Part 162

_Powers and Duties._--Has power to _Powers and Duties._--May originate, originate and, with the advice and and, in concurrence with the Senate, consent of the Bundesrath, to enact pass resolutions and bills; but bills the laws. It also exerts a control- relating to finance must be origi- ling influence through its power to nated by the Chamber of Deputies. Has give or withhold its sanction to power to bring accusations against certain ordinances to whose validity the President of the republic and the Constitution makes its concur- Ministers. rence necessary, through its right to inquire into the conduct of affairs; and in many other ways not suscepti- ble of enumeration.

_Committees._--There are no standing _Committees._--Each month the members committees, but select committees are are divided by lot into eleven occasionally appointed by election “Bureaux,” which select all the from the seven “Sections” into which special committees to which bills are the members are divided by lot for referred, except when the Chamber committee work. chooses to appoint a committee di- rectly.

=IV. Judicial Department.= =IV. Judicial Department.=

The laws of the Empire take prece- The judicial system is under direct dence of the Federated States within control of the government. All Judges the scope of the Constitution of the are nominated by the President of the Empire; they are compulsory on all republic. They can be removed only by Governments of the Empire. a decision of the Court of Cassation constituted as the _Conseil A uniform system of law courts exists Supérieur_ of the magistracy. throughout the Empire, though, with the exception of the Reichsgericht, THE COURT OF CASSATION. all courts are directly subject to the Government of the special State _The Court of Cassation_, which sits in which they exercise jurisdiction, at Paris, is the highest court for all and not to the Imperial Government. criminal cases tried by jury, so far The appointment of the judges is also as regards matters of law. a State and not an Imperial function. The Empire enjoys uniform codes of _Courts of Appeal._--The highest commercial and criminal law. courts are the twenty-six Courts of Appeal, composed each of one presi- IMPERIAL SUPREME COURT. dent and a variable number of mem- bers, for all criminal cases which _Reichsgericht_ (Imperial Supreme have been tried without a jury. Court), to which there is a right of appeal from all inferior courts, sits _Court of Assizes._--In all cases of at Leipzig, and consists of one a _délit_ or a crime the preliminary hundred judges, appointed by the inquiry is made in secrecy by an Kaiser on the recommendation of the examining magistrate (_juge d’in- Bundesrath. struction_), who may either dismiss the case or send it for trial before _The Oberlandesgerichte_ (Supreme a court where a public prosecutor Court), which are the first courts of (procureur) endeavors to prove the the second instance, have original charge. The Court of Assizes is jurisdiction in serious offenses, and assisted by twelve jurors, who decide are presided over by seven judges. by simple majority on the fact with respect to offenses amounting to _The Landgerichte_ (County Courts) crimes. have a fairly extensive jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases and in divorce proceedings. There are five judges in the criminal chamber of a Landgericht, four votes being re- quired to make a conviction valid. Three judges from such a court pre- side at intervals over jury courts (Schwurgerichte), and juries do not, therefore, form a permanent part of the system.

Not the least important work of the Landgerichte is to revise the deci- sions of the Amtsgerichte, which are the lowest courts of the first in- stance, being controlled by single judges, who are competent to hear only petty civil and criminal cases.

_The Amtsgerichte_ (Police or Dis- _Justices of the Peace_ (_juges de trict Courts) are the lowest courts, paix_) are the courts of lowest each with a single judge competent to jurisdiction in France. They try try petty civil and criminal cases, small civil cases and act also as divorce cases, etc. judges of Police Courts, where all petty offenses (_contraventions_) are disposed of. The Correctional Courts pronounce upon all graver offenses (_délits_), including cases involving imprisonment up to five years. They have no jury, and consist of three judges belonging to the civil tri- bunals of first instance.

For commercial cases there are, in two hundred and twenty-six towns, Tribunals of Commerce and Councils of Experts (prud’hommes). In the towns are police courts.

=IMPORTANT BIOGRAPHICAL FACTS RELATING TO THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES=

=TABLE I. BIRTH AND PARENTAGE=

===============================+======================================= =NAMES OF PRESIDENTS= | =BORN= +----------------------+---------------- | =Date= | =Birthplace= -------------------------------+----------------------+---------------- 1. =George Washington= |Fri., Feb. 22, 1732|Bridges Creek, | |near Fredericks- | |burg, Va. 2. =John Adams= |Wed., Oct. 30, 1735|Quincy, Mass. 3. =Thomas Jefferson= |Tues., April 13, 1743|Shadwell, Va. 4. =James Madison= |Fri., Mar. 16, 1751|Port Conway, Va. 5. =James Monroe= |Fri., April 28, 1758|Westmoreland | |Co., Va. 6. =John Quincy Adams= |Sat., July 11, 1767|Quincy, Mass. 7. =Andrew Jackson= |Sun., Mar. 15, 1767|Union County, | |N. C. 8. =Martin Van Buren= |Thurs., Dec. 5, 1782|Kinderhook, | |N. Y. 9. =William Henry Harrison= |Tues., Feb. 9, 1773|Berkeley, Va. 10. =John Tyler= |Mon., Mar. 29, 1790|Charles City | |Co., Va. 11. =James Knox Polk= |Mon., Nov. 2, 1795|Mecklenburg Co., | |N. C. 12. =Zachary Taylor= |Tues., Nov. 24, 1784|Orange Co., Va. 13. =Millard Fillmore= |Tues., Jan. 7, 1800|Summerhill, | |N. Y. 14. =Franklin Pierce= |Fri., Nov. 23, 1804|Hillsborough, | |N. H. 15. =James Buchanan= |Sat., April 23, 1791|Cove Gap, Pa. 16. =Abraham Lincoln= |Sun., Feb. 12, 1809|Nolin Creek, Ky. 17. =Andrew Johnson= |Thurs., Dec. 29, 1808|Raleigh, N. C. 18. =Ulysses Simpson Grant= |Sat., April 27, 1822|Point Pleasant, | |Ohio 19. =Rutherford Birchard Hayes=|Fri., Oct. 4, 1822|Delaware, Ohio 20. =James Abram Garfield= |Sat., Nov. 19, 1831|Orange Township, | |Ohio 21. =Chester Alan Arthur= |Tues., Oct. 5, 1830|Fairfield, Vt. 22. =Grover Cleveland= |Sat., Mar. 18, 1837|Caldwell, N. J. 23. =Benjamin Harrison= |Tues., Aug. 20, 1833|North Bend, Ohio 24. =Grover Cleveland= |Sat., Mar. 18, 1837|Caldwell, N. J. 25. =William McKinley= |Sun, Jan. 29, 1843|Niles, Ohio 26. =Theodore Roosevelt= |Wed., Oct. 27, 1858|28 East 20th | |St., New York | |City 27. =William Howard Taft= |Tues., Sept. 15, 1857|Cincinnati, Ohio 28. =Woodrow Wilson= |Sun., Dec. 28, 1856|Staunton, Va. -------------------------------+----------------------+----------------

===============================+=====================+=======+========= =NAMES OF PRESIDENTS= | =PARENTS= |=Pater-|=Father’s -------------------------------+----------+----------+nal An-|Business= | =Father= | =Mother= |cestry=| -------------------------------+----------+----------+-------+--------- 1. =George Washington= |Augustine |Mary Ball |English|Planter 2. =John Adams= |John |Susanna |English|Farmer | |Boylston | | 3. =Thomas Jefferson= |Peter |Jane |Welsh |Planter | |Randolph | | 4. =James Madison= |James |Nellie |English|Planter | |Conway | | 5. =James Monroe= |Spence |Eliza |Scotch |Planter | |Jones | | 6. =John Quincy Adams= |John |Abigail |English|Lawyer | | | | 7. =Andrew Jackson= |Andrew |Elizabeth |Scotch-|Farmer | |Hutchinson|Irish | 8. =Martin Van Buren= |Abraham |Maria Hoes|Dutch |Farmer 9. =William Henry Harrison= |Benjamin |Elizabeth |English|Statesman | |Bassett | | 10. =John Tyler= |John |Mary |English|Jurist | |Armistead | | 11. =James Knox Polk= |Samuel |Jane Knox |... |Farmer 12. =Zachary Taylor= |Richard |Sarah |Scotch-|... | |Strother |Irish | 13. =Millard Fillmore= |Nathaniel |Phebe |English|Farmer | |Millard | | 14. =Franklin Pierce= |Benjamin |Anna |English|Farmer | |Kendrick | | 15. =James Buchanan= |James |Elizabeth |Scotch-|Merchant | |Speer |Irish | 16. =Abraham Lincoln= |Thomas |Nancy |English|Farmer | |Hanks | | 17. =Andrew Johnson= |Jacob |Mary |English|Sexton | |McDonough | | 18. =Ulysses Simpson Grant= |Jesse Root|Harriet |Scotch |Farmer | |Simpson | | 19. =Rutherford Birchard Hayes=|Rutherford|Sophia |Scotch |Merchant | |Birchard | | 20. =James Abram Garfield= |Abram |Eliza |English|Farmer | |Ballou | | 21. =Chester Alan Arthur= |William |Malvina |Scotch-|Clergyman | |Stone |Irish | 22. =Grover Cleveland= |Richard |Anne |English|Clergyman |Falley |Neale | | 23. =Benjamin Harrison= |John Scott|Elizabeth |English|Farmer | |Findlay | | | |Irwin | | 24. =Grover Cleveland= |Richard |Anne |English|Clergyman |Falley |Neale | | 25. =William McKinley= |William |Nancy C. |Scotch-|Iron Mnfr. | |Allison |Irish | 26. =Theodore Roosevelt= |Theodore |Martha |Dutch |Merchant | |Bullock | | 27. =William Howard Taft= |Alphonso |Louise M. |English|Lawyer | |Torrey | | 28. =Woodrow Wilson= |Jos. |Jessie |Scotch-|Clergyman |Ruggles |Woodrow |Irish | -------------------------------+----------+----------+-------+---------

=TABLE II. EDUCATION, PROFESSION, RELIGION AND POLITICS=

========================+================+========+=======+=========+====== =NAMES OF PRESIDENTS= | =Educational | =Early | =Pro- |=Reli- |=Poli- | Advantages= | Voca- | fes- |gious | tics= | | tion= | sion= |Connec- | | | | |tion= | ------------------------+----------------+--------+-------+---------+------ 1. =George Washington= |Common School |Surveyor|Planter|Episcopa-|Feder- | | | |lian |alist 2. =John Adams= |Harvard |Teacher |Lawyer |Unitarian|Feder- |College, 1755 | | | |alist 3. =Thomas Jefferson= |College of |Lawyer |Lawyer |Liberal |Repub- |William and | | | |lican |Mary, 1762 | | | |[12] 4. =James Madison= |Princeton |Lawyer |Lawyer |Episcopa-|Repub- |College, 1771 | | |lian |lican 5. =James Monroe= |Entered College,|Lawyer |Politi-|Episcopa-|Repub- |William and Mary| |cian |lian |lican 6. =John Quincy Adams= |Harvard College,|Lawyer |Lawyer |Unitarian|Repub- |1787 | | | |lican 7. =Andrew Jackson= |Self Taught |Lawyer |Lawyer |Presbyte-|Demo- | | | |rian |crat 8. =Martin Van Buren= |Academy |Lawyer |Lawyer |Reformed |Demo- | | | |Dutch |crat 9. =William Henry |Entered Hampden-|Medicine|Army |Episcopa-|Whig Harrison= |Sidney College | | |lian | 10. =John Tyler= |College, William|Lawyer |Lawyer |Episcopa-|Demo- |and Mary, 1806 | | |lian |crat 11. =James Knox Polk= |University of |Lawyer |Lawyer |Presbyte-|Demo- |North Carolina | | |rian |crat 12. =Zachary Taylor= |Common School |Soldier |Army |Episcopa-|Whig | | | |lian | 13. =Millard Fillmore= |Public School |Tailor |Lawyer |Unitarian|Whig 14. =Franklin Pierce= |Bowdoin College,|Lawyer |Lawyer |Episcopa-|Demo- |1824 | | |lian |crat 15. =James Buchanan= |Dickinson |Lawyer |Lawyer |Presbyte-|Demo- |College, 1809 | | |rian |crat 16. =Abraham Lincoln= |Self Taught |Farmer |Lawyer |Liberal |Repub- | | | | |lican 17. =Andrew Johnson= |Self Taught |Tailor |Politi-|Liberal |Repub- | | |cian | |lican 18. =Ulysses Simpson |West Point Mili-|Tanner |Army |Methodist|Repub- Grant= |tary Academy, | | | |lican |1843 | | | | 19. =Rutherford Birchard|Kenyon College, |Lawyer |Lawyer |Methodist|Repub- Hayes= |Ohio, 1842 | | | |lican 20. =James Abram |Williams |Teacher |Lawyer |Disciples|Repub- Garfield= |College, 1856 | | | |lican 21. =Chester Alan |Union College, |Teacher |Lawyer |Episcopa-|Repub- Arthur= |1848 | | |lian |lican 22. =Grover Cleveland= |Common School |Teacher |Lawyer |Presbyte-|Demo- | | | |rian |crat 23. =Benjamin Harrison= |Miami Universi- |Lawyer |Lawyer |Presbyte-|Repub- |ty, Ohio, 1851 | | |rian |lican 24. =Grover Cleveland= |Common School |Teacher |Lawyer |Presbyte-|Demo- | | | |rian |crat 25. =William McKinley= |Entered Alleghe-|Lawyer |Lawyer |Methodist|Repub- |ny College | | | |lican 26. =Theodore Roosevelt=|Harvard, 1880 |Publi- |Publi- |Reformed |Repub- | |cist |cist |Dutch |lican 27. =William Howard |Yale, 1878 |Lawyer |Lawyer |Unitarian|Repub- Taft= | | | | |lican 28. =Woodrow Wilson= |Princeton, 1879 |Lawyer |Educa- |Presbyte-|Demo- | | |tor |rian |crat ------------------------+----------------+--------+-------+---------+------

[12] The _first_ Republican party, founded by Jefferson, later developed into the Democratic party of today.

=TABLE III. MARRIAGE, CHILDREN AND ELECTION TO THE PRESIDENCY=

=======+=============+=====+===========================+============== =Terms=| =Name= |=Mar-| =Wife’s Name= | =Children= | |ried=| +------+------- | | | |=Boys=|=Girls= -------+-------------+-----+---------------------------+------+------- 1-2 |=Washington= |1759 |Martha (Dandridge) Custis | 0 | 0 | | |(1732-1802), widow with two| | | | |children | | 3 |=Adams= |1764 |Abigail Smith (1744-1818) | 3 | 2 4-5 |=Jefferson= |1772 |Martha (Wayles) Skelton | 0 | 6 | | |(1748-1782), widow of | | | | |Bathurst Skelton | | 6-7 |=Madison= |1794 |Dolly (Payne) Todd (1772- | 0 | 0 | | |1849), widow | | 8-9 |=Monroe= |1786 |Elisa Kortwright (1768- | 0 | 2 | | |1830) | | 10 |=Adams, J.Q.=|1797 |Louisa Catherine Johnson | 3 | 1 | | |(1775-1852) | | 11-12 |=Jackson= |1791 |Rachel (Donelson) Robards | 3 | 0 | | |(1767-1828), divorced wife | | | | |of Captain Robards | | 13 |=Van Buren= |1807 |Hannah Hoes (1783-1819) | 4 | 0 14 |=Harrison= |1795 |Anna Symmes (1775-1864) | 6 | 4 |=Tyler= |1813 |(1) To Letitia Christian | 3 | 4 | | |(1790-1842) | | | |1844 |(2) To Julia Gardiner | 4 | 2 | | |(1820-1889) | | 15 |=Polk= |1824 |Sarah Childress (1803-1891)| 0 | 0 16 |=Taylor= |1810 |Margaret Smith (1788-1852) | 1 | 3 |=Fillmore= |1826 |(1) Abigail Powers (1798- | 1 | 1 | | |1853) | | | |1858 |(2) Caroline (Carmichael) | 0 | 0 | | |McIntosh (1813-1881), a | | | | |widow | | 17 |=Pierce= |1834 |Jane Means Appleton (1806- | 3 | 0 | | |1863) | | 18 |=Buchanan= | ... |Unmarried | ... | ... 19-20 |=Lincoln= |1842 |Mary Todd (1818-1882) | 4 | 0 20 |=Johnson= |1827 |Eliza McCardle (1810-1876) | 3 | 2 21-22 |=Grant= |1848 |Julia Dent (1826-1902) | 3 | 1 23 |=Hayes= |1852 |Lucy Ware Webb (1831-1889) | 7 | 1 24 |=Garfield= |1858 |Lucretia Rudolph (1832- | 4 | 1 | | |----) | | |=Arthur= |1859 |Ellen Lewis Herndon (1837- | 1 | 1 | | |1880) | | 25 |=Cleveland= |1886 |Frances Folsom (1864- | 2 | 3 | | |----) | | 26 |=Harrison= |1853 |(1) Caroline Scott (1832- | 1 | 1 | | |1892) | | | |1896 |(2) Mary Scott (Lord) | 0 | 1 | | |Dimmick (1858- ----) | | 27 |=Cleveland= | ... |Frances Folsom (1864- | ... | ... | | |----) | | 28-29 |=McKinley= |1871 |Ida Saxton (1844-1907) | 0 | 2 29-30 |=Roosevelt= |1883 |(1) Alice Lee (1861-1884) | 0 | 1 | |1886 |(2) Edith Kermit Carow | 4 | 1 | | |(1861- ----) | | 31 |=Taft= |1886 |Helen Herron (1861- ----) | 2 | 1 32 |=Wilson= |1885 |(1) Helen Louise Axsen | 0 | 3 | | |(1860-1914) | | | |1915 |(2) Edith Bolling Galt | ... | ... | | |(1872- ----) | | -------+-------------+-----+---------------------------+------+-------

=TABLE IV. TERM OF OFFICE, DEATH AND PLACE OF BURIAL=