Part 18

_Bithynia_, different position of its cities under Trajan, 233-238.

_Britain_, Roman influence in, 94; Continental, its origin, 89; Celtic elements preserved in, 93.

_Buonaparte_, Napoleon, his position and objects, 149-151.

_Burgundians_, their settlement in Gaul, 89; 123.

_Burgundy_, position of cities in, 191, 192; its separation from Aquitaine, 196; represented by Switzerland, 197, 198.

_Byzantine_, use of the name, 129.

C.

_Cæsar_, his work in Gaul, 61, 65.

_Capitular elections_, their analogy with Greek cities, 228.

_Carthage_, her beginnings, 24; the rival of Greece, 29; her wars in Sicily, 30; her rivalry and first war with Rome, 46, 47; strife of with Rome for Spain, 48, 49; her fall and new birth, 54.

_Catalaunian Fields_, battle of, 44.

_Catalogue_, the Homeric, its historic value, 18-20.

_Charles Martel_, his defeat of the Saracens, 134.

_Charles the Great_, effect of his coronation, 104; nature of his Empire, 106, 107; successor of Constantine the Sixth, 106; his position towards the East, 107, 108; his successors, 130.

_Charles the Fourth_, Emperor, his coronations, 147.

_Charles the Fifth_, last _Imperator_, 138; his coronation at Bologna, ib.; real source of his power, 139.

_Charles the Sixth_, Emperor, 152.

_Cherson_, its beginnings, 24; its relations to Rome, 84; Roman annexation of, 221-222.

_Chlodowig_, unites the Frankish kingdoms, 189.

_Christianity_, its relation to the Roman power, 67-69; its special rivalry with Mahometanism, 133.

_Cities_, answer to nations, 177, 178; 183; contrasted with nations, 186-188; their chief developement among Southern nations, 186; difficulty of uniting, 187; their position in Northern and Southern Gaul, 191, 192; their history and position in modern Europe, 199-205; their history in Germany, 200-205; suppression of, 201-202.

_Civilis_, compared with Buonaparte, 151.

_Clermont_, Council of, 162.

_Colonies_, Greek, 14; their relation to Macedonian conquests, 16; their beginnings, 19; their time of greatness, 23-26; their extent, 24-26.

Condominium, survival of, 211.

_Conquest_, Roman and Teutonic compared, 85.

_Constance_, Peace of, compared with that of Westfalia, 139.

_Constantine the Great_, his changes at Rome, 74; his foundation of Constantinople, ib.

_Constantine Palaiologos_, his death, 170; compared with Leopold the First, 171.

_Constantinople_, its various names, 74; Christian from the beginning, ib.; its position compared with that of old Rome, 100-103; never without a resident Emperor, 101; its loss in 1204, 139; its recovery, 142; Latin Empire at, 145; its position, 160; taking of, May 29, 1453, 168-170; Latin rites in Saint Sophia, 170.

_Convocation_, English, its analogy with Greek cities, 227, 228.

_Crete_, mention of in Homer, 19.

_Crusade_, _First_, 161, 162.

_Crusade_, _Fourth_, 164, 165.

_Cyprus_, rivalry of Greek and Phœnician in, 24; Empire of, 143; conquered by Richard, ib.

D.

_Dacia_, its conquest and cession, 77.

_Dante_, his doctrine of the Empire, 68; his theory carried out in the East, 159.

_Departments_, French, their position, 210.

_Diocletian_, his changes, 73, 74; 86.

_Diôn Chrysostom_, his account of contemporary Greek commonwealths, 225-234; value of his Orations, 231; his speech to the Rhodians, 232; his speech at Prusa, 233; at Nikomêdeia, 234.

_Dionysios_, two sides of, 33.

_Diplomacy_, in the third century B.C., 37.

E.

_East_, growth of native powers in, in the first and second centuries B.C., 65.

_Eastern Emperors_, their religious character, 159.

_Eastern Empire_, in what sense Greek, 112-120; in what sense Roman, 117-119; its power of revival, 128; use of the name, 129; its calling, 130; its wars with the Saracens, 135; with the Turks, ib.; practically ends in 1204, 136; 139-144; its survival and fragments, 145; its greatest days, 160; its crusades, ib., 161.

_Eastern Question_, eternal, 5.

_Egypt_, early Greek knowledge of, 20; its relations to Greece, 26; Saracen conquest of, 133.

_Eleventh Century A.D._, its history, 135.

Ἕλλην, use of the name, 112; 140.

Empereur d’Allemagne et d’Autriche, title of, 149.

Empereur des Français, title of, 149.

_Emperor_, various uses of the name, 144.

_Emperor of the East_, title of, 143, 144.

_Emperors_, joint reign of several, 75; pre-eminence of those in the East, ib.; rival claims of in East and West, 107, 108; contrast of in East and West, 120, 121; origin of their power, 212-214.

_Empire_, vague uses of the word, 155.

_Empire_, Eastern, _see_ Eastern Empire.

_Empire_, Roman, _see_ Roman Empire.

_Empire_, Western, _see_ Western Empire.

_Empires_, various Greek, in the fourteenth century, 143, 144.

_England_, its steps towards union, 188.

_Epeiros_, its relations to Greece, 13, 14; 25; plans of her kings in the West, 34; suggested by the Macedonian conquests, ib.; Empire of, 143.

Erbkaiser von Oesterreich, title of, 151.

_Euboia_, account of by Diôn Chrysostom, 231.

_Europe_, three marked periods in its history, 4; its geographical character, 6; its analogies in the earliest and latest times, 176.

F.

_Federal States_, examples of in the third century B.C., 36.

_Federations_, their long survivals in Greece, 225.

_Fifth Century A.D._, its character and relation to earlier times, 79; compared with the third century B.C., 81; sketch of its history, 122-124.

_Fifth Century B.C._, a time of Greek decline, 21; its effect on the Teutonic nations, 85-95.

_Finlay_, George, his view of the fifth century B.C., 21.

_France_, formation of, 91, 92; its growth, 190-192; position of cities in, 191.

_France_, Duchy of, its dismemberment, 190.

Francia, name of, 89; divisions of, 91.

_Frankfurt_, its commonwealth suppressed, 202.

_Franks_, their appearance in Gaul, 78; translation of the Empire to, 112; their advance in Gaul, 123; union of their kingdoms, 189; fourfold division of, 196.

_Frederick the Second_, Emperor, his crusade, 163; effects of his treatment by the Popes, ib.

_Frederick the Third_, Emperor, 138; 147.

_Free Cities_, hindrances to national growth, 193.

_French Empire_, 149-151.

_French language_, its formation, 190.

_French nation_, its origin, 91, 92; its formation, 190-192.

G.

_Gascons_, _see_ Basques.

_Gaul_, Cisalpine, Roman conquest of, 49; its Roman life, 61, 62; Teutonic settlements in, 87; how affected by the Teutonic invasions, 90, 91; Southern, Romance growth in, 91; its disunion, 189; national elements in, 195-197.

_Gauls_, their relation to Rome, 86; their adoption of the Roman name, 87.

_Gela_, its time of greatness, 25.

_George Maniakês_, his recovery of Syracuse, 135.

_German_, use of the name, 113.

_German Empire_, 153.

_Germans_, their invasions, 77; their relation to the Empire, ib.

_Germany_, its connexion with the Western Empire, 147; its disunion, 189; less divided than Italy, 193; position of cities in, 200-205.

_Ghibelline theory_, carried out in the East, 159.

_Gibbon_, Edward, extent of his history, 75.

Gothia, name of, 88.

_Goths_, their dealings with the Empire, 77-79; their settlement in Gaul, 89; their taking of Rome, 95; their position in East and West, 99; their settlement in Gaul and Spain, 123.

Græci, use of the name, 112.

_Gratian_, refuses the Pagan pontificate, 155.

_Greece_, its geographical character, 6; its historic calling, 7; its connexion with other Aryan lands, 7, 8; its influence compared with that of Rome, 8-10; its position towards the East, 11, 12; its relations to Rome, 15; various forms of its influence, 16; its geographical boundary, 17; two main periods of its influence, 21, 22; its decline in the fourth century B.C., 32; its influence in East and West, 34; relations of Rome to, after the first Macedonian war, 54, 55; its influence extended by Rome, 92, 93; international law in its oldest times, 178; in Macedonian times, 179; highest developement of cities in, 186; survival of Federal systems in, 225; its position under Trajan, 229.

_Greece_, Greater, 14; falls away from Greek life, 17; its most brilliant time, 25.

_Greek_, use of the name, 113; in the sixth century, 126, 127; in the thirteenth, 140, 141.

_Greek cities_, their position under the Roman Empire, 239; gradual extinction of their freedom, 239, 240.

_Greek language_, its history in the Eastern Empire, 115-117.

_Greek nation_, modern, its origin, 16.

_Greek studies_, their value, 9, 10.

_Greeks_, their relations to other nations, 13; their geographical position, 17, 18; their relation to Rome, 86; their adoption of the Roman name, ib.

_Gregory the Great_, his letter to Phocas, 125; 158.

_Gregory the Seventh_, his career and death, 156, 157.

H.

_Hadriatic Sea_, Western boundary of permanent Greek life, 17.

_Hamilkar_, his exploits and those of his House, 48.

_Hannibal_, his character and historic position, 50-53.

_Hannibalian war_, its character, 50-52.

_Hansa_, its growth, 201; its decline, 202; its modern survival, 202-204.

_Henry the Fourth_, Emperor, his position at the time of the First Crusade, 162.

_Henry the Seventh_, Emperor, 132; 147.

_Heraclius_, his exploits, 129; 133.

_Herodotus_, his clear view of history, 18; 21.

_Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation_, 95; 111; 112.

_Homer_, his historic witness, 18-20.

I.

Imperator _and_ Imperator electus, 111.

_Imperial power_, its original nature, 69; its slow growth, 73, 74.

_Innocent the Third_, his relation to the Fourth Crusade, 165.

_International law_, times of its importance, 177-180; its difficulty, 177; ceases under the Roman power, 180.

_Italy_, relations of its nations to the Greek cities, 31; help for its cities sought in Greece, 32-34; how affected by the Teutonic invasions, 90, 91; its position under Theodoric, 97, 98; reconquered by the Empire, 98; divided between the Empire and the Lombards, ib.; southern part remains Greek, ib.; developement of cities in, 186; its disunion, 189; 193; position of cities in, 191; its reunion, 193-195; its drawbacks, 194.

J.

_Janissaries_, 167.

_Jerusalem_, recovered by Frederick the Second, 163.

_Jews_, revival of their power under the Maccabees, 66; their mission in the world, ib.

_John Sobieski_, Vienna delivered by, 171.

_Joseph the Second_, Emperor, 152.

_Justinian_, closes the University of Athens, 85; his historic position, 126-128.

K.

_Kingship_, various forms of in the Polybian age, 36.

_Korkyra_, its position in Homeric times, 20; becomes Greek, 24.

_Kyrênê_, colonization of, 24.

L.

_Latin language_, its history in the Eastern Empire, 114-117.

Λατῖνοι, opposed to Ῥωμαῖοι, 141.

_Lectures_, scheme of, 204-206; given in America, 205.

_Leo the Isaurian_, beats back the Saracens, 134.

_Leopold the First_, Emperor, compared with Constantine Palaiologos, 171.

_Lesbos_, mention of in Homer, 19.

_Lewis the Second_, Emperor, his controversy with Basil the Macedonian, 108; his position in Italy, 130, 131.

_Lignitz_, defeat of the Mongols at, 161.

_Lübeck_, its coinage, 202.

_Lykia_, League of, 37; its history and constitution, 222, 223.

M.

_Macedonia_, its relations to Greece, 14.

_Macedonian Conquests_, effects of, 14, 15.

_Macedonian Emperors_, their work, 132, 133.

_Macedonian Wars_, character of the First, 51, 52.

_Magyars_, effects of their settlement and conversion, 94.

_Mahomet the Second_, his European position, 167.

_Mahometan history_, its date, 11.

_Mahometanism_, its special rivalry with Christianity, 133.

_Marcus_, his reign, 76.

_Maria Theresa_, 152.

_Marius_, Gaius, his work, 60.

_Massalia_, its time of greatness, 25; its two republican periods, 192.

_Maximilian_, Imperator electus, 138; his tomb, 147.

_Merwings_, end of, 158.

_Milêtos_, mention of in Homer, 19.

_Mogul Empire_, 150.

_Mykênê_, Empire of, 18.

N.

_Nations_, answer to cities, 177, 178; 183; definition of, 192, 193.

_Nikaia_, Sultans of, 135, 144, 145; Emperors of, 140; their recovery of Constantinople, 142; its position under Trajan, 234, 235.

_Nikêphoros_, Emperor, acknowledges the claim of Charles the Great, 108.

_Nikomêdeia_, its position under Trajan, 234, 235.

_Normandy_, settlement of, 190.

O.

_Odowakar_, his position and history, 96.

_Odysseus_, his relation to his overlord, 18.

_Olbia_, Diôn Chrysostom’s account of, 231.

_Olympiad_, First, a starting-point, 10, 11.

_Otto the Great_, Emperor, 131.

_Otto the Third_, Emperor, 131.

_Ottoman Turks_, their advance in Asia and Europe, 165-168.

P.

_Palaiologoi_, their Empire a survival of the old Empire, 142; their recovery of Peloponnêsos, ib.

_Panormos_, Phœnician colony, 24.

_Paris_, the centre of France, 191.

_Parthia_, Greek influence on, 15; its relations to Rome, 62.

_Patricians_, Teutonic, 105.

_Peloponnêsos_, recovered by the Palaiologoi, 142.

_Pergamon_, the model kingdom, 37; its relations to Rome, 56; dealings of Rome with, 218.

_Persia_, its historic position, 27-29; its alliance with Carthage, 30; its new birth and rivalry with Rome, 63.

_Persian Wars_, their nature, 21.

_Philip_, how looked on at Megalopolis, 32.

_Philip the Fifth_, his failure to help Hannibal, 51, 54.

_Phœnicia_, its history and relation to Greece, 12; 20; extent of its colonization, 24; 26; its older and newer cities, 29.

_Physical inventions_, their political effect, 183-185.

_Pippin_, Patrician, 105; recovers Septimania from the Saracens, 134; his unction, 158.

_Pliny_, his correspondence with Trajan, 225, 226; 233-239; his dealings with Apameia, 236; with Amisos, 237.

_Plutarch_, his account of contemporary Greek commonwealths, 225-230; his political precepts, 227-230.

_Poland_, Vienna delivered by, 171; share of the House of Austria in its partition, 172.

_Polybios_, preserves the non-Athenian tradition of Philip, 32; character of his age, 35; his experience compared with that of Thucydides, 35, 36.

_Pompeius Gnæus_, his work in the East, 61.

_Pontius Telesinus_, 61.

_Pontos_, Greek influence on, 15.

_Popes_, a survival of the Empire, 155; origin and growth of their power, 156-158; their encroachments in the East, 165; 170; chosen from Italians only, 182; their relations to the Austrian Emperors, 183.

_Pragmatic Sanction_, 152.

_Pressburg_, Treaty of, 149.

_Protected states_, their position, 224.

_Provence_, its commonwealth, 192.

_Provinces_, slow annexation of, 72, 73; position of different towns in, 215-216.

_Prusa_, speech of Diôn Chrysostom at, 232.

_Punic Wars_, an episode in European history, 49, 50.

_Pyrrhos_, his Hellenic position, 14; 17; his designs, 34; effects of his war with Rome, 45.

R.

_Ragusa_, its commonwealth suppressed, 203.

_Ravenna_, Emperors at, 157.

Respublica, use of the word, 125.

Rex Græciæ, Eastern Emperor so called, 108, 109.

_Rhodes_, mention of in Homer, 19; democracy of, 36; dealings of Rome with, 218; speech of Diôn Chrysostom at, 231, 232.

_Roger_, Count, his recovery of Sicily, 135.

_Roman_, use of the name, 43.

_Roman Church_, its boundaries, 181, 182.

_Roman Empire_, when did its decline begin? 75; its extension, 76; effect of the fifth century on, 79; its traditions kept on in the East, 79, 80; relations of its Eastern and Western divisions, 79-81; its enlargement under Charles, 105; 109, 110; its nature under Charles, 106, 107; its final division in 800, 108, 109; parted from the Roman nation, 110, 111; translation of, 112-114; its extent in the fifth century, 122; its reconquest in the sixth century, 124-126; advance of centralization in, 211; change from republic to empire, 212-214.

_Roman kingdom_, in Gaul, 123.

_Roman nation_, created by the Edict of Antoninus, 42; its growth, 70, 71; 73.

_Roman Senate_, acts as an international court, 57, 58.

_Romance languages_, their origin, 90.

_Romance nations_, their origin, 90-92; their relation to the Roman Church, 182.

Romani, use of the name, 73, 111.

_Romania_, Latin Empire of, 145; its style, 146.

_Rome_, her historic position, 3, 4; her epithet of “Eternal,” 4; her part in the Eastern Question, 5; her relation to Greece, 15; her early position, 26; her first dealings with Greeks, 31; her sudden entrance in the East, 35; 37; slowness of her second advance, 39-41; her first relations with Greece, 40, 41; importance of her geographical position, 41; her rule, the rule of a city, 42; her historic calling, 43; her relations to Gauls and Teutons, 43, 44; her growth in Italy, 44, 45; effects of her war with Pyrrhos, 45; her rivalry and first war with Carthage, 46, 47; strife of with Carthage for Spain, 48, 49; her establishment beyond the Hadriatic, 49, 50; how affected by the Hannibalian war, 50-53; her position in the East after the first Macedonian war, 54-55; her advance in the second century B.C., 55-59; her time of trial, 60, 61; her relations with Syria and Gaul, 61, 62; her calling in the East, 62, 63; her special rivalry with Persia, 63; her first dealings with Germany, 64; Christianity needful for its mission, 67; change from commonwealth to Empire, 69; its effect on the city and the province, 69, 70; lessening of her local importance, 73, 74; remains specially Pagan, 74; falls away from the Empire, 80; her relation to her allies, 82-85; their slow incorporation, 84, 85; extension of Greek influence by, 93; her influence extended by the Teutonic settlements, ib.; her influence beyond the Empire, 94; taken by the Goths, 95; never occupied by the Lombards, 98; her position compared with that of Constantinople, 100-102; absence of the Emperors from, 101; her relations to Mahometanism, 133; represented by the Popes, 164, 165; 181, 182; the world without Rome, 173-176; the world before and after Rome, 176; effect of her reunion with Italy, 194, 195; her position under the Popes, 194; gradual establishment of her power, 209; modern analogies to, ib.; nature of her power over her allies, 214-217; analogies with its internal constitution, 214; her treatment of her allies, 217, 218; comparison of her power in East and West, 239.

_Rome_, ROUM, Sultans of, 135; 144, 145.

_Rouman language_, its origin, 115.

_Roumans_, their relation to the Slavs, 103; growth of, 119.

_Rudolf of Habsburg_, King, not Emperor, 139.

_Russian Empire_, 153, 154.

Ῥωμαῖοι, use of the name, 73; 86; 117; 141; 146.

S.

_Samuel_, Bulgarian Tzar, 133.

_San Marino_, relations of, 217.

_Saxon Emperors_, their work, 130, 131; their wars with the Magyars, 161.

_Saxons_, first mentioned, 64.

_Scandinavia_, Roman influence in, 94.

_Scotland_, compared with Switzerland, 198.

_Second Century B.C._, advance of Rome in, 55-59; time of Barbarian revival, 62.

_Seleukid Kings_, their position, 36; their relations to Rome, 56, 57.

_Seljuk Turks_, their conquest, 166.

_Sentinum_, battle of, 44.

_Shires_, English, their position, 210.

_Sicily_, its relations to Greece, 14; falls away from Greek life, 17; Phœnician and Greek settlements in, 25; their warfare, 30; help for sought in Greece, 32-34; war of Rome and Carthage for, 47; its conquest by the Saracens, and recovery, 134-135; incorporated with Italy, 194.

_Sidonius Apollinaris_, 44.

_Sikans_, mention of in Homer, 20.

_Sikels_, mention of in Homer, 20.

_Simeon_, Bulgarian Tzar, 113.

_Sixth Century A.D._, its historical character, 124-126.

_Sixth Century B.C._, greatest time of free Hellas, 23.

_Slaves_, their relation to Rome, East and West, 94; their position compared with that of the Teutons, 100; their northern and southern divisions, ib.; their relations to the Eastern Empire, 102; 116; to the Roumans, 103; to the Western Church, 182.

_Spain_, her historic position, 48; strife of Rome and Carthage for, 49; Teutonic settlements in, 88; how affected by the Teutonic invasions, 91; character of its history, ib.; its conquest and recovery, 134.

_Stephen Dushan_, Servian Tzar, 113.

_Strabo_, his description of the Lykian League, 223.

_Suevians_, their settlement in Spain, 122.

_Sulla_, Lucius, his work, 61.

_Swabian Emperors_, their position, 148, 149; compared with the Austrian, ib.

_Switzerland_, represents Burgundy, 197, 198; compared with Scotland, 198; reproduces Achaia, 199; position of cities in, ib.; its German origin, 201; its Confederation contrasted with that of Germany, 203.

_Sybaris_, its time of greatness, 25.

_Syracuse_, its time of greatness, 25.

_Syria_, its position under Rome, 61; Saracen conquest of, 133.

T.

_Taras_, _Tarentum_, its time of greatness, 25.

_Tauromenion_, its long resistance, 134, 135.

_Teutonic nations_, their relation to the Roman Church, 181, 182.

_Teutonic race_, beginning of its threefold history, 64.

_Teutons_, Roman influence extended by their settlements, 93.

_Theodoric_, the East-Goth, 44; his earlier history, 80; 99; his position, 96, 97; 123, 124; his system dependent on himself alone, 97.

_Theodoric_, the West-Goth, 44.

_Theophilos_, Emperor, annexes Cherson, 222.

_Thessalonikê_, Empire of, 143.

_Third Century B.C._, 36, 37; compared with the fifth century A.D., 81.

_Thucydides_, his experience compared with that of Polybios, 35, 36.

_Trajan_, his reign, 75, 76; loss of his conquests, 77; his correspondence with Pliny, 225, 226; 233-239; his dealings with the provinces and allies, 226; with Nikomêdeia, 235; with Apameia, 236; with Amisos, 237; his respect for treaties, ib.

_Trebizond_, Empire of, 143.

_Tribes_, united into nations, 187; in England, 188; in Gaul, 189.

U.

_Unction_, practice of, 75; first use of at Rome, 105.

_United States_, its Federal system, 199.

V.

_Vandals_, their settlements, 88, 89; 122.

_Vercellæ_, battle of, 44.

_Vienna_, siege of in 1683, 171.

W.

_Western Emperors_, their Eastern wars, 161.

_Western Empire_, in what sense German, 112-116; becomes German, 130-132; practically ends with Frederick the Second, 136-138; its later character, 147-149.

_Westfalia_, Peace of, compared with that of Constance, 139.

Y.

_Year 407 A.D._, Teutonic invasion of Gaul in, 87; best beginning of modern history, 161, 162.

Z.

_Zama_, battle of, its effect, 53, 54.

_Zones of Greek Influence_, 14, 15.

Zu allen Zeiten Mehrer des Reichs, title of, 109.

THE END.

BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

_Greater Greece and Greater Britain_, AND _George Washington the Expander of England_.

Two Lectures, _WITH AN APPENDIX ON IMPERIAL FEDERATION_. _Crown 8vo. 3/6._

THE METHODS OF HISTORICAL STUDY.

EIGHT LECTURES READ IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD IN MICHAELMAS TERM, 1884, _WITH THE INAUGURAL LECTURE_ ON _The Office of the Historical Professor_.

CONTENTS:

The Office of the Historical Professor. History and its Kindred Studies. The Difficulties of Historical Study. The Nature of Historical Evidence. Original Authorities. Classical and Mediæval Writers. Subsidiary Authorities. Modern Writers. Geography and Travel. Index.

_Demy 8vo. 10/6._

MACMILLAN AND CO.: LONDON.

_LECTURES TO AMERICAN AUDIENCES._

CONTENTS: