The Circle of Knowledge: A Classified, Simplified, Visualized Book of Answers

Part 110

Chapter 1102,408 wordsPublic domain

===========+==========+===================== | | INHABITANTS CONTINENTAL| AREA IN +-------------+------- DIVISIONS | SQUARE | | PER | MILES | NUMBER |SQUARE | | | MILE -----------+----------+-------------+------- Africa |11,632,000| 127,312,000| 10.9 America, N.| 7,146,641| 136,939,000| 19.1 America, S.| 7,344,508| 55,444,000| 7.55 Asia |17,470,282| 842,100,000| 48.20 Australasia| 3,456,290| 8,000,000| 2.31 Europe | 3,671,624| 458,795,000|124.9 Polar Reg. | 6,970,000| 300,000| .04 +----------+-------------+------- Total |57,691,345|1,628,890,000| 28.2 -----------+----------+-------------+-------

POPULATION OF THE EARTH ACCORDING TO RACE

At the opening of the European war in 1914 the human race was subject to fifty-four independent and five quasi-independent governments. The British Empire and Russia are the largest two, while Monaco with its eight square miles and San Marino with its thirty-eight square miles of territory are the smallest two. The _absolute monarchies_ are Abyssinia, Afghanistan, Morocco, Siam, Oman, and Monaco; the _limited monarchies_ are Albania, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bhutan, British Empire, Bulgaria, Denmark, German Empire, Greece, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Montenegro, Nepal, Netherlands, Norway, Persia, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey; the _republics_ are Andorra, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Liberia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Salvador, San Marino, Santo Domingo, Switzerland, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela.

PRINCIPAL LANGUAGES SPOKEN

There are said to be 3,424 spoken languages or dialects in the world, distributed as follows: America, 1,624; Asia, 937; Europe, 587; Africa, 276.

+-----------------------+------------ LANGUAGES | NUMBER OF PERSONS | PROPORTION | SPOKEN BY |OF THE WHOLE +-----------+-----------+------------ | 1801 | 1916 | 1801| 1916 ----------+-----------+-----------+-----+------ English | 20,520,000|160,000,000| 12.7| 27.3 French | 20,520,000|160,000,000| 12.7| 27.3 German | 30,320,000|130,000,000| 18.7| 22.2 Italian | 15,070,000| 50,000,000| 9.3| 8.6 Spanish | 26,190,000| 50,000,000| 16.2| 8.6 Portuguese| 7,480,000| 25,000,000| 4.7| 4.3 Russian | 30,770,000|100,000,000| 19.0| 17.1 +-----------+-----------+-----+------ Total |161,800,000|585,000,000|100.0|100.0 ----------+-----------+-----------+-----+------

RELIGIOUS POPULATION OF THE WORLD BY CONTINENTS

=======================+===========+===========+=========== RELIGION | EUROPE | ASIA | AFRICA -----------------------+-----------+-----------+----------- Catholic Churches: | | | Roman Catholic |183,760,000| 5,500,000| 2,500,000 Eastern Catholic | 98,000,000| 17,200,000| 3,800,000 Protestant Churches | 93,000,000| 6,000,000| 2,750,000 +-----------+-----------+----------- Total Christians |374,760,000| 28,700,000| 9,050,000 | | | Confucianism and Taoism| ...|300,000,000| 30,000 Hinduism | ...|210,000,000| 300,000 Mohammedanism | 3,800,000|142,000,000| 51,000,000 Buddhism | ...|138,000,000| 11,000 Judaism | 9,950,175| 484,359| 404,836 Animism | ...| 42,000,000| 98,000,000 Shintoism | ...| 25,000,000| ... Unclassified | 1,000,000| 6,000,000| 130,000 +-----------+-----------+----------- Total Non-Christians | 14,750,175|863,484,359|149,875,836 -----------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------

=======================+===========+==========+==========+============= RELIGION | NORTH | SOUTH | OCEANIA | TOTAL | AMERICA | AMERICA | | FOLLOWERS -----------------------+-----------+----------+----------+------------- Catholic Churches: | | | | Roman Catholic | 36,700,000|36,200,000| 8,200,000| 272,860,000 Eastern Catholic | 1,000,000| ...| ...| 120,000,000 Protestant Churches | 65,000,000| 400,000| 4,500,000| 171,650,000 +-----------+----------+----------+------------- Total Christians |102,700,000|36,600,000|12,700,000| 564,510,000 | | | | Confucianism and Taoism| 100,000| ...| 700,000| 300,830,000 Hinduism | 100,000| 110,000| 30,000| 210,540,000 Mohammedanism | 15,000| 10,000|25,000,000| 221,825,000 Buddhism | ...| ...| 20,000| 138,031,000 Judaism | 2,144,061| 50,000| 19,415| 13,052,846 Animism | 20,000| 1,250,000|17,000,000| 158,270,000 Shintoism | ...| ...| ...| 25,000,000 Unclassified | 8,000,000| ...| 150,000| 15,280,000 +-----------+----------+----------+------------- Total Non-Christians | 10,379,061| 1,420,000|42,919,415|1,082,828,846 -----------------------+-----------+----------+----------+-------------

NOTE.--The Coptic Church has 706,322 followers (Egyptian census 1907); Nestorians 80,000; Jacobites 70,000.

INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD TODAY

The separate nationalities grouped under their respective hemispheres and continental divisions. On account of the European war the boundaries and statistics of the nations engaged will, doubtless, be subject to important changes within the next decade.

======================+============+=========+============== COUNTRIES | POPULATION | SQUARE | CAPITALS | | MILES | ----------------------+------------+---------+-------------- =EASTERN HEMISPHERE= | | | =(1) Europe= | | | Albania | 825,000| 11,000|Durazzo Andorra | 6,000| 175|Andorra Austria-Hungary | 50,000,000| 260,034|Vienna Belgium | 7,571,387| 11,373|Brussels Bulgaria | 4,755,000| 43,000|Sofia Denmark | 2,775,076| 15,388|Copenhagen France | 30,601,509| 207,054|Paris German Empire | 66,715,000| 208,780|Berlin Great Britain |See page 467| ...|... Greece | 5,000,000| 46,522|Athens Holland or Nether-| | | lands | 6,500,000| 12,648|Amsterdam Italy | 35,240,000| 110,623|Rome Luxemburg | 268,000| 999|Luxemburg Monaco | 20,000| 8|... Montenegro | 520,000| 5,650|Cettinje Norway | 2,459,000| 124,129|Christiania Poland | ...| ...|... Portugal | 5,957,985| 35,490|Lisbon Roumania | 7,600,000| 54,000|Bucharest Russian Empire | 171,000,000|8,647,657|Petrograd San Marino | 10,655| 38|... Servia | 4,600,000| 34,000|... Spain | 19,588,688| 190,050|Madrid Sweden | 5,476,441| 172,876|Stockholm Switzerland | 3,741,971| 15,976|Berne Turkey (Europe) | 1,892,000| 11,000|Constantinople | | | =(2) Asia= | | | Afghanistan | 6,000,000| 250,000|Kabul Arabia | 3,500,000|1,000,000|... Bhutan | 250,000| 20,000|Punakha China | 400,000,000|2,169,200|Pekin Japan | 52,985,423| 147,655|Tokio Nepal | 4,000,000| 54,000|Khatmandu Oman | 750,000| 82,000|Muscat Persia | 9,000,000| 628,000|Teheran Siam | 6,000,000| 220,000|Bangkok Turkey (Asia) | 19,382,000| 699,224|... | | | =(3) Africa= | | | Abyssinia | 8,000,000| 390,000|Adis Ababa Liberia | 2,060,000| 41,000|Monrovia Morocco | 6,500,000| 200,000|Fez | | | =WESTERN HEMISPHERE= | | | =(1) North America= | | | Costa Rica | 420,180| 23,000|San Jose Cuba | 2,383,000| 44,164|Havana Dominican Republic| 700,000| 19,325|San Domingo Guatemala | 2,119,165| 48,290|Guatemala Haiti | 2,000,000| 10,204|Port-au-Prince Honduras | 600,000| 46,250|Tegucigalpa Mexico | 15,063,207| 765,535|City of Mexico Nicaragua | 500,000| 49,200|Managua Panama | 427,000| 32,380|Panama San Salvador | 700,000| 7,325|San Salvador United States | 112,445,000|3,743,312|Washington | | | =(2) South America= | | | Argentina | 8,000,000|1,153,418|Buenos Ayres Bolivia | 2,267,925| 708,195|La Paz Brazil | 24,000,000|3,292,000|Rio de Janeiro Chile | 5,000,000| 292,100|Santiago Columbia | 5,500,000| 438,000|Bogata Ecuador | 1,500,000| 116,000|Quito Paraguay | 800,000| 196,000|Asuncion Peru | 4,000,000| 680,000|Lima Uruguay | 1,300,000| 72,210|Montevideo Venezuela | 3,000,000| 393,976|Caracas ----------------------+------------+---------+---------------

======================+=====================+================+=========== COUNTRIES | PRESENT OFFICIAL | TITLE AND DATE | SALARY OR | HEAD AND | OF ACCESSION | BUDGET | DATE OF BIRTH | | ----------------------+---------------------+----------------+----------- =EASTERN HEMISPHERE= | | | =(1) Europe= | | | Albania |Essad Pasha (b. ...) |President (1914)| ... Andorra |... |Consul | ... Austria-Hungary |Charles (b.1887) |Emperor (1917) |$ 4,520,000 Belgium |Albert (b.1875) |King (1909) | 623,600 Bulgaria |Ferdinand (b.1861) |Czar (1887) | 250,000 Denmark |Christian X. (b.1870)|King (1912) | 262,500 France |Raymond Poincaré |President (1913)| 140,000 |(b.1860) | | German Empire |William II. (b.1859) |{Emperor (1888) |} 3,700,000 | |{King (1888) |} Great Britain |George V. (b.1865) |King (1910) | 2,350,000 Greece |Constantine (b.1868) |King (1913) | 260,000 Holland or Nether-| | | lands |Wilhelmina (b.1880) |Queen (1898) | 250,000 Italy |Victor Emmanuel III. |King (1900) | 2,650,000 |(b.1869) | | Luxemburg |Marie (b.1894) |Grand Duchess | ... | |(1912) | Monaco |Albert (b.1848) |Prince (1889) | ... Montenegro |Nicholas (b.1841) |King (1910) | 24,000 Norway |Haakon VII. (b.1872) |King (1905) | 185,000 Poland |... |... | ... Portugal |Dr. Bernardino |President (1915)| ... |Machado (b.1850) | | Roumania |Ferdinand (b.1865) |King (1914) | 227,520 Russian Empire |Nicholas II. (b.1868)|Emperor (1894) | 12,000,000 San Marino |... |President (....)| ... Servia |Peter (b.1844) |King (1903) | 225,000 Spain |Alfonso XIII. |King (1886) | 1,344,000 |(b.1886) | | Sweden |Gustaf V. (b.1858) |King (1907) | 416,500 Switzerland |Dr. Shulteis (b. ...)|President (1917)| 3,000 Turkey (Europe) |Mohammed V. (b.1884) |Sultan (1909) | 7,500,000 | | | =(2) Asia= | | | Afghanistan |Habibulla Khan |Ameer (1901) | ... |(b.1872) | | Arabia |... |... | ... Bhutan |... |... | ... China |Li Yuan Hung (b. ...)|President (1916)| ... Japan |Yoshihito (b.1879) |Emperor (1912) | 2,250,000 Nepal |Dhiraja Tribhubana |Maharaja (1911) | ... |Sh’sher Jang (b.1906)| | Oman |Seyyid Taimur bin |Sultan (1913) | 250,000 |Turkee (b. ...) | | Persia |Ahmed Mirza (b.1897) |Shah (1914) | ... Siam |Vagiravudn (b.1880) |King (1910) | 2,000,000 Turkey (Asia) |... |... | ... | | | =(3) Africa= | | | Abyssinia |Lij Ey-assu (b. ...) |Emperor (1914) | ... Liberia |D. E. Howard (b. ...)|President (1912)| ... Morocco |Muley Yusoef (b.1875)|Sultan (1912) | ... | | | =WESTERN HEMISPHERE= | | | =(1) North America= | | | Costa Rica |Alfredo Gonzalez |President (1914)| ... |(b. ...) | | Cuba |Mario G. Menocal |President (1913)| 25,000 |(b. ...) | | Dominican Republic|Ramon Baez (b. ...) |President (1914)| ... Guatemala |Manuel Estrada |President (1911)| ... |Cabrera (b.1856) | | Haiti |Gen. Dartiguenave |President (1915)| 24,000 |(b. ...) | | Honduras |Dr. Bertrand (b.1867)|President (1913)| ... Mexico |Venustiano Carranza |President (1915)| 50,000 |(b. ...) | | Nicaragua |Adolfo Diaz (b. ...) |President (1911)| ... Panama |Belisario Porras |President (1912)| 24,000 |(b. ...) | | San Salvador |Carlos Melendez |President (1913)| ... |(b. ...) | | United States |Woodrow Wilson |President (1913)| 75,000 |(b.1856) | | | | | =(2) South America= | | | Argentina |Victorino de la Plaza|President (1914)| 36,000 |(b. ...) | | Bolivia |Ismael Montes |President (1913)| ... |(b. ...) | | Brazil |W. B. Pereira Gomes |President (1914)| 40,000 |(b. ...) | | Chile |Juan Luis San Fuentes|President (1915)| 7,000 |(b. ...) | | Columbia |Jose Vicente Concha |President (....)| ... |(b. ...) | | Ecuador |Leonidas Plaza |President (....)| 12,000 |(b. ...) | | Paraguay |Eduardo Schaerer |President (1912)| 9,500 |(b. ...) | | Peru |Jose Pardo (b. ...) |President (1915)| 12,000 Uruguay |Feliciano Viera |President (1915)| 36,000 |(b. ...) | | Venezuela |Juan Vincente Gomez |President (1915)| ... |(b. ...) | | ----------------------+---------------------+----------------+-----------

=WEALTH OF NATIONS=

These are the latest estimates: United States, $188,000,000,000; Great Britain and Ireland $85,000,000,000; Canada, $7,000,000,000; India, $15,000,000,000; total British Empire (including possessions not here stated), $130,000,000,000; Germany, $80,000,000,000; France, $50,000,000,000; Russia, $40,000,000,000; Austria-Hungary, $25,000,000,000; Italy, $20,000,000,000; Belgium, $9,000,000,000; Spain, $5,400,000,000; Netherlands, $5,000,000,000; Switzerland, $4,000,000,000; Portugal, $2,500,000,000.

THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE

From its political and historical importance Europe has always been regarded as one of the great divisions of the earth’s surface though it is not a separate and independent mass. It is, rather, a great peninsula of what is sometimes called _Eurasia_--i.e. the continent of Europe and Asia combined--that extends westward its many arms between the Arctic Ocean on the north, the Atlantic on the west, and the Mediterranean Sea on the south.

Its name seems to have been derived from the Semitic word _ereb_, meaning “the land of the setting sun,” and came into use among the Greeks and Latins in very early times as _Europa_.

=Outline and Extent.= The most striking feature of its outline is that of its great irregularity, the deep inlets and gulfs of the ocean which penetrate its mass, and the peninsulas which run from it.

The greatest distance between its extreme north and south points--the North Cape of Norway and Cape Matapan in Greece--is about twenty-four hundred miles; and from east to west--from Cape La Roca, or the “Rock of Lisbon,” to Cape Apsheron, the eastern extremity of the Caucasus range, on the Caspian--about three thousand miles.

EUROPEAN GULFS AND INLETS

On the north the _White Sea_, so called from the ice and snow which bind it up for more than half the year, reaches in from the Arctic Ocean. From the Atlantic, the shallow _North Sea_, or German Ocean, and the _English Channel_ (called _La Manche_, or “The Sleeve,” by the French) break in to separate the British Isles from the mainland; and from the former the _Skager Rak_, “the crooked and boisterous strait,” leads through the _Kattegat_, the “Cat’s Throat,” and the “Belts” of the Danish islands, to the _Baltic_, or the “East Sea” of the Germans, and its continuations, the Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland, and Riga.

Farther southward, the stormy _Bay of Biscay_, named from the Basque province of Vizcaya, sweeps in along the northern coast of Spain, and beyond the Peninsula the narrow _Strait of Gibraltar_ leads into the great _Mediterranean_, which stretches eastward for twenty-three hundred miles.

THE MEDITERRANEAN AND ITS ARMS

Among the many branches of this great basin are the _Gallic Sea_, running north toward Gaul, between Spain and the islands of Sardinia and Corsica, forming the stormy Gulf of the Lion and that of Genoa; the _Tyrrhenian Sea_, between Sardinia and Italy; the _Ionian Sea_ and the _Adriatic_ running north from it, between Italy and the Balkan peninsula, towards the ancient seaport of Adria, perhaps the oldest in Europe.

Beyond Greece, the island-studded Ægean leads north to the narrow inlet of the _Dardanelles_, opening into the little Sea of Marmora, named from its marble-yielding islands, and from that by the _Bosporus_ or Oxford (the canal of Constantinople), into the second great Mediterranean basin, the _Black Sea_ or Euxine, with its offshoot the shallow _Sea of Azof_. The Caspian Sea, forms part of the natural frontier between Europe and Asia.

The indented seaboard of Europe measures not less than sixty thousand miles.

PENINSULAS OF EUROPE

Between each of these branches of the sea there run out corresponding promontories and peninsulas of the mainland. These are most numerous on the south side, where we find the _Crimea_, _Turkey_ and _Greece_, _Italy_ and _Spain_, bordered by the islands of the Archipelago, by Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, and the Baleares.

The western or Atlantic side presents the greatest peninsula, that of _Scandinavia_, and the most important island group, that of the British Isles. The Danish peninsula is remarkable as the only one in Europe, and indeed in almost any part of the world, that points northward.

SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS

The great lowland of Europe lies toward the east, embracing the vast continental area of Russia, and sending out arms westward round the Gulf of Bothnia and the Swedish side of the Baltic, and through North Germany and Denmark, to form the lowlands of Holland and Belgium and of Western France, along the shores of the Bay of Biscay, as far as the rise of the Pyrenees.