Part 157

=The Union Successes in the Southwest.=--But the serious campaigning did not begin until January, 1862. Then the whole line west of the Alleghanies (made up of the armies of Ohio and Missouri), turning on Pittsburgh as a center, swept southward, captured Forts Henry and Donelson, defeated the Confederates at Shiloh, captured Corinth, took Island Number 10, and drove them from Fort Pillow. Meantime Farragut entered the Mississippi from the Gulf, passed Forts Jackson and St. Philip, captured New Orleans, and sent Commodore Davis up the river to take Memphis. Memphis fell June 6, 1862, and, save for Vicksburg, the Mississippi was open for navigation. When the year closed the Confederates had been driven to the east into the mountains of Tennessee, where, December 31, 1862 to January 2, 1863, was fought the desperate and bloody battle of Murfreesboro. The Union troops won, and the Confederate army fell back to Chattanooga.

=The Peninsular Campaign Favors Confederate Arms.=--With the Army of the Potomac meantime all had gone ill. The affair at Bull Run in July, 1861, had been followed by the transfer of the army to McClellan. But McClellan wasted time, wore out the patience of the North, and forced Lincoln to issue General Order Number One for the forward movement of all armies on February 22, 1862. Obedient to this McClellan began his Peninsular Campaign against Richmond, was out-generaled by Lee, and in the second battle of Bull Run suffered so crushing a defeat that Lee ventured to cross the Potomac and enter Maryland, and encountered McClellan, on the field of Antietam. In that battle Lee was beaten and fled across the Potomac. But McClellan failed to follow up the victory and was removed, the command of the Army of the Potomac passing to Burnside. Burnside led it across the Potomac and the Rappahannock and on December 13, 1862, lost the battle of Fredericksburg. For this he was replaced by Hooker, who, May 1-4, 1863, fought and lost the battle of Chancellorsville.

=The Turning Point of the War.=--Lee now again took the offensive, crossed the Potomac, entered Pennsylvania, and at Gettysburg met the Army of the Potomac under Meade. On that field was fought the decisive battle of the war. Then (July 1-4, 1863) the backbone of the Confederacy was broken, and the two armies returned to their old positions in Virginia.

While Meade was beating Lee at Gettysburg, Grant captured Vicksburg, July 1-3, 1863. For this he was sent to command the army of Rosecrans, then besieged by Bragg at Chattanooga. Again success attended him, and in November he stormed Lookout Mountain, defeated Bragg in the famous “Battle above the Clouds,” and drove him in disorder through the mountains. For these signal victories he was raised to the rank of Lieutenant General in 1864, and placed in command of the armies of the United States.

That year is memorable for the great march of Sherman to the east from Chattanooga to the sea, for the victories of Sheridan in the valley of the Shenandoah, for the Wilderness Campaign of Grant, the shutting up of Lee in Richmond, and by the re-election of Lincoln. His competitor was General McClellan, whom the northern Democrats put forward on the platform that the war was a failure, and that peace should be made with the South. In the spring of 1865 came the retreat of Lee from Richmond, and, on April 9, his surrender at Appomattox Court House.

=THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865=

===================+==============================+=================== =Causes of the War=| =Influencing Events= | =Results of the | | War= -------------------+------------------------------+------------------- _Real, but remote:_|The invention of the cotton |The Union was pre- |gin, 1793. |served. (1) The doctrine of| | popular sovereign- |Fugitive slave laws, 1793 and |Slavery was ty. Different con- |1850. |abolished. structions of the | | Constitution. |Protective tariff laws. |Secession as a | |working program was (2) Slavery. Dif- |Missouri compromise, 1820. |shown to be imprac- ferent systems of | |ticable. labor in the North |Nullification act in South | and the South. |Carolina, 1832. |The war cost the | |lives of nearly one (3) Lack of inter- |Annexation of Texas, 1845. |million able-bodied course between the | |men. North and the |Omnibus bill, 1850. | South. | |The national debt |Kansas-Nebraska bill, 1854 |was increased to (4) The increase of| |$2,750,000,000. territory. |Dred Scott decision, 1857. | | |An incalculable _Immediate:_ |Personal liberty bills, 1857. |amount of property The secession of | |was destroyed. the states. |John Brown raid, 1859. | | | |Anti-slavery papers, books, | |and speeches. | | | |New England Anti-Slavery So- | |ciety was organized, 1832. | | | |Anti-slavery parties: | | Liberty party, 1840-1848. | | Free-Soil party, 1848-1856. | | Republican party, 1854. | -------------------+------------------------------+-------------------

=CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES=

Naval engagements are printed in _italics_; names of victorious commanders in =bold-face= type.

=LAND AND SEA ENGAGEMENTS=

===================+==================+================================= =Name, Location | =Commanders= | =Casualties= and Date | +----------------+---------------- of Battle= | | =Union= | =Confederate= | +--------+-------+--------+------- | |=Killed=|=Wound-|=Killed=|=Wound- | | | ed= | | ed= -------------------+------------------+--------+-------+--------+------- =1861= | | | | | | | | | | =Bombardment of |=Gen. Beauregard= | No casualties on either side Fort Sumter= (April|vs. Maj. Anderson.| | | | 13-14) | | | | | | | | | | =Bull Run=, |=Gen. Beauregard= | 481| 1,011| 362| 1,390 Virginia (July 21) |and =Gen. | | | | |Johnston= vs. Gen.| | | | |McDowell. | | | | | | | | | =Wilson Creek=, |=Gen. Price= vs. | 223| 721| 331| 764 Missouri (August |Gen. Lyon. | | | | 10) | | | | | | | | | | =1862= | | | | | | | | | | =Pea Ridge=, |=Gen. Curtis= and | 203| 972| 1,040| 3,638 Arkansas (March 6- |=Gen. Franz Sigel=| | | | 8) |vs. Gen. Van Dorn.| | | | | | | | | _Monitor and Merri-|=Lt. J. L. Worden=| 0| 1| 0| 2 mac_, Hampton |vs. Capt. Franklin| | | | Roads, Virginia |Buchanan. | | | | (March 9) | | | | | | | | | | =Fort Donelson=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 560| 746| 466| 1,534 Tennessee (February|Gen. Floyd, Gen. | | | | 15) |Pillow and Gen. | | | | |Buckner. | | | | | | | | | =Shiloh, or Pitts- |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 1,735| 7,882| 1,128| 8,012 burg Landing=, |Gen. Johnston and | | | | Tennessee (April 6-|Gen. Beauregard. | | | | 7) | | | | | | | | | | =Drury’s Bluff=, |=Gen. Beauregard= | 422| 2,380| 514| 1,086 Virginia (May 15) |vs. Gen. Butler. | | | | | | | | | =Seven Pines, or |=Gen. Johnston= | 891| 3,627| 1,987| 2,233 Fair Oaks=, |vs. Gen. | | | | Virginia (May 31) |McClellan. | | | | | | | | | =Gaines Mill=, |=Gen. A. Elzey= | 3,000| 4,500| 2,000| 4,000 Virginia (June 27) |vs. Gen. F. J. | | | | |Porter. | | | | | | | | | =Malvern Hill=, |=Gen. McClellan= | 2,860| 3,500| 3,023| 4,077 Virginia (July 1) |vs. Gen. Lee. | | | | | | | | | =Cedar Mountain=, |=Gen. Jackson= vs.| 450| 660| 223| 1,060 Virginia (August 8-|Gen. Banks. | | | | 9) | | | | | | | | | | =Bull Run No. 2, or|=Gen. Lee= and | 798| 4,023| 1,090| 6,154 Manassas=, Virginia|=Gen. Jackson= vs.| | | | (August 29-30) |Gen. Pope. | | | | | | | | | =Antietam=, Mary- |=Gen. McClellan= | 2,010| 9,416| 1,842| 9,399 land (September 16-|vs. Gen. Lee. | | | | 17) | | | | | | | | | | =Corinth=, Missis- |=Gen. Rosecrans= | 315| 1,812| 1,423| 5,692 sippi (October 3-4)|vs. Gen. Van Dorn.| | | | | | | | | =Perrysville=, |=Gen. Buell= vs. | 916| 2,943| 980| 1,520 Kentucky (October |Gen. Bragg. | | | | 8) | | | | | | | | | | =Fredericksburg=, |=Gen. Lee= vs. | 1,152| 9,101| 505| 4,061 Virginia (December |Gen. A. E. | | | | 11-13) |Burnside. | | | | | | | | | =Murfreesboro, or |=Gen. Rosecrans= | 1,533| 7,245| 1,384| 6,892 Stone River=, |vs. Gen. Bragg. | | | | Tennessee (December| | | | | 30, 1862, to | | | | | January 2, 1863) | | | | | | | | | | =1863= | | | | | | | | | | =Chancellorsville=,|=Gen. Lee= and | 1,512| 9,518| 1,718| 10,563 Virginia (April 30 |=Gen. Jackson= vs.| | | | to May 4) |Gen. Hooker. | | | | | | | | | =Vicksburg=, Mis- |=Gen. Pemberton= | 1,848| 2,378| 1,420| 2,151 sissippi (May 19- |vs. Gen. Grant. | | | | 25) | | | | | | | | | | =Gettysburg=, Penn-|=Gen. George G. | 2,834| 13,709| 4,000| 14,000 sylvania (July 1-3)|Meade= vs. Gen. | | | | |Lee. | | | | | | | | | =Chickamauga=, |=Gen. Bragg= vs. | 1,644| 9,262| 6,000| 10,000 Georgia (September |Gen. Rosecrans. | | | | 18-20) | | | | | | | | | | =Chattanooga, in- |=Gen. Grant=, | 757| 4,529| 850| 2,150 cluding Orchard |=Gen. Sherman= and| | | | Knob, Lookout Moun-|=Gen. Hooker= vs. | | | | tain and Missionary|Gen. Bragg. | | | | Ridge=, Tennessee | | | | | (November 23-25) | | | | | | | | | | =1864= | | | | | | | | | | =Wilderness=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 2,309| 12,188| 1,956| 10,444 Virginia (May 5-7) |Gen. Lee. | | | | | | | | | =Spottsylvania=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 3,288| 19,278| 3,342| 20,187 Virginia (May 8-11)|Gen. Lee. | | | | | | | | | =Spottsylvania=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 2,031| 7,956| 1,752| 7,248 Virginia (May 18) |Gen. Lee. | | | | | | | | | =Bermuda Hundreds=,|=Gen. Butler=, vs.| 201| 998| 864| 2,136 Virginia (May 26- |Gen. D. H. Hill. | | | | 30) | | | | | | | | | | =Cold Harbor=, |=Gen. Lee= vs. | 1,905| 10,570| 364| 1,336 Virginia (June 2-3)|Gen. Grant. | | | | | | | | | =Petersburg=, |=Gen. Lee= vs. | 1,298| 7,474| 984| 6,721 Virginia (June 15- |Gen. Smith, Gen. | | | | 19) |Hancock and Gen. | | | | |Burnside. | | | | | | | | | =Petersburg=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 112| 506| 801| 1,417 Virginia (June 20- |Gen. Lee. | | | | 30) | | | | | | | | | | =Peach Tree Creek=,|=Gen. Thomas= vs. | 301| 1,411| 880| 3,916 Georgia (July 20) |Gen. Hood. | | | | | | | | | =Atlanta=, Georgia,|=Gen. Logan= vs. | 499| 2,142| 1,162| 7,337 =Hood’s First |Gen. Hood. | | | | Sortie= (July 22) | | | | | | | | | | =Petersburg=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 419| 2,076| 799| 4,023 Virginia (from July|Gen. Lee. | | | | 1, exclusive of | | | | | losses at the | | | | | Crater and Deep | | | | | Bottom) (July 31) | | | | | | | | | | =Petersburg=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 87| 484| 101| 605 Virginia (August 1-|Gen. Lee. | | | | 31) | | | | | | | | | | =Opequan=, Virginia|=Gen. Sheridan= | 653| 3,719| 1,632| 3,868 (September 19) |vs. Gen. Early. | | | | | | | | | =Cedar Creek=, |=Gen. Sheridan= | 588| 3,516| 961| 3,239 Virginia (October |vs. Gen. Early. | | | | 19) | | | | | | | | | | =Fair Oaks=, |=Gen. McClellan= | 120| 783| 150| 301 Virginia (October |vs. Gen. Johnston.| | | | 27-28) | | | | | | | | | | =Petersburg=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 170| 822| 240| 761 Virginia (Sept. 1 |Gen. Lee. | | | | to Oct. 30) | | | | | | | | | | =Franklin=, Tennes-|=Gen. Hood= vs. | 189| 1,033| 1,141| 5,113 see (November 30) |Gen. Schofield. | | | | | | | | | =Nashville=, Ten- |=Gen. Thomas= vs. | 399| 1,741| 584| 3,021 nessee (December |Gen. Hood. | | | | 15-16) | | | | | | | | | | =1865= | | | | | | | | | | =Petersburg=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 298| 2,565| 341| 3,092 Virginia (April 2) |Gen. Lee. | | | | | | | | | =Appomattox=, |=Gen. Grant= vs. | 203| 297| 189| 386 Virginia (April 9) |Gen. Lee. | | | | -------------------+------------------+--------+-------+--------+-------

=Lincoln Assassinated, and Beginning of Reconstruction.=--On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated and Andrew Johnson became president. With the succession of Johnson the era of reconstruction, political and social, begins. The outcome of political reconstruction was the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments to the Constitution of the United States, the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, and a long list of acts to protect and assist the freedmen of the South. The outcome of social reconstruction was the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, the passage and use of the Force Act, and the dreadful condition of affairs which ruined the South for a decade.

In the North the effect of such measures was to split the Republican party and put seven presidential candidates in the field in 1872. One represented the Temperance party; another the Labor party, denouncing Chinese labor and the non-taxation of Government land; a third was the Liberal Republican, demanding union, amnesty, and civil rights, accusing Grant of packing the Supreme Court in the interests of corporations, and calling for a repeal of the Ku Klux laws. The Liberal Republicans having chosen Horace Greeley as their candidate, the Democrats accepted and indorsed him. But he pleased neither party, and the discontented Liberals and the discontented Democrats each chose a candidate of their own. The Republicans nominated Grant and elected him.

=Election of Hayes Decided by an Electoral Commission.=--His second term (1873-1877) was the nadir of our politics, both state and national, and ended with the disputed election and the rise of the Independent or “Greenback party,” demanding the repeal of the act for the resumption of specie payments and the issue of the United States “greenback” notes, convertible into bonds, as the currency of the country. Double returns and doubtful returns from the Southern states put the votes of thirteen electors in dispute. As the House was Democratic and the Senate Republican, the joint rule under which the electoral votes had been counted since 1865 could not be adopted. A compromise was necessary, and on January 29, 1877, the Electoral Commission of five Senators, five Representatives, and five judges of the Supreme Court was created to decide on the doubtful returns. Of the fifteen, eight were Republicans and seven Democrats, and by a strict party vote the thirteen electoral votes were given to the Republicans and Rutherford B. Hayes declared elected.

=Resumption of Specie Payments by the Government.=--The memorable events of his term (1877-1881) were the resumption of specie payments on January 1, 1879; the passage of the Bland Silver Bill, restoring the silver dollar to the list of coins, making it legal tender, and providing for the coinage of not less than two million nor more than four million each month; and the rapid growth of the National or Greenback Labor party. Hayes was followed in 1881 by James A. Garfield, whose contest with the Senators from New York over the distribution of patronage led to his assassination by the hand of a crazy applicant for office. Chester A. Arthur then became President, was followed in 1885 by Grover Cleveland, who was succeeded in 1889 by Benjamin Harrison, who was in turn succeeded in 1893 by Grover Cleveland.

The presidential campaign of 1896 was one of the most exciting and important that has ever taken place. It was a contest respecting principles, and party platforms never received more attention. The amount of financial and political literature distributed and read was enormous, and political speeches, almost without number, were delivered. The cooperation of very many gold standard Democrats greatly increased the Republican strength and McKinley and Hobart were elected by a large majority of the electoral votes and by a plurality of over six hundred thousand of the popular vote.

=McKinley and the Spanish-American War.=--The administration of President McKinley was notable in many respects, and marked a new era in the foreign policy of the United States. Chief of the events was the Spanish-American war, which was precipitated in 1898, largely through the cruel treatment of the Cuban people by the mother country, Spain. Public opinion in the United States had been much divided in regard to the Cuban difficulties, but the division was in no sense sectional and a majority believed that war was not only justifiable but inevitable.