PART III. MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY. Illustrations. 12mo, Cloth, 90 cents.

Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, Franklin Square, N. Y.

☞ _Either of the above volumes will be sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the United States or Canada, on receipt of the price._

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, by HARPER & BROTHERS, in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the Southern District Court of New York.

PREFACE.

There is no obvious connection between the subjects now to be considered and those which were presented in Parts First and Second. But, after looking at what is of interest in the plants and animals that live in air and water, it seems appropriate to pass to the examination of the phenomena that air and water themselves furnish to us. And then with these subjects are naturally associated the other subjects contained in this Part--light, heat, electricity, etc.

Let me not be understood to say that the subjects treated in this Part are entirely disconnected from those in the other two Parts. There are many points of connection, resulting from the dependence of life upon air, water, heat, etc., and also from the mechanical principles that are brought into operation in the living machinery of both plants and animals. Still, the connection is not of that obvious and intimate character which we see between the subjects of Parts First and Second.

I have placed these subjects last in the Child’s Book of Nature because they are not, for the most part, so easily understood as the subjects contained in the other Parts. The mind of the learner needs the training in observation and reasoning which it has in studying the phenomena of plants and animals to enable it to grasp all of the points which are here presented; and as in matter, so in style, I have supposed an advance of mental power in the learner. I have relaxed a little my strictness in simplicity. Indeed, I did so in a small degree in the Second Part. I have been careful, however, not to allow myself too much latitude in this respect, but have endeavored throughout to make the advance both in style and matter to correspond with the advance of mental capacity in the learner, and not go beyond it.

The subjects of this Part are those which are commonly ranged under the general term Natural Philosophy. They are not presented either formally or fully, but those points are selected which will interest a young beginner and be intelligible to him. I have made it an object to exclude all that are of a different character, for it is very important that the young learner should not be discouraged with difficulties and burdened with uninteresting matters at the outset.

It will be seen, however, that in making the selection alluded to, I have, after all, given quite a full view of the fundamental parts of the different subjects. The simple principles which form the basis of Natural Philosophy are most of them very fully illustrated. And I can not forbear remarking that many older scholars, who have pursued the study in the more formal manner common in our schools, might find their ideas rendered more clear and definite by looking at the simple views here presented.

I would call the attention of the teacher to one feature in my mode of developing scientific subjects to the young, which I deem to be of great importance. I observe a natural gradation in their development, beginning with the simplest views, and leading the learner gradually to those that are more complex and less easily understood. Not only is one thing given at a time, but each thing is put in its right place. I will cite a single example. Take what is said about air. First, the simple and single fact that it is a material thing is illustrated. This is followed by noticing what it does when in motion. Then I show how, by its resistance, birds and insects rise on the wing. Next I pass to the pressure of the air, first illustrating, in a simple way, the fact of its pressure in all directions, and then passing to show how its pressure operates in the pump and in the barometer. Then come illustrations of its pressure as exhibited in experiments with the air-pump, the immense pressure which the body sustains from it, and the manner in which it does this being especially noticed and explained. Next follows the elasticity of the air when compressed, illustrated by the operation of pop-guns, air-guns, etc. Then is illustrated the pressure of the air in making balloons, bubbles, and other light things rise in it. This leads naturally to the consideration of the rising of smoke and the operation of chimneys. And then, lastly, in the latter part of the book, the action of the attraction of gravitation upon the air is noticed, thus ultimately arriving at the real cause of most of the phenomena of the air’s pressure.

Another feature, to which I will barely allude, is a frequent reference to analogies. Thus, for example, in giving the facts about air, I point out the resemblance between flying and swimming, between the action of compressed air and that of compressed steam, and of the gases produced by burning powder, etc. This feature not only adds interest to the various subjects, but makes the points in hand more clear, and gives a wider range to the views of the learner.

It is the author’s intention to follow this with other books calculated to carry forward the scholar in his observation of nature. Indeed, I have already published two books, “First Book in Physiology” and “Human Physiology,” by which the scholar can proceed with the study of the subjects treated of in Part Second of this book; and as soon as I can do so, I shall write some books for the purpose of enabling him to go on with the study of the subjects treated of in the other Parts. The whole together will constitute to some extent a series of books on the sciences, adapted to the different degrees of advancement in the pupils.

It will be observed that in this Part there are many experiments spoken of. These the teacher should try before the pupils so far as is practicable. I have also made extensive use of common phenomena as illustrations of the points presented. This will tend to form in the scholar the habit of observing what is just around him--the common things, so much overlooked in education--a habit which is a never-failing source of information and enjoyment. And both teacher and scholar, if they catch the spirit which I have endeavored to infuse into the book, will from their own observation add to the illustrations that I have given, and thus materially increase the interest of the daily recitations.

WORTHINGTON HOOKER.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER PAGE

I. AIR 9

II. AIR IN MOTION 13

III. FLYING AND SWIMMING 18

IV. THE PRESSURE OF THE AIR 25

V. PUMPS 30

VI. THE BAROMETER 36

VII. THE AIR-PUMP 39

VIII. GASES 44

IX. POWDER 48

X. POP-GUNS 53

XI. BALLOONS AND BUBBLES 57

XII. MORE ABOUT BALLOONS 63

XIII. HEATED AIR 68

XIV. CHIMNEYS 72

XV. USES OF WATER 77

XVI. WATER ALWAYS TRYING TO BE LEVEL 81

XVII. THE PRESSURE OF WATER 87

XVIII. ATTRACTION IN SOLIDS AND FLUIDS 92

XIX. WATER IN THE AIR 97

XX. CLOUDS 101

XXI. SNOW, FROST, AND ICE 105

XXII. HEAT AND COLD 110

XXIII. THE DIFFUSION OF HEAT 114

XXIV. WHAT HEAT DOES 120

XXV. STEAM 125

XXVI. LIGHT 130

XXVII. COLOR 135

XXVIII. MORE ABOUT COLOR 130

XXIX. ELECTRICITY 144

XXX. MORE ABOUT ELECTRICITY 150

XXXI. MAGNETISM 155

XXXII. GRAVITATION 159

XXXIII. THE MOTION OF THE EARTH 165

XXXIV. FRICTION 172

XXXV. CONCLUSION 176

THE

CHILD’S BOOK OF NATURE.