The Circle of Knowledge: A Classified, Simplified, Visualized Book of Answers
Part 1
Transcriber’s Notes:
Italics and bold face in the printed work have been transcribed as _italics_ and =bold face=, respectively. Fractions are given as, for example, 1/2 and 1-1/2. D^R represents a D followed by a superscript R.
Depending on the hard- and software used to read this text and their settings, not all symbols and characters may display as intended or display at all, and some tables may not line up properly.
More Transcriber’s Notes and a list of corrections and changes made may be found at the end of this text.
THE CIRCLE OF KNOWLEDGE
ESSENTIAL FACTS OF EVERYDAY INTEREST IN NATURE, GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, TRAVEL, GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, INVENTION, EDUCATION, LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, FINE ARTS, PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION, INDUSTRY, BIOGRAPHY, HUMAN CULTURE, AND UNIVERSAL PROGRESS
_=Easy to Read; Easy to Understand; Easy to Retain=_
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF HENRY W. RUOFF, M.A., LITT.D., D.C.L. EDITOR OF “THE CENTURY BOOK OF FACTS,” “THE CAPITALS OF THE WORLD,” “LEADERS OF MEN,” “THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS,” “MASTERS OF ACHIEVEMENT,” “THE VOLUME LIBRARY,” “THE HUMAN INTEREST LIBRARY,” ETC.
_NUMEROUS TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS TABLES, DUOTONE AND COLOR PLATES_
Exclusive Publishers for Canada and Newfoundland:
THE JOHN A. HERTEL CO., Ltd. TORONTO, ONTARIO THE STANDARD PUBLICATION COMPANY BOSTON · WASHINGTON · CHICAGO
1917
Copyright, 1916, by THE STANDARD PUBLICATION COMPANY
Copyright, 1917, by THE STANDARD PUBLICATION COMPANY
All Rights Reserved
THE PUBLISHER’S PREFATORY
All books that are really worth while may be divided into four classes: first, books of _information_; second, books of _inspiration_; third, books of _entertainment_; fourth, books of _excitement_. By far the most important and practical of these classes is the first. The next in importance is the second; while rather trivial importance attaches to the third and fourth.
THE CIRCLE OF KNOWLEDGE preëminently belongs to the first; but it is also designed to be both inspiring and entertaining. In its methods of presentation and in its editorship it typifies the modern, progressive spirit. Behind it lies a quarter of a century of successful editorial experience in selecting, adapting, and translating from highly technical treatises into simple, clear, understandable language the essentials as well as important sidelights of human knowledge. Its purpose is to answer the why, who, what, when, where, how, of the vast majority of inquiring minds, both young and mature, and to stimulate them to still further questionings. For it is only through this self-questioning process of the active mind that individual progress is possible.
It is a fact of singular interest that every human being born into the world must independently go through practically the same educative processes from childhood to maturity. No matter how great the storehouse of the world’s past knowledge, or how marvelous the multitude and wonder of new discoveries in every department of human endeavor, each individual must acquire and learn for himself the selfsame facts of nature, history, science, literature, human culture, and everyday needs.
In the present work special effort has been made to separate essentials from non-essentials; to distinguish human interest subjects of universal importance from those of minor concern; to present living facts instead of dead verbiage; and to bring the whole within the understanding of the average reader, without regard to age, in an acceptable and interesting form. The use of graphic outlines and tables; maps, drawings, and diagrams; the pictured works of great painters, sculptors, and architects--all combine in vizualizing and vitalizing both the useful and cultural knowledge of past and present. Indeed it is difficult to conceive how the purely pictorial interest of the work could be surpassed, with its veritable picture galleries illustrating the pageant of man’s progress; while the entire field of knowledge, from the measureless universe of space down to the simple fancy of a child, is sketched in its practical and essential outlines.
Never has there been greater demand for books of knowledge of the present type. The busy reader or consulter soon tires of the diffuse book or set of books of interminable words. He wants conciseness, directness, reasonable compass, reliability, with up-to-date treatment of topics of permanent usefulness. Above all he wants something that appeals to the eye, and, through the interest of its form and subject matter, stimulates thought and the imagination. While simplicity and clearness are undoubted virtues, great care has been exercised to prevent them from degenerating into those childish forms, all too frequent in certain books, that rob real knowledge of almost its entire value.
The best sources in the world of books have been laid under tribute in the preparation of this work, wisely supplemented by the wide experience of many eminent, practical, and progressive men and women--masters in their respective fields. It is earnestly hoped that this joint product will create for it a large sphere of usefulness and numerous satisfied readers.
EDITOR’S ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Editor desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to the following distinguished educators, scientists, writers and publicists for helpful suggestions, counsel, contributions, or revisions connected with the various departments of THE CIRCLE OF KNOWLEDGE.
EDWIN A. ALDERMAN, LL.D., D.C.L.
President University of Virginia; Editor-in-Chief _Library of Southern Literature_; author of _Obligations and Opportunities of Citizenship_, etc.
E. BENJAMIN ANDREWS, D.D., LL.D.
Educator and Historian; author of _Institutes of General History_, _History of the United States_, etc.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL.D.
Late President University of Michigan; author of _The Higher Education_, _Progress in International Law_, etc.
LIBERTY H. BAILEY, D.SC., LL.D.
Cornell University; author of _Plant Breeding_, _Manual of Gardening_, _Cyclopedia of American Horticulture_, etc.
GEORGE F. BARKER, SC.D., LL.D.
University of Pennsylvania; author of _Text-book of Chemistry_, _Text-book of Physics_, etc.
JOHN HENRY BARROWS, LL.D.
Late President Oberlin College; author of _Christian Evidences_, _Lectures_, etc.
CHARLES E. BESSEY, PH.D., LL.D.
University of Nebraska; author of _Essentials of Botany_, _Botany for High Schools and Colleges_, _Elementary Botany_, etc.
FRANK W. BLACKMAR, PH.D.
University of Kansas; author of _The Story of Human Progress_, _Outlines of Sociology_, etc.
DAVID J. BREWER, LL.D.
Jurist, Publicist; Associate Justice U. S. Supreme Court; author of _American Citizenship_, _The Twentieth Century_, etc.
ELMER ELLSWORTH BROWN, PH.D., LL.D.
President N. Y. University; former U. S. Commissioner of Education; author of _The Making of our Middle Schools_, _Origin of American State Universities_, etc.
JAMES M. BUCKLEY, LL.D.
Late editor New York _Christian Advocate_; author of _Travels in Three Continents_, _The Land of the Czar_, etc.
JOHN W. BURGESS, PH.D., LL.D.
Columbia University; author of _The Civil War and the Constitution_, _Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law_, etc.
G. MONTAGUE BUTLER, M.E.
Colorado School of Mines; Geologist for Colorado Geological Survey; author of _A Pocket Handbook of Minerals_, etc.
JAMES McKEAN CATTELL, PH.D.
Editor _Popular Science Monthly_; author of _School and Society_, _American Men of Science_, etc.
JOHN W. CAVANAUGH, C.S.C., LL.D.
President Notre Dame University; author of _Priests of Holy Cross_, etc.
EDWARD CHANNING, PH.D., LL.D.
Harvard University; author of _History of United States_, _English History for American Readers_, etc.
SUSAN FRANCES CHASE, M.A., PH.D.
Department of Psychology and Literature, Buffalo State Normal School; author of _Talks to Teachers_, _Outlines of Literature_, etc.
FOSTER D. COBURN, LL.D.
Former Secretary Kansas Department of Agriculture; author of _Swine Husbandry_, _Alfalfa_, _The Farmer’s Encyclopedia_, etc.
MAURICE F. EGAN, LITT.D., LL.D.
U. S. Minister to Denmark; author of _Lectures on English Literature_, _Modern Novelists_, etc.
CHARLES W. ELIOT, LL.D.
President Emeritus Harvard University; author of _Educational Reform_, _The Durable Satisfactions of Life_, etc.
EPHRAIM EMERTON, PH.D.
Harvard University; author of _Synopsis of the History of Continental Europe_, _Mediæval Europe_, etc.
WILLIAM H. EMMONS, PH.D.
University of Minnesota; Geologist of Minnesota; author of numerous Reports and Technical Papers on Geology.
ALCEE FORTIER, LITT.D., LL.D.
Tulane University; author of _History of French Literature_, _Louisiana Folk Tales_, _History of France_, etc.
ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, PH.D.
Author of _History of Sculpture_, _Mediaeval Art Inventions of the Vatican_, etc.; co-author Sturgis, _History of Architecture_, etc.
HORACE HOWARD FURNESS, LITT.D., LL.D.
Shakespearean Scholar, Critic; author of _The Variorum Shakespeare_, etc.
MERRILL E. GATES, LL.D., L.H.D.
Ex-President Amherst College; author of _Land and Law as Agents in Educating the Indian_, _International Arbitration_, etc.
JOHN F. GENUNG, D.D., PH.D., LITT.D.
Amherst College; author of _Practical Elements of Rhetoric_, _Working Principles of Rhetoric_, _The Idylls of the Ages_, etc.
NICHOLAS PAINE GILMAN, L.H.D.
Meadville Theological School; author of _Profit Sharing_, _A Dividend to Labor_, _Methods of Industrial Peace_, etc.
WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, D.C.L., LL.D.
Harvard University; author of _Greek Grammar_, _Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb_, etc.
EDWARD HOWARD GRIGGS, L.H.D.
Lecturer, Educator; author of _Moral Education_, _Self-Culture through the Vocation_, etc.
FRANK W. GUNSAULUS, D.D., LL.D.
President Armour Institute; author of _Paths to Power_, _Higher Ministries of Recent English Poetry_, etc.
G. STANLEY HALL, PH.D., LL.D.
President Clark University; author of _Adolescence_, _Youth--Its Education_, _Regimen and Hygiene_, etc.; editor of the _American Journal of Psychology_, _The Pedagogical Seminary_, etc.
JOHN HAY, LL.D.
Diplomat, Historian; co-author of _Life of Abraham Lincoln_, _Castilian Days_, etc.
EMIL G. HIRSCH, L.H.D., LL.D., D.C.L.
University of Chicago; minister of Sinai Congregation, Chicago; associate editor _Jewish Encyclopedia_; author of many articles on religion, etc.
GEORGE HODGES, D.D., D.C.L.
Dean Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.; author of _The Episcopal Church_, _The Pursuit of Happiness_, etc.
ARTHUR HOEBER, A.N.A.
Art Critic _New York Globe_; Art Editor _New Encyclopedia Britannica_; author of _Painting in the Nineteenth Century_, etc.
GEORGE S. HOLMESTED, K.C., ESQ.
Registrar of the High Court of Justice of Ontario; editor of the _Ontario Mechanics Lien Act_, etc.
JAMES M. HOPPIN, D.D.
Yale University; author of _Great Epochs in Art History_, _Old England: Its Art, Scenery and People_, etc.
WILLIAM WIRT HOWE, LL.D.
Jurist, Lecturer; Justice Supreme Court of La.; author of _Studies in Civil Law_, etc.
GEORGE HOLMES HOWISON, LL.D.
University of California; author of _Limits of Evolution_, _Philosophy: Its Fundamental Concepts and Methods_, etc.
THOMAS WELBURN HUGHES, LL.D.
Dean Washburn College of Law; author of Hughes’ _Cases on Evidence_, _Outline of Criminal Law_, _Commercial Law_, etc.
JOHN F. HURST, D.D., LL.D.
Late Chancellor American University; author of _History of the Christian Church_, etc.
WILLIAM DEWITT HYDE, D.D., LL.D.
President Bowdoin College; author of _The Teacher’s Philosophy In and Out of School_, _The Quest of the Best_, etc.
MORRIS JASTROW, PH.D.
University of Pennsylvania; author of _Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria_, _The Study of Religion_, etc.
JEREMIAH W. JENKS, PH.D., LL.D.
New York University; author of _The Trust Problem_, _Citizenship and the Schools_, _Government Action for Social Welfare_, etc.
DAVID STARR JORDAN, PH.D., LL.D.
Leland Stanford Jr. University; author of _Science Sketches_, _Footnotes to Evolution_, _Animal Life_, _Food and Game Fishes of North America_, etc.
ARTHUR B. LAMB, PH.D.
Director Chemical Laboratory, Harvard University; translator of Haber’s _Thermodynamics of Technical Gas Reaction_; author of many papers on chemical subjects.
JOSEPHUS N. LARNED, LL.D.
Librarian and Historian; author of _History for Ready Reference_, _Literature of American History_, etc.
HENRY C. LEA, LL.D.
Historian; author of _Studies in Church History_, _Superstition and Force_, etc.
SIMON LITMAN, JUR.D., PH.D.
University of Illinois; author of _Trade and Commerce_, and of many articles on commerce and industry.
THOMAS H. MACBRIDE, PH.D., LL.D.
Ex-President Iowa State University; author of _Textbook of Botany_, etc.
OTIS T. MASON, PH.D., LL.D.
Ethnologist, Scientist; author of _Origin of Inventions_, _Woman’s Share in Primitive Culture_, etc.
HUGO MÜNSTERBERG, M.D., PH.D., LL.D.,
Harvard University; author of _Psychology and the Teacher_, _The Eternal Values_, _American Problems_, etc.
CHARLES W. NEEDHAM, LL.D.
Educator, Lawyer; Ex-President George Washington University; associate counsel Interstate Commerce Commission; etc.
THOMAS NELSON PAGE, LITT.D., LL.D.
Lawyer, Diplomat, Novelist; U. S. Ambassador to Italy; author of _Social Life in Old Virginia_, _Robert E. Lee: Man and Soldier_, etc.
JOHN K. PAINE, MUS.D.
Harvard University; Musician, Composer; author of _Realm of Fancy_, _Song of Promise_, etc.
GEORGE H. PALMER, LITT.D., LL.D.
Harvard University; author of _Self-Cultivation in English_, _The Teacher_, _Trades and Professions_, etc.
HORATIO W. PARKER, MUS.D.
Yale University; Composer; author of the operas _Mona_, _Fairyland_, and much other music.
HARRY THURSTON PECK, PH.D., L.H.D.
Co-editor _New International Encyclopedia_, editor of _Harper’s Classical Dictionary_, etc.
JOHN W. POWELL, PH.D., LL.D.
Late Chief of Bureau of American Ethnology; author of _Studies in Sociology_, _The Cañons of the Colorado_, etc.
IRA REMSEN, PH.D., LL.D.
Ex-President Johns Hopkins University; author of _The Elements of Chemistry_, _Classical Experiments_, etc.
HENRY A. ROWLAND, PH.D., LL.D.
Late Professor Johns Hopkins University; author of _Mechanical Equivalents of Heat_, _The Solar Spectrum_, etc.
BOHUMIL SHIMEK, C.E., M.SC.
Iowa State University; Botanist; author of numerous scientific papers.
AINSWORTH R. SPOFFORD, LL.D.
Late Librarian of Congress, Critic; editor of _Library of Choice Literature_, _Book for All Readers_, etc.
ROBERT H. THURSTON, LL.D., D.ENG.
Late Professor Cornell University; author of _History of the Steam Engine_, _Materials of Construction_, etc.
CRAWFORD H. TOY, M.A., LL.D.
Harvard University; author of _The Religion of Israel_, _Judaism and Christianity_, _Quotations in the New Testament_, etc.
JOHN C. VAN DYKE, L.H.D.
Rutgers College; author of _New Guides to Old Masters_, _Studies in Pictures_, etc.
LESTER F. WARD, PH.D., LL.D.
Brown University; Scientist; author of _Sociology and Economics_, _Pure Sociology_, etc.
ROBERT M. WENLEY, PH.D., LITT.D., D.SC., LL.D.
University of Michigan; co-editor of _The Dictionary of Philosophy_, _Dictionary of Theology_, _Religion and Ethics_; author of _Introduction to Kant_, _Contemporary Theology and Theism_, etc.
BENJAMIN I. WHEELER, PH.D., LL.D.
President University of California; author of _Introduction to the History of Language_, _Life of Alexander the Great_, etc.
JOHN SHARP WILLIAMS, LL.D.
Publicist, U. S. Senator; author of _Permanent Influence of Thomas Jefferson on American Institutions_, etc.
OWEN WISTER, LITT.D., LL.D.
Lawyer, Novelist, Critic; author of _The Virginians_, _Biography of U. S. Grant_, etc.
ROBERT S. WOODWARD, D.SC., LL.D.
Director Carnegie Institute; Scientist; author of _Higher Mathematics_, etc.
CARROLL D. WRIGHT, PH.D., LL.D.
Educator, Economist, Statistician; author of _The Industrial Evolution of the United States_, etc.
G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, D.D., LL.D.
Oberlin College; author of _Man and the Glacial Period_, _Science and Religion_, etc.
GENERAL OUTLINE OF CONTENTS
FIRST DIVISION: THE KINGDOMS OF NATURE
BOOK OF THE HEAVENS
THE UNIVERSE -- THE SOLAR SYSTEM -- SUN -- PLANETS -- MOON -- CONSTELLATIONS -- STARS -- COMETS -- METEORS -- NEBULÆ -- NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS -- ECLIPSES -- MYTHOLOGY OF THE CONSTELLATIONS -- DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED IN ASTRONOMY -- STAR CHARTS AND MAPS.
=⁂Books of Reference about the Heavens.=--Campbell: _Handbook of Practical Astronomy_. Young: _Elementary Astronomy_, _Manual of Astronomy_, and _General Astronomy_. Ball: _Story of the Heavens_. Turner: _Modern Astronomy_. Newcomb: _Popular Astronomy_. Todd: _A New Astronomy_. Gregory: _Vault of Heaven_.
BOOK OF THE EARTH
OUR EARTH: ITS STRUCTURE AND SURFACE -- GEOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE GROWTH OF THE EARTH -- LAND FORMS OF THE WORLD -- DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AND WATER -- THE CONTINENTS -- ISLANDS -- MOUNTAINS -- WATERS OF THE EARTH -- FORMS OF WATER -- RIVERS -- WATERFALLS AND RAPIDS -- LAKES -- OCEANS -- VOLCANOES -- GEYSERS -- ATMOSPHERE, CLIMATE, AND WEATHER -- WINDS -- CLOUDS -- ATMOSPHERIC VAPOR, (DEW, MIST, FOG, RAIN, HAIL, SNOW) -- GLACIERS -- ICEBERGS -- DESERTS -- NATURAL FORCES -- MINERAL PRODUCTS -- PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS -- MAPS AND CHARTS.
=⁂Books of Reference about the Earth.=--Dawson: _Story of the Earth_. Lyell: _Principles of Geology_. Geikie: _Primer of Geology_. Shaler: _Sea and Land_. Scott: _Geology_. Geikie: _Text-Book of Geology_. Chamberlin and Salisbury: _Geology_. Le Conte: _Elements of Geology_. Dana: _Manual of Geology_. Miers: _Mineralogy_. Dana: _Text-Book of Mineralogy_ and _System of Mineralogy_ (most comprehensive work in English). Brush and Penfield: _Determinative Mineralogy_. Rosenbusch-Iddings: _Rock-Making Minerals_. Hatch: _Petrology_. Butler: _Pocket Handbook of Minerals_. Mill: _Realm of Nature_. W. M. Davis: _Physical Geography_. Tarr: _Physical Geography_.
BOOK OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM
REALMS OF LIFE UPON THE EARTH -- CHIEF DIVISIONS OF THE PLANT KINGDOM: (1) CEREALS, GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS; (2) KITCHEN VEGETABLES; (3) THE FRUIT TREES; (4) FRUIT-BEARING SHRUBS AND PLANTS; (5) FLOWERS AND OTHER ORNAMENTAL PLANTS; (6) WILD FLOWERS AND FLOWERLESS PLANTS; (7) TREES OF THE FOREST; (8) FIBER AND COMMERCIAL PLANTS; (9) POISONOUS PLANTS; (10) SOME WONDERS OF PLANT LIFE -- BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -- SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED IN BOTANY, CLASSIFIED AND ILLUSTRATED -- MAP OF THE PLANT KINGDOM.
=⁂Books of Reference about the Vegetable Kingdom.=--Gray: _New Manual of Botany_. Bessey: _Synopsis of Plant Phyla_. Small: _Flora of the Southeastern United States_. Coulter and Nelson: _New Manual of the Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains_. Gray: _Synoptical Flora of North America_. Britton: _Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada_. Strasburger, Noll, Schenck and Karsten: _Textbook of Botany_. Pfeffer: _Physiology of Plants_. Ward: _Disease in Plants_. Schimper: _Plant Geography_. Campbell: _Evolution of Plants_. Green: _Landmarks of Botanical History_. Sach: _History of Botany, 1530-1860_. Green: _History of Botany, 1860-1900_. Baker: _Elementary Lessons in Botanical Geography_.
BOOK OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS -- TABULAR VIEW OF REPRESENTATIVE ANIMAL TYPES -- ANIMALS IN CLASSIFIED GROUPS:
I. Wild Animals:
(1) THE MAMMALS: (_a_) THE MONKEY TRIBE; (_b_) ANIMALS OF PREY; (_c_) GNAWING ANIMALS; (_d_) HOOFED ANIMALS; (_e_) TOOTHLESS ANIMALS; (_f_) THICK-SKINNED ANIMALS; (_g_) POUCHED ANIMALS; (_h_) FLYING ANIMALS; (_i_) THE SEALS; (_j_) THE WHALES.
(2) THE BIRDS: (_a_) BIRDS OF PREY; (_b_) CLIMBING BIRDS; (_c_) SINGING BIRDS; (_d_) WADING BIRDS; (_e_) SWIMMING BIRDS; (_f_) RUNNING BIRDS; (_g_) GAME BIRDS.
(3) THE REPTILES: LIZARDS -- CHAMELEONS -- SNAKES -- CROCODILES -- TORTOISES -- TURTLES.
(4) AMPHIBIANS: FROGS -- TOADS -- SALAMANDERS.
(5) THE FISHES: (_a_) BONY FISHES; (_b_) CARTILAGINOUS FISHES; (_c_) ARMORED FISHES; (_d_) LUNGFISHES.
(6) THE MOLLUSCS: SNAILS -- CUTTLEFISH -- SQUIDS -- OCTOPUS -- TUSK SHELLS -- BIVALVES -- OYSTERS.
(7) JOINTED-LIMBED ANIMALS: CRABS -- LOBSTERS -- SCORPIONS -- SPIDERS -- INSECTS -- GRASSHOPPERS.
(8) BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS: STRAIGHT-WINGED INSECTS -- ANTS AND BEES -- FLIES.
(9) STARFISHES AND SEA-URCHINS.
(10) SIMPLEST FORMS OF LIFE.
II. Domesticated Animals:
(1) DOMESTICATED MAMMALS: ALPACA -- ASS -- CAMEL -- CAT -- CATTLE -- DOG -- ELEPHANT -- GAYAL -- GOAT -- GUINEA PIG -- HORSE -- LLAMA -- RABBIT -- REINDEER -- SHEEP -- SWINE -- YAK -- ZEBU.
(2) DOMESTICATED BIRDS: CANARY -- CHICKENS OR FOWLS -- GUINEA -- GOOSE -- OSTRICH -- PARROT -- PEACOCK -- PIGEON -- SWAN -- TURKEY.
(3) DOMESTICATED INSECTS: BEE -- COCHINEAL -- SILKWORM MOTH.
III. Pronouncing Dictionary of Scientific Terms concerning Animals.
=⁂Books of Reference about Animals.=--Rolleston: _Forms of Animal Life_. Huxley: _Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals_ and _Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals_. Lankester: _Treatise on Zoölogy_. Parker and Haswell: _Text-Book of Zoölogy_. Kingsley: _The Standard Natural History_ and _Elements of Comparative Zoölogy_. Newton: _A Dictionary of Birds_. Headley: _The Structure and Life of Birds_. Wilson: _American Ornithology_. Audubon: _Ornithological Biography_. Coues: _Key to North American Birds_. Chapman: _Handbook of Birds of East North America_. Bendire: _Life Histories of North American Birds_. Comstock: _Insect Life_. Packard: _Text-Book of Entomology_ and _Guide to Study of Insects_. Howard: _The Insect Book_. Beddard: _Text-Book of Zoögeography_. A. Heilprin: _The Geographical and Geological Distribution of Animals_.
SECOND DIVISION: THE KINGDOMS OF MAN
BOOK OF RACES AND PEOPLES
I. MAN AND THE HUMAN FAMILY -- HOW MAN DIFFERS FROM OTHER ANIMALS -- QUESTIONS OF MAN’S ORIGIN -- HIS PRIMEVAL HOME -- OLDEST EXTANT REMAINS OF THE HUMAN RACE -- MAN’S ADVANCEMENT IN THE PRE-HISTORIC AGES -- CHART SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF THE RACE THROUGH THE AGES: (1) DAWN; STONE AGE; (2) OLD STONE AGE; (3) NEW STONE AGE; (4) BRONZE AGE; (5) EARLY IRON AGE; (6) LATE IRON AGE; (7) AGE OF LETTERS.
II. HOW THE RACES ARE CLASSIFIED -- CHART OF PHYSICAL AND MENTAL RACE CHARACTERISTICS -- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES OF MANKIND -- DICTIONARY OF THE HISTORICAL RACE GROUPS -- COMPARATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF RACES AND PEOPLES.
=⁂Books of Reference about Man.=--Prichard: _Researches into the Physical History of Mankind_. Latham: _Natural History of the Varieties of Man_. Waitz: _Anthropology_. Darwin: _The Descent of Man_. Huxley: _Essays_ and _Man’s Place in Nature_. Quatrefages: _Classification des Races Humaines_. Peschel: _The Races of Man_. Tylor: _Anthropology_. Lubbock: _Prehistoric Times_. Ratzel: _History of Mankind_. Keane: _Ethnology and Man. Past and Present_. Deniker: _The Races of Man_. Hutchinson: _The Living Races of Mankind_.
BOOK OF NATIONS: Geographical, Historical, Descriptive
I. Extinct Nations of the Past.