Part 163

=======+=============+=========+===============+=========+=============== =Terms=| =Name= | =Elected|=Residence When|=Age When| =Term of | | Presi- | Elected= | Inaugu- | Office= | | dent= | | rated= | -------+-------------+---------+---------------+---------+--------------- 1-2 |=Washington= | 1789 |Mt. Vernon, Va.| 57 |April 30, 1789- | | | | |Mar. 4, 1797 3 |=Adams= | 1796 |Quincy, Mass. | 62 |Mar. 4, 1797- | | | | |Mar. 4, 1801 4-5 |=Jefferson= | 1800 |Monticello, Va.| 58 |Mar. 4, 1801- | | | | |Mar. 4, 1809 6-7 |=Madison= | 1808 |Montpelier, Va.| 58 |Mar. 4, 1809- | | | | |Mar. 4, 1817 8-9 |=Monroe= | 1816 |Oakhill, Va. | 59 |Mar. 4, 1817- | | | | |Mar. 4, 1825 10 |=Adams, J.Q.=| 1824 |Quincy, Mass. | 58 |Mar. 4, 1825- | | | | |Mar. 4, 1829 11-12 |=Jackson= | 1828 |Hermitage, | 62 |Mar. 4, 1829- | | |Tenn. | |Mar. 4, 1837 13 |=Van Buren= | 1836 |Kinderhook, | 55 |Mar. 4, 1837- | | |N. Y. | |Mar. 4, 1841 14 |=Harrison= | 1840 |North Bend, | 68 |Mar. 4, 1841- | | |Ohio | |April 4, 1841 |=Tyler= | ... |Williamsburg, | 51 |April 6, 1841- | | |Va. | |Mar. 4, 1845 15 |=Polk= | 1844 |Nashville, | 50 |Mar. 4, 1845- | | |Tenn. | |Mar. 4, 1849 16 |=Taylor= | 1848 |Baton Rouge, | 65 |Mar. 4, 1849- | | | La. | |July 10, 1850 |=Fillmore= | ... |Buffalo, N. Y. | 50 |July 10, 1850- | | | | |Mar. 4, 1853 17 |=Pierce= | 1852 |Concord, N. H. | 49 |Mar. 4, 1853- | | | | |Mar. 4, 1857 18 |=Buchanan= | 1856 |Wheatland, Pa. | 66 |Mar. 4, 1857- | | | | |Mar. 4, 1861 19-20 |=Lincoln= | 1860 |Springfield, | 52 |Mar. 4, 1861- | | |Ill. | |April 15, 1865 20 |=Johnson= | ... |Greeneville, | 57 |April 15, 1865- | | |Tenn. | |Mar. 4, 1869 21-22 |=Grant= | 1868 |Washington, | 47 |Mar. 4, 1869- | | |D. C. | |Mar. 4, 1877 23 |=Hayes= | 1876 |Fremont, Ohio | 54 |Mar. 4, 1877- | | | | |Mar. 4, 1881 24 |=Garfield= | 1880 |Mentor, Ohio | 49 |Mar. 4, 1881- | | | | |Sept. 19, 1881 |=Arthur= | ... |New York City | 51 |Sept. 20, 1881- | | | | |Mar. 4, 1885 25 |=Cleveland= | 1884 |Buffalo, N. Y. | 48 |Mar. 4, 1885- | | | | |Mar. 4, 1889 26 |=Harrison= | 1888 |Indianapolis, | 55 |Mar. 4, 1889- | | |Ind. | |Mar. 4, 1893 27 |=Cleveland= | 1892 |Buffalo, N. Y. | 56 |Mar. 4, 1893- | | | | |Mar. 4, 1897 28-29 |=McKinley= | 1896 |Canton, Ohio | 54 |Mar. 4, 1897- | | | | |Sept. 14, 1901 29-30 |=Roosevelt= | 1904 |Oyster Bay, | 43 |Sept. 14, 1901- | | |N. Y. | |Mar. 4, 1909 31 |=Taft= | 1908 |Cincinnati, | 51 |Mar. 4, 1909- | | |Ohio | |Mar. 4, 1913 32 |=Wilson= | 1912 |Princeton, | 56 |Mar. 4, 1913- | | |N. J. | |... -------+-------------+---------+---------------+---------+---------------

=======+=============+======+=========+======+===============+============ =Terms=| =Name= |=Died=|=Cause of| =Age | =Place of | =Place of | | | Death= | at | Death= | Burial= | | | |Death=| | -------+-------------+------+---------+------+---------------+------------ 1-2 |=Washington= | 1799 |Pneumonia| 67 |Mt. Vernon, Va.|Mt. Vernon, | | | | | |Va. 3 |=Adams= | 1826 |Natural | 90 |Quincy, Mass. |Unitarian | | |decline | | |ch., Quincy, | | | | | |Mass. 4-5 |=Jefferson= | 1826 |Chronic | 83 |Monticello, Va.|Monticello, | | |diarrhœa | | |Albemarle | | | | | |Co., Va. 6-7 |=Madison= | 1836 |Natural | 85 |Montpelier, Va.|Montpelier, | | |decline | | |Hanover Co., | | | | | |Va. 8-9 |=Monroe= | 1831 |Natural | 73 |New York City |Hollywood, | | |decline | | |Richmond, | | | | | |Va. 10 |=Adams, J.Q.=| 1848 |Paralysis| 80 |Washington, |Unitarian, | | | | |D. C. |Quincy, | | | | | |Mass. 11-12 |=Jackson= | 1845|Consump- | 78 |Hermitage, near|Hermitage, | | |tion | |Nashville, |near Nash- | | | | |Tenn. |ville, Tenn. 13 |=Van Buren= | 1862 |Asthma | 79 |Kinderhook, |Kinderhook, | | | | |N. Y. |N. Y. 14 |=Harrison= | 1841 |Pleurisy | 68 |White House, |North Bend, | | |fever | |Washington, |Ohio | | | | |D. C. | |=Tyler= | 1862 |Bilious | 71 |Ballard House, |Hollywood, | | |attacks | |Richmond, Va. |Richmond, | | |with | | |Va. | | |bronchi- | | | | | |tis | | | 15 |=Polk= | ... |Chronic | 53 |Nashville, |Nashville, | | |diarrhœa | |Tenn. |Tenn. 16 |=Taylor= | 1850 |Cholera | 65 |White House, |Springfield, | | |morbus | |Washington, |Ky. | | |and | |D. C. | | | |typhoid | | | | | |fever | | | |=Fillmore= | 1874 |Paralysis| 74 |Buffalo, N. Y. |Forest Lawn, | | | | | |Buffalo, | | | | | |N. Y. 17 |=Pierce= | 1869 |Dropsy | 64 |Concord, N. H. |Concord, | | |and in- | | |N. H. | | |flamma- | | | | | |tion of | | | | | |stomach | | | 18 |=Buchanan= | 1868 |Rheumatic| 77 |Lancaster, Pa. |Woodward | | |gout | | |Hill, Lan- | | | | | |caster, Pa. 19-20 |=Lincoln= | 1865 |Assassi- | 56 |Washington, |Oak Ridge, | | |nated by | |D. C. |Springfield, | | |Booth | | |Ill. 20 |=Johnson= | 1875 |Paralysis| 66 |Greeneville, |Greeneville, | | | | |Tenn. |Tenn. 21-22 |=Grant= | 1885 |Cancer of| 63 |Mt. McGregor, |Riverside, | | |the | |N. Y. |New York | | |tongue | | |City 23 |=Hayes= | 1893 |Neuralgia| 70 |Fremont, Ohio |Fremont, | | |of heart | | |Ohio 24 |=Garfield= | 1881 |Assassi- | 49 |Elberon, Long |Lake View | | |nated by | |Branch, N. J. |Cemetery, | | |Guiteau | | |Cleveland, | | | | | |Ohio |=Arthur= | 1886 |Bright’s | 56 |New York, N. Y.|Rural | | |disease | | |Cemetery, | | | | | |Albany, | | | | | |N. Y. 25 |=Cleveland= | ... |... | ... |... |... 26 |=Harrison= | 1901 |Pneumonia| 67 |Indianapolis, |Crown Hill | | | | |Ind. |Cemetery, | | | | | |Indiana- | | | | | |polis, Ind. 27 |=Cleveland= | 1908 |Heart | 71 |Princeton, |Princeton, | | |failure | |N. J. |N. J. 28-29 |=McKinley= | 1901 |Assassi- | 58 |Buffalo, N. Y. |Cemetery, | | |nated by | | |Canton, Ohio | | |Czolgosz | | | 29-30 |=Roosevelt= | ... |... | ... |... |... 31 |=Taft= | ... |... | ... |... |... 32 |=Wilson= | ... |... | ... |... |... -------+-------------+------+---------+------+---------------+------------

=TABLE V. LATER CAREER, WRITINGS AND SOBRIQUETS=

=============+======================================================== =Name= | =Career After Leaving the Presidency= -------------+-------------------------------------------------------- =Washington= |Agricultural pursuits; appointed commander-in-chief |(1798) because of threatened war with France. =Adams= |Member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of |1820. =Jefferson= |Retired to his plantation at Monticello, Va.; devoted |much time to the University of Virginia. =Madison= |Retired to Montpelier, Va.; contributed large service to |University of Virginia; served in the Virginia Constitu- |tional Convention, 1829. =Monroe= |Retired to private life in Virginia; served as a member |of the Virginia Constitutional Convention in 1830. =Adams, J.Q.=|Was returned to Washington as a member of the House of |Representatives; served from 1830 to his death. =Jackson= |Retired to the “Hermitage,” near Nashville, Tenn.; |always took a deep interest in public affairs. =Van Buren= |Was renominated in 1840, 1844, and 1848 for the |presidency. =Harrison= |Died in office. =Tyler= |Retired to his estate in Virginia; presided at the peace |convention held in Washington in 1861. =Polk= |Died in office. =Taylor= |... =Fillmore= |Was candidate for president in 1852 and in 1856; spent |his remaining years at Buffalo, N. Y. =Pierce= |Traveled in Europe; retired to Concord, N. H. =Buchanan= |Retired to Lancaster, Pa.; devoted himself to writing |defense of his administration. =Lincoln= |Died in office. =Johnson= |Retired to home in Greeneville, Tenn.; chosen United |States Senator in 1875. =Grant= |Made tour of the world and retired to private life in |New York. =Hayes= |Was president of the Board of Freedmen, and president of |the National Prison association. =Garfield= |Died in office. =Arthur= |Died the year following his retirement. =Cleveland= |Retired to New York to practice law; at the end of |second term retired to Princeton, N. J. =Harrison= |Professor of International law at Leland Stanford Uni- |versity, California; afterward practiced law. =McKinley= |Died in office. =Roosevelt= |In March, 1909, headed a scientific expedition to |Africa, organized in the interest of the Smithsonian |Institution; resumed literary work and politics. =Taft= |Kent Professor of Law at Yale University. =Wilson= |... -------------+--------------------------------------------------------

=============+======================================================== =Name= | =Writings of the Presidents= -------------+-------------------------------------------------------- =Washington= |_Maxims_; _Transcripts of Revolutionary Correspondence_. =Adams= |_Essay on Canon and Feudal Laws_; _Defense of the Ameri- |can Constitution_. =Jefferson= |_A Summary View of the Rights of America_; _The Declara- |tion of Independence_; _Act for Freedom of Religion_. =Madison= |_Reports of Debates During the Congress, of the Con- |federation and Federal Congress_; _Essays_. =Monroe= |_A View of the Conduct of the Executive_; _The People_; |_The Sovereign_. =Adams, J.Q.=|_Poems of Religion and Society_; _Lectures on Rhetoric |and Oratory_; _Criticisms of Paine’s “Rights of Man;”_ |_Defense of Washington’s Policy of Neutrality_ =Jackson= |... =Van Buren= |_Inquiry Into the Origin and Causes of Political Parties |in the United States_. =Harrison= |_A Discourse on the Aborigines of the Valley of the |Ohio_. =Tyler= |... =Polk= |... =Taylor= |... =Fillmore= |... =Pierce= |... =Buchanan= |_Résumé of My Administration_. =Lincoln= |_Orations_. =Johnson= |_Speeches_. =Grant= |_Shiloh_; _Vicksburg_; _Chattanooga_; _The Wilderness_; |_The Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant_. =Hayes= |... =Garfield= |_Discovery and Ownership of the Northwestern Territory_; |_Garfield’s Words_. =Arthur= |... =Cleveland= |_Writings and Speeches_. =Harrison= |_Speeches_; _This Country of Ours_; _Views of an Ex- |President_. =McKinley= |_Speeches_. =Roosevelt= |_The Naval War of 1812_; _Essays on Practical Politics_; |_The Winning of the West_; _Hero Tales From American |History_; _American Ideals_; _Life of Oliver Cromwell_; |_African Game Trails_. =Taft= |... =Wilson= |_Congressional Government_; _The State_; _An Old Master, |and Other Political Essays_; _Mere Literature and Other |Essays_; _George Washington_; _A History of the American |People_. -------------+--------------------------------------------------------

=============+======================================================== =Name= |=Presidential Sobriquets= -------------+-------------------------------------------------------- =Washington= |“Father of his Country;” “American Fabius.” =Adams= |“Colossus of Independence;” “Son of Liberty.” =Jefferson= |“Sage of Monticello,” “Long Tom.” =Madison= |“Father of the Constitution.” =Monroe= |“Last Cocked Hat.” =Adams, J.Q.=|“Old Man Eloquent.” =Jackson= |“Old Hickory;” “Cæsar of the White House.” =Van Buren= |“Little Magician;” “Wizard of Kinderhook.” =Harrison= |“Tippecanoe.” =Tyler= |“Young Hickory.” =Polk= |Also “Young Hickory.” =Taylor= |“Rough and Ready;” “Old Buena Vista.” =Fillmore= |“The American Louis Philippe.” =Pierce= |“Purse.” =Buchanan= |“Old Public Functionary;” “Bachelor President.” =Lincoln= |“Honest Old Abe;” “Rail-splitter;” “Great Emancipator.” =Johnson= |“Sir Veto.” =Grant= |“Unconditional Surrender;” “Old Three Stars.” =Hayes= |“President de Facto.” =Garfield= |“The Martyr President;” “The Dark Horse.” =Arthur= |“Our Chet;” “America’s First Gentleman.” =Cleveland= |“Man of Destiny;” “The Claimant.” =Harrison= |“Son of His Grandfather;” “Hoosier President.” =McKinley= |“Prosperity’s Advance Agent;” “Bonaparte of Politics.” =Roosevelt= |“Teddy;” “The Rough Rider;” “T. R.;” “Our Strenuous |President.” =Taft= |“The Globe Trotter;” “The Judicial President.” =Wilson= |“The Scholar in Politics.” -------------+--------------------------------------------------------

=CANADA.=--What is known as the Dominion of Canada is a confederation of the colonies of British North America, constituted in 1867 by the British North America Act of that year. Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were the first to unite under the provisions of that statute, and the Dominion of Canada now includes the whole of the British North American possessions excepting Newfoundland.

Canada is nearly as large as the whole of Europe, and about 750,000 square miles larger than the United States without Alaska. The census figures for 1911 were:

Area Popula- sq. mi. tion Prince Edward Island 2,184 93,728 Nova Scotia 21,428 492,338 New Brunswick 27,985 351,889 Quebec 351,873 2,002,712 Ontario 260,862 2,523,274 Manitoba 73,732 455,614 British Columbia 355,855 392,480 Alberta 255,285 374,663 Saskatchewan 251,700 492,432 Yukon (Territory) 207,076 8,512 Northwest Territories 1,921,685 17,196 --------- --------- Total 3,729,665 7,204,838

In 1912 parts of the Northwest Territories were transferred to Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec.

NEWFOUNDLAND.--The island of Newfoundland, on the northeast side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, has a total area of 42,750 square miles, with a population (1911) of 238,670. Attached to the government of the island is a coastal strip of the Labrador peninsula 120,000 square miles (population 3,949).

=Physical Features.=--Both the Atlantic and Pacific shores abound in deep indentations forming magnificent harbors and sheltered bays. On the Atlantic the principal bay is the Bay of Fundy, remarkable for its high and rushing tide, the water rising from twelve to seventy feet. There is also the Hudson Bay, connected with the Atlantic by Hudson Straits, really an inland sea with an area of three hundred and fifty thousand square miles, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, eighty thousand square miles in extent.

The most striking physical features of Canada are the Rocky Mountains, the Laurentian Range, and the chain of immense fresh water lakes forming part of the boundary with the United States.

The Laurentian Range extends along the north side of the St. Lawrence, the Ottawa River, and then stretches away to Lake Superior and the north, the length of the range being about three thousand five hundred miles. It forms the watershed between Hudson Bay and the St. Lawrence, and varies in height from one to three thousand feet.

The eastern portions of Canada are generally well timbered, and the same is true of British Columbia, and the region north of the Saskatchewan. Westward of the Red River, between the forty-ninth and fifty-fifth parallels, there is an immense fertile plain, suitable for general agriculture and grazing, extending nearly to the Rocky Mountains.

This range consists of triple chains with valleys between; the most easterly has the greatest elevation near the fifty-second parallel, the highest peaks being Mounts Brown, Murchison, Hooker, Columbia, Forbes, Bryce, Alberta, and Freshfield. The average height of the chain is from seven thousand to eight thousand feet. In the north, adjoining Alaska, is Mt. Logan, and, on the dividing line, St. Elias. (See Mountains of the World for elevations.)

=Lakes and Rivers.=--Canada is well watered, the country presenting a network of lakes and rivers. The system of the St. Lawrence alone, with the great lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, and Ontario (between the last are the celebrated falls of Niagara), drains an area in Canada of three hundred and thirty thousand square miles. (See North America and United States.)

Other important lakes are Winnipeg, Winnipegosis, Manitoba, Lake of the Woods, Great Slave, Great Bear, and Athabasca.

Next to the St. Lawrence the chief rivers are the Saskatchewan and the Winnipeg, flowing into Lake Winnipeg, and the Nelson, flowing from it into Hudson Bay; the Assiniboine and the Red River, which join their waters to flow into Lake Winnipeg; the Albany and the Churchill, emptying into Hudson Bay; the Athabasca and the Peace Rivers, flowing into Lake Athabasca, and the Slave River, from it into Great Slave Lake; the Mackenzie, fed from both the Great Slave and the Great Bear lakes, and emptying into the Arctic Ocean; the Fraser and Thompson, in British Columbia, emptying into the Pacific; and in the eastern provinces, the Ottawa, chief tributary of the St. Lawrence, itself fed by the Gatineau and Matawan; the Saguenay, emptying Lake St. John into the St. Lawrence; and the St. John, which flows into the Bay of Fundy, in New Brunswick, which it partly separates from the State of Maine.

The principal islands of the Dominion are: on the east, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Magdalen Islands, and Anticosti, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; and on the west coast, Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Island. Lying along the north in the great Arctic Archipelago are immense islands, all of which, excepting Greenland, belong to Canada.

=Climate.=--The cold winter and the heat in summer are frequently extreme, but the climate is a healthy one. The winter may be said to continue from the middle of November to the end of March, or about four and a half months. British Columbia probably possesses the finest climate in North America.

In some inland parts of Canada the maximum temperature may be from ninety to ninety-six degrees, and the minimum from twenty to twenty-six degrees below zero. But although there are these extremes, the air is always dry, bracing, and exhilarating.

=Products and Industries.=--The chief industries of Canada are those of agriculture, stock-raising, dairy-farming, “lumbering” or timber trade and forestry, shipbuilding, fisheries, and mining. An extensive trade is maintained with the United States and England, the exports being timber, fish, and furs, with dairy produce and live stock; wheat and wheat flour, barley, and other agricultural products, cod and other fish, coal, and minerals.