Nelson’s last and gär_), Spain, October | |greatest victory 21, 1805 | |destroyed all possibili- | |ty of Napoleon’s | |invading England. | | =Trebia= (_trē´bi-ä_), |=Carthaginians= vs. |By this splendid victory Italy, December, B. C. |Romans |Hannibal justified his 218 | |march into Italy; the | |way into Etruria was now | |open to him. | | =Tunis= (_tū´nis_), |=Moslems= vs. French |This crusade, in which =Siege of=, North |Crusaders |Louis IX. lost his life, Africa, 1270 | |was the last. | | =Turin= (_tū´rin_), |=Prince Eugene= vs. |The French were Italy, September 7, |French |permanently excluded 1706 | |from Italy. | | =Tyre= (_tīr_), =Siege |=Macedonians= vs. |The greatest of of=, Phœnicia, January |Tyrians |Alexander’s triumphs; to August, B. C. 332 | |Alexandria in Egypt | |takes the place of Tyre | |as a commercial | |metropolis. | | †=Ushant= (_ush´ant_), |=British= vs. French |A brilliant victory won North Atlantic, June 1,| |by Lord Howe. 1794 | | | | =Valmy= (_vȧl-mē´_), |=French= vs. Prussians |Goethe said that from France, September 2, | |Valmy dates a new era. 1792 | |It showed that | |revolutionary France | |would and could resist | |Europe. | | =Varna= (_vär´nä_), |=Turks= vs. Hungarians |King Ladislas lost his Bulgaria, November 10, | |life and his army was 1444 | |scattered to the winds. | | =Vercellae= (_ver-sel´ |=Romans= vs. Cimbri |Marius and Catulus ē_), Italy, July 30, | |utterly destroyed the B. C. 101 | |vast barbarian horde | |which had been | |threatening Italy with | |invasion. | | =Verdun= (_ver-dun´_), |*=Germans= vs. French |The powerful attacks of =Siege of=, France, | |the Germans for almost a from February, 1916, on| |year against the | |fortress of Verdun were | |without success. | | =Vicksburg, Siege of=, |=Federals= vs. |Grant’s success at Mississippi, U. S. A., |Confederates |Vicksburg, together with May 19 to July 4, 1863 | |the battle of Gettys- | |burg, were the turning | |points of the war. | | =Vienna= (_vē-en´ȧ_), |=Austrians= vs. Turks |The besieged were =Siege of=, Austria, | |reduced to the last July 14 to September | |extremity when Sobieski 12, 1683 | |intervened and put the | |invading Turks to | |flight. | | †=Vigo= (_vē´gō_) =Bay=,|=English and Dutch= vs. |The destruction of the Spain, October 12, 1702|French and Spaniards |Spanish galleons and the | |protecting French fleet | |gave a blow to the | |finances and prestige of | |the two crowns. | | =Vimiero= (_vē-mā´rō_),|=British= vs. French |Wellesley inflicted a Spain, August 21, 1813 | |signal defeat on the | |French, but his senior | |officer made no use of | |the victory. | | =Vittoria= (_vē-tō´ |=British= vs. French |This, the crowning rē-ä_), Spain, June 21,| |victory of Wellington’s 1813 | |peninsular campaign, won | |Spain from Napoleon. | | =Wagram= (_vā´gräm_), |=French= vs. Austrians |One of the most terrible Austria, July 6, 1809 | |and least decisive | |battles of all time. | | =Wakefield=, England, |=Lancastrians= vs. |Queen Margaret’s army December 30, 1460 |Yorkists |completely defeated that | |of the duke of York, who | |was slain on the battle- | |field. | | =Wandewash= (_wän-de- |=British= vs. French |Coote’s victory was the wäsh´_), India, January| |death-blow to French 22, 1760 | |power in India. | | =Warsaw= (_wôr´sô_), |=Russians= vs. Poles |The fall of Warsaw ends =Siege of=, Poland, | |the Polish insurrection August 19 to September | |and Poland becomes a 7, 1831 | |province of the Russian | |empire. | | =Waterloo= (_wô-ter- |=British and Prussians= |The final overthrow of lŏŏ´_), Belgium, June |vs. French |Napoleon by Wellington 18, 1815 | |and Blücher. Napoleon | |was transported to St. | |Helena, where he died | |in 1821. | | =Wavre= (_vä´vr_), |=French= vs. Prussians |Grouchy’s victory was Belgium, June 18, 1815 | |useless, while he might | |have saved the day for | |Napoleon had he arrived | |at Waterloo when | |expected. | | =Wei-hai-wei= (_wā´hī´ |=Japanese= vs. Chinese |The Chinese admiral gave wā_), China, January 30| |up the remnant of his to February 12, 1894 | |fleet and killed | |himself; followed by | |negotiations for peace. | | =Worcester= (_wŏŏs´ |=Cromwellians= vs. |Followed by the submis- ter_), England, |Scottish Royalists |sion of Scotland and September 3, 1651 | |Charles II.’s adventur- | |ous escape to France. | | =Wörth= (_virt_), |=Prussians= vs. French |A bloody contest and a Bavaria, August 6, 1870| |decisive victory, | |followed by the retreat | |of the French. | | =Xeres= (_hā-rās´_), |=Moors= vs. Visigoths |Without having to fight Spain, July 19, 711 | |any second battle, the | |Moors under Tarik | |mastered Spain. | | =Yalu= (_yā´lōō_) |=Japanese= vs. Chinese |This action conferred =River=, Manchuria, | |upon the Japanese the September 17, 1894 | |full command of the sea | |and greatly aided the | |land power. | | =Yorktown, Siege of=, |=Americans= vs. British |The surrender of Virginia, U. S. A., | |Cornwallis at Yorktown Sept. 30 to Oct. 19, | |practically brought to 1781 | |an end the war of the | |American Revolution. | | =Ypres= (_ē´pr_), |=Allies= vs. Germans |A series of the most Belgium, October 21-31,| |desperate struggles of 1914 and November 10- | |the war. The German 12, 1914 | |attempt to break through | |to Calais, France, | |failed. | | =Zama= (_zä´mä_), North|=Romans= vs. |Scipio defeated Hannibal Africa, B. C. 202 |Carthaginians |and annihilated his | |army, thus ending the | |second Punic war. | | =Zorndorf= (_tsôrn´ |=Prussians= vs. Russians|A desperate and bloody dorf_), Prussia, Aug. | |struggle, after which 25, 1758 | |the Russians retired | |into Poland. | | =Zurawno= (_tsu-raw´ |=Poles= vs. Turks |John Sobieski made an no_), =Siege of=, | |heroic defense against Austria, 1676 | |numbers and won an | |honorable peace. ------------------------+------------------------+------------------------