Chapter 181 of the Laws of 1911. In this as in other matters the
Commission has endeavored to carry out the spirit as well as the letter of the acts under which it performed its labors.
In addition to the building of the Champlain memorials, the Celebration with its varied literary, military and naval features was carried to a successful conclusion by the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissions of New York and Vermont with the co-operation of the Government of the United States and the attendance of the official representatives of France, Great Britain and Canada. The Dominion of Canada sent over the Governor-General’s Foot-Guards under Lieut. Colonel D. R. Street with twenty-two officers and three hundred and eleven enlisted men and also the Fifth Royal Canadian Highlanders under Lt. Colonel George S. Cantlie with twenty-eight officers and four hundred and thirty-eight men.
The participation of the Canadian troops in their brilliant uniforms in the Plattsburgh and Burlington parades on July 7 and 8, 1909, gave color to the marching columns and elicited the commendation of President Taft as well as of the French and British Ambassadors. It was a graceful compliment on the part of the Canadian Government to the people of the United States and gratefully appreciated by members of the Commission and others interested in the success of the celebration, to which this contributed not a little.
The presence of the French Ambassador, His Excellency, J. J. Jusserand, the British Ambassador, the Right Honorable James Bryce, the Postmaster-General of the Dominion of Canada, the Honorable Rodolphe Lemieux, the Premier of the Province of Quebec, Sir Lomer Gouin, the Lieut.-Governor of the Province of Quebec, Sir Adolphe Pelletier, the Vice-Admiral of the Japanese Navy, Baron Stakichi Uriu and others officially representing their respective Governments, gave it international significance, and the history of Lake Champlain in this and other ways has become a matter of interest to the people of other lands.
The participation of these distinguished representatives of France, Great Britain, Canada and Japan in the Tercentenary Exercises added dignity and stateliness to the public and social functions of the celebration, which was widely commended through the press of this and other countries and has since become known as one of the principal commemorative celebrations of the century.
The discriminating and brilliant addresses of the French Ambassador, well known as the author of “The Literary History of The English People” and of many other works, as well as for his celebrity as a great diplomat, were keenly appreciated and will be read by all interested in the tragic events occurring in the Champlain valley during the period of its French occupancy. His touching tribute to Marquis de Montcalm, his graceful expressions of the warmth of the friendship existing between the people of France and those of America and his profound appreciation of the generous impulses of the people of New York and Vermont in projecting and carrying to a successful conclusion this commemorative celebration, in which Samuel Champlain was the central figure, will long be remembered. His long residence at Washington as the Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic of France, his deep interest in American institutions and in American history, and his wide and favorable acquaintance with the people of this country have ingratiated him in their affections, until they have become accustomed to look upon the distinguished French Ambassador as a member of the official circle of the nation.
The profound and illuminating addresses of the Rt. Hon. James Bryce, the British Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, delivered by him at Ticonderoga, Plattsburgh and Burlington, were full of that ripe scholarship found in all his public papers and in such works as his “Holy Roman Empire,” “The American Commonwealth,” “Studies in History and Jurisprudence” and in his other treatises. They were overflowing with good will toward the people of this country who consider Ambassador Bryce as a staunch friend of American institutions, as evidenced in “The American Commonwealth” and in all his public addresses.
Rarely, if ever, have there been accredited to this country by foreign nations two Ambassadors at the same time possessing such rare literary and diplomatic qualities as Ambassadors Jusserand and Bryce, each of whom achieved distinction and has been honored in his own country.
The able and instructive addresses of Hon. Rodolphe Lemieux, Postmaster-General of Canada and Sir Lomer Gouin, Premier of the Province of Quebec, at Plattsburgh and Burlington were replete with historical suggestions touching the Champlain, St. Lawrence River and Great Lake regions and conveyed to the people south of the international boundary the good will of the people of Canada and their gratitude at the efforts being put forth to commemorate the life, the character and achievements of Samuel Champlain, who founded Quebec, the oldest city in the Dominion. There breathed through these the spirit of good will and genuine appreciation for what was being done in this celebration. The Canadian visitors created a most favorable impression and on their departure left many warm friends behind.
By a fortunate coincidence, Vice-Admiral of the Japanese Navy, Baron Stakichi Uriu, was visiting this country during the period of the Tercentenary Celebration and was one of the invited guests of the New York Commission. He spoke briefly at Ticonderoga and since his return to Japan has conveyed to the Commission his appreciation of the honor conferred upon him in being permitted to witness the Tercentenary Celebration and at receiving the official Report containing a record of it.
The addresses of these representatives of Foreign Governments were entertaining and valuable contributions to the Tercentenary Exercises, giving them an international character exponential of events to be commemorated in tracing the history of the discovery of the lake and the subsequent control of the territory by three successful sovereign nations.
The Commission takes this occasion to acknowledge its obligations in this respect to the distinguished visitors and Foreign Governments, which they severally represented, for their assistance and co-operation in giving the Tercentenary Celebration its international character and some of its most charming features.
We cannot close this report without again expressing our grateful appreciation to the people of France for their thoughtfulness and generosity in sending to this country a work of art by one of their most distinguished sculptors, to embellish the Memorial Lighthouse erected by the States of New York and Vermont to commemorate the life of Samuel Champlain. It was a delicate and beautiful expression of appreciation on the part of the leaders of thought and culture in our sister Republic across the sea to present a bust of such symbolism as “La France” as the seal of their approval of our efforts in this regard.
As far as we have been able to do so, we have preserved in this report the addresses of M. Hanotaux and others, as well as some of their reports on their return to Paris, embodying their views and expressing their feelings toward the people of this nation, which throw new light on the sympathetic character and generous impulses of the French people. The coming of a delegation of so many distinguished Frenchmen was a great compliment to the people of this nation. This in itself was a testimonial of good will, appreciated fully as keenly as the work of art. The people of the Champlain valley and elsewhere will not be likely to forget the fact that in addition to the distinguished line of great Frenchmen from Champlain to Ambassador Jusserand, who have visited the Champlain valley, there came to that valley in the month of May, 1912, a delegation of the most distinguished Frenchmen representing industry, commerce, science, literature and art, as well as civil and military affairs, jurisprudence, statesmanship and diplomacy, that ever visited this country. They came to place the seal of France upon the Crown Point Memorial Lighthouse to Samuel Champlain, and to convey to the people of this country the appreciation of the French Nation for what was being done to commemorate the life and character of one of their countrymen. The names of this delegation have already appeared, but let record be herein made of the fact that Fernand Cormon, member of the Institute and President of the Academy of Fine Arts, was one of the delegation that brought the Rodin allegorical bust from France and directed its location on the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse.
The President of the United States, William Howard Taft, Governor Charles E. Hughes, Governor George H. Prouty, Secretary of War Jacob M. Dickinson, Senator Elihu Root, Congressmen George R. Malby, David J. Foster, Frank Plumley and the other speakers, the poets and the clergymen who participated in the Celebration as well as Governor John A. Dix of New York and Governor John A. Mead of Vermont and other speakers and clergymen, who took part in the dedication of the two Champlain memorials, not only put the members of the two Champlain Commissions, but the people of the Champlain valley under obligations to them for their contributions to the excellence and high quality of the literary exercises.
Col. Calvin D. Cowles and staff of officers and the Fifth U. S. Infantry; Col. William Paulding and staff of officers and the Twenty-fourth U. S. Infantry; Captain William T. Littebrant and staff of officers and the Fifteenth U. S. Cavalry; Brigadier-General J. H. Lloyd and staff of officers of the Third Brigade of the National Guard, New York; Col. James W. Lester and staff of officers and enlisted men of the Second Regiment of the National Guard, New York; Col. John I. Pruyn and staff of officers and enlisted men of the Tenth Infantry of the National Guard, New York; and the Canadian Military Organizations heretofore referred to and the Flotilla, comprising the torpedo boat _Manley_ and two steam cutters named _Plattsburgh_ and _Burlington_, respectively, under command of Lieut. G. W. Steele, Jr., with Midshipman Gerard Bradford second in command, and L. O. Armstrong, with his company of 150 Indians, descendants of the tribes originally occupying the Champlain valley, were important factors in the military, naval and pageant features of the Tercentenary Celebration contributing materially to its success. The maneuvering of these troops in the Champlain valley was suggestive of the military expeditions and fierce engagements that characterized its history for nearly two hundred years after the discovery of the lake by Samuel Champlain.
This Commission takes this occasion to acknowledge its obligations in this direction to the commissioned and other officers and members of these various military organizations as well as to the Brigadier-General, Major-General and other officers and members of the National Guard of New York, who took part in the celebration and in the dedicatory ceremonies of the two memorials in July, 1912.
The Commission is also grateful to Hon. Robert Bacon, former Ambassador to France, to Paul Fuller, Jr., Secretary of Franco-American Committee, to Hon. Frank S. Witherbee, President and to the members of the Lake Champlain Association, to President John H. Finley of the College of the City of New York, to Hon. McDougall Hawkes, Chairman of the American Board of the French Institute in the United States, to Hon. Charles B. Alexander, to former Senator William A. Clark of New York, to Hon. A. Barton Hepburn, President of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York and to all others, who assisted in the entertainment of the French Delegation on their visit to this country in April-May, 1912.
Acknowledgment is also made of the entertainment of the members of the Preliminary Champlain Commission by the Hon. and Mrs. Nelson W. Fisk at their home at Isle La Motte on September 7, 1907, and of the transportation of the members of that Commission on the _Valcour_, owned by Hon. Joseph C. Sibley, to Burlington in the afternoon of that day, where they were entertained by the Ethan Allen Club in the evening. Representative Sibley also placed his yacht, _Valcour_, at the disposition of the Commission during the week of the Celebration.
It will also be remembered that Mr. and Mrs. Stephen H. P. Pell entertained President Taft and other distinguished guests at their home at Ticonderoga on July 6, 1909, and also the French delegation on May 3, 1912.
Commissioner and Mrs. Walter C. Witherbee entertained members of the Commission at their beautiful home at Port Henry on July 5, 1909.
Through the courtesy of Col. Robert M. Thompson, accommodations were provided by him for entertainment of members of the Commission at Ticonderoga on July 5 and 6, 1909.
Commissioner Howland Pell entertained the members of the Commission at his reconstructed Germain Redoubt at Ticonderoga on May 3, 1909.
Hon. John R. Myers of Rouse’s Point supervised the transportation of the participants in the Indian pageants during the celebration and in other ways aided the Commission in its labors.
Frank H. Severance, secretary of the Buffalo Historical Society, was secretary of the Preliminary Lake Champlain Commission and prepared two historical papers, which appeared in the First Report of this Commission. In these respects and otherwise he rendered important services to this Commission.
The Notes on the Archæology of the Champlain valley, contained in the Appendix of this volume, by Prof. George H. Perkins, Ph.D., state geologist of Vermont, is a valuable contribution to this Report and is gratefully appreciated by the members of this Commission.
The typographical excellence of the First Report of this Commission elicited general commendation and the State Printers, J. B. Lyon Company of Albany, New York, have spared no pains in the presswork of this Final Report to insure its general excellence.
The exhaustive analytical Index to the First Report and also that to the Final Report, prepared by Charles Alexander Nelson, A. M., will greatly facilitate their usefulness for historical and other purposes.
The members of the Commission were among the invited guests of the Hudson-Fulton Commission during that memorable celebration.
All these were gratefully appreciated as well as all other things done and courtesies shown to the Commission by the people of the Champlain valley in their enthusiastic support of the project of suitably celebrating the discovery of the lake.
In concluding their work, the Commissioners take this occasion to express their appreciation of the generous support and wide publicity given to the Tercentenary project by the Press of this Country and of Canada, which contributed much to the popular interest shown in this commemorative celebration.
III. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TERCENTENARY CELEBRATION
If the Tercentenary Celebration has awakened a deeper popular interest in the history of the Champlain valley, and as a result of that a broader and more profound appreciation of the principles of civil and religious liberty underlying our American institutions, and of the heroic sacrifices made by the founders of this government to insure its perpetuity, then the members of the Commission and the people of the state may feel well repaid for all efforts put forth in its prosecution.
In the various papers and addresses of the celebration frequent allusion was made to the important events occurring in the several epochs of the history of Lake Champlain, and many of these were elaborated upon at some length. It was not possible, however, to do more.
The critical history of the Champlain valley is yet to be written. For three centuries it has been the arena wherein have occurred many crucial events affecting the evolution and the character of American institutions.
Ira Allen in his “Natural and Political History of the State of Vermont,” Francis Parkman in his various historical works, Hon. Lucius E. Chittenden in his addresses and public papers, Peter S. Palmer in his “History of Lake Champlain,” and in his “History of the Battle of Valcour on Lake Champlain,” Winslow C. Watson in his “History of Essex County,” his “Pioneer History of the Champlain Valley” and his “Men and Times of the Revolution,” Thomas Hawley Canfield in his “Discovery, Navigation and Navigators of Lake Champlain,” Zadock Thompson in his histories of the State of Vermont and in his “Northern Guide,” Hiland Hall in his “History of Vermont,” Winslow C. Watson in his “Military and Political History of Essex County,” [N. Y.] in the “History of Essex County,” [N. Y.] by H. P. Smith, in the papers entitled “The First Battle of Lake Champlain,” by George F. Bixby, Rev. Joseph Cook in his “Historical Address at the Centennial Anniversary of the Settlement of Ticonderoga,” and in other addresses and writings, Walter H. Crockett in his “History of Lake Champlain,” and others, have given much of the history of the successive periods, although the works of some of these are necessarily too limited to include a complete history of the region in all its amplitude and in all its details.
In the papers and proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society, as well as in the “Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York” and the “Documentary History of the State of New York,” and in other transcripts of documents in foreign and American archives, and in the Military Records of the United States, France, Great Britain and Canada may be found much material relating to the history of Lake Champlain. There will be found in such libraries as the State Library at Albany, the State Library at Montpelier, the library of the Ticonderoga Historical Society, the libraries at Port Henry and at Plattsburgh, as well as in the library at Middlebury College and in the library of the University of Vermont, at Burlington, Vt., in the Collections of the New York State Historical Association, the New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and other State Historical Societies, and in the libraries of Ottawa, Montreal and Quebec, maps, charts, documents and other material relating to the region. The foreign material is confined principally to events occurring prior to 1783, except such British and Canadian documents as relate to the War of 1812.
The correspondence between the Colonial Governors and military and naval officers in America, including General Jeffrey Amherst and General John Burgoyne, with William Pitt and other representatives of the home government, throws much light on the events of the British period from 1758 to 1783. Other historical writings and standard histories may also be consulted with profit.
Since the conclusion of the War of 1812 the history of the Champlain valley has been that of a record of the settlement, the agricultural and mineral development of the territory bordering on the lake, and of an active transportation and commercial business done on the lake until the construction of railroads paralleling it on either side, which checked the volume of transportation by water as well as the active passenger service that had been done by steamers for three-quarters of a century. The completion of the barge canal between the Hudson and Lake Champlain may to some extent restore the volume of transportation on the lake.
From pre-historic times the Champlain valley has been one of the thoroughfares of successive nations occupying the region, inviting alike to discoverer, trader, pioneer, warrior and traveler. It was but natural that its circumjacent shores and beautiful islands should become the homes of sturdy men, breathing the ozone of the mountain air wafted down into the valley, and possessing an independence and resolution found in such men as the Allens, the Warrens, the Bakers, and the Chittendens. It was this spirit which moved Ira Allen to incorporate in the first constitution of Vermont, adopted July 2 to 8, 1777, a mandatory provision providing for a common school in each town, a grammar school in each county, and a university in the state, and afterward he gave all his property to found the University of Vermont.
The conditions obtaining in the Champlain valley during the Tercentenary Celebration were thus picturesquely but aptly described by Dr. Hamilton Wright Mabie, the Tercentenary orator at Ticonderoga, in the Outlook of July 31, 1909:
* * * Never were conditions more favorable for such a celebration as that planned in honor of Champlain’s discovery. Barring one day, the weather was perfect. Refreshing breezes swept through the gaps between the soft blue domes on either side of the lake, tempering the ardor of the sun’s rays, while the air was of that crystalline clarity, which exhilarates and draws from man involuntary exclamations of gladness for the fact of mere existence. Each day a pageant of great, snowy clouds swept across the deep blue sky, adding to the dreamy charm of the background of the celebration. The spectator’s manipulation of the pigments of language is not so perfect as was Turner’s of paints; but he wishes it were, in order that he might convey an impression of the changing lights and shadows and tints, which presented new combinations of color with every passing moment. From the moment the rays of the rising sun shot through the notches in the Green Mountains, informing the visitor that he or she must be up and doing if the event of the day was to be witnessed, until the golden afterglow had ceased to define the rounded heights of the Adirondacks and the amethystine tints of the mountain sides had deepened into the black shadow of night, each hour had a fresh temptation for the artist.
IV. REPRESENTATIVE MEN OF THE CHAMPLAIN REGION
Out from that valley have come a host of statesmen: Stephen A. Douglas, Samuel Prentice, Solomon Foote, Silas Wright, Samuel S. Phelps, Jacob Collamer, Robert S. Hale, William A. Wheeler, Chester A. Arthur, George F. Edmunds, John M. Thurston, born at Montpelier, August 21, 1847, and U. S. Senator from Nebraska, 1895 to 1901; Matthew H. Carpenter, born at Moretown, December 22, 1824, U. S. Senator from Wisconsin, 1869 to 1875, and from 1879 to February 25, 1881; Jacob M. Howard, born at Shaftsbury, July 10, 1805, representative in Congress from Michigan from 1841 to 1843 and U. S. Senator from 1862 to 1871; William Pitt Kellogg, born at Orwell, December 8, 1831, U. S. Senator from Louisiana, 1868 to 1874; Leslie M. Shaw, born at Morristown, Vt., November 2, 1848, Governor of Iowa in 1898 to 1902, and became Secretary of U. S. Treasury on February 1, 1902, under President Theodore Roosevelt; Alexander W. Buel, born in Rutland in 1813, representative from Michigan in Congress from 1849 to 1850; Selucius Garfielde, born at Shoreham, December 8, 1822, and representative from Washington Territory in the 41st and 42d Congresses; Josiah B. Grinnell, born at New Haven, December 22, 1821, and representative from Iowa in the 38th Congress; Joseph Ketchum Edgerton, born in Vergennes, February 16, 1818, and representative from Indiana in the 38th Congress; J. Allen Barber, born at Georgia, Vt., member of the first Constitutional Convention of Wisconsin and representative from Wisconsin in the 42d and 43d Congresses; Lucien B. Caswell, born at Swanton, Vt., representative from Wisconsin in the 44th-47th Congresses; Joel Turrel, born at Shoreham, Vt., February 22, 1794, and representative from New York in Congress from 1833 to 1837; John Fassett Follett, born in Franklin County, Vt., and representative from Ohio in 48th Congress; Stephen C. Millard, born at Stamford, January 14, 1841, representative from New York in the 48th and 49th Congresses; John M. Parker, born at Granville, N. Y., June 14, 1805, and representative in Congress from 1855-9; Aaron F. Perry, born at Leicester, Vt., January 1, 1815, representative from Ohio in 42d Congress; Ossian Ray, born at Hinesburgh, Vt., December 13, 1815, and representative from New Hampshire in the 46th and 47th Congresses; Almon H. Read, born at Shelburne, Vt., June 12, 1790, representative from Pennsylvania in Congress from 1842-1844; John Gilbert Sawyer, born at Brandon, Vt., June 5, 1825, and a representative from New York in the 49th and 50th Congresses; Philetus Sawyer, who spent his youth in the Adirondacks, was a representative from Wisconsin in the 39th and ten succeeding Congresses, and in 1881 elected to the United States Senate and re-elected in 1887, where he served with great distinction; George Willard, born at Bolton, Vt., March 20, 1824, and a representative from Michigan in 43d and 44th Congresses; Joseph W. Babcock, born at Swanton, Vt., March 6, 1850, and representative from Wisconsin in the 53d to the 60th Congresses; Martin J. Wade, born at Burlington, Vt., October 20, 1861, and representative from Iowa in the 58th Congress; George Edmund Foss, born at Berkshire, Vt., July 2, 1863, a representative from Illinois in the 54th to 62d Congresses; Eugene N. Foss, born at West Berkshire, Vt., September 24, 1858, representative from Massachusetts in Congress in 1910, and Governor of Massachusetts since 1910, and such diplomats as John A. Kasson, George P. Marsh, Levi P. Morton, Edward J. Phelps, and such journalists as James R. Spalding, founder of the New York _World_, Jeremiah Evarts, father of William M. Evarts, and scores of others. Some of these, however, were not born in the valley, but they received their early impressions from conditions existing there, while attending college or spending their youth in that invigorating atmosphere. Among such was Henry J. Raymond, who took his course at the University of Vermont, and became founder of the New York _Times_ and representative in Congress during the Lincoln administration.
In the Congressional representation of the Champlain valley occur the names of many distinguished citizens: Peter Sailly of Plattsburgh, representative in Congress in 1804, who enjoyed the confidence of President Thomas Jefferson and who appealed to the Secretary of the Treasury in August, 1813, to prevent the further destruction of property on the west side of the lake, where, he said, “there is not a military post nor a soldier to be seen”; Hon. Reuben H. Walworth of Plattsburgh, representative in Congress in 1821-1823 and Chancellor for the State from 1828 to 1848; General Henry H. Ross of Essex, representative in the 19th Congress and on General Macomb’s staff at the battle of Plattsburgh; Hon. Augustus C. Hand of Elizabethtown, representative in Congress in 1839-1840; Hon. William Slade of Middlebury, representative in Congress from 1831 to 1843; Hon. Lemuel Stetson of Plattsburgh, representative in the 28th Congress and later County Judge of Clinton County; Hon. Orlando Kellogg of Elizabethtown, a representative in the 30th, 38th and 39th Congresses, and an intimate friend of President Lincoln; George R. Andrews of Ticonderoga, representative in Congress, 1849-1850, and later Justice of the Supreme Court; George A. Simmons of Keeseville, one of the most eminent lawyers in the State at that time and representative in Congress in 1853-1855; Hon. Frederick E. Woodbridge of Vergennes, representative in Congress for several terms; Hon. Robert S. Hale of Elizabethtown, N. Y., representative in Congress in 1865; Hon. George W. Palmer of Plattsburgh, representative in the 35th and 36th Congresses; Judge Homer E. Royce of St. Albans, Vt., representative in Congress and later Chief Judge of the Supreme Court of Vermont; Hon. John W. Stewart of Middlebury, Vt., representative in Congress and United States Senator; Hon. Henry G. Burleigh, representative in the 48th and 49th Congresses; Judge Horace Henry Powers of Morrisville, Vt., Chief Judge of the Supreme Court of Vermont and representative in Congress from 1890 to 1900; John H. Moffit of Plattsburgh, representative in the 50th and 51st Congresses; Hon. John M. Wever of Plattsburgh, representative in the 52d and 53d Congresses; Hon. Wallace T. Foote, Jr. of Port Henry, representative in the 54th and 55th Congresses; Richard Keese, representative in the 20th Congress; Orange Ferris, representative in the 40th Congress; John Rogers, representative in the 42d Congress; John Hammond, representative in the 46th and 47th Congresses; Roswell G. Horr, representative in the 46th, 47th and 48th Congresses; and others.
Honorable Azariah C. Flagg of Plattsburgh was Secretary of State in 1826, and State Comptroller in 1834, and Hon. John F. O’Brien of Plattsburgh was Secretary of State from 1903 to 1907.
Hon. St. John B. L. Skinner of Clinton County was Postmaster-General under Andrew Johnson.
Among the early settlers, who located in Plattsburgh, were Judge Zephaniah Platt, formerly of Poughkeepsie, member of the first Provincial Congress of New York and a member of the Convention called to consider the Federal Constitution and the advisability of its adoption; Judge Melancton Smith, a native of Queens County, member of the First Provincial Congress of New York from Dutchess County and an opponent of Hamilton and Livingston in the Convention called to consider the advisability of the ratification of the Federal Constitution; and Judge Thomas Treadwell, a member of the First Provincial Congress of New York and of the Convention called to formulate the First State Constitution, who was also a member of the Convention called to consider the Federal Constitution and the advisability of its adoption.
In a later period, it will be remembered that Hon. Matthew Hale, Hon. Francis Lynde Stetson, Hon. John I. Gilbert, Hon. Richard L. Hand, and others were natives of the Champlain valley.
Many judges have been natives of the Champlain valley. Some of them have served in the courts of Vermont and New York, but more have become residents of other states, and there filled judicial positions in the state and Federal Courts. It would be interesting to record the names of all such judges who had their birth in the Champlain valley, if space permitted. We must content ourselves, however, with giving the names of a few. The first of these to occur to one is Samuel Nelson, born at Hebron, N. Y., November 10, 1792, who was a member of the State Constitutional Conventions of 1821 and 1846, a Justice of the Supreme Court of New York from 1831 to 1845, and a Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1845 to 1872, one of the longest judicial tenures ever held by a judge in this country.
The following may also be mentioned: Chancellor Reuben H. Walworth, Samuel Hand, Judge of the Court of Appeals, Judges, John C. Churchill, William Sweetland, John Lynde, Charles Henry Phelps, Aldace F. Walker, Wheelock G. Veazey, William P. Kellogg, Henry Chipman, Pliny Moore, John M. Parker, George Martin, Mark Skinner, Charles L. Benedict, John Alexander Jameson, Melville A. Sheldon, Eugene E. Sheldon, Walter C. Dunton, Perry G. Ellsworth, Joseph Potter, S. Alonzo Kellogg, Chester B. McLaughlin, Winslow C. Watson, Albert C. Barnes, Henry T. Kellogg, Jesse Walker, Thomas H. Noonan, John H. Booth, and John B. Riley.
Only a few of the lawyers, who were natives of the Champlain valley, can be mentioned out of the great number that have gone forth to take up their residences elsewhere. Many of them have located in New York and other Atlantic states, although a goodly number have located in the Central and Western states, and are among the persons heretofore mentioned as holding, or who have held official positions.
In addition to such, however, may also be mentioned George L. Clarke, Hon. Smith M. Weed, Hon. George M. Beckwith, Hon. Robert D. Benedict, Hon. Thomas F. Conway, Elroy N. Clark, Charles W. Waterman, George Murray Wright, John C. Clark, Hon. John J. Allen, James M. Gifford, William L. G. Smith, Hon. Benjamin E. Hall, Charles E. Shaw, James B. Ross, Hon. Henry W. Hill, member of the New York Constitutional Convention of 1894 and State Senator from 1901 to 1911, Julius H. Seymour, George W. Alger, Adelbert W. Boynton, Hon. Daniel Roberts, Charles C. Farnham, Samuel B. Botsford, Harold J. Adams, Hon. Lucian L. Shedden, Oliver D. Barrett, Rome G. Brown and Charles F. Blair.
Among the natives of the Champlain valley who entered the Army and Navy during the Civil War and since that time were Gen’l Wm. F. Smith, Gen’l George J. Stannard, Gen’l William Wells, Col. Frank Palmer, Col. George F. Nichols, Lieut. Matthew M. Standish, Gen’l Stephen Moffitt, Col. John Hammond, Rear-Admiral John W. Moore, Commodore A. V. Wadhams, Admiral George Dewey, and many others, who maintained the high standards of efficiency and bravery exhibited by those who a century earlier participated in the engagements at Ticonderoga, Bennington and Saratoga, and in the naval engagements of Valcour and Plattsburgh Bay.
In addition to those already named, there have come from the Champlain valley many to fill positions of responsibility in the state and nation, of whom only the following few need be mentioned, viz., Loyal L. Smith the philanthropist, Hon. John H. Converse, President of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Thomas Waterman Wood, President of the National Academy of Design in 1891, Hon. Stephen A. Walker, at one time Commissioner of the Board of Education of the State of New York, Hon. Darwin P. Kingsley, President of the New York Life Insurance Company, the late Dr. Abel Mix Phelps, the orthopedic surgeon, Henry H. Vail, publisher of school books, Samuel Sheldon, expert in electric science, Charles F. Longworth, expert in food products, Augustus Torrey, chief engineer of M. C. R. R., Rt. Rev. Bishop Edgar P. Wadhams of Ogdensburg, Rev. Byron Sunderland of Washington, D. C., the late Rev. Constans Liberty Goodell, D. D. of St. Louis, Mo., Rev. George F. Herrick, D. D., author of many Biblical works, located in Constantinople, Rev. George F. Hunting, D. D., President of Alma College, author of many papers and poems, Rev. George B. Spalding, President William Nelson Ferrin of Pacific University, Prof. Warren H. Landon, the late Prof. Walter E. Howard, Prof. John Dewey of Columbia University, Prof. Davis R. Dewey of Boston, Prof. Frank E. Woodruff of Bowdoin College, the Hon. Edwin Ferry Johnson, civil engineer and educator, James R. Chapman, General Manager of the Metropolitan District Electric Traction Company of London, England, Charles A. Catlin, expert in chemistry, and others.
Among the prominent educators of the Champlain valley have been Presidents James Marsh, Joseph Torrey and Matthew H. Buckham, all of the University of Vermont; Presidents Benjamin Larabee, Ezra Brainerd and John M. Thomas, all of Middlebury College, Captain John Alden Patridge, and Presidents Allen Danvers Brown and Charles Horace Spooner, all of Norwich University. These were and are representatives of the higher culture of its educational institutions.
There have also been many noted and learned professors, filling their respective chairs in these educational institutions since their foundation, with distinction. These institutions have maintained educational standards so high that they have exerted a marked influence on the culture and refinement of people residing in and outside of the valley. Other educational institutions have also made their influence felt on students coming from the Champlain valley, as well as on their graduates returning to it, thereby contributing materially to the intellectual uplift of the people of the territory. All this is evidenced by the large number of liberally educated men and women who have gone forth to fill civic, technical, professional, political and other positions with marked ability, in various parts of the country.
Representatives of the Champlain valley are found in the Army, the Navy and in all departments of the national Government, as well as in the various state governments. They will also be found in the learned professions, in commercial, technical, engineering, mechanical and electrical pursuits, and are thus spreading abroad the professional, technical and general information, which they have received in the institutions of the Champlain valley and in the institutions outside of the Champlain valley, which they attended.
If space permitted, it might be of interest to submit a bibliography of the works of the authors, who have at various times lived in the Champlain valley. A few only need be cited to show their character and scope.
In addition to his services as a civilian and a Major-General of the State Militia, Ira Allen wrote the “National and Political History of the State of Vermont,” and many state papers, wherein were treated matters in controversy between the State of New York and the people under the New Hampshire grants.
The state papers of Governor George Clinton of New York, and Governor Thomas Chittenden of Vermont, in relation to matters in dispute between New York and Vermont, and the correspondence between Nathaniel Chipman and Alexander Hamilton in relation to the boundary dispute, and the speech of Alexander Hamilton before a committee of the Assembly in relation to the same matter, and the controversy as to the boundary line between the two states, and other matters of interest to both commonwealths, form a most important chapter in the early history of the two states, and are contained in the Documentary History of New York and the publications of the Vermont Historical Society.
As an evidence of the intellectual and moral culture of the people of the Champlain valley, attention is called to the writings of James Marsh, President of the University of Vermont, including his Preliminary Essay to Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Aids to Reflection.”
Dr. Joseph Torrey, President of the University of Vermont, read an important paper on “The Discovery and Occupation of Lake Champlain,” before the Vermont Historical Society, on October 16, 1860, and he also wrote a work, which had an extensive sale, known as “A Theory of Fine Art,” but he is widely known as the translator of Neander’s “General History of the Christian Religion and Church.”
The works of George P. Marsh, for many years United States Minister to Turkey and Italy, include “Lectures on the English Language,” published in 1861, “The Origin and History of the English Language,” published in 1862, “The Earth as Modified by Human Action,” published in 1874, some of which were standard treatises.
Judge Edmund Hatch Bennett was the author of an edition of the works of Judge Joseph Story and also of an hundred volumes of law reports.
Rev. William G. T. Shedd, lecturer at the University of Vermont, was a prolific writer on historical, philosophical and literary subjects, and his works became standard authorities on the subjects treated.
Thomas Jefferson Conant of Middlebury, born at Brandon, Vt., and a graduate of Middlebury College, was the author of various Biblical works, and a member of the American Bible Revision Committee.
Rev. John B. Wentworth, D. D., was the author of “The Logic of Introspection,” and “The Philosophy of Methodism.”
Rev. George N. Boardman, graduate of Middlebury College, was the author of the “History of New England Theology.”
Samuel Ward Boardman, of Middlebury College, was the author of “Arbitration” and other works.
Rev. Charles Marsh Mead, a graduate of Middlebury College, was the author of several works, and a member of the American Bible Revision Committee.
Prof. John E. Goodrich, D. D., of the University of Vermont, is the author of several historical papers, including a volume entitled “Vermont Revolutionary Rolls,” and parts of the Standard Dictionary and other publications.
Col. George Grenville Benedict of Burlington, President of the Vermont Historical Society, was the author of “Vermont in the Civil War” in two volumes, and “Vermont at Gettysburg,” and “Army Life in Virginia.”
Prof. George H. Perkins of the University of Vermont is the author of several works and reports on the Geology of Vermont and the archaeology of the Lake Champlain region.
Prof. Brainard Kellogg, formerly of Middlebury College, is the author of several school and college text books.
A recent work is “Three Centuries in Champlain Valley,” by Mrs. George Fuller Tuttle of Plattsburgh, Regent of Saranac Chapter, Daughters of American Revolution.
Several works have heretofore been cited in this report relating to the history of Lake Champlain, by persons residing in the valley and deeply interested in its history. All these will be carefully examined by students and writers of the events occurring in the Champlain valley.
Among the poets of the valley is John G. Saxe, born at Highgate, Vt., June 2, 1816, a graduate of Middlebury College in 1839. It has been said of him that he was second only to Dr. Holmes as a humorist.
Lucretia Maria Davidson of Plattsburgh, a promising poetess, died at an early age, in 1825.
For many years Julia Ward Howe, born in New York, resided in Rutland county, and wrote poetry. Her principal poem is the “Battle Hymn of the Republic.”
Rev. Orville G. Wheeler, born at Charlotte, Vt., resided in Grand Isle county, and wrote poems occasionally, the principal one of which is his Semi-Centennial Poem of the University of Vermont, read in 1854.
Daniel L. Cady, L.H.D., a graduate of the University of Vermont in the class of 1886, was the poet at the Tercentenary Exercises at Plattsburgh, and his poem entitled “Champlain and Lake Champlain” is an Epic of the Champlain valley.
Prof. Davis R. Dewey is the author of a work and several papers on Economics and kindred subjects, and has done much in that field of political science.
Prof. John Dewey is the author of one or more works on Psychology, and is one of the leading authorities in this country on philosophical subjects.
Rev. George F. Wright, D. D., born in Whitehall, is the author of many works, including the annual publications known as “Records of the Past.” He is also the author of “Logic of Christian Evidences,” and works on geological and archæological subjects.
Rev. Joseph Cook, born at Ticonderoga in 1838, after pursuing his studies in American and German universities, delivered several courses of lectures in Boston, New York and elsewhere, on current topics and on such subjects as “Transcendentalism,” “Orthodoxy,” etc., with such clearness and force as to arouse deep interest in them, notwithstanding their abstruseness. His lectures were published in book form and widely read. His noted “Centennial Address” at Ticonderoga on July 25, 1864, is a valuable contribution to the history of Lake Champlain, in which he took a deep interest. In some respects he was one of the best informed living writers on the subject at the time of his death.
The Hon. Lucius E. Chittenden, born in Williston, Vt., May 24, 1824, who became Register of the United States Treasury under President Lincoln, collected a valuable library relating to the history of Lake Champlain, and delivered the annual address before the Vermont Historical Society on October 8, 1872, on the “Capture of Ticonderoga.” He is also the author of “Recollections of President Lincoln and his Administration,” and other works.
Henry W. Hill, President of the Buffalo Historical Society, a native of Isle La Motte, Vt., one of the first points visited by Samuel Champlain in the valley, is the author of “Waterways and Canal Construction in New York State,” of “The Development of Constitutional Law in the State of New York,” the framer of several constitutional provisions of New York, a contributor to the Bibliophile edition of the works of Horace, the author of several articles in encyclopaedias and the compiler and editor of the Reports of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission.
Hon. Robert Roberts of Burlington, Vermont, is the author of the valuable Digest of the Vermont Reports.
Charles W. Baker is the author of “Monopolies and the People” and editor of the _Engineering News_, New York City.
Moses Nelson Baker is the author of books, papers and numerous articles on engineering, sanitation, and economic subjects, and associate editor of the _Engineering News_, New York City.
Kirby Flower Smith, Ph.D., a native of Rutland county, Vermont, a graduate of the University of Vermont in 1884, is the Dean of the Latin Faculty of Johns Hopkins University and is the author of several articles, books and papers on various phases of the Latin language and the literature of the Romans. He is one of the leading authorities of America in this domain of classical literature.
Henry Norman Hudson of Cornwall, Vt., a graduate of Middlebury college, was one of the principal Shakspearian scholars in the United States at the time of his death in 1886.
One of the more recent contributors to the literature of the Champlain region was the late Robert O. Bascom of Fort Edward. A bibliography of his papers may be found in the New York State Historical Association Publications, vol. 10, p. 301.
Frederick B. Richards, Secretary of the New York State Historical Association, Hon. James A. Holden, State Historian, Victor Hugo Paltsits, former State Historian, Dr. George F. Bixby, Dr. William A. E. Cummings, President of the Ticonderoga Historical Society, and others, have contributed valuable papers in recent years on different phases of the History of Lake Champlain, some of which have been included in the publications of the New York State Historical Association.
James Buckham, son of President Matthew H. Buckham, the essayist and poet, whose writings possess a charm and purity of diction not unlike those of Matthew Arnold.
Prof. James R. Wheeler, Ph.D., of Columbia University, one of the leading authorities in this country on the Greek language, archæology and art.
Bert Hodge Hill, Ph.D., of Bristol, Vt., is Director of American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece.
Rev. Earl M. Wilbur, a graduate of the University of Vermont, is Dean of the Pacific Unitarian School at Berkeley, Cal.
These are a few of the native authors and writers of the Champlain valley, and the list might be extended, if space permitted.
Others might be cited, but the foregoing will suffice to show the trend of thought in the Champlain valley and that it has been quite as productive of men of noble culture as any other part of the country. This may have been lost sight of in the attention given to its more spectacular and thrilling military and naval history. But for a century past, the amenities of peace and the fruition of high ideals have accelerated its intellectual and moral uplift and contributed to that general culture which has long prevailed in the Champlain valley.
Its residents are for the most part well-trained, thoughtful, cultured people. They thoroughly appreciated the Tercentenary exercises, as well as the dedicatory ceremonies. The social as well as the atmospheric conditions there are wholesome and invigorating, consequently it is fast becoming the resort during the summer months of the people from the metropolis and other cities, seeking rest and recreation under conditions that are healthful and inspiring. The Tercentenary celebration brought its advantages to the attention of a large portion of our population, who may find in the Champlain valley such resorts as they need for health and pleasure.
V. CONCLUSION OF THE WORK OF THE NEW YORK LAKE CHAMPLAIN TERCENTENARY COMMISSION
The work of the Commission was done largely through committees after a presentation and consideration of such problems as arose under instructions adopted at formal sessions of the Commission from time to time with reference to the conduct of the celebration and the construction of memorials. The Commission held upwards of thirty-seven formal sessions and the results may be seen in the work accomplished. From the first it was the purpose of the Commission to organize and carry to a successful conclusion such a celebration as would be in keeping with the dignity of the state and true to the historical events to be commemorated. The members of the Commission fully appreciate their limitations in undertaking to present in outline the history of the Champlain valley in the form necessarily pursued in the Tercentenary Celebration, which President Taft humorously characterized as a “traveling show,” but there was no other way suggested or that occurred to members of the Commission, whereby that could be done and any adequate presentation of the tragic events following the discovery of the lake could be made, than that adopted by the Commission.
Though there may not have been given “the substance,” the members trust that they may not have failed to so present its essentials as to enable many to behold something of what Professor William M. Sloane denominates “the vision of history,” as unfolded in the Champlain valley.
ACTIVITIES OF THE TERCENTENARY COMMISSIONERS
The multifarious duties, devolving upon the members of Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission during the period of five years of its existence, and involving activities of a wide range and great detail, may never be fully appreciated nor even fully understood. The members of the Commission were business and professional men actively engaged, but they were so deeply interested in the celebration, that they left nothing undone to ensure its success. Senator James J. Frawley was chairman of the Finance Committee of the Senate from 1911 and also a member of another State Commission, Senator James A. Foley, who was a member of Preliminary Champlain Commission, took a deep interest in the project from its inception, Senator H. Wallace Knapp, chairman, Hon. Walter C. Witherbee, treasurer, Hon. Howland Pell, whose family has done much to restore Ft. Ticonderoga, Hon. Louis C. Lafontaine, Judges John B. Riley and John H. Booth and Hon. James Shea, and Hon. William R. Weaver, all freely gave their services and as much of their time as they were able to the Tercentenary celebration.
At the final meeting of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission a resolution was adopted expressing the appreciation of its members to its secretary, Henry W. Hill, for his long and unrequited services in preparing the comprehensive, historical and scholarly First and Final Reports of the Commission, which possess a literary finish and a perfection in every detail worthy the commemorative Tercentenary celebration and the bi-state, national and international functions involved.
In presenting their Final Report to the Legislature, the Tercentenary Commissioners avail themselves of this opportunity to make it a matter of record that they have had the support and active co-operation of the several Governors and successive Legislatures of the state in office during the life of the Commission in carrying to a successful conclusion the celebration and in the construction and dedication of the two permanent memorials to Samuel Champlain, the first white man to set foot on the soil of what is now within the confines of the state. The Government of the United States invited and, out of an appropriation made by it for that purpose, entertained the foreign guests. The state of Vermont contributed its proportionate share of the general expenses and of the cost of the joint memorial at Crown Point forts. The state of New York paid its proportionate share of the general expenses and of the cost of the joint memorial at Crown Point forts and the entire cost of the Champlain memorial at Plattsburgh and the Commission has turned a small balance back into the State Treasury, as will appear from the Financial Statement in the Appendix of this Final Report.
Appendix
I. REPORT OF HOUSE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Sixtieth Congress, Second Session. House of Representatives. Report No. 2169
TERCENTENARY CELEBRATION OF DISCOVERY OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN
February 15, 1909—Referred to the House Calendar and ordered to be printed.
Mr. Foster, of Vermont, from the Committee on Foreign Affairs, submitted the following report.
[To accompany H. J. Res. 257.]
The committee on Foreign Affairs, to whom was referred House joint resolution 257, submit the following report [taken from the joint memorial presented to Congress by the New York and Vermont Tercentenary Commissions in January 1909.]
In the month of November, 1906, a joint resolution for the appointment of a commission for the celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the discovery of Lake Champlain was adopted by the senate and house of representatives of the State of Vermont, containing the recital that—
Whereas, The discovery of Lake Champlain was an event in history fully as important as many others that have been recognized by various states as well as by the National Government; and
Whereas, The three hundredth anniversary of such discovery will occur on July 4, 1909, it is hereby
_Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives_, That this event should be observed in a fitting manner and bring about an observance commensurate with its importance, there is hereby provided a commission consisting of the governor, who shall be chairman ex-officio, and six other members to be appointed by the governor before January 1, 1907, one of whom shall act as secretary. Said commission is hereby empowered to adopt such measures as in its judgment may be reasonable or necessary to bring about the fitting observance of such event. And as the interests of the State of New York and of the Dominion of Canada are allied with those of Vermont in such observance, it is hereby recommended that said commission confer with the proper authorities of New York and Canada to ascertain what action they or either of them will take with Vermont in making the observance of this event successful and a credit to all, and that the commission report the result of such efforts, together with its recommendations, to the general assembly of 1908—
which resolution was approved by Governor Fletcher D. Proctor on November 15, 1906; and thereafter Governor Proctor appointed as members of such commission Walter E. Howard, of Middlebury; Horace W. Bailey, of Newbury; R. W. McCuen, of Vergennes; Lynn M. Hays, of Essex Junction; Walter H. Crockett, of St. Albans; M. D. McMahon, of Burlington; and thereafter, on April 15, 1907, on motion of Senator Henry W. Hill, of Buffalo, the senate of the State of New York adopted the following resolution, which was concurred in by the assembly on April 16, 1907:
WHEREAS the discovery of Lake Champlain by Samuel Champlain on July 4, 1609, antedates the discovery by the whites of any other portion of the territory now comprising the State of New York, and was an event worthy of commemoration in the annals of the State and nation; and
WHEREAS the State of Vermont in 1906 appointed a commission, consisting of the governor of that State and six other commissioners, to confer with commissioners to be appointed on the part of New York and the Dominion of Canada, to ascertain what action, if any, ought to be taken by such States and the Dominion of Canada for the observance of such tercentenary: Therefore
_Resolved (if the Assembly concur)_, That a commission consisting of the governor, who shall be chairman ex-officio, two citizens to be designated by him, the lieutenant-governor, the speaker of the assembly, two senators to be designated by the lieutenant-governor, and two members of the assembly to be designated by the speaker, be appointed to represent the State of New York at such conference, with power to enter into negotiations with the commissioners representing the State of Vermont and those representing the Dominion of Canada for the observance of such tercentenary, and that such commission report the results of their negotiations, together with the recommendations thereon, to the legislature of 1908.
The New York commission appointed under the foregoing resolution consisted of Governor Charles E. Hughes, Lieutenant-Governor Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler, Senators Henry W. Hill, John C. R. Taylor, and Assemblyman James W. Wadsworth, jr., speaker of the assembly, Alonson T. Dominy, James A. Foley, and Frank S. Witherbee and John H. Booth.
That commission, together with the Vermont commission, during the summer of 1907 made a tour of Lake Champlain, held several joint and separate meetings, and the New York commission formulated its report and transmitted it to the New York legislature of 1908, a copy of which is annexed hereto, in the conclusion of which report they recommend as follows:
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ANNIVERSARY OF 1909.
Your commission respectfully submit the foregoing report to the consideration of the legislature of New York. The anniversary which we desire shall be suitably observed has great significance. Important as it is to the student of history, it makes a wider and stronger appeal to that large body of our citizens whose forefathers fought in the wars of the Champlain region or were among the pioneers who transformed it from the wilderness.
But chief of all the considerations which we urge upon your attention is the international character of the proposed celebration. The history of the Champlain Valley belongs to the history of three great nations, whose cordial relations we believe will be promoted by the suitable observance of this significant date.
RECOMMENDATION.
To that end your commission, after careful investigation, reaches the conclusion that the three hundredth anniversary of the discovery of Lake Champlain should be suitably celebrated by New York State; and to that end we respectfully recommend the enactment of the following bill.
Thereafter a bill was prepared and submitted to the legislature, which was amended in some respects, and subsequently enacted and became chapter 149 of the New York Laws of 1908, providing in substance for a celebration of the tercentenary of the discovery of Lake Champlain by Samuel Champlain in the month of July, 1609, which celebration, by the terms of the bill, is to occur in the month of July, 1909, at various points in the Champlain valley.
The commission appointed thereunder consisted of H. Wallace Knapp, Mooers, N. Y., chairman; Henry W. Hill, of Buffalo, secretary; Walter C. Witherbee, Port Henry, treasurer; James J. Frawley, New York City; James Shea, Lake Placid; James A. Foley, New York City; John H. Booth, Plattsburgh; John B. Riley, Plattsburgh; Louis C. Lafontaine, Champlain; Howland Pell, New York City.
This commission was empowered under the last-mentioned statute to enter into negotiations and co-operate with the State of Vermont, the Government of the United States, the Dominion of Canada, and the Province of Quebec, and either or all of them in such tercentenary celebration, and appropriated by chapter 466 of the New York Laws of 1908 the sum of $50,000 for that purpose.
The Vermont commission made its report to the legislature of Vermont, held in the fall of 1908, also recommending, among other things, that a proper celebration be held in conjunction with the State of New York, the Government of the United States, and the Dominion of Canada, a copy of which report is annexed hereto. Subsequently the State of Vermont made an appropriation of $25,000 to enable that State to participate in the tercentenary celebration.
The commission appointed thereunder consisted of Governor George H. Prouty, chairman; Lynn M. Hays, of Burlington, secretary; Walter H. Crockett, of St. Albans; Rev. John M. Thomas, of Middlebury; Horace W. Bailey, of Rutland; W. J. Van Patten, of Burlington; Frank L. Fish, of Vergennes; Arthur L. Stone, of St. Johnsbury; and F. O. Beaupre, of Burlington.
The facts warranting federal appropriation are briefly set forth in the report of the New York and Vermont commissions, and in amplification thereof the following additional facts are respectfully submitted to the consideration of the President and the Congress of the United States:
Long before its discovery by Samuel Champlain, in July, 1609, Lake Champlain was the resort and battle ground of the savage Algonquin, Huron, and Iroquois nations who peopled its islands and circumjacent beautifully shaded and picturesque shores. It was a paradise for the aborigines, whose native customs and adventurous but precarious life were a startling revelation to such an explorer as Champlain, coming as he did from the refinements of French life of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Still he was hospitably received and escorted to and through the lake, then known as “Caniaderiguarunte,” which signifies the “gate of the country.” The lake was also known as “Mer des Iroquois,” and traversed by the warring Indian tribes, whose canoes formed picturesque flotillas in those early days on the blue waters of the lake.
Had Champlain been gifted with the poetic imagination of a Homer or a Virgil, he might have cast into an epic the story of his explorations and discoveries, which were quite as thrilling as those of the Iliad, the Odyssey, or the Aeneid. Other poets have dwelt upon the beauties of this lake and have sung of the tragic events that have occurred on its waters.
The Champlain valley is one of the historic portions of the American Continent. Its Indian occupation was succeeded by that of the French, and in turn by the English. From its discovery in July, 1609, to the battle of Plattsburgh, in September, 1814, Lake Champlain was the thoroughfare of many expeditions and the scene of many sanguinary engagements. Noted French, British, and American officers visited it and stopped at its forts, from Ste. Anne on the north, founded at Isle La Motte in 1665, to St. Frédéric, founded in honor of the French secretary of foreign affairs, Frédéric Maurepas, by Marquis de Beauharnois, governor-general of Canada, at Crown Point in 1731, and Fort Carillon, founded at Ticonderoga in 1766, on the south.
The grants of some of its islands and adjacent shore lands under French seignories were the subject of a long controversy between the French and British Governments, challenging on the one side the consideration of such officials as Marquis de Beauharnois and others under Louis XV and Louis XVI, and on the other side such statesmen as Lord Dartmouth, Edmund Burke, and Sir Henry Moore under the British Crown. But few, if any, occupations were made under French seignorial grants, and the controversy finally ended after the Seven Years’ French and Indian war, which terminated with the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point by the British in 1759, and the later sovereign control by the Americans during the Revolution.
The Champlain valley was the scene of important military and one naval engagement during the Revolutionary war, and permission has been obtained from the War Department to raise from the waters of Lake Champlain the _Royal Savage_ at Valcour Island, the flagship of Benedict Arnold during that engagement. The history of Ticonderoga and Macdonough’s victory at the battle of Plattsburgh, in September 1814, are of such national importance as to merit federal consideration during the forthcoming celebration of the discovery of the lake.
For two hundred years or longer the Champlain valley was the highway between Albany on the south and Quebec on the north, through which surged the tides of war and travel, until every prominent point and important island in the lake was marked by some notable event worthy of historic mention. The proposed celebration of the discovery of the lake will commemorate some of these important events. Sewall S. Cutting, D. D., in a poem read at the University of Vermont in 1877 thus describes some of these events. He says:
I shift my theme, nor yet shall wander far; My song shall linger where my memories are. Dear Lake Champlain! Thou hast historic fame— The world accords it in thy very name. Not English speech these savage wilds first heard, Not English prows that first these waters stirred; Primeval forests cast their shadows dark On dusky forms in craft of fragile bark, When first the paleface from the distant sea Brought hither conquering cross and fleur-de-lis. On frowning headlands rose the forts of France— Around them villages, and song, and dance. Four generations came and passed away. Of treacherous peace and sanguinary fray. When hostile armies hostile flags unfurled. To wage the destiny of half the world.
No part of the United States can vie in comparison with Lake Champlain and its environs for historic importance and the ultimate significance of the national and international events occurring in that valley. “Every bay and island of the lake and nearly every foot of its shore have been the scene of some warlike movement—the midnight foray of the predatory savage, the bloody scout of frontier settlers, the rendezvous of armed bands, or the conflict of contending armies.” These stirring events cover a period of centuries—from the traditional history of the Indians to the close of the war of 1812.
From the earliest periods of settlement in Canada, New England, and New York the valley of Lake Champlain, both as watercourse or highway, served as a thoroughfare by which, in hostile times, predatory excursions were directed against both the French and English frontiers, and over which captives were conveyed into unenviable captivity. This was the route traversed by delegations engaged in diplomatic relations between the French and English colonists, and was used by agents employed to arrange an exchange of captives. The valley was a highway of commerce, particularly in the operations of the fur trade. Its Indian name, meaning “door of the country,” was an apt designation, for into it there marched the flower of contending armies of France, England, and the United States, who struggled persistently for its control. The destinies of the United States and Canada and of England’s colonial policy were largely decided by what occurred in the Champlain valley.
An unjust historical perspective is often created by placing too high value upon the significance of figures. Large armies do not always count for as much in their influence upon the course of the world’s history as events more hidden from view and surrounded with less of glamour. The one more easily bewitches the eyes, but the other is more likely to appeal to reason. The history of the Champlain valley exhibits in relief momentous martial and naval engagements and in intaglio the deeds of individuals and collections of men pregnant with far-reaching results in the evolution of the continent of North America.
Samuel Champlain laid the foundations of New France at Quebec in 1608, and in 1609 led an expedition into the Richelieu River, accompanied by a retinue of Algonquian and other Canadian Indians. At the falls of Chambly he abandoned the vessel in which he had sailed, and by portaging and canoeing reached the entrance of a great lake, which he named Lake Champlain. Its confines constituted one of the hunting grounds of the well-organized Iroquoian Confederacy. The Iroquois were then at great enmity with the Algonquians and the Canadian Hurons.
On the night of July 29, 1609, Champlain fell in with one of the hunting parties of the Iroquois. They spent the night in parleying and uttering defiance at one another, and on the morning of July 30 the now well-known battle of Champlain took place at or near the site of Ticonderoga, as is generally believed by the best historians. The significance of this battle is attested by the alienation of the Iroquois from the French and their affiliation with the Dutch and English, and was one of the embryonic factors which, under development, ultimately saved northern New York and a large contiguous territory to English instead of French interests.
France claimed the region by right of discovery, but England sought to repress her by the limitations of treaty. In 1731 France violated the compact of peace by the erection of Fort St. Frédéric on the peninsula known better as Crown Point. The Iroquois, as claimants of territorial ownership, in June, 1737, protested against the French occupation. In 1739 the French commandant promised the Iroquois that France would not encroach or settle south of Fort St. Frédéric, but he claimed for his King all the watershed of the St. Lawrence, inclusive of Lake Champlain and Lake George. In 1742 the fort, having been enlarged, was the strongest work held by the French in Canada—Quebec and Louisburg only excepted. The five years’ war, familiarly known as King George’s war, involved the subjects of France and England in conflict, both in Europe and in America. A nominal peace was established by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748. But soon the Acadian and other boundary contentions between the two Crowns were in ferment.
France practiced subtlety in her diplomatic negotiations, strengthened her frontier posts, and inoculated her Indian allies with hatred of her English colonial neighbors. In 1755 she built Fort Carillon, afterwards Ticonderoga, and thus advanced her outposts. Henceforth, and in a seven years’ war, Fort Carillon and Ticonderoga bore the brunt of frontier aggrandizement. In August of that year Dieskau occupied Crown Point with 700 regulars, 1,600 Canadians, and 700 Indians. In 1756, 2,000 men of France were engaged on Fort Carillon; in 1757 it was garrisoned with 9,000 men under the Marquis de Montcalm. On July 8, 1758, Abercromby, with regulars and provincials, unsuccessfully stormed its works and lost nearly 2,000 men. In the same year Robert Rogers, the intrepid ranger, lost 125 out of a total of 180 men. Upon the evacuation of the region by the French in 1759 General Amherst took possession of Ticonderoga in July, and of Crown Point in August. In 1760 Amherst assembled an army of 15,000 men at Crown Point, and in August of that year Colonel Haviland, with about 3,300 men, opened fire upon the French post at Isle aux Noix, forced the French commander, Bourlamaque, to withdraw, and captured the garrison that remained behind.
For a time after the treaty of Paris, in 1763, the region rested in comparative quiescence. England’s acquisition by treaty of the vast domain of Canada eradicated the long-standing imbroglios with France in North America; but the intercolonial wars had schooled the English-American colonists in the arts of prowess and of war. The colonists also had greater freedom to consider internal interests, being now relieved from the erstwhile collisions with the French. A narrow colonial policy lent itself toward the growth of a spirit of resentment in the colonies, and England’s determination to enforce obedience to her will by the employment of military authority served only to fan the slumbering embers into a conflagration. It was under these conditions in May, 1775, that the audacious Ethan Allen, accompanied by only about 83 men, surprised the English garrison at Fort Ticonderoga and that Seth Warner took Crown Point, in each case without bloodshed. When De la Place, the English officer at Ticonderoga, asked Allen by what authority he demanded the fort’s surrender, he replied with these now memorable words: “By the authority of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress.” The personality of Allen was and is yet a subject of academic controversy, but his action in this affair is a landmark in the romantic history of America.
Benedict Arnold has been execrated for his treason to his country, yet his name is connected with one of the greatest of patriotic services during the American Revolution. On October 11, 1776, he engaged in an extraordinary naval battle on Lake Champlain against the overwhelming odds of the British fleet under Sir Guy Carleton. This battle is in our naval annals of the Revolution what Bunker Hill is to our military history—“a battle wherein glory and renown were gained in defeat.” Spears, the naval historian, has characterized it thus: “Not only was the moral effect of this battle quite as great in the courage it gave the Americans, and the pause for thought it gave the enemy; it served to head off a victorious invading British army bound for Albany and the subjugation of northern New York. It taught the British that the Americans were not only willing, but they were able fighters. In spite of the tremendous odds against them, at the last they had proved themselves as unyielding as the rocks that echoed back the roar of the conflict.”
Burgoyne made an unsuccessful attack upon the American occupants of Fort Ticonderoga in June, 1777, but with 7,000 men had forced the abandonment of Crown Point in that month; and in July, having erected a battery on Mount Defiance, which commanded Fort Ticonderoga, forced the Americans to evacuate it on the night of the 6th. The termination of the American Revolution, save for internal controversies between New York and Vermont, ended the storm and stress period in the Champlain valley for many years, until our second war with Great Britain.
From September 6 to 11, 1814, various land engagements took place about Plattsburgh. The British forces, numbering about 11,500 troops and including many of Lord Wellington’s veterans, were under Sir George Prevost, governor and commander-in-chief in British North America; the Americans, commanded by Macomb and Bissell, numbered 4,500 men. On September 11, 1814, the American navy on the lake, commanded by Thomas Macdonough, defeated the British squadron under the command of Commodore George Downie. This naval battle was crucial in bringing the war of 1812 to a termination. The success was acclaimed by the American people everywhere by rejoicing, bonfires, and illuminations, and was sung in the folk and war ballads of the day. Congress recognized its national significance by officially thanking the whole force engaged, and by voting gold medals to Macdonough, Henley, and Cassin, and a silver medal to each of the other commissioned officers. In this victory the United States gained prestige for the demands of the treaty of peace, and an estoppel was put upon England’s endeavor to get possession of the northeast corner of the State of Maine.
If the lake itself was the door of the whole northern country, Larrabee’s Point, on the Vermont side, opposite Fort Ticonderoga, was a side door to New England, and from that side door the New England frontiers suffered repeatedly the havoc of Indian devastations. But there are other places, besides those hitherto mentioned, whose historic associations are inseparable from a narration of the landmarks of the Champlain valley. At Burlington, Vt., the first steamboat on the lake was launched in 1808 and bore the name of that state. This was only a year after Fulton’s steamer, the _Clermont_, first plied the Hudson from New York to Albany. Shortly thereafter, during the period of our second war with Great Britain, Burlington was a garrisoned post and a base of supplies.
On the Isle La Motte (named from Pierre de St. Paul, sieur de la Motte-Lusière, a captain of the famous Carignan regiment), the French built a fort in 1666, which was named Ste. Anne, and in July of that year, while garrisoned by several companies of the regiment above alluded to, was invested by hostile Mohawks, whose depredations included the death of Captains de Traversy and de Chazy. In October, 1666, M. de Tracy, governor-general of New France, guided and assembled an expedition on the Isle La Motte for the purpose of chastising the Iroquois. Twelve hundred combatants, borne by a fleet of 300 bateaux and canoes, and strengthened by two pieces of artillery, were engaged. They penetrated to the remotest hamlets of these Indians and planted the arms of France, in token of taking formal possession of the whole northern part of New York. The French remained undisturbed from the Mohawks for nearly a quarter of a century. Fort Ste. Anne became a Jesuit mission station and was visited by Bishop Laval in 1668. In August, 1690, Capt. John Schuyler camped there during his return from a foray into Canada. Gens. Philip Schuyler and Richard Montgomery met on the island in September, 1775, during their advance against St. John’s and Montreal, and laid there the plans for that invasion of Canada. Now the shrine of Ste. Anne, on the west side of the island, is visited annually by thousands of devout pilgrims.
Maj. Robert Rogers and 142 men came into Missisquoi Bay in the autumn of 1760, secreted their boats and some provisions, and went off on an expedition against the St. Francis Indians, near the village of Three Rivers, which they burned. Earlier in that year this same intrepid ranger had landed at the place called Rouse’s Point, near which he was attacked by a superior body of French from the Isle aux Noix. The French were defeated and their commander was slain.
Swanton, in Vermont, at an early period formed a considerable settlement of the French and Indians, being then “probably the largest in the Champlain valley with the exception of Crown Point.” At the mouth of Otter Creek, the largest river in Vermont, where Fort Cassin was built, the American squadron was fitted out in 1814 for battle against the English navy. This fort was named for Lieutenant Cassin of our navy, who, with Captain Thornton of the United States Artillery, in May, 1814, had defended the American fleet then building there from attempted destruction by the British.
A little to the north of Rouse’s Point are the ruins of Fort Montgomery, built by error in what was then Canadian soil, and often called on that account “Fort Blunder,” but corrected by international boundary concessions. Rouse’s Point is a place of commercial interest and the most important port of entry on this frontier. Near by is Point au Fer, fortified in 1776 by the patriot General Sullivan, but occupied by the British in June of the next year and relinquished by them only as late as 1788. At Valcour Island, off Bluff Point and Hotel Champlain, the scene of Arnold’s naval battle of 1776, the wreck of the _Royal Savage_ lies under water to this day as a reminder of the beginnings of our national naval adventures. At the head of the lake to the south, near the present Whitehall, Maj. Israel Putnam, in August, 1758, was engaged in watching the enemy’s maneuvers, and had a fierce encounter in the forest with French and Indians. He was captured, tied to a tree by the Indians, who made preparations to roast him alive. Only the stern interposition of the French officer, Marin, prevented them from dispatching him thus cruelly and robbing the patriot cause of one of its bravest leaders during the American Revolution.
The New York and Champlain commissions have concluded contracts with Mr. L. O. Armstrong, of Montreal, to present Indian pageants on Lake Champlain during the tercentenary celebration. These will be presented by 150 native Indians, descendants of the original tribes that occupied portions of the Champlain valley at the time of its discovery by Champlain. They will reproduce the battle of Samuel Champlain with the Iroquois and also present a dramatic version of Longfellow’s Hiawatha on floating barges anchored on the waters of the lake at various places where exercises are to be held.
It is desirable that the United States detail national troops and the States of New York and Vermont regiments from the National Guard to present military pageants at Ticonderoga, Plattsburgh, and Burlington. The two commissions have decided to hold formal exercises on July 5, 1909, at Crown Point, on July 6 at Fort Ticonderoga, on July 7 at Plattsburgh, on July 8 at Burlington, and on July 9 at Isle La Motte, at each of which places Indian pageants will be presented.
The proposed celebration of the discovery of Lake Champlain may also include a celebration of such colonial, national, and international events occurring since the discovery of the lake as to make it eminently proper that the Government of the United States officially participate in the exercises commemorating these historical events. Historical addresses and other literary exercises are to be held, and it is important that the United States Government invite and entertain representatives of the Republic of France, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the Dominion of Canada. The celebration is of national and international importance, and the committee recommends that the resolution do pass.
II. ENGLISH FORTS
The Crown Point forts standing within the confines of the State Reservation at Crown Point, were frequently mentioned during the Tercentenary celebration exercises as well as during the dedicatory ceremonies of the Champlain memorials.
They are of historical and public interest, now that they belong to the State, through the generosity of Witherbee, Sherman & Co., and will be preserved from further devastation.
Fort Frédéric was built by Marquis de Beauharnois in honor of the French Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Frédéric Maurepas, in 1731. The English forts were constructed under the supervision of General Jeffrey Amherst as will appear from the following excerpts of the official “Correspondence of William Pitt,” edited by Gertrude Selwin Kimball and published by the Macmillan Company.
In his report under date of Crown Point, August 5, 1759, General Amherst says: “I arrived at Crown Point [August 4th] before the evening, landed and posted all corps. * * * I ordered [August 5th] Lt. Colonel Eyre to trace out the ground for a Fort, which I will set about with all possible expedition.” Correspondence of William Pitt, Vol. 2, pp. 147-148, published by the Macmillan Company.
General Amherst in his report under date of Crown Point October 22, 1759, to William Pitt, says “to make the fortress as formidable as I can I ordered with the advise of the Engineer three Forts to be erected, which I named the Grenadier Fort, the light Infantry Fort, & Gages light Infantry Fort, ordering those Corps’s to build each their own as fast as possible.” Correspondence of William Pitt, Vol. 2, p. 191.
In a later report under date of New York December 16, 1759, to William Pitt, General Amherst (on November 10, 1759, that being the birthday of George II), says: “The Troops worked till three o’clock, excepting the Grenadiers, who were under Arms at one o’clock and fired Volleys. * * * The three Forts firing 21 Cannon, and the Battalions volleys. The Fortress 21 Cannon, the Army a running fire, the Park of Artillery 21 Cannon, the Army a general volley * * *.” Correspondence of William Pitt, Vol. 2, p. 222.
Again in a later report under date of New York, January 7, 1761, to William Pitt, General Amherst says: “The works of the Fortress of Crown Point, and of the Forts of Oswego, Pittsburg, and Fort Stanwix, are not finished so much as I could wish, and I judge, it will be proper to compleat them in the Spring, and that the Provincials should furnish men for this Service.” Correspondence of William Pitt, Vol. 2, p. 382.
It thus appears that the fortress at Crown Point was not completed in 1761, and in fact it was never fully completed.
It does not appear from the foregoing correspondence between General Amherst and William Pitt or from any of the official reports of General Amherst that the fortress at Crown Point was officially named “Fort Amherst,” as it was occasionally denominated in common parlance.
* * * * *
Additional light is thrown on the early history of the region in the papers of Victor Hugo Paltsits, State Historian, and W. Max Reid, on the Rock Inscription at Crown Point, found in the New York State Historical Association Publications [Vol. X, pp. 106-113]. In the papers of Mr. Reid, he says that “The Earl of Waldegrave writes to the Board of Trade, June 13th, 1732: ‘the French have caused a fort to be built * * * at a place called _Pointe de la Couronne_, in English, Crown Point.’” [N. Y. Hist. Assoc. Pub. X, p. 113.]
III. REPORT OF CAPTAIN EDWARD MOTT
In the Journal of Captain Edward Mott, of Preston, Connecticut, published in the Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society, Vol. I, pages 163-174, may be found the report of Captain Mott on the expedition to Ticonderoga and the part taken by the troops under his command. Therein will be found a discussion of the demand made by Col. Benedict Arnold that he be placed in command of the men who had assembled to attempt the capture of Ticonderoga and the reasons assigned for refusing such demand. An order was finally issued by Captain Mott as follows:
To Col. ETHAN ALLEN,
SIR: Whereas, agreeable to the Power and Authority to us given by the Colony of Connecticut, we have appointed you to take the command of a party of men and reduce and take possession of the garrison of Ticonderoga and its dependencies, and as you are now in possession of the same,—You are hereby directed to keep the command of said garrison, for the use of the American Colonies, till you have further orders from the Colony of Connecticut or from the Continental Congress.
Signed per order of Committee, EDWARD MOTT, _Chairman Committee_.
TICONDEROGA, _May 10th, 1775_.
The foregoing order appears to have been issued without direct authorization, but it was acquiesced in by Col. Arnold, who submitted to the command of Col. Allen and accompanied him in the attack. They were guided by young Nathan Beman, who was familiar with every passage of approach to the fort. After the capture of Ticonderoga, Captain Mott returned to Hartford and was sent to Philadelphia to inform Congress of the capture of Ticonderoga. And thereafter he resumed command of his company in the northern army and was present at the taking of Chambly and the surrender of St. John’s. His elder brother, Samuel, was appointed engineer and was stationed at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and in August became Chief Engineer under General Schuyler of the northern army. Captain Edward Mott became major in the regiment under Col. Gay. The devotion and distinguished services of Captain Mott and Samuel Mott, his brother, during the Revolution were recognized in their rapid promotion in the northern army.
IV. NOTES ON THE ARCHÆOLOGY OF THE CHAMPLAIN VALLEY
BY PROFESSOR GEORGE H. PERKINS, Ph.D.
State Geologist of Vermont
It is undoubted that the Champlain valley at the time when the first Europeans entered the region was occupied by two great Indian peoples, the Confederacy of the Six Nations and the Algonkins or Abnaki. To the Six Nations the name Iroquois was generally given by the French explorers. They held full sway over the New York side of the Champlain valley, but the occupancy of the eastern, or Vermont, side is less certain. There can be no question that this side of the valley was possessed by the Algonkins for the greater part of the time, but there are several centuries when it is not easy to determine certainly the precise relations of these two peoples. Most of what became New England and the Atlantic border and a vast territory in Canada was always, so far as can be now discovered, occupied by the Algonkins who also reached far westward and southward through the Mississippi valley. The Iroquois occupied a comparatively small area about lakes Erie and Ontario and eastward along the St. Lawrence, including the whole of what is now New York, as well as parts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and a long, narrow strip of Canada north of New York.
They also occupied territory in the south, west of the Carolinas. How long or how completely the Iroquois possessed the Vermont side of the Champlain valley we may never know, but it appears to be pretty certain that they did for a time, and probably several times, dispossess the usual owners and hold as their own the entire shore of Champlain. It appears from various records that sometime about 1540 the Iroquois were in control of both sides of the lake and of the Vermont as well as the New York shores. It also appears that these people held the region for a century when they withdrew. Why they retired to the western side is not plain. Considering their warlike disposition and reputation and the very great fear in which they were held by the Algonkins it is impossible to believe that these latter drove them back across the lake, and yet why they should have voluntarily left their eastern possessions one cannot readily explain.
In 1640 Father Ducreux made a map of the region and on this map Lake Champlain is made the western boundary of the Algonkin territory, so that by this time the ownership had again changed.
In 1690, as is well known, the Algonkins and French destroyed Schenectady and, though their force was very small, they appear to have passed without any difficulty through the Champlain valley, and had it been occupied by Mohawks or any Iroquois tribe this could not have been possible.
At different times for many years various Vermont legislatures were beset by claims which the Caughnawaga Indians persistently entered. These claims were for remuneration for land taken by the white men from their ancestors and which they declared were formerly the property of their tribe.
The territory which the Caughnawagas claimed was finally defined by them as bounded by Lake Champlain on the west and on the east by the mountain ranges which divide the waters running into Lake Champlain from the Missisquoi, Lamoille and Winooski rivers from those which run into the Connecticut, together with so much of the land drained by Otter creek as would be embraced by a line drawn from Ticonderoga to the sources of the Winooski.
So far as can be ascertained by examination of documents, the validity or invalidity of this claim was neither denied nor allowed, but the claim was never in any way granted. As intimated, it was repeatedly advanced at different sessions of the General Assembly until finally abandoned in 1874. From the persistency with which the Indians brought forward their claim it seems probable that whether it had any substantial basis or not, they really believed that it had.
In a very full and interesting discussion of this question, Mr. D. P. Thompson in an Appendix to the History of Montpelier, Vt., writes as follows: “In the published journal of the expedition of Champlain when in the summer of 1609 he discovered the lake that bears his name we have full and direct evidence that the Iroquois were in possession of just about the same tract of territory in Vermont as that to which their descendants have latterly been laying claim as a part of their original domain.”
Champlain also found that the Algonkins were at war with the Iroquois and, as this author suggests, this war may very likely have grown out of the encroachment of the Iroquois upon this territory which formerly had belonged to the Algonkins. Moreover, Champlain states in his narrative that when he asked his companions who lived on the east shores of the lake through which they were passing they told him that they were Iroquois. It also appears to be true that the early French explorers called Lake Champlain the Lake or Sea of the Iroquois. However, while the Algonkins admitted at the time of Champlain’s visit that the Iroquois held the Champlain valley on both sides, they asserted that it originally belonged to them, as it was occupied by their forefathers. The truth, so far as it can be ascertained, appears to be that the first inhabitants of the western side of the Champlain valley were Iroquois, and those of the eastern side were Algonkins; that at some time before 1540 the Iroquois crossed the lake and drove out the people then living on the eastern side, and for many, perhaps a hundred, years, themselves occupied that territory. In or about 1640, for reasons not discoverable, they left the eastern shores and all the territory now included in Vermont and no further trace of them appears in that region. How long the Champlain valley was occupied by these two peoples can never be known, or whether at any early time some other and different people roamed over the region. All that we do know or can know is that at the coming of the white men, and for at least several centuries before, these and only these tribes were here.
Turning now to a consideration of some of the evidence of former occupation which these peoples have left we find a great variety of implements and weapons of stone and a smaller number of copper and iron. Household utensils, simple and few as were the needs of people, who were in the stone age of civilization, are also found made of stone, earthenware and bone. A detailed enumeration of these, though of great interest to the archæologist would be tedious to the general reader. For this reason only a general account of these objects will be given.
From what has been written above it will be obvious that practically all of the objects found on the New York side of the valley are of Iroquois origin, but of those found in Vermont we may be sure that many are Algonkin. It is also sure that mingled with these there must be many of Iroquoian origin. When, however, we attempt to decide which of the implements or other objects are Algonkian and which Iroquoian we undertake a very difficult task. Some of the pottery and some of the stone objects are plainly of Iroquois manufacture and others are Algonkian, but most of our specimens are not to be classified. The Iroquois were superior in culture to other tribes and their handiwork is finer as a whole, but after all the quality of the work does not, as a rule, at all suffice to distinguish between their implements and others. Quite extensive collections have been made on both sides of the lake, and when these are compared very great similarity is at once observed. And yet there are some differences though, as has been indicated, not enough to differentiate one group from the other. It is noticeable that in any considerable collection of objects of Indian manufacture from the Champlain valley, there are many of exceedingly fine workmanship. No better specimens of their kind are to be found anywhere than the best of our Champlain valley specimens. Probably because of the rocky and, at times inaccessible, character of the western shore, and the more level and inhabitable nature of the Vermont shores, Indian relics of all sorts have been found in much greater abundance on the eastern than on the western side of the lake.
Much of the New York shore is rugged and affords no good camping ground or village sites, while the Vermont shores are mostly level, or nearly so, and offer abundant invitation to wandering tribes to remain. And yet, as Champlain informs the reader, there were in his day no permanent villages because of hostilities. The whole Champlain valley, or at any rate that part of it which adjoins the lake, was unsafe territory to the long-staying camper, and still more to those who would establish a village. War or hunting parties might traverse its forests, but none might safely tarry long.
As every collector of Indian relics well knows, it is about the camp, or better still, village sites that most abundant specimens occur, and as these are very few in the immediate vicinity of the lake so the number of objects found is comparatively small as compared to such localities as the Ohio or Mississippi region. Still some thousands of specimens have been collected along the shores of Lake Champlain and in their immediate neighborhood. As everywhere, the spear and arrow points, and similarly shaped knives, are by far the most abundant of all objects that have been found. These chipped points are almost always made from hard, often quartzose rock, and are of many forms and various degrees of excellence. By far the greater number are of a gray quartzite which is abundant in ledges in the region. The most common form on both sides of the lake is the simple triangle. This shape occurs of many sizes from little points a half inch long to those that are four or five inches long. They may be narrow or broad, usually without haft or barb, though these may be present in some of the less common specimens. While none are as large as the larger flaked implements of the west, some are several inches long, a few of the very largest being seven or eight. Some few of the points are as finely proportioned and elegantly made as can be found anywhere, though as a rule the flaked objects are less attractive than those from the west. This is partly due to the color and texture of the material, for the quartzites, etc., of the east are much less prettily colored than those which are found in the west or middle west. Finely barbed and stemmed points and knives are less abundant than the simpler forms, but many specimens occur and some are very finely made.
Besides these points other chipped or flaked objects are found, such as scrapers and drills. A form of point or, more probably, knife is found more commonly, I think, in the Champlain valley than elsewhere, though not peculiar to this region. These are of similar form to the better hafted and stemmed, chipped points, but they are of red or purple slate and were ground at least as they were completed, though they may have been first shaped by chipping, as some of them undoubtedly were. Some of these are strikingly like the modern Eskimo knife. Dr. Beauchamp has figured some of these slate knives in Bulletin 18, New York State Museum, and says as to their distribution: “In some parts of Canada they are about as common as in New York, being most abundant on both sides of Lake Ontario. They have not been reported east of Lake Champlain, except in its immediate vicinity, with the exception of one in Maine, nor do they reach more than half way southward to the Pennsylvania line.”
Perhaps that class of implements known as gouges is more common in the Champlain valley than elsewhere. These objects are of various proportions, some being long and slender, others short and wide, but whatever the shape, there is always the U-shaped groove which gives the name. This groove may extend only a short distance from the cutting edge as in the ordinary carpenter’s gouge, or it may go from end to end. The gouges are usually fashioned from moderately soft stone though some are of that which is very hard. They are generally well finished and some are so regular in form and so beautifully smoothed and polished that they are not surpassed by any specimens that we have. As a rule they are of medium size, six or eight inches long, but most elegantly finished specimens are in our museums that are fourteen to twenty inches long.
What are called celts or hand axes are more numerous and, as a class, somewhat ruder than the gouges, though some of them are as finely made as possible.
Like the gouges the celts were rubbed and ground into shape, except in very rare cases, when a very hard stone was shaped by flaking. They are generally not more than four or five inches long, though some have been found that are twice this size. The material is usually some sort of very hard stone.
Of ruder sort than other implements are the numerous hammers. Often these are merely water smoothed river or beach pebbles upon which no work at all has been expended, and the only proof of human usage is seen in the battered ends. More rarely the hammer has been worked over its whole surface. Of course hammers or other implements used for pounding would not ordinarily be carried on long journeys and consequently would not be likely to be found far from a somewhat permanent camp. Hence, although very abundant in a few localities, these objects are not widely distributed. And the same is true of the boiling stones, which are of the same sort as the hammer stones, the difference being that the latter bear the bruises caused by their use, while the pebbles which were heated and thrown into the earthenware pots to heat the water show evidence of being heated, but no abrasion.
The hammer stone when long and more or less slender becomes a pestle. Pestles are not common though in all a considerable number have been found in the Champlain valley. Some of these are only five or six inches long, and from this size they may be found of various lengths and weights to those over two feet long and weighing nearly thirty pounds. Some of these large pestles are finely shaped and of hard stone, so that great labor must have been expended in their making.
Several so-called pestles have been found in the region we are considering which are especially interesting because they are not only well shaped, but at one end they are carved to resemble the head of some animal. These are long and slender and should probably be regarded as clubs rather than pestles.
Without some sort of mortar the pestle would be of little use, and where one is found the other may be expected. Yet it is noticeable that mortars are very uncommon in this region. Some very excellent examples have been found, but more often little labor was expended upon the mortars beyond that necessary to hollow out the cavity. This cavity was in some cases hollowed on one side only, but often there was made a hollow on each side. These were usually circular and several inches deep, but in some of the largest mortars the hollowed portion is oval and more or less irregular. Naturally the mortars would be of considerable weight, from ten to fifty pounds.
The most common axe or hatchet was undoubtedly the celt or hand axe, already mentioned, but for heavier work larger axes were needed, and these are found, though not in large numbers. These larger axes may be six, eight or ten inches long and weigh several pounds, though we have none as large as many which have been found in the west and south. Some are very rude, others very carefully shaped and well finished. All have a groove around them by which a handle could be more firmly attached. These large grooved axes seem to us very clumsy and inefficient tools, but Champlain in his account of making a camp for the night on one of the large islands in the lake, says that his Indian companions cut down large trees with these “meschantes haches,” so that they were certainly much more useful than they appear to us to be.
There is a class of objects which seem to be more or less problematical. They are of very different shape, but always quite unlike objects designed for use as implements; always well and often very finely made and finished and of handsome material. These occur on both sides of the lake and form the chief treasures of collections. They are some of them suitable for ornament or for ceremonial purposes, but some do not appear designed for any known use. Nevertheless they are fashioned with such care and are so attractive in themselves that it is not possible to regard them as unimportant to those who made them. By different writers they have been called as they are of one form or another—ceremonial stones, banner stones, gorgets, etc. And it is more than probable that some were used as indicated by these names, but some of them are quite puzzling. The flat pieces of slate or other stone which are included among the specimens mentioned are usually drilled once or twice and were apparently attached to the clothing or hung about the neck as ornaments. Others, the so-called banner stones, are thicker, of harder material, semi-lunar or more or less crescent shape and have a large hole bored through the middle. It is possible, but not certain, that these were in some way badges of office. A very few of the so-called birdshead stones have also been found.
The discoidal stones, found especially in the south, are very rare in the Champlain valley. A few rather rough specimens have been found, but I have seen only one really fine specimen and this is small, about two and a half inches in diameter, of white quartz and very finely made.
Stone and earthenware pipes, some of them of very interesting form and finely polished are not numerous, but a goodly number have been found. The earthenware pipes are of various shape, a few tubular, more with bowl and stem, much like the modern pipe. The stone pipes are very variable in form, no two being alike, but as elsewhere, finely finished. Yet the pipes of the Champlain valley are much less elaborate than those from the mounds or other localities, and none of the earthenware specimens are effigies, or with head-shaped bowls, such as are found in New York west of the Adirondacks.
A very interesting form of pipe has been found in Swanton, on the Vermont side of the lake. A dozen or more of these have been obtained. They are simply straight tubes of stone from seven to twelve inches long and about an inch in diameter. They very closely resemble the tubular pipes of the Pacific coast and South America.
It is noticeable that the pipes of the Champlain valley rarely imitate any human or animal form. I know of only one which resembles an animal and two or three which bear on the bowl the human face.
Of earthenware or pottery a very great variety has been found. In this more than in any of the stone objects we are able at least partially to separate the Algonkian from the Iroquoian. The earthenware of the Champlain valley is sometimes almost without decoration, but by far the greater portion was ornamented at least about the rim and usually over much of the upper portion and sometimes even inside the upper part for one or two inches below the rim. No animal or human form is found in any specimen. The form is always globular below, the rim being contracted and variously shaped. In some cases the rim is quadrangular or five or six sided, although as stated, the lower part is always globular. Whole jars are, as is to be expected, very rare, but three fine specimens from Vermont are in the University Museum and one was in the fine collection of Dr. D. S. Kellogg of Plattsburgh, which was found near that place.[3] Large fragments, in some instances almost enough to reconstruct a whole jar, have been found on both sides of the valley. For the most part the pottery of the region is in fragments from the size of one’s hand to mere bits not larger than a pea. These fragments have been found in very great quantity. A short distance north of Plattsburgh near what is locally called “The Creek,” there were evidently many jars made, for some years ago the sand blown off revealed the old fireplaces where the pots were burned and an immense number of fragments were picked up. The decoration is in all cases indented, none in relief. It consists of all sorts of figures, crescents, key-shaped figures, circles, dots, triangles, squares, zigzags, etc., and groups of lines, arranged in every conceivable fashion, all stamped or drawn on the clay when it was soft. Some of the patterns are really very attractive and done with no little skill. Only by the aid of plates can any adequate idea of the variety and elegance of these designs or of the earthenware as a whole be given.
In quality the Champlain valley pottery varies as in every other respect. Some of it is of the finest paste and carefully burned; some is of very coarse material and more carelessly burned. Over the surface of most specimens after the piece was shaped and perhaps partly dried, a thin, smooth paste was added which covered the ruder mass of which the jar was mainly composed. As to the size of most of the jars it is only possible to give an approximate measure because of their fragmentary condition, but, with those that are entire and the larger fragments as guides, it may be said that they varied from those holding a pint to those holding ten quarts. As to what may be called the nationality of the pottery, it may be noticed that while there is much resemblance there are important differences. The entire jars and the finest of the fragments are to be regarded as made by Iroquois, while the simpler forms, especially those found on the eastern side of the valley are Algonkian. While the work of the Iroquois is superior to that of the Algonkins, yet when it is remembered that all of the pottery was made entirely by hand, the regularity of form and general excellence are remarkable.
Soapstone dishes, such as are common in some parts of New England, are also found here, but they are very infrequent and always badly broken. Soapstone is not uncommon on the Vermont side of the valley, but the ancient residents seem to have preferred to use pots of earthenware.
Bone was probably used by the aborigines to a much greater extent than now appears, for this material was used to so great an extent by other tribes and is so readily fashioned into certain classes of implements and was always at hand that it would surely have been a common material for many of the smaller implements, such as awls, needles, points for marking pottery, fishing spears and the like.
Until within a few years only a very few bone objects of any sort had been found, but recently quite a number of various sorts have been found on the east shore of the lake and a few on the west. Some of these are like the many-barbed spear points of the Eskimo, but most are the ordinary awls, blunt points, etc. These latter were probably used mainly for drawing the lines and figures on the unbaked pottery. Canine teeth of the bear were carefully and evidently with no little labor cut or ground until half was removed and the remaining half brought to a sharp edge. As would be expected, objects of shell are uncommon and all that have been found are marine and from southern species. The little marginella conoidalis of the Carolina coast was used whole, evidently as beads, and the columella of the ordinary conch was cut into large beads an inch or more long and nearly as much in diameter. Like the beads made from the marginella these were perforated longitudinally and the surface ground smooth. These shell beads are interesting because they are proof of traffic between the northern and southern tribes. Bits of coral several inches long, the surface smoothed, have been found and furnish added evidence of trade with other tribes, as none of these materials can be obtained from northern waters.
Native copper is not found nearer the Champlain valley than Lake Superior, and here again we find proof of traffic with distant tribes, for copper implements and ornaments of different sorts have been found in several localities on both sides of the lake. Spear points, knives, celts, gouges made from copper, beaten into shape, have been found, and one large specimen weighing thirty-eight ounces, a celt eight inches long, was evidently cast in a mould. This was found a few years ago at the mouth of Otter creek, on the Vermont shore.
Besides those objects, which were for use as tools, there are copper bars, which were probably ornaments, and small beads made by beating the metal into sheets and rolling pieces of the thin copper into cylinders. We cannot know much as to the age of the objects thus far mentioned. It is certain that their use reaches back centuries before the coming of the white men, but how far into the remote past of this country none may say. When we find anything made from iron, however, there is no difficulty in assigning it an age, since the French adventurers came to the American wilderness and bartered their hatchets and other articles of iron for that which they needed from the savages. Queer shaped axes or tomahawks, pipes, etc., are now and then found always much rusted, but always of interest.
In the preceding pages there has not been any attempt to give more than a summary of what has been found during the past fifty or seventy-five years in the Champlain valley, which illustrates somewhat the life and handicraft of those to whom the region belonged before it was taken from them by the incoming Europeans.
Those who may care to pursue the subject further are referred to Dr. Beauchamp’s writings in Bulletins 16, 22, 50, 89 of the New York State Museum and to articles by the writer of this paper in the American Anthropologist, Vol. 11, pp. 607-623, plates XXIX-XXXVII; Vol. 13, pp. 239-249, plates XII-XVII; Vol. 14, pp. 72-80, plates I-V, also Seventh Report Vermont State Geologist, pp. 55-73, plates V-XVIII.
V. FINANCIAL STATEMENT
ALBANY, N. Y., _May 26, 1913_.
_To the Comptroller of the State of New York:_
Pursuant to chapter 181 of the Laws of 1911, as amended by chapter 273 of the Laws of 1912, we, the undersigned Commissioners, submit herewith a full report of all receipts and disbursements of the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of the State of New York, as of the date of May 26, 1913.
Very respectfully, H. WALLACE KNAPP, _Chairman_ HENRY W. HILL, _Secretary_ WALTER C. WITHERBEE, _Treasurer_ JOHN H. BOOTH LOUIS C. LAFONTAINE JAMES J. FRAWLEY JAMES A. FOLEY JAMES SHEA JOHN B. RILEY HOWLAND PELL WILLIAM R. WEAVER
_Commissioners_
REPORT OF W. C. WITHERBEE, TREASURER, NEW YORK—LAKE CHAMPLAIN TERCENTENARY COMMISSION, AS OF MAY 26, 1913.
Received from United States Government $20,000 00 By vouchers on file in Washington 20,000 00 =========== Received from State Treasurer $125,833 72 Vermont Commission account Crown Point Memorial 13,325 00 Vermont Commission account cost of barges 2,000 00 Hudson-Fulton Commission account cost of barges 6,000 00 Sale of six barges 2,244 00 S. H. P. Pell—sale of dock at Ticonderoga 500 00 M. J. Farrell account sale of badges 1,395 00 W. W. Richards account sale of grandstand at Ticonderoga 97 44 W. F. Miller account sale of badges 97 07 Henry W. Hill account sale of badges 25 10 Presbyterian Church, Whitehall 4 76 Parkhurst & Taylor, insurance rebate 8 73 Conscience money 1 00 H. W. Knapp, refund of transportation 3 76 Booth Bros. & H. I. G. Co. account overpayment of voucher No. 485 to them 46 92 ----------- $151,582 50 =========== By vouchers on file with State Comptroller $149, 936 15 By cash on hand, retained for Secretary of Commission, for expenses incurred and to be incurred in connection with finishing and distributing reports, and to be accounted for in final report (estimated). 200 00 By cash on hand, retained for Plattsburgh contract accepted by the Commission, for retaining wall not yet completed,—vouchers to accompany final report 1,346 35 (See accompanying letters.) By check to State Treasurer 100 00 ------------ $151,582 50 ===========
STATE OF NEW YORK, } COUNTY OF ESSEX, } ss.:
WALTER C. WITHERBEE, being duly sworn, deposes and says that the above is a true statement of the moneys received and expended by him as Treasurer of the New York—Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission.
WALTER C. WITHERBEE.
Sworn to and signed before me this 26th day of May, 1913.
HALFORD E. KIDDER, _Notary Public, Essex County_.
STATEMENT OF COST OF MEMORIALS
_Crown Point_ Booth Bros. & Hurricane Isle Granite Co.: Contract for general work $34,850 00 Additional foundations 323 00 Model for carved work 50 00 Lower flight granite steps 2,925 00 Glass for lantern 125 00 Corbel for Rodin bust 56 10 Bronze hook, staple and lock for gallery door 16 50 Freighting, hauling and erecting models 35 00 Freighting, hauling and erecting bronze 95 00 Concrete paving 745 00 --------- $39,220 60 Statuary contract—Charles Augustus Heber 9,000 00 Architect’s fees—Dillon, McLellan & Beadel 2,893 23 Amount allowed for concrete wall at base of steps 200 00 ----------- Total $51,313 83
_Plattsburgh_ Booth Bros. & Hurricane Isle Granite Co. $10,366 42 Statuary contract—Charles Augustus Heber 6,775 00 Architect’s fees—Dillon, McLellan & Beadel 1,714 14 Ralph L. Signor, surveyor 60 35 Express and duty on plans— Ottawa to Plattsburgh 1 25 Amount allowed for retaining wall 1,346 35 ---------- $20,263 51 ---------- Grand total $71,577 34 ==========
ANALYTICAL INDEX
Compiled by
CHARLES ALEXANDER NELSON, A. M., Head Reference Librarian (Retired) of Columbia University
Abercromby, James, General, defeated by Montcalm at Ticonderoga, 40, 102, 231; the Black Watch in the assault under, 129.
Abnaki, The Algonkins or, 247.
Academy of Moral and Political Science, Paul Vidal de la Blache delegate of the, 94.
Acadian and other boundary contentions, 231.
Action, La pensée américaine se formule en termes d’, 64.
Activities of the Tercentenary Commissioners, 217-18.
Adams, Harold J., lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Adirondacks, M. Deschamps on the snow-capped, 82; Vidal de la Blache on the, 95; M. Bazin on the, 101; Port Henry one of five gateways to the, 151; Port Kent one of the gateways to the, 152; wall in Lake Champlain on the West, 153; as seen from Vermont, 167.
Aero Club of France represented by M. Léon Barthou, 17.
Æsthetics, Appreciation of ideals in, by the French and Italians, 18-19; Croce’s intuitional theory of, 20.
Africa, M. Hanotaux on the future cities of, 14.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 230.
Alexander, Charles Beatty, Reception to French delegates and Commissions by, 27; at banquet, 32; gift of Sèvres bisque group from French Government to, 111; invited to dedications, 117; Commission grateful to, 192.
Alexander, De Alva Stanwood, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
Alexander, John White, welcomed French delegates to French Institute, 26.
Alger, George William, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Algonkian and Iroquian handiwork, Difficulty of distinguishing, 250.
Algonkins, The, or Abnaki, _see_ Algonquins, The.
Algonquians, _see_ Algonquins.
Algonquins, the, Warfare of, and Iroquois, 41, 145, 249; high and mighty talk of chiefs of, 146; Lake Champlain the battle ground of the, 226; in possession of eastern shore of the Lake, 247; territory occupied by the, 247, 248; and French destroyed Schenectady, 248; first inhabitants of eastern shore of the Lake, 249.
Allan, Montagu, Vice-Pres. of Franco-American Committee of Montreal, 89.
Allds, Jotham Powers, Chairman of Committee on Appropriations, 182.
Allegorical bust, The, “La France,” and the personnel and mission of the French delegation, 11-21: Interest in France, 13; appeal of M. Hanotaux in _Le Figaro_, 13-16; the French delegation, 16-17; Rodin’s bust of “La France,” 17-18; Allegorical interpretation by HENRY W. HILL, 18-21.
Allen, Ethan, captured Ticonderoga, 145, 231-32; speech of, to soldiers before the attack, 146; on witnessing lowering of His Majesty’s colors, 146; reply of, to British officer, 232; ordered by Edward Mott to take Ticonderoga, 243.
Allen, Ira, on Ticonderoga, 72; “Natural and political history of the State of Vermont,” 197, 209; gave all his property to University of Vermont, 199; papers of, 209; a Major-General of State Militia, 209.
Allen, John Johnson, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Allens, Independence and resolution of the, 199.
Alliance Française, of Boston, welcomed French delegation, 27.
Ambassadors of France and Great Britain, invited to dedications, 117; participated in Tercentenary exercises, 119; sent representatives to dedicatory exercises, 119, 133; at the Tercentenary celebrations, 143.
America, Closer relations between France and, 90; honors herself in honoring Frenchmen, 97; raised monuments to French heroes, 142; century of peace between France, England, and, 164.
American Arts Society, Loan exhibition in building of, 26.
American flag, Largest, unfurled from masthead of any vessel, 27.
American hospitality, M. Poincaré on, 92; M. Bazin on, 101.
American memorials to Champlain examined, 2.
American people, Tribute of French delegates to the, 109.
Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, General, erected the English forts, 52, 77, 127, 239-40; portrait of, on Tablet, 127; list of regiments under, 127; deeds of, 128; besieged Fort Carillon, 145; correspondence of, with William Pitt, 198, 239-40; took possession of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 231.
Andrews, George R., M. C., Justice of Supreme Court, 205.
Andromeda, The nebula in, 21.
Angelus, Call of the, at Saint Jean, 86.
Annapolis, Monument to French soldiers and sailors at, 142.
Appropriation for New York Commission, 226; for Vermont Commission, 226.
Arbitration treaties, Hope for French and English, 79.
Archæology of the Champlain valley, Notes on the, (G. H. PERKINS), 247-58.
Archives, foreign and American, Transcripts of documents in, 198.
Arms on base of Memorial Lighthouse, 5.
Armstrong, Louis Olivier, and his company of Indians, Obligations of Commission to, for pageants, 191; manager of the Indian pageants, 235.
Armstrong, William W., Senator, Chairman of Committee on Appropriations, 182.
Army, Natives of the Champlain valley in the, 207, 209.
Arnold, Benedict, commanded American fleet at battle of Valcour, 40, 152-53; not yet traitor, 128; extraordinary naval battle of, 232; demanded command of the men to capture Fort Ticonderoga, 243.
Arnold, Matthew, James Buckham compared with, 214.
Arquebuse, Champlain’s, 8, 137.
Arrow and spear points, Chipped, 251.
Art, An interpretation of French, by H. W. Hill, 18-20; civilization expressed through, 64-65.
_Art L’_, by Auguste Rodin, 20n.
Arthur, Chester Alan, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Artists, American and French, 26.
“As You Like It,” Quotation from, 168-69.
Ashley, Jerold Myers, Captain Company “M,” 1st Infantry, N. G., Vt., at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125.
Athene Parthenos, The, and “La France,” 19.
Atlantic, Nine voyages across the, by Champlain, 138.
Attendance at Crown Point and Plattsburgh exercises, 119.
Authors from the Champlain valley, A few of the works of, 209-14.
Axes, Large stone, grooved, found, 254.
Babcock, Joseph Weeks, from the Champlain valley, 204.
Babcock’s, Col., Rhode Island Rangers and Indians, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Bacon, Robert, accompanied French delegation on tour, 16; gift of American flag to S.S. _France_ by, 27; accompanied French delegation to Boston, 27; guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31; Commission grateful to, 192.
Badges, Souvenir, presented to French delegates, 17.
Bailey, Horace Ward, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 224, 226.
Baker, Charles Whiting, editor of _Engineering News_, from the Champlain valley, 213.
Baker, Moses Nelson, author and editor, from the Champlain valley, 213.
Bakers, Independence and resolution of the, 199.
Balaklava, The Light Brigade at, and the Black Watch at Fort Ticonderoga, 129.
Ball given to French delegation by Mr. John Barrett, 27.
Banner stones, and other problematical objects, found, 254.
Banquet at Waldorf-Astoria, May 1, 1912, 31-55: Guests, 31-32; address of John H. Finley, toastmaster, 33-34; address of George W. Wickersham, 34-37; address of Ambassador Jusserand, 37-39; address of Lieut.-Governor Thomas F. Conway, 40-43; address of Mayor Gaynor, 43-44; address of Gabriel Hanotaux presenting bust to Commissions, 44-50; address of Henry W. Hill receiving gift on behalf of the two Commissions, 51-55; photograph of, given to each delegate from France, 90; Lake Champlain Association took charge of, 118.
Barber, Joel Allen, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 203.
Barnes, Albert Crane, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Barrett, John, gave a ball in honor of the French delegation, 27.
Barrett, Oliver Dana, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Bartholdi, Frédéric Auguste, presented statue of Liberty, 54, 60.
Barthou, Jean Louis, member of French delegation, 16; speaker at luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25; made a glowing address at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 50; spoke in French at Chamber of Commerce reception, 67; President of the Council of Ministers, 67; guest at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 91; remarks at dinner, 93; urbanity and eloquence of, 110.
Barthou, Léon, member of French delegation, 17, 44; address of, at luncheon at the Metropolitan Club, 25; made address at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 50.
Bartlett, Paul, Carl A. Heber in studio of, 2; sculptor of statue of Lafayette, 163.
Bascom, Robert O., Bibliography of papers by, 213.
Battle of Champlain with the Iroquois reproduced in pageants, 235.
“Battle of Lake Champlain,” painting, 159.
BAZIN, RENÉ, of the French Academy, member of the French delegation, 16, 44; impressed by the Memorial Lighthouse, 72; Impressions, as given in “Paysages d’Amérique,” in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_, 101-6: Of New York and Washington, 101; of early morning at Ticonderoga, 101; at the home of S. H. P. Pell, 102; Carillon, 102; of visit to ruins of the forts, 103-4; the standards of the regiments of France, 103; house at the fort a museum, 104; Americans at the exercises at Crown Point, 104-5; what the flags say, 105; tribute to Champlain by, 105-6; beauty of style of, 110.
Beadel, Henry Ludlow, architect of Memorials, 2, 6, 8; welcomed the French delegation, 16.
Beauchamp, William Martin, Description of slate knives by, 252; writings of, 258.
Beauharnois, Charles de la Brische, Marquis de, built Fort Frédéric, 52, 85, 227, 239.
Beaupre, Frederick Oliver, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 226; at dedication of the Memorial Lighthouse, 133.
Beauty, C. W. Eliot on Democracy and, 140.
Beckwith, George Mather, lawyer, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Bégin, Mgr. Louis Nazaire, helped entertain French visitors in Canada, 89.
Beman, Nathan, guide to Ethan Allen at capture of Fort Ticonderoga, 243.
Benedict, Charles Linnæus, Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Benedict, George Grenville, Colonel, Works of, 211.
Benedict, Robert Dewey, lawyer, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Bennet, William Stiles, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
Bennett, Edmund Hatch, Judge, Editorial work of, 210.
Bensel, John Anderson, invited to dedications, 117.
Benton, Guy Potter, LL.D., invited to dedications, 118.
Bi-State programme of International Tercentenary exercises, A fitting postlude to the, 51.
Birds of France and America, M. Blériot on the, 67.
Birdshead stones found, 254.
Bissell, Daniel G., Brig.-Gen. of the American troops at Plattsburgh, 233.
Bitter, Karl Theodore Francis, C. A. Heber worked under, 2.
Bixby, Dr. George Fairbanks, “The first Battle of Lake Champlain,” 197; papers by, 214.
Black Watch—42d Royal Highlanders, under Gen. Amherst, 127; a soldier of the, on the Tablet, 127, 129; loss of the, at Fort Ticonderoga, 129.
Blair, Charles Francis, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Blériot, Louis, member of French delegation, 17; remarks of, at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 66-67; French admiration for American aviators and scientists, 67; guest at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 92.
Blériot, Madame, member of French delegation, 17.
Block House in Germain Redoubt at Fort Ticonderoga, 71.
Bluff Point, M. Jusserand on visit to, 38; Commissioners and guests at, 120, 153.
Board of Trade of Montreal joined in reception, 89.
Boardman, Rev. George Nye, author of “History of New England theology,” 211.
Boardman, Samuel Ward, Works of, 211.
Boire, Victor Francis, welcomed French visitors to Plattsburgh, 77-79: Welcomed individually, 78; peace projects between United States and British Empire, 78; arbitration treaties between French speaking and English speaking nations hoped for, 79.
Boizot, Louis Simon, sculptor of bisque group “Télémaque chez Calypso,” 111.
Bone, Objects made of, found, 257.
Booth Brothers, contractors for Memorial Lighthouse, 3; for Plattsburgh Memorial, 8.
Booth, John Henry, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 225, 226; supervised Plattsburgh Memorial, 6, 119; escorted Commissioners and guests to Plattsburgh, 77; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; at dedication of Champlain Memorial Statue, 163; Judge, 207; services rendered by, 218.
Booth, Miss Katharine M., unveiled Champlain Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh, 163.
Boston, Site of, fixed by Champlain, 48.
Boston and Cambridge, Hospitalities extended to members of French delegation at, 27.
Botsford, Samuel Booth, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Bouquet, Ceci, c’est véritablement le, 86.
Bourbons, The white coated, 128.
Bourlamaque, M. —— De, forced to withdraw from Isle aux Noix, 231.
Boynton, Adelbert Wesson, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Bradford, Gerard, Midshipman, of the flotilla, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
Brainerd, Ezra, President of Middlebury College, 209.
Brazza, Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan, Count de, French explorer in Africa, 14.
Brébeuf, Jean de, French explorer, 35.
British, The red attired, 128.
British fleet, The, defeated by De Grasse, 59-60.
British officers, Graves of, at Plattsburgh, visited, 158.
British regiments commanded by Gen. Amherst, List of, on Tablet, 127.
Bronze memorial tablet presented to State of New York by the Society of Colonial Wars, 121; unveiling of, 125-29. _See_ Tablet.
Bronze statue of Champlain by Heber 3, 7; description of, 8, 9.
Brouage, birthplace of Champlain, Arms of, 5; keystone from doorway of Champlain’s house in, 32, 33, 34; the sleepy town of, 105; the poor French boy of, 169.
Brown, Allen Danvers, President of Norwich University, 209.
Brown, Rome G., lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Brugère, Général Henri Joseph, President of United States section of Franco-American Committee, 91.
Bryce, James, M. Jusserand on, 37, 38; represented Great Britain at Tercentenary in 1909, 52, 158, 187; invited to dedications, 117; addresses and works of, 188.
Buckham, James, essayist and poet, born in the Champlain valley, 214.
Buckham, Matthew Henry, President of University of Vermont, 208.
Buel, Alexander Woodruff, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Burgoyne, John, General, Inspiring deeds of, 128; correspondence of, with William Pitt, 198; at Fort Ticonderoga, 232.
Burke, Edmund, in land controversy, 227.
Burleigh, Henry Gordon, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
Burlington, Celebration at, 38, 52; address of Mayor of, at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 142; and its bay, compared with Naples, 151-52; University of Vermont at, 151; a garrisoned post, 233; pageant and exercises at, planned, 235.
Burlington Bay, the Baiæ of our inland sea, 52; and Bay of Naples compared, 151.
_Burlington_, steam cutter, in the flotilla, 191.
Cady, Dr. Daniel Leavens, Verses of, on Lake Champlain, 81; poet of the Tercentenary Exercises at Plattsburgh, 212.
Canada, owes existence to Champlain, 14; once French territory, 60; entertains French visitors, 88-90; thanks to, by M. Hanotaux, 92; officials from, at Champlain Tercentenary, 143; found Tercentenary an occasion to speak for international peace, 147; and our Republic have common heritage, 171; good will of people of, 189; destinies of the United States and, 229; England’s acquisition of, by treaty, 231; invasion of, by Gens. Schuyler and Montgomery, 234.
Canadian troops, Presence of, at the Celebration commended and appreciated, 187; obligations of Commission to, 191.
Canals, Interoceanic, proposed at early dates, 36n.
Canes Venatici, The whirlpool nebula in, 21.
Canfield, Thomas Hawley, “Discovery, navigation, and navigators of Lake Champlain,” 197.
“Caniaderiguarunte,” the “gate of the country,” 227.
Cannon, Joseph Gurney, favored the Tercentenary, 181.
Canoe, The birch bark, 7, 81.
Cantlie, George Stephen, Lt.-Col. in command of Fifth Royal Canadian Highlanders, 187.
Carignan-Salières Regiment, The, at Fort Ste. Anne, 53, 234-35.
Carillon, French name for Ticonderoga, 102; M. Bazin’s impressions of, 103-4; house of fortress of, a museum, 104; view from, resembles the plain of Pau, 104; the Vosges with Retournemer and Longemer, 104.
Carleton, Sir Guy, defeated at Valcour, 40.
Carnegie Lyceum, French play at the, 25.
Carpenter, Matthew Hale, from Champlain valley, 203.
Cartier, Jacques, 35; first of Europeans to see the Green Mountains, 43; explorer, 102.
Cassin, Stephen, Lt.-Commander, voted a gold medal by Congress, 233; fort named after, 234.
Caswell, Lucien B., M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 203.
Catholic Summer School of America, at Cliff Haven, Reception of Commissioners and guests at, 157-58: Address by Rev. Father D. J. Hickey, 157-58; visits of Presidents and Governors, 157; work of the School, 158; reply by Governor Dix, 158.
Catlin, Charles Albert, chemist, from the Champlain valley, 208.
Caughnawaga Indians, Claims of the, from Vermont, for land taken, 248.
Cedar Beach, summer resort on east shore of Lake, 151.
Celebration, The, Review of features of, 187-89; one of the principal commemorative celebrations of the century, 188; international character of, 189.
Celts or hand axes, of chipped stone, 252; of copper, 258.
Ceremonial stones, and other problematical objects, 254.
Chamber of Commerce of Montreal, joins in reception to French delegation, 89.
Chamber of Commerce of Plattsburgh, assisted the Tercentenary Commissioners, 119; met Commissioners and guests at Bluff Point, 157; entertained them at luncheon, 159.
Chamber of Commerce of State of New York, entertained French delegation at luncheon, 59-67: Address of welcome by A. B. Hepburn, 59-61; reply in French of M. Hanotaux, 61-65; address of Count de Chambrun, 65-66; remarks of M. Blériot, 66-67; addresses by Louis Barthou and Baron D’Estournelles de Constant, 67.
Chambers, Walter Boughton, member of Committee on Tablet, 125.
Chambly, Capt. Edward Mott at taking of, 243.
Chambly, the falls of, Champlain at, 230.
Chambres de Commerce américaines, M. Hanotaux aux, 65.
Chambrun, Count Charles de, member of French delegation, 17, 62; Address of, at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 65-66; Personally represents Prime Minister of France, 66, 75; part played by Frenchmen on this continent, 66; on friendship between the two Republics, 66, 79.
Champlain, Samuel, Memorial to, 1-9: Description of Memorial Lighthouse to, 3-6; Plattsburgh Memorial to, 6-9; Statue of, 8; Tercentenary tributes to, 13; tribute of M. Hanotaux to, 13-14; keystone from birthplace of, at banquet, 32, 33; tribute of John Finley to, 33; checked tortures of Indians upon prisoners, 34; Atty.-Gen. Wickersham deems Lighthouse worthy tribute to, 35; visited Isthmus of Panama and suggested canal, 36, 137; M. Jusserand on Tercentenary Memorial ceremonies to, 37; believed in justice to less advanced races, 38-39; tribute of Thomas F. Conway to, 40-41, 42-43; new continent a revelation to, 47; M. Hanotaux on foresight of, 48; France joins in honoring, 50; central figure of Tercentenary celebration, 53; Gov. Mead on, 74; L. C. Lafontaine on, 76; M. Deschamps describes statue of, on Lighthouse, 81; well known in America, 84; honest man, 84-85; founded Quebec, 89, 230; M. Vidal de la Blache on mission of, 95; on islands in Lake Champlain, 96, 152; tribute of M. Bazin to, 102, 105-106; French gratitude for American commemoration of, 109; Crown Point Memorial to, unveiled, 134; tribute of John M. Thomas to, 136; tribute of Gov. Dix to, 137-38; tribute of Adjt.-Gen. Tillotson to, 139; account of first battle with Iroquois, 144, 230; tribute of H. Wallace Knapp to, 164; belongs to the world, 165; tribute of Gov. Dix to, through vista of three centuries, 165-66; Hamilton W. Mabie on, 166; tribute of Francis Lynde Stetson to, 168-69; Count de Peretti de la Rocca on lessons in life of, 170; prophetic vision of, 171; tribute of Job E. Hedges to, 172; might have written an epic, 227; reached and named Lake Champlain, 230.
Champlain badges, Official souvenir, presented to members of French delegation, 17.
Champlain Canal, nearing completion, 54.
Champlain Memorial at Crown Point, _see_ Lighthouse, Champlain Memorial; _and_ Crown Point Forts.
Champlain Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh, 1; description of, 6-9: Statue and pedestal, 7; inscriptions on, 8; sculptor, 8-9; invitations to and preparation for the dedication of, 117-19; military features of exercises at, 120; Commissioners and guests escorted to site of, 159; Dedicatory ceremonies of, 163-73: Invocation, 163; Statute unveiled, 163; historic flag used, 163; address of H. Wallace Knapp, 163-65; address of Gov. Dix, 165-66; address by Adjt.-Gen. Tillotson, 166-67; address by Francis Lynde Stetson, accepting Memorial, 168-69; address by Count de Peretti de la Rocca, 170-71; address by John A. Stewart, 171-72; address by Job E. Hedges, 172; benediction by Rt. Rev. Mgr. Lavelle, 172-73; erected by the New York Commission, 186.
Champlain Memorials, to be turned over to the authorities, 118; submitted for approval of the people, 186-87.
Champlain Park in Plattsburgh, 122.
Champlain region. Representative men of the, 203-14; light on early history of, 240.
Champlain Tercentenary Celebration, The, 36; reviewed by Senator Hill, 51-53: Noted guests at, 51; five scenes of the drama of, at different points on the Lake, 52-53; glorified not only Champlain but all French heroes, 96; international character of, 119; reviewed by Robert Roberts, 143; made for international peace, 147; beautiful weather conditions of, 199.
Champlain Valley, Historical importance of the, 40; Senator Hill on the, 52; Lt.-Gov. Conway welcomes French visitors to the, 73; Vidal de la Blache on history of the, 94; representatives from the, invited, 117; people of the, at dedicatory exercises, 119-33; eyes of the world upon the, 135; future of the, secure, 136; should be conserved from commercialism, 139; strategic points for safeguarding the, 145; pictorial grandeur of the, 151-52; progress of humanity in the, 163; two memorials in the, 185, 186-87; people of, under obligations to speakers at the Celebration, 191; maneuvering of troops in, suggestive historically, 191; all courtesies shown by people of, appreciated, 193; history of, 197-99; a thoroughfare of successive nations, 199; belongs to history of three great nations, 225; Indian, French and English occupation of the, 227; disputed grants of land in the, 227-28; Revolutionary engagements in the, 228; a highway of war and travel, 228, 229; destinies decided in, 229; the French and English struggle for the, 230-31; Treaty of Paris, 231; end of storm and stress period in, 232; battles of 1814 in the, 233; landmarks of the, 233-35.
Chanler, Lewis Stuyvesant, Lt.-Gov., member of New York Commission, 225.
Chansons de filasse, 83.
Chapman, James Russell, from the Champlain valley, 208.
Chaput, Charles, helped entertain French visitors in Canada, 89.
Charles V., Galvão proposed Panama canal to, 36n.
Charlevoix, Pierre François Xavier de, on slave labor and hired servants, 39.
Charts of the region, 198.
Chazy, Capt. de, killed by the Mohawks, 234.
Children of the American Revolution, Nathan Beman Chapter of, at Plattsburgh Barracks, 79.
Chimney Point, Small fort at, 145; Port Henry overlooks, 151.
China, Forts of, blown up, but Chinese smile and yield nothing essential, 146-47; influence of boys of, educated in American colleges, upon, 147.
Chipman, Henry, Judge, from the Champlain Valley, 207.
Chipman, Nathaniel, Correspondence of, with Alexander Hamilton, on boundary dispute, 210.
Chittenden, Lucius Eugene, on the struggle for Lake Champlain, 72; addresses and public papers of, 197; Register of the Treasury under Lincoln, 212; library and works of, 212-13.
Chittenden, Thomas, Governor, State papers of, 209-10.
Chittendens, Independence and resolution of the, 199.
Choiseul-Praslin, Marie Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duc de, member of the French delegation, 17, 62.
Churchill, John Charles, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Citizens’ Association of Montreal joined in reception, 89.
Civilization, Contributions of France to, 21.
Civilization, American, M. Hanotaux on characteristics of, 46, 48-49; something of France in, 50; light of, symbolized, 51, 64, 72-73, 186; seeds of, sown, 60; Champlain pioneer of, 166.
Clark, Champ, Speaker of the House, from the banks of the Missouri, 33.
Clark, Elroy Newton, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Clark, John Cheeseman, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Clark, William Andrews, entertained French delegation and the Commissions, 26; at banquet, 32; Commission grateful to, 192.
Clarke, George L., lawyer, from the Champlain valley, 207.
“Clear Fountain, The,” romance from Normandy, 83.
_Clermont_, The, on the Hudson, 233.
Cliff Haven, Catholic Summer School at, visited by Commissioners and guests, 157-58.
Clinton, George, Governor, Remains of, transferred to Kingston, 183; State papers of, 209.
Coins of France, Figure of woman sowing on, 60.
Collamer, Jacob, from the Champlain valley, 203.
College of the City of New York, French plays by students of the, 25.
Colonists, French and English, Diplomatic relations between, 229.
Colonists, The Puritan, founded settlements, were not explorers, 97.
Colony, Any, on American continent, must be self-supporting, 48.
Columbia University, once owned Ticonderoga, 95.
Comité France-Amérique, assumed the procuring of the Rodin bust of “La France,” 13-14; American branches of the, received the French delegation, 45; gift of the French due to efforts of the, 62; to develop pleasant relations between the two countries, 64; friendship animates the, 75-76; M. Poincaré on work of the, 93; toast to the, 93; delegates of the, impressed with the United States, 142.
Commemorations, Count de Peretti de la Rocca on the, 142.
Comment in appreciation of the visit of the French delegation, and honors conferred [by HENRY W. HILL], 109-11.
Commerce, M. Hanotaux on, 63-64.
Committee of France-America, _see_ Comité France-Amérique.
Committee on Foreign Affairs, Members of, favoring the Tercentenary, 179; Joint Resolution reported by, 180; Report of, 180.
Committee on Foreign Affairs, Report of, by D. J. Foster, 223-36: Joint resolution of Vermont Legislature, 223-24; concurrent resolution of New York Legislature, 224; recommendation of N. Y. Commission, 225; action of New York Legislature, 225; of Vermont Legislature, 226; facts warranting federal appropriation, 226-36: Lake Champlain the battle ground of Algonquins, Hurons and Iroquois, 226-27, 230; Indian, French and English occupation of the valley, 227; disputed grants of lands, 227-28; battles of the Revolution, 228; a highway of war and travel, 228; extract from Dr. Cutting’s poem, 228; historic importance of the valley, 229; Champlain’s battle with the Iroquois, 230; French and English struggle for the valley, 230-31; the Treaty of Paris, 231; Ethan Allen and Ticonderoga, 231-32; Arnold’s naval battle, 232; end of storm and stress period, 232; battles of 1814, 233; landmarks of the valley, 233-35; Indian pageants provided for, 235; importance of participation by the United States Government, 235-36; recommendation of passage of resolution, 236.
Compagnie de la Nouvelle France, La, Arms of, on Memorial Lighthouse, 5.
Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, La, 16, 17; gave reception and dinner to the French delegates, 27.
Conant, Thomas Jefferson, Works of, 210.
Conclusion of the work of the Commission, 217-18.
Confederacy of the Six Nations, The, 247.
Congo, Future cities on the, 14.
Congress voted medals to commissioned officers of Macdonough’s fleet, 233.
Congressional Library visited by French delegation, 27.
Congressional representation of the Champlain valley, 204-6.
Connecticut Historical Society, Collections of the, 198.
Conquistadores, The, sought gold alone, 46; of the ideal, 47; the new, of labor, 48; no gatherings of many peoples to honor the, 164.
Contents, Table of, v-viii.
“Continental, Not worth a,” origin of expression, 59.
Converse, John Heman, from the Champlain valley, 208.
Conway, Thomas Franklin, Lt.-Gov., guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31; address at banquet, 40-43: Historical importance of the Champlain valley, 40; tribute to Champlain, 41; alliance of Iroquois and English overthrew French dominion, 41; welcome of New York State to French guests, 42-43; appreciation of gift, 43; met Commissioners and guests at Port Henry, 72; remarks of, at Crown Point exercises, 73; lawyer, native of Champlain valley, 207.
Cook, Rev. Joseph, on the struggle for Lake Champlain, 72; “Historical address at the centennial anniversary of the settlement of Ticonderoga,” 197-98, 212; Lectures of, 212.
Copper, Implements and ornaments of, found, 258.
Cormon, Fernand, member of the French delegation, 16, 44, 190; response of, to welcome at French Institute, 26; impressed with the Memorial Lighthouse, 72; captivated by beauty of Lake Champlain, 82.
Cormon, Mlle. Madeline, member of the French delegation, 17.
Corneille, Pierre, M. Hanotaux on likeness of Champlain to, 84.
Cornwallis, General Charles, Defeat of, at Yorktown, 59-60.
Correspondence between Colonial Governors and William Pitt, 198.
Cortez, Hernando, No gatherings of many peoples to honor, 164.
Country, our, M. Hanotaux on appearance of, 46; its resemblance to European countries, 47.
Coureurs des bois, 33.
_Courrier des États-Unis_, Address of Paul Vidal de la Blache in, 94-97.
Cowles, Calvin Duvall, Colonel, Commandant at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77, 119; and staff presented to French visitors, 77; M. Deschamps on, 86; invited to the dedications, 117; ordered review of Fifth Infantry, 122, 158; and Regiment escorted Commissioners and guests to site of Champlain Statue, 122, 159; obligations of Commissioners to, 191.
“Creek, The,” north of Plattsburgh, Pottery fireplaces found near, 256.
Crèvecœur, Pierre Boucher de, helped entertain French visitors in Canada, 89.
Croce, Benedetto, Theory of æsthetics of, interpreted by H. W. Hill, 20.
Crockett, Walter Hill, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 224, 226; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; “History of Lake Champlain,” 198.
Crown Point, Fall of, 35; ruined forts at, 52; Vidal de la Blache on early conflicts at, 95; on exercises at, 95; historical incidents in neighborhood of, 143-44, 145; Seth Warner captured garrison at, 146, 232; Burgoyne forced abandonment of, 232; English forts at, 239-40; rock inscription at, 240; _Pointe de la Couronne_, 240.
Crown Point Forts, Champlain Memorial Lighthouse at, 1, 2, 3, 13, 51, 54, 60; Commissioners and French delegation at, 72-77: Opening address of H. Wallace Knapp at formal exercises, 73; remarks of Lieut.-Gov. Conway, 73; welcome by Gov. Mead, 74; address of Gabriel Hanotaux, 74-76; gift received by Commissioner Lafontaine, 76; visitors see ruins of forts, 76; new discoveries about old French fort, 76-77: Report of exercises at, by Gaston Deschamps, 80, 83-85; M. Bazin on Americans at exercises at, 104-5; military features of dedicatory exercises at, 121; site of, donated to New York State by Witherbee, Sherman & Co., 151.
Crown Point Forts, Dedicatory ceremonies of Champlain Memorial Lighthouse at, 133-47. For analysis _see_ Lighthouse, Champlain Memorial.
Crown Point Memorial, Formal invitations to dedication of, 117-18; arrangements for dedication of, 119. _See also_ Lighthouse, Champlain Memorial.
Crown Point Reservation, Forts included in the, 76; Tablet at Fort Amherst in, 125; New York Historical Association custodians of, 128; Memorial on land adjacent to, 135.
Cruelties, Indian, restrained by Champlain, 34-35.
Culture and refinement of people of the Champlain valley, 209, 210, 214.
Cummings, Dr. William Andrew Easton, Papers by, 214.
Cutting, Sewall Sylvester, Poem “Lake Champlain,” 152, 228.
D. A. R., Saranac Chapter of the, at Plattsburgh Barracks, 79.
Dal Piaz, John, member of the French delegation, 17; speaker at dinner on steamship _France_, 27.
Dandurand, Raoul, President of Franco-American Committee of Canada, 89; bade French delegation “bon voyage,” 90; on relations of Canada and United States, 93; insignia of Legion of Honor conferred on, 93.
Dartmouth, George Legge, 3rd Earl of, in land controversies, 227.
Davidson, Julian Oliver, “The Battle of Lake Champlain” painted by, 159.
Davidson, Lucretia Maria, poetess, from the Champlain valley, 211.
Davis, Charles, General, at banquet at Waldorf-Astoria, 32.
De Jean, Viscount, Secretary of the French Embassy, welcomed the French delegation, 16; present at the banquet, 32; at dock to bid farewell to French delegation, 90.
De la Blache, _see_ Vidal de la Blache.
De la Place, Capt. William, English officer at Ticonderoga, Ethan Allen’s reply to, 232.
De Liniers, Jacques Antoine Marie, French explorer, 13.
Decoration of the valley pottery, 256.
Dedicatory ceremonies [HENRY W. HILL], 113-73: I. Preparation for dedicatory ceremonies including military features, 115-22; Crown Point Forts, 121; Plattsburgh, 122. II. Unveiling tablet at the English Fort, 123-29; Report of the Tablet Committee, 125-27; Address of acceptance, by J. A. Holden, 128-29. III. Dedicatory ceremonies of Champlain Memorial Lighthouse, 131-47. IV. Sail down the Lake to Bluff Point, 149-53; Champlain Hotel, July 6, 1912, 153. V. The Summer School; Review at Plattsburgh Barracks; Reception at Plattsburgh, 155-59. VI. Dedicatory ceremonies of the Champlain Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh, July 6, 1912, 161-73.
Democracies, Problem of government of great, by themselves, 49.
Democracy, The American and the French, M. Hanotaux on, 75-76.
“Democracy and beauty,” President Eliot on, 140.
Démocraties, Deux grandes, pensent et agissent, à l’unisson, 62; sont faites pour s’aimer, se comprendre, et s’unir, 65.
Depew, Chauncey Mitchell, moved adoption of Joint Resolution, 181.
DESCHAMPS, CHARLES PIERRE GASTON NAPOLÉON, member of French delegation representing _Le Temps_, 17; Report of exercises at Crown Point and Plattsburgh by, in _Le Temps_, 80-86: Greeting at Port Henry, 80; tribute to Walter C. Witherbee, 80; poets on Champlain, 81; description of statue of Champlain, 81; his lake seen from the steamer, 81-82; old French songs still exist in French-Canadian villages, 82-83; steamer stops before Memorial Lighthouse, 83; impressions at unveiling of bust, 84-85; address of M. Hanotaux, 84; of governors of New York and Vermont, 84-85; visits ruins of Fort Frédéric, 85; experiences at Plattsburgh, 85-86; on Col. Cowles, 86; the welcome at St. Jean, Canada, 86; beauty of style of, 110.
Dewey, Davis Rich, Professor, from the Champlain valley, 208; works of, on Economics, 212.
Dewey, George, Admiral, a native of the Champlain valley, 208.
Dewey, John, Professor, from the Champlain valley, 208; works of, on Psychology, 212.
Dickinson, Jacob McGavock, Secretary of War, Obligations of Commissions to, 191.
Dieskau, Ludwig August, Baron von, occupied Crown Point, 231.
Dillingham, William Paul, aided in securing Federal co-operation, 181.
Dillon, McLellan and Beadel, architects of Memorial Lighthouse, 2; description of Plattsburgh Memorial, 6-8; description of bust “La France,” 18.
Dinner in Paris to French delegation on its return, 91-93: Prominent guests, 91-92; opening remarks of M. Poincaré, 92; address of Gabriel Hanotaux, 92-93; remarks of Senator Dandurand, 93; addresses of Louis Barthou, M. Puga-Borne, Myron T. Herrick and M. Poincaré, 93.
Discoidal stones rare in Champlain valley, 254-55.
Dix, John Alden, Governor, approved Bill for erection of permanent memorials, 1; member of New York Commission, 4, 8; and staff, at Crown Point and Plattsburgh, 120; reviewed the Fifth Infantry, U. S. A., 122; at dedication of Tablet, 125; address at, 126; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; address accepting Memorial and transferring it to United States, 136-38: Tribute to Champlain, 137-38; to France, 138; Memorial bequeathed to Federal Government, 138; visited Cliff Haven Summer School, 157; responded to address of welcome, 158; salute in honor of, at Plattsburgh Barracks, 158; address at dedication of Champlain Statue, 165-66: Statue as seen through vista of three centuries, 165; tribute to Champlain, 166; quotes H. W. Mabie on, 166; obligations of Commissions to, 191.
“Documentary history of the State of New York,” 198.
Documents relating to the region, 198.
“Documents relative to the colonial history of the State of New York,” 198.
“_Dolphin_,” U. S. Str., took French delegation to Mount Vernon, 26.
Dominy, Alonson Tabor, member of New York Commission, Death of, 182, 225.
Donatello, Rodin and, 19-20.
“Door of the country,” The, 229, 233.
Douglas, Stephen Arnold, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Downie, George, Captain, commander of British fleet on Lake Champlain, 40, 52; grave of, at Plattsburgh visited, 158; defeated by Macdonough, 233.
Draper, Andrew Sloan, invited to dedications, 117.
Draper, William Henry, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
Dream of Adjt.-Gen. Tillotson about Champlain Memorial Lighthouse, 139.
Drills and scrapers of chipped stone, 251.
Driscoll, Michael Edward, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
Du Luth, Daniel Greysolon, Homage to, 96.
Dubost, Antonin, on unbroken amity between France and the United States, 94.
Ducreux, François, Father, made map of Champlain region, 248.
Dumas, Guillaume Matthieu, Count, Portrait of, in Independence Hall, 28.
Dunton, Walter Chipman, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Duret, Théodore, on persecution of creative artists, 19.
Dwight, John Willard, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
Dwyer, Rev. John William, pronounced benediction at dedication of Lighthouse, 147.
Earthenware of the Champlain valley, 255-56.
Edgerton, Joseph Ketchum, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Edison, Thomas Alva, Admiration of Frenchmen for, 67.
Edmunds, George Franklin, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Educational institutions, 208-9.
Educators, Prominent, 208-9.
Eiffel Tower, Flag used on, 163.
Eliot, Charles William, on Democracy and beauty, 140.
Ellsworth, Perry Green, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Embassies, Members of British and French, invited to dedications, 117.
England, Century of peace between America, France and, 164.
England and France, Struggles between, for the New World, 41, 94, 145.
England’s colonial policy decided by what occurred in the Champlain valley, 229.
English and “Americans of the Union,” Strife between, 94, 146.
English and French, Strife between, 41, 94, 145.
English forces, Alliance of the Iroquois with the, 41, 145.
English Forts, erected by General Amherst, 52, 145; visitors shown ruins of, 76; discoveries made at, 76-77; Tablet unveiled at, 121; Report of Tablet Committee, 125-26; General Amherst’s reports on the construction of the, 239-40.
Essex, summer resort on west shore of Lake, 151.
Estournelles de Constant, Paul Henri Benjamin, Baron d’, member of French delegation, 16, 44; introduced members of delegation to members of New York Commission, 17; at luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25; address of, at Waldorf-Astoria dinner, 50; well known advocate of International Peace, 50-51; speaker at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 67; eloquence of, 109-10.
Ethan Allen Club entertained the Preliminary Champlain Commission, 192.
Evarts, Jeremiah, from the Champlain valley, 204.
Events occurring prior to 1783, Foreign material relating to, 198.
Explorers, early French, Pres. Finley on the, 33, 35; treatment of natives by the, 39; hardihood of the, 40; heroism of the, 41-42; M. Hanotaux on the, 46-48; sowed the seeds of civilization, 60; Champlain le plus glorieux parmi, 64; _les volontaires de la foi_, 64; M. Bazin on the, 104.
_Exposition du Système du Monde_ (P. S. de Laplace), 21.
Eyre, Edmund, Lt.-Col., ordered to trace ground for a fort, 239.
Faguet, Paul, presided at dinner given on the _France_ to the Commissions and the French delegation, 27; invited to dedications, 117.
Fallières, Clément Armand, President of France, raising funds to purchase bust, 13, 186; generosity of, and of French people, 53; headed subscription list, 62, 75; honors conferred by, on members of the Commission and other Americans, 110-11.
Falls of Montmorency visited by the French delegation, 89.
Families, Old French, represented in the delegation, 17, 44, 62, 75.
Farnham, Charles Cyrus, lawyer, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Fassett, Jacob Sloat, member of Committee on Foreign Affairs, 179.
Fath, Edward Arthur, on nebulæ, 21.
Father of the aborigines, Champlain, 102.
Federal appropriation, Facts warranting a, 226-36.
Federal co-operation and assistance rendered by Senators of the United States, Representatives in Congress and others [by HENRY W. HILL], 179-82: Joint Resolution from Committee on Foreign Affairs, 179-80; D. J. Foster on, 180; passed by Senate and approved by Pres. Roosevelt, 181; death of prominent friends of the Tercentenary, 181-82.
Federal Government, Authorization of, 135; Memorial Lighthouse bequeathed to, 138.
Ferrin, William Nelson, President of Pacific University, 208.
Ferris, Orange, M. C., born in Champlain valley, 206.
Fifteenth U. S. Cavalry, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
Fifth Royal Canadian Highlanders, Lt.-Col. G. S. Cantlie commanding, at the Celebration, 187.
Fifth U. S. Infantry, at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77, 85; review of the, 122, 158; roster of officers of, 122; escorted Commissioners and guests to site of the Champlain Statue, 122, 159; fired salute at unveiling, 163; obligations of the Commission to, 191.
Fifth U. S. Infantry Band, Music by, at dedicatory ceremonies, 122, 163.
_Figaro, Le_, Appeal to French people for funds in columns of, 13-16; represented by M. Régis Gignoux, 17.
Financial Report of New York Commission to March 26, 1912, submitted to the Legislature, 1.
Financial statement, 263.
Fine Arts Academy of France, M. Fernand Cormon the President of the, 17, 26.
FINLEY, JOHN HUSTON, toastmaster at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31; articles by, on “The French in the Heart of America,” 32; Address of, at banquet, 33-34: Pilgrimage of, to Champlain’s birthplace, 33; brought keystone from door of Champlain’s home, which speaks for him, 33; the heads of three branches of our government from valleys discovered by the French, 33-34; toast to Pres. Taft, 34; presented Attorney-General Wickersham, 34; introduced Ambassador Jusserand, 37; M. Jusserand on the Sorbonne lectures of, 38; remarks of, introducing Lieut. Gov. Conway, 40; near accident on Niagara River, 40; called up Gov. of Vermont, 43; remarks of, introducing Mayor Gaynor, 43; presented the French delegation, 44; presented Louis Barthou, 50; presented Baron d’Estournelles de Constant, 50; presented Senator Henry W. Hill, 51; made a Knight in the Legion of Honor, 111; Harvard Exchange Lecturer at French universities, 111; Commission grateful to, 192.
“Fire-water,” Sale of, to natives, opposed, 39.
First Infantry, N. G. Vt., Company “M.” at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125.
Fish, Frank Leslie, member of the Vermont Commission, 5, 226; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133.
Fisk, Hon. and Mrs. Nelson Wilbur, Acknowledgment of entertainment of Preliminary Commission by, at Isle la Motte, 192.
Fitch’s, Col., Connecticut Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Fitzgerald, John Joseph, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
Five Academies, Address of M. Vidal de la Blache at annual meeting of the, 94.
Five Nations, The, represented in the Long House of the Iroquois, 41.
Flag, Historic, used to drape the Champlain Statue, 163.
Flagg, Azariah Cutting, Sec. of State and State Comptroller, from the Champlain valley, 206.
Flags at Crown Point Forts, René Bazin on what they said, 105.
Flags at Fort Carillon, 103-4; standards of the regiments of France represented in the battle, 103.
Flags of United States and France entwined, 31, 59; on Memorial Lighthouse, 75; at Plattsburgh, 77; at Carillon, 103-4.
Fleur-de-lis flag, The ancient, of France, 71.
Florida, a Spanish province, 60.
Flotilla, The, under command of Lt. G. W. Steele, Jr., 191.
Foley, James Aloysius, introduced Bill for Memorials in Assembly, 1; member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 225, 226; supervised the Plattsburgh Memorial, 6; at dock to bid farewell to French delegation, 90; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; member of the Preliminary Commission, 218.
Folk songs, French, Airs of, played, 72, 82; preserved among the Canadian French, 83.
Follett, John Fassett, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Foote, Solomon, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Foote, Wallace Turner, Jr., M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
“Forbé’s” (17th) Regiment of Foot, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Forbes, Edgar Allen, “Land of the White Helmet,” 39.
Forces, The land, at Battle of Yorktown, 54, 59; at Fort Carillon, 102.
Foreign Governments, Obligations to, acknowledged by the Commission, 189.
Fort Amherst, Tablet placed on wall of Old Barracks at, to commemorate erection of, 125-27; enormous expense of building, 145; never officially so named, 240.
“Fort Blunder,” near Rouse’s Point, 235.
Fort Carillon at Ticonderoga, 52; Percy MacKaye on the heroic defenders of, 81; M. Hanotaux on, 92; M. Bazin on the battle at, 102-4; completed in 1756, 145, 227, 231.
Fort Cassin, at mouth of Otter Creek, 234.
Fort Frédéric, erected by the French in 1731, 52, 145, 227, 230, 239; ruins of, shown to French visitors, 76; Mrs. Witherbee’s discoveries at, 76-77; M. Deschamps on visit to, 85; capture of, commemorated by Tablet, 126, 127; abandoned by the French, 145; largest of early settlements at, 145; territory claimed by French commandant of, 230; enlarged, 230.
Fort Montgomery, called “Fort Blunder,” near Rouse’s Point, 235.
Fort Oswego, 240.
Fort Pittsburgh, 240.
Fort St. Frédéric, _see_ Fort Frédéric.
Fort Ste. Anne on Isle La Motte, 52, 227, 233; became a Jesuit mission station, 234.
Fort Stanwix, 240.
Fort Ticonderoga, owned by S. H. P. Pell, 71, 103; strategic importance of, 72; work of restoration at, 95, 103; loss of the “Black Watch” at, 129; capture of, by Ethan Allen, 145-46, 231-32.
Fortress of Crown Point, Gen. Amherst on the, 240.
Foss, Eugene Noble, Governor, received the French delegation, 27; from the Champlain valley, 204.
Foss, George Edmund, from the Champlain valley, 204.
Foster, David Johnson, reported Joint Resolution from Committee on Foreign Affairs, 179, 223; remarks of, 180; efforts of, for Federal co-operation, 182; death of, 182; obligations of Commissions to, 191; Report of Committee, 223-36.
Founder and originator, Champlain both, 13-14.
Founders, Devotion to the memory of the, 50.
Fouquet House in Plattsburgh, Luncheon at the, 159.
_Fourberies de Scapin, Les_ (Molière), performed by students of College of City of New York, 25.
Fox Island granite used for Memorial Lighthouse, 3.
France, Cordial relations between America and, 13, 42, 45; hope of Champlain for new world dominions for, 13-14; duty of, towards Champlain Memorials, 14, 15-16; Rodin’s bust designed to symbolize, 18, 74; and the progress of civilization, 20; the country of science and art, 21; opened up American continent to settlers, 21, 32; intellectual expansion of, in the United States, 25; struggle between England and, in the new world, 41; Mayor Gaynor on women of, 43-44; joins in honoring Champlain, 49-50; debt of America to, 59-60, 96; flags of, 59, 71, 103-4; sows while others reap, 60; territory of, in America, 60; stand of, at Ticonderoga no mistake, 72; delegation represents all of, 74; image depicts, as Frenchmen see her, 74-75; thanks those who remember, 74-75; American commemorative monuments to, 75; honored in discourses of Governors of New York and Vermont, 84-85; closer relations between America and, 90; Jefferson on, 138; salutation of Mayor Roberts to La Belle, 143; found Champlain Tercentenary an occasion to speak for international peace, 147; century of peace between England, America and, 164; Memorial to son of, who represents Frenchmen as we know them, 165.
France, colonial empire of, M. Jusserand on the, 39.
France, Government of, invited to participate in Champlain Tercentenary, 180.
France of time of Louis XIII, Arms of, on base of Memorial Lighthouse, 5.
“France, La,” Bust of, by Rodin, 3; appeal of Gabriel Hanotaux to French people to secure the, 13-16; inscription on, 17; description of, 18; allegorical interpretation of, by H. W. HILL, 18-21; acceptance of, by Attorney-General Wickersham, 3, 7; M. Jusserand on, 39; Conway on, 40; formal presentation of, to the Commissions, 44-50; influence of, when placed on Lighthouse, 54-55; A. B. Hepburn on, 60; seal of the mutual regard of two nations, 62, 165; permanent location of, on Lighthouse chosen, 73; a sign of gratitude, 74, 165; represents France as she is, 74-75; a souvenir of French gratitude, 75; accepted for the Commissions by L. C. Lafontaine, 76; unveiling of, described by M. Deschamps, 84-85; brought from France on ship _La France_, 93; M. Bazin on “La France” at Fort Carillon, 103-4; M. Peretti de la Rocca on, 142; renewed thanks for, 190.
_France_, Steamship, brought over the French delegation, 16, 45, 65, 93; banquet given on board, 27.
Francis, Rev. Lewis, pronounced Invocation at Lighthouse dedication, 134.
Franco-American Committee, _see_ Comité France-Amérique.
Franco-American Committee of Canada gave luncheon, 89.
Franco-American Institute, The, welcomed the French delegation, 16.
Franklin, Benjamin, Heber’s statue of, 2; appeals of, responded to by French people, 53.
Frawley, James Joseph, Chairman of Senate Finance Committee, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 226; in charge of Memorial Bill in the Senate, 1.
“French, The, in the heart of America,” by John H. Finley, 32.
French America, A, the dream of Champlain, 14.
French and Algonquins against English and Iroquois, 145.
French Canadians at Crown Point exercises, 95.
French colonization in America, John H. Finley’s interest in, 111.
French commemorations in the United States, 14.
French delegation, The, to deliver Rodin’s bronze of “La France,” 1, 15; welcomed in New York, 16; the personnel of, 16-17, 37, 44, 61, 62, 75, 78; the mission of, 17-18, 190; social functions and hospitalities extended to, 23-28: received at City Hall by Mayor Gaynor, 25; luncheon to, at Metropolitan Club, 25; visited Loan Exhibition of the French Institute, 26; entertained by Senator Clark, 26; visited Washington and Mount Vernon, 26-27; reception and dinner at the French Embassy, 26-27; reception at National Press Club, 27; luncheon at the White House, 27; dinner to, on board the _France_, 27; some members entertained in Boston and Cambridge, 27; others in Philadelphia, 27-28; banquet to, at the Waldorf-Astoria, 31-55, 118; tribute of Atty.-Gen. Wickersham to, 36-37; M. Jusserand on, 38; welcomed to New York State by Thomas F. Conway, 42-43; Mayor Gaynor on, 43; introduced by Pres. Finley, 44; M. Hanotaux on mission of, 44-45, 50; thanks to, by H. W. Hill, 53, 55; entertained by the Chamber of Commerce of New York State, 59-67; M. Hanotaux on personnel of, 62; entertained at Fort Ticonderoga, 71-72; breakfast with Mr. and Mrs. S. H. P. Pell, 71; examined the ruins, 71-72; trip to Crown Point Forts, 72; suggested permanent location on the Memorial for “La France,” 73; Lt.-Gov. Conway’s welcome to, 73; greeting to, from Gov. Mead, 74; M. Hanotaux’ presentation address in behalf of, 74-76; Commissioner Lafontaine’s remarks to, accepting their gift “La France,” 76; shown the old forts and recent discoveries at, 76-77; welcomed at Plattsburgh, 77; reception at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77-80: Address of Hon. V. F. Boire, 78-79; replies by members of delegation, 79; remarks of Mrs. G. F. Tuttle, 79-80; left for Montreal, 80; M. Deschamps on, 82; reception and banquet at Montreal, 89; luncheon by Franco-American Committee of Canada, 89; visit Quebec, 89; hosts of, in Canada, 89; met by Senator Hill at Niagara Falls, 90; entertained by General F. V. Greene, 90; “bon voyage” to, on _La Provence_, 90; pleased at reception in this country, 91; dinner given to, in Paris on return to France, 91-93; guests at, 91-92; experiences of, reviewed by M. Gabriel Hanotaux, 92-93; reception to, by Mr. and Mrs. Myron T. Herrick, 93-94; M. Vidal de la Blache on journey of, 94-97; mission of deeper import than mere presentation of bust, 109; comment in appreciation of visit of, 109-10, 190; Commission grateful to all who helped to entertain the, 192.
French Embassy at Washington, Reception and dinner at the, 26, 27.
French fleet, The, under De Grasse, 59-60.
French Institute in the United States, Loan Exhibit of the, 25, 26.
French literature, M. Hanotaux on, 91.
French names, Illustrious, in history of America, 35.
French officers, Bodies of, found at Fort Carillon, 103.
French Panama Canal Company, Interests of, purchased, 36.
French people, Friendship and good will of, 2, 13, 21, 25, 31, 36, 37, 53, 54, 60, 64-65, 66, 73, 79, 94, 109, 111, 138, 142, 170, 188.
French private soldiers and sailors, Monument to, at Annapolis, 142.
French Republic, Acts of friendship towards, the, 91.
French speaking and English speaking peoples, One hundredth anniversary of last war between, 78-79.
French supremacy passed from Lake Champlain, 145.
French trade, M. G. Hanotaux on, 90-91.
Frenchmen played decisive part in America, 66; prophetic vision of, made possible powerful unity of United States, 97.
Friends of the project remembered, 182.
Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Count, French explorer, 35, 102.
Fuller, Paul, spoke in French at luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25-26.
Fuller, Paul, Jr., Secretary of Franco-American Committee, 16; Commission grateful to, 192.
Fulton, Robert, Admiration of Frenchmen for, 67.
Gage’s, 80th (Light Armed), Regiment of Foot, under Gen. Amherst, 127; fort built by, 239.
Galvão, Antonio, suggested canal across Isthmus of Panama, 36n.
Garfielde, Selucius, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Gateway of the Nation, The, Ticonderoga, 52, 72.
Gay, ——, Col., Edward Mott became Major in regiment under, 244.
Gaynor, William Jay, Mayor of New York City, received the French delegates, 25; at luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25; guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31; address of, at banquet, 43-44; willing to say nothing and write a letter, 43; economy of the woman of France should be imitated, 44.
George II, Salutes at English Forts in honor of birthday of, 239-40.
George V, Toast to, at Paris dinner, 93.
Germain, ——, Capt. Régiment des Gardes de la Reine, Inscription to, on the Germain redoubt, 103.
Germain Redoubt, at Fort Ticonderoga, 71; inscription on, 103; Commission entertained by Howland Pell at, 193.
Gibbons, James, Cardinal, on our debt to France, 97.
Gifford, James Meacham, lawyer, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Gignoux, Régis, member of French delegation, 17.
Gilbert, John Ingersoll, native of the Champlain valley, 206.
Girard, Antoine Charles, member of French delegation, 17; represented commerce and industries, 109.
Girard, Mlle. Valentine, member of the French delegation, 17.
Glacier mill discovered near English Forts, 77.
Gold, Early explorers sought for, alone, 46-48; the lure of, 47; of natural wealth, 48.
Gómara, Francisco Lopez de, urged an Isthmian canal upon Philip II, 36n.
Goodell, Constans Liberty, D.D., from the Champlain valley, 208.
Goodrich, John Ellsworth, D.D., Works of, 211.
Gorgets, and other puzzling stone objects, 254.
Gouel, Roger, member of French delegation, 17.
Gouges, of chipped stone, found in valley, 252; of copper, 258.
Gouin, Sir Lomer, represented Province of Quebec at Champlain Tercentenary, 52, 187; helped entertain French visitors in Canada, 89; addresses of, 189.
Governor-General’s Footguards, Lt.-Col. D. R. Street commanding, at the Celebration, 187.
Governors, Colonial, Correspondence of, with William Pitt, 198.
Governors and Legislatures, Support and co-operation of, acknowledged by Commissioners, 218.
Grabau, Rev. Hubert Pierre Le Febvre, Invocation at dedication of Champlain Memorial Statue, 163.
Grady, Thomas F., Death of Senator, 182.
Grand Isle, 96.
Grand Isle County, The bard of, 152.
Grants, French seigniorial, Few occupations under, 227.
Grasse, François Joseph Paul, Count de, commander of French fleet, aided the colonies, 54, 59-60.
Great Britain, Government of, invited to participate in Champlain Tercentenary, 180.
Great Britain, War between, and France, 145; and American colonies, 145; found Champlain Tercentenary an occasion to speak for international peace, 147.
“Green Mountain Boys,” invaded shore of Lake Champlain, 138; under Ethan Allen captured Ticonderoga, 145-46; Allen’s address to, 146.
Green Mountain State, People of, welcome the French delegation, 74.
Green Mountains, Ancient French name of, given to State, 82; Vidal de la Blache on the, 95; seen from Lake Champlain, 153; as seen from New York State, 167.
Greene, Gen. Francis Vinton, entertained French visitors at Niagara Falls, 90.
Grenadier Fort, at Crown Point, 239.
Grinnell, Josiah Bushnell, from Champlain valley, 203.
Guests, specially invited to dedicatory ceremonies, Lists of, 117-18; steamer _Ticonderoga_ chartered to carry, 119-20.
Hale, Chandler, met French delegates in Washington, 26.
Hale, Matthew, native of the Champlain valley, 206.
Hale, Robert Safford, from the Champlain valley, 203; Member of Congress, 205.
Hall, Benjamin Elihu, lawyer, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Hall, Hiland, “History of Vermont,” 197.
Hamilton, Alexander, Correspondence of, with Nathaniel Chipman, on boundary dispute, 210.
Hammers, Stone, found in numbers, 252-53.
Hammond, John, Colonel, born in the Champlain valley, 208.
Hammond, John, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 206.
Hand, Augustus Cincinnatus, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
Hand, Richard Lockhart, native of the Champlain valley, 206.
Hand, Samuel, Judge of the Court of Appeals, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Handiwork, Difficulty of distinguishing Algonkian from Iroquoian, 250, 256-57.
HANOTAUX, ALBERT AUGUSTE GABRIEL, head of French delegation, 1, 16, 38; Appeal of, to French people for funds to procure the Rodin bust, 13-16: Tribute to Champlain, 13-14; French commemorations in the United States, 14; request that France contribute Rodin’s bust of “La France” to the Lighthouse Memorial, 15; appeal for funds, 16; on “La France,” 18; reply to Mayor Gaynor, 25; placed wreath on Washington’s tomb, 26; speaker at dinner on S.S. _France_, 27; Address of, at Waldorf-Astoria dinner, 45-50: Mission of the French delegation, 45; receptions and entertainments in the United States, 45-46; the conquistadores of America sought gold only, 46; fantastic accounts of the new world, 47; explorers like Champlain found land like the mother country, 47-48; tribute to Champlain’s foresight, 48; labor the true basis of American civilization, 48-49; presentation of the bust “La France,” 50; thanks to French people through, by Sen. Hill, 53; Address of, at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 61-65: La générosité américaine a déterminé le voyage de la Délégation française, 61-62; La France envoie son tribut de gratitude, 62; un parallèle entre les deux Républiques, 62-63; le commerce, 63-64; le Comité France-Amérique pour travailler au développement des bonnes relations entre les deux pays, 64; les volontaires de la foi, de la Liberté et de l’Amitié, 64; “La France,” un symbole de l’amitié franco-américaine, 65; responded to toast to the President of France, 67; Address of, at Crown Point exercises, 74-76: Rodin’s bust depicts France as Frenchmen conceive her, 74, 165; the proofs of American sympathy prompted this response, 75; personnel of the delegation, 75; friendship of France, 75; same sentiments animate both democracies, 75-76; gift of “La France,” 76; at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77, 79; M. Deschamps on address of, at Crown Point, 84; remarks of, on trade between United States and France, 90-91; on French literature, 91; on Pres. Taft, 91; reviewed experiences of French delegation in address at the Paris dinner, 92-93: Salutation of thanks to United States and Canada, 92; emotions of, on reaching Ticonderoga, 92-93; toasts proposed by, 93; tribute of Louis Barthou to, 93; remarks of, at reception to French delegation at American Embassy, 94; Vidal de la Blache’s report of Address of, at Crown Point, 95-97: Champlain’s description of country, 95; the islands of the Lake, 96; adoption by America of the French heroes to her own honor, 96-97; our American work not a failure, 97; a foremost citizen of France, 109; beauty of style of, 110; selected the Rodin bust, 186.
Harrison, Francis Burton, member of Committee on Foreign Affairs, 179.
Harvard Exchange Lecturer at French universities, 111.
Harvard University, Members of French delegation at, 27.
Haskins, Kittredge, M. C., zealous for the project, 179.
Hatch, Edward, Jr., maintains hatchery for gulls, 152.
Haviland, William, Colonel, captured the French post at Isle aux Noix, 231.
Hawkes, McDougall, Chairman of Franco-American Institute, 16; tendered luncheon to Commissions and French delegates, 25-26; at banquet, 32; presented French delegates at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 59; invited to the dedications, 117; Commission grateful to, 192.
Hayes, Roscoe G., Capt. Company “I” 2d Infantry, N. G. N. Y., at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125.
Hays, Lynn [Lindsay] Mortimer, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 224, 226; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133.
Heber, Carl Augustus, Works of, 2-3; won Avery prize at Architectural League in 1910, 3; sculptor of Champlain Statue, 6, 8, 9, 51; invited to the dedications, 117.
Hedges, Job Elmer, invited to dedications, 118; address of, at dedication of Champlain Statue, 172; Champlain an epoch, 172.
Heights of Abraham, French delegation visited the, 89.
Henley, Robert, Capt., voted a gold medal by Congress, 233.
Hennepin, Father Louis, French explorer, 35; homage to, 96.
Hepburn, Alonzo Barton, guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31; Address of welcome at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 59-61: Obligation of this country to France, 59-60; welcome to visitors, 60-61; introduced Ambassador Jusserand, 61; introduced M. Gabriel Hanotaux, 61; introduced Count de Chambrun, 65; made officer of Legion of Honor, 110-11; Commission grateful to, 192.
Heroes, French, of 17th and 18th centuries, 92; all adopted by America in the Tercentenary, 96; more popular in America than in France, 96-97; the founders, 97; their work for France not a failure, 97.
Herrick, George Frederick, D.D., from the Champlain valley, 208.
Herrick, Myron Timothy, M. Poincaré on, 92; remarks of, at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 93; gave reception to French delegation at the American Embassy, 93-94.
Hervieu, Paul Ernest, guest at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 91.
Hiawatha, Longfellow’s, Dramatic version of, by Indians, 235.
Hickey, Rev. Father David Joseph, Address of, at Cliff Haven, 157-58; Notable visitors to the school, 157; scope of its work, 158; welcome to visitors, 158.
High Mass, first celebrated in Vermont at Fort Ste. Anne, 52.
Highway, An international, from Florida to Quebec, 78.
Highway for commerce and war, Lake Champlain a, 229.
Hill, Bert Hodge, Director of American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece, a native of the Champlain valley, 214.
HILL, HENRY WAYLAND, compiler of this Report. Secretary of the New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 225, 226; Address at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 51-55: Champlain’s discovery symbolized by Memorial Lighthouse, 51; the Tercentenary Celebration reviewed, 51-53; the generous and friendly gift of “La France” accepted on behalf of the Commissions, 53; tribute to the French people, 53-54; cordial relations between the Republics, 54; “La France” will help to restore interest in the Champlain region, 54-55; welcome and thanks, 55.
HILL, HENRY WAYLAND.—Allegorical interpretation of bust “La France,” 18-21: Symbolizes development of France, 18; art ideals of the French, 18-19; the work of Auguste Rodin, 19-20; Benedetto Croce’s intuitional theory of æsthetics, 20; the bust reveals the culture and intellectual development of the French nation, 20; some French contributions to science, 20-21.
HILL, HENRY WAYLAND.—Comment on visit of the French delegation and honors conferred, 109-11: Interest aroused, 109; personnel of the delegation, 109; addresses reported and unreported, 109-10; style of their littérateurs, 110; welcome to, and impression left by, delegation, 110; Knighthood in Legion of Honor conferred on W. C. Witherbee, F. S. Witherbee, and H. W. Hill. 110-11; A. B. Hepburn made an officer in the Legion, 110-11; C. B. Alexander presented with a Sèvres bisque group, “Télémaque chez Calypso,” 110-11; appreciation, 111.
HILL, HENRY WAYLAND.—Construction of Memorials to Samuel Champlain, 1-9; The allegorical bust “La France” and the French delegation, 11-21; Hospitalities extended to French visitors, 25-97: New York, Washington, Philadelphia and Boston, 25-28; Banquet at Waldorf-Astoria, 31-55; entertained by Chamber of Commerce, 59-67; at Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Plattsburgh, 71-86; Canada and Niagara Falls, 89-90; Impressions and comments by French visitors, 90-97; Comment on visit of French delegation, and honors conferred, 109-11; Dedicatory ceremonies, 117-73: Preparation, 117-22; Unveiling Tablet at English Fort, 125-29; Champlain Memorial Lighthouse at Crown Point Forts, 133-47; Sail to Bluff Point, 151-53; at Summer School, Plattsburgh Barracks, and Plattsburgh, 157-59; Champlain Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh, 163-73; Federal co-operation and assistance, 179-82; Review of the work of the Commission and acknowledgments of assistance, 185-93; Historical significance of the Tercentenary Celebration, 197-99; Representative men of the Champlain region, 203-14; Conclusion of the work of the Commission, 217-18; multifarious duties and services of its members, 217-18; resolution appreciating work of its Secretary, 218.
Hill, Henry Wayland, welcomed the French delegation in New York harbor, 16; at luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25; at reception at Senator Clark’s, 26; at the dinner on the _France_, 27; introduced by President Finley at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 50; at Ticonderoga, 71; Crown Point, 72; at Plattsburgh, 77; tribute of M. Deschamps to, 80; met French visitors at Niagara Falls, 90; made a Knight of the Legion of Honor, 111; with President Thomas planned programme of dedicatory ceremonies, 119; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; and of Champlain Memorial Statue, 163; member Constitutional Convention of 1894, 207; works of, 213; Commission’s vote of thanks to, 218; moved Concurrent resolution in State Senate, 224.
Historical significance of the Tercentenary Celebration, 197-99.
Holden, James Austin, invited to dedications, 117; address accepting Tablet for N. Y. Historical Association, 126, 128; papers by, 213.
Horicon Hose Co. in parade, 159.
Horr, Roswell G., 206.
Hose Companies escorted guests to site of Champlain Statue, 159.
Hospitalities to French visitors, 25-28.
Hospitality, American, 61; M. Poincaré on, 92; M. Bazin on, 101.
Hotel Biron, home of Rodin, 15.
Hotel Champlain, Commissioners and guests at, 153; beauty of site of, 153.
Hotel Vanderbilt, The French delegation took rooms in the, 25.
Household utensils of stone, earthenware, and bone, found in valley, 250.
Howard, Jacob Merritt, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Howard, Walter Eugene, Professor, member of Vermont Commission, 224; death of, 182; from the Champlain valley, 208.
Howe, Julia Ward, resided in Rutland County, 212.
Hudson, Henry, Champlain two months before, 51.
Hudson, Henry Norman, born in the Champlain valley, 213.
Hudson-Fulton Commission, Members of the Commission guests of the, 193.
Hughes, Charles Evans, Governor, member of New York Commission, 4, 8, 225; M. Jusserand on, 38; invited to dedications, 117; at Champlain Tercentenary, 143, 158; obligations of Commissions to, 191.
Humanity of Champlain, René Bazin on the, 106.
Hunting, George Field, D.D., from the Champlain valley, 208.
Hurons, Battle of, with the Iroquois, 34, 230; admiration of, for Champlain, 35-36; tattooed, 81; Lake Champlain the battle ground of the, 226.
Hurricane Isle Granite Co., contractors for Memorial Lighthouse, 3; for Plattsburgh Memorial, 8.
Hyde Foundation for Harvard Exchange Lecturer at French universities, 111.
Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d’, Homage to, 96.
Illustrations, List of, ix-x.
Implements and weapons found in the valley, 249-54, 257-58.
Impressions of M. René Bazin, 101-6. For analysis _see_ author entry.
Independence Hall, Members of French delegation visit, 27-28.
Indian pageants at Tercentenary, 53, 235.
Indian relics more abundant on eastern side of the Lake, 250; village sites, the source of, 251.
Indian tortures, Champlain’s protest against, 34-35.
Indian wars before Champlain came, 137.
Inniskilling (27th) Regiment of Foot, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Inscription on Rodin’s “La France,” 17.
Inscriptions on Memorial Lighthouse, 4-6; on Plattsburgh Memorial, 8; on Tablet at Fort Amherst, 127.
Inspiration from Champlain, 137.
International peace, Baron d’Estournelles de Constant spoke on, 50-51; Great Britain, France, Canada and the United States, speaking for, 147.
Invitations to dedicatory ceremonies sent out, 117-18.
Ireland, Mgr. John, on American sentiment toward France, 92.
Ireland conquered long ago, but Irish conspicuous to-day, 146.
Iron, Implements of, supplied by French adventurers, 258.
Iroquois, The, and wars of French and English, 41; displaced by civilization, 82; strife of, with Hurons, 94, 226, 230; wars of, 137; first battle of Champlain with, 144, 230; and English fought French and Algonquins, 145; high and mighty talk of chiefs of, 146; Champlain in pursuit of, 170; affiliation of, with Dutch and English, 230; name given to the Six Nations, 247; territory occupied by the, 247; on both sides of Lake, 247; feared by the Algonquins, 248; in Vermont, 249; drove out the Algonquins, 249; first inhabitants of western side of the valley, 249; superior in culture to other tribes, 250; pottery of, superior to that of the Algonquins, 256-57.
Islands, Controversy over grants of, 227.
Isle Aux Noix, 96; French from, defeated by Rogers near Rouse’s Point, 234; pageant and exercises at, 236.
Isle La Motte, Historic interest of, 52, 96, 233-34.
Isthmus of Panama, visited by Champlain, 36; canal at, proposed, 36.
Italians, Appreciation of ideals in æsthetics by, 18-19.
Jameson, John Alexander, Judge, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Jaray, Gabriel Louis, member of French delegation, 17.
Jarvis, George Tibbals, member of Vermont Commission, 5; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133.
Jefferson, Thomas, on France, 138.
Jogues, Isaac, at Plattsburgh, 78.
Johnson, Edwin Ferry, from the Champlain valley, 208.
Joint Resolution reported by House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 179; reported to Senate by Henry Cabot Lodge, 181.
Joliet, Louis, saw the Missouri, 33, 35; attitude of, toward Indians, 38-39.
Judges, Many, natives of the Champlain valley, 206-7.
JUSSERAND, JEAN ADRIEN ANTOINE JULES, French Ambassador, informed Commission of French gift of “La France,” 13; on French commemorations in the United States, 14, 75; at luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25; entertained French delegates, at a reception and dinner, 26-27; speaker at dinner on S.S. _France_, 27; guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31; introduced by Pres. Finley, 37; Address at banquet, 37-39: Recalls Tercentenary exercises, 37-38; desire of French to contribute to permanent Memorials, 38; Justice chief article of colonists’ creed, 38-39; exchange of friendship between two nations, 39; organized the French mission, 45; guest at Champlain Tercentenary in 1909, 52, 158, 187; at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 59; remarks at luncheon, 61; informed France of intended Champlain Memorials, 61-62; entertained at Fort Ticonderoga, 71-72; representative of France at exercises, 75; at Plattsburgh, 77; spoke at exercises at Plattsburgh Barracks, 79; personality of, 109; expressions of appreciation from, 111; invited to dedications, 117; represented at dedications by Count de Peretti de la Rocca, 141, 169-170; appreciation of, 188.
Justice, a chief article of the colonists’ creed, 38-39; Washington on, 38.
Kasson, John Adam, M. C., from the Champlain valley, 204.
Keese, Richard, M. C., native of the Champlain valley, 205.
Kellogg, Brainard, Professor, author, from the Champlain valley, 211.
Kellogg, Dr. David Sherwood, Fine pottery jar in collection of, 255; archæological collection of, 256n.
Kellogg, Henry Theodore, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Kellogg, Orlando, M. C., friend of Lincoln, native of the Champlain valley, 205.
Kellogg, Sylvester Alonzo, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Kellogg, William Pitt, from the Champlain valley, 203; Judge, 207.
Keystone from door of Champlain’s birthplace, at banquet, 32; libation poured over, 33, 34.
King George’s, or the Five years’ war, 230.
Kingsley, Darwin Pearl, from the Champlain valley, 208.
KNAPP, HORATIO WALLACE, Chairman of New York Commission, iii, 4, 218, 226; supervised Memorials, 6, 119; presided at formal exercises at Crown Point, 73; opening address, 73; introduced Lieut.-Gov. Conway, 73; introduced Gov. Mead, 73; presented French delegation, 74; presented Col. Cowles and staff to French visitors, 77; chairman of dedicatory exercises, at Memorial Lighthouse, 133; Address presenting Memorial Lighthouse to Governor of New York, 135-36: Commissions discharging their final duties, 135; recognition of a century of peace, 135; thanks to Vermont Commission, 136; Lighthouse transferred to Executives, 136; introduced Count de Peretti de la Rocca, 141; presided at dedication of Champlain Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh, 163; Address, 163-65: Patriotic spirit of sons of Plattsburgh, 164; tribute to Champlain, 164-65; peace assured between nations gathered at Celebration, 165; services rendered by, 218.
Knives of Stone, Chipped, found, 251-52; of copper, 258.
Kunz, Dr. George Frederick, invited to dedications, 117; loaned historic flag for draping Statue at Plattsburgh, 163.
La Clède, Pierre, Statue to, in St. Louis, 96.
La Fayette, Count de, at banquet, 32. _See also_ Lafayette, _below_.
“La France,” _see_ “France, La.”
La Motte-Lusière, Pierre de St. Paul, Sieur de, gave name to Isle La Motte, 234.
_La Provence_, French delegation returned home on, 90.
La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, and the Mississippi, 33, 35; attitude of, toward Indians, 39.
Labor, the true basis of American civilization, 48; apostrophe to, 48-49.
Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier, Marquis de, Tributes of America to, 13; portrait of, 28; statue to, at Burlington, 52; aid from, in Revolution, 54; carried back inspiration from this country, 54; descendant of, in French delegation, 65; enshrined in American heart, 78; entertained by Mrs. Russell at Fort Niagara, 80; statue of, given to France by American children, 163.
Lafayette, _see also_ La Fayette, _above_.
Lafayette Hose Company in parade at Plattsburgh, 159.
Lafontaine, Louis Camille, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 226; supervised the Memorial Lighthouse, 6, 119; address in French on receiving gift of “La France” for the Commission, 76; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; services rendered by, 218.
Lago Maggiore, Lake Champlain compared with, 153.
Lake Champlain, described by M. Deschamps, 81-82; by René Bazin, 101, 104; separates and unites New York and Vermont, 140; Sail down, to Bluff Point, 151-53; works on the history of, 211; importance of discovery of, 223, 224, 225; battle ground of Indian nations, 226-27; known as “Caniaderiguarunte,” the “gate of the country,” 227; and “Mer des Iroquois,” 227; many expeditions and engagements on, 227; noted officers visited its forts, 227; disputes over grants of islands and shore lands of, 227-28; from S. S. Cutting’s poem on, 228; historic importance of, 229; a thoroughfare in hostile times and for commerce, 229; reached and named by Champlain, 230; France claimed by discovery, 230; forts on, 231; Arnold’s naval battle on, 232; Macdonough’s victory on, 233; the door of the northern country, 229, 233; expedition from Isle La Motte, 233-34; Indian pageants on, 235; celebration of discovery of, of international importance, 236; called Sea of the Iroquois, 81, 249.
“Lake Champlain,” poem by S. S. Cutting, Extracts from, 152, 228.
Lake Champlain Association, joined in banquet to French delegation, 31, 33; M. Hanotaux presents bust “La France” to, and Commissions, 50; Frank S. Witherbee, President of, 110; Board of Governors of, sent invitations to dedicatory exercises to members, 118; took charge of Waldorf-Astoria dinner, 118; Commission grateful to, 192.
Lake Champlain district, Struggle for the, 146.
Lake Champlain Tercentenary Celebration, Historical significance of the [by HENRY W. HILL], 197-99: Possible result of, 197; critical history of the valley yet to be written, 197; authorities on successive periods of, 197-98; documentary and other sources in archives and libraries, 198; settlement and development of valley since War of 1812, 198-99; spirit of settlers, 199; Significance of the anniversary, 225.
Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of New York, Final Report of, to Legislature, iii, 1; previous Reports, 1; Bills concerning, 1; members of, iii, 4, 8; welcomes French delegation, 16; Report of, presented to French delegates, 17; mission of French delegation to present bust to, 17; tendered luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25; M. Jusserand on hospitality of, 38; invitations sent by, to the dedicatory ceremonies of the Crown Point and Plattsburgh Memorials, 117-18; chartered the _Ticonderoga_, 119-20; at dedication of the Tablet, 126; members of, at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; Chairman of, presented Memorial to Governor of New York, 135-36; thanks Vermont Commission and the Executives of both States, 136; Mayor Roberts on the Report of the, 143.
Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of New York, Brief review of work of the, and acknowledgments of assistance rendered [by HENRY W. HILL], 185-93: The Preliminary Commission, 185; co-operation of Vermont Commission in Crown Point Memorial, 185-86; Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh, 186; the Celebration, Canadian troops, and foreign representatives, 187-88; addresses of M. Jusserand and James Bryce, 188; of MM. Lemieux and Gouin, 189; of Baron Uriu, 189; acknowledges its obligations to distinguished visitors and Foreign Governments, 189; “La France” and the French delegation, 190; American officials and military organizations, 191-92; acknowledgments for other assistance, and for entertainments, 192-93; Conclusion of the work of the, 217-18; Activities of the Commissioners, 217-18; Resolution of thanks to Secretary Hill, 218; co-operation of State Governors and Legislatures and of the National Government, 218; turned balance back into State Treasury, 218; Concurrent resolution authorizing appointment of the, 224; meetings, report, and recommendations of, to Legislature, 225; appropriation for, 226; Financial statement, 263.
Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of Vermont, Members of, 5, 224; joined in erecting the Memorials, 74; invitations to dedicatory exercises sent to, 118; at dedication of Tablet, 126; members of, at dedication of Lighthouse, 133; formally transfers Lighthouse to Governor of Vermont, 136; efforts of, appreciated by Vermont, 139; joined with New York Commission in erection of Memorial Lighthouse, 185-86; Joint resolution authorizing appointment of, 223-24; joint meetings of, with New York Commission, 225.
Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissions, French people raising funds to present a bust to, 13; mission of French delegation sent to, 17; luncheon tendered to, at Metropolitan Club, 25; received by Senator W. A. Clark, 26; guests at dinner on the _France_, 27; and at reception at C. B. Alexander’s, 27; State banquet to French delegation at the Waldorf-Astoria, 31-55; M. Hanotaux presented bust to, 50; gift received on behalf of, by Henry W. Hill, 51, 53, 55; welcome French delegation, 55; entertained by Commissioner Pell at Fort Ticonderoga, 71-72; at Port Henry, 72; presentation of “La France” by M. Hanotaux at Crown Point Memorial, 74-76; with guests at Plattsburgh, 77-80; issued formal invitations to the dedicatory ceremonies of the Memorials, 117-18; assisted by the Lake Champlain Association, 118; planned to turn over the Memorials to proper authorities, 118; aided by people of Plattsburgh, 119; sail down the Lake to Bluff Point, 119-20, 147, 151-53; Society of Colonial Wars, guests of, 125-26; members of, at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; duties of, ended, 135, 138; at Hotel Champlain, 153; visit Cliff Haven, 157; witness review at Plattsburgh Barracks, 158; entertained by Smith M. Weed at Plattsburgh, 158; at luncheon at Fouquet House by Chamber of Commerce, 159; escorted to site of Champlain Memorial Statue, 159; at dedicatory ceremonies, 163; the joint memorial erected by, at Crown Point Forts, 185-86; successful conclusion of the Celebration by the, 187-89; Tour of the Lake by the, 225.
Lake House, Crown Point Village, Company “I,” 2d N. G., N. Y., in camp at, 121.
Lake Superior, Copper from, 257.
Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de, Contributions of, to astronomy, 21.
Lalemant, Gabriel, French explorer, 35.
Lamoille River, The, 248.
Lamy, Étienne Marie Victor, member of French delegation, 16; at banquet, 44; impressed with Memorial Lighthouse, 72; at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77; spoke in French, 79.
“Land of the White Helmet,” by E. A. Forbes, 39.
Landon, Warren Hall, from the Champlain valley, 208.
Lands, Controversy over grants of shore, 227-28.
Lanel, Étienne Marie Louis, French Consul-General, welcomed French delegation, 16; at banquet, 32.
Langelier, Francis Charles Stanislas, Lt.-Gov., of Canada, entertained the French delegation in Canada, 89.
Laplace, Pierre Simonde de, Contributions of, to science, 21.
Larabee, Benjamin, President of Middlebury College, 208.
Larrabee’s Point, side door to New England, 233.
Latin America, Toast to people of, at Paris dinner, 93.
Laurens, Jean Paul, “Surrender of Yorktown,” painting by, in Court House of Baltimore, 75.
Laval-Montmorency, François Xavier de, Bishop, visits Fort St. Anne, 234.
Lavelle, Rt. Rev. Mgr. Michael Joseph, pronounced benediction at dedication of Champlain Statue, 172-73.
Lawyers, natives of the Champlain valley. 207.
Lebon, Félix Frédéric Georges, Général, member of the French delegation, 16, 44; saw strategic importance of Ticonderoga, 71-72; at review at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77; spoke in French, 79; M. Deschamps on honor shown to, 85.
Legends, Fantastic, of the New World, believed, 47.
Legion of Honor, Insignia of, conferred on Senator Raoul Dandurand, 93; Knighthood in the, conferred on W. C. Witherbee and Frank S. Witherbee, 110; A. Barton Hepburn made an Officer in the, 110-11; Knighthood in the, conferred on John H. Finley and Henry W. Hill, 111.
Le Jeune, Père Paul, on the Indians’ admiration for Champlain, 35-36.
Lemieux, Rodolphe, Address of, at Plattsburgh, 38; represented Canada at Tercentenary, 52, 187; the address of, 189.
L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, Major, planned city of Washington, 46.
Lesseps, Ferdinand, Vicomte de, 13; and the Panama Canal, 36.
Lessons from Champlain’s life, 138.
Lester, James Westcott, Colonel, and staff of Second Regiment of National Guard, N. Y., Obligations of Commission to, 191.
Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, Contributions of, to astronomy, 21.
Liberties, popular, Stability of nations founded upon, 18.
“Liberty enlightening the World,” Bartholdi’s, presented by the French people, 54, 60.
Light Brigade, The, at Balaklava, and the Black Watch, “Old Forty-Twa,” at Fort Ticonderoga, 129.
Light Infantry Fort, at Crown Point, 239.
Lighthouse, The, a symbol of national life, 141.
Lighthouse, Champlain Memorial, at Crown Point Forts, 1-6: Cost of, 3; artistic features of, 3-4; inscriptions and arms on, 4-6; M. Hanotaux on French contribution to, 15; fitting memorial to Champlain, 35; symbolizes Champlain’s discovery, 51; on highway of water travel, 54; pleases French visitors, 72, 186; permanent location chosen for bust “La France” on, 73, 190; formal exercises at, [for analysis see Crown Point Forts], 73-76; Description of, by Deschamps, 83-84; René Bazin on the unveiling of “La France” at, 104-5; a testimonial in bronze of the good will of France on, 110; military features at dedication of, 120, 121; Dedicatory ceremonies, 133-47: Prominent guests, 133; invocation by Rev. Lewis Francis, 134; unveiling of, by Miss Louise G. Witherbee, 134; address of Chairman Knapp presenting Memorial to Governor of New York, 135-36; Pres. John M. Thomas presented Memorial to representative of Governor of Vermont, 136; address of Gov. Dix transferring Memorial to United States, 136-37; address of Adjt.-Gen. Tillotson transferring Memorial to United States, 138-40; address of William Cary Sanger receiving Memorial on part of United States, 140-41; address of Count de Peretti de la Rocca representing France, 141-42; address of Robert Roberts, 142-47; benediction by Rev. J. W. Dwyer, 147; Port Henry overlooks, 151; joint work of New York and Vermont Commissions, 185-86; French delegation approved and placed “La France” as seal on, 186, 190.
Literary exercises, Contributors to high quality of, 191.
Littebrant, William Thomas, Captain, and staff of Fifteenth U. S. Cavalry, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
Lloyd, James Horace, Brig.-Gen., and staff of Third Brigade of National Guard, N. Y., Obligations of Commission to, 191-92.
Locarno and Bluff Point, 153.
Lodge, Henry Cabot, U. S. Senator, reported Joint Resolution to Senate, 181.
Long House, The, of the Iroquois, 41; alliance of, with the English forces, 41; greatest war machine of the time, 137.
Longfellow’s Hiawatha, Dramatic version of, presented by Indians, 235.
Longworth, Charles F., expert in food products, 208.
Louis XV sent Montcalm to Ticonderoga, 102; officials of, 227.
Louis XVI, Officials of, 227.
Louis the Just, Champlain on France under, 14.
Louisiana, Cession of, 35; anniversary of Treaty of cession of, 36; once the territory of France, 60.
Louvre, Works of modern sculptors in the, 19.
Lovell’s, Col., New Hampshire Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, President of Harvard University, entertained French delegates at luncheon, 27.
Lyman’s, Col. Phineas, Connecticut Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Lynde, John, Judge, 207.
Lyon, J. B., Company, Excellence of typographical work of, 193.
Mabie, Hamilton Wright, on the story of Lake Champlain, 72, 166; on the beauties of the Champlain valley during the Tercentenary Celebration, 199.
McCarren, Patrick Henry, Senator, Death of, 182.
McCuen, Robert William, moved the appointment of the Vermont Commission, 181; member of Commission, 224.
McCullough, John Griffith, guest at banquet, 32.
Macdonough, Thomas, Commodore of American fleet, 40, 52; to have monument on Lake Champlain, 169; importance of victory of, 228; defeated British squadron, 233; Congress voted a gold medal to, 233.
MacKaye, Percy, “Ballad of Ticonderoga,” 72, 81.
McLaughlin, Chester Bentine, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
McMahon, Michael Deavitt, member of Vermont Commission, 224.
Macomb, Alexander, Brig.-Gen. commanding Americans at Plattsburgh, 233.
Maine, England after northeast corner of, 233.
Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de, Statue to, in Montreal, 96; founder of Montreal, 96.
Malby, George Ronald, M. C., Efforts of, for Federal co-operation, 179, 182; death of, 182; obligations of Commissions to, 191.
_Manley_, torpedo boat, in the flotilla, 191.
Maps of the region, 198.
Marin, ——, French officer, saved Israel Putnam from being burned by Indians, 235.
Marquette, James, saw the Missouri, 33, 35; statue of, in the Capitol at Washington, 96.
Marseillaise, The, played, 72, 77; M. Deschamps on, 80, 84, 86.
Marsh, George Perkins, from the Champlain valley, 204; the works of, 210.
Marsh, James, President of the University of Vermont, 208; writings of, 210.
Martin, George, Judge, native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Massachusetts granite for Plattsburgh Memorial, 7, 8.
Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 198.
Masson, Frédéric, presided at meeting of the Five Academies, 94.
_Matin, Le_, aided the Franco-American Committee, 16.
Maugras, Charles Gaston, of the French Embassy, invited to the dedications, 117; at dedication of Tablet, 125.
Maurepas, Jean Frédéric Phélippeaux, Fort Frédéric named after, 52, 227, 239.
Mead, Rev. Charles Marsh, author, from the Champlain valley, 211.
Mead, John Abner, Governor, member of Vermont Commission, 5; guest at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 32; declined to speak, 43; entertained at Fort Ticonderoga, 71-72; remarks of, at Crown Point exercises, 74; represented by Adjt.-Gen. Tillotson at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 120, 125, 138; and of Champlain Statue, 166; regret at absence of, 139; Gen. Tillotson on cause of illness of, 167; obligations of Commissions to, 191.
Memorial Lighthouse, _see_ Lighthouse.
Memorials to Samuel Champlain, Construction of [by HENRY W. HILL], 1-9: Bill authorizing, passed, 1; opportunity at Crown Point Forts for a Memorial Lighthouse, 2; contracts let for, 3; cost, 3; artistic features of, 3-4; inscriptions on, 4-5; arms on, 5; Tablet on, 6; the Rodin bust, 6; the Plattsburgh Memorial, 6-9: Described by the architects, 7; inscriptions on, 8; the Statue, 8; completion and cost, 9. _See also_ Champlain Memorial.
Mens agitat molem, 63.
Menu cards at State banquet, 31.
“Mer des Iroquois,” 227.
Merritt, Edwin Atkins, Jr., Chairman Committee on Appropriations, 182.
Messier, Charles, Contributions of, to science, 21.
Metropolitan Club in New York, Luncheon at, 25.
Michael Angelo, Rodin as devoted to mastery of nature as, 19.
Middlebury College Library, 198.
Military Committee, Report of, by Howland Pell, 120-22: Staff of Gov. Dix, 120; representatives of Gov. Mead, 120; military companies, 121; participation of companies in Crown Point exercises, 121; review of Fifth Infantry at Plattsburgh Barracks, 122; list of officers and men at ceremony, 122.
Military features of the ceremonies, _see_ Military Committee, Report of.
Military records of the United States, France, Great Britain and Canada, 198.
Millard, Stephen Columbus, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 203.
Missionaries, Early French, 33, 35, 102; treatment of natives by, 38-39; sowed the seeds of civilization, 60; _les volontaires de la foi et de l’espérance_, 64.
Missisquoi Bay, Major Robert Rogers at, 234.
Missisquoi River, The, 248.
Mississippi River, Pres. Finley on the, 33.
Mississippi valley, Pres. Finley on the, 33.
Missouri River, Pres. Finley on the, 33-34.
Mitchell, Dr. and Mrs. Silas Weir, at luncheon to the French delegation, 28.
Moffit, John Henry, M. C., banker, born in the Champlain valley, 205.
Moffitt, Stephen, General, born in the Champlain valley, 208.
Mohawks attack Fort Ste. Anne, 234.
Mohegans, Encampments of, displaced by pleasant homes, 82.
Molière, _Les Fourberies de Scapin_ of, played by students of College of City of New York, 25.
Mona Lisa, “La France” fit to replace the, 18.
Money loaned us by France, 59.
Monk, Frederick de Bartzch, helped entertain French visitors in Canada, 89.
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, once mayor of Bordeaux, 43.
Montcalm de Saint-Véran, Louis Joseph, Marquis de, defeated Abercromby, 40, 231; achieved fame at Ticonderoga, 55; victory of, in 1758, 71, 93; at Plattsburgh, 78; French delegation decorated tomb of, 89; Vidal de la Blache on memories of, 94, 95; homage to, in America, 96; defended Fort Carillon against the English, 102; Germain redoubt constructed by, 103; inspiring deeds of, 128; M. Jusserand’s tribute to, 188; garrisoned Fort Carillon, 231.
Montgomery, Richard, Brig.-Gen., joined Gen. Schuyler on Isle La Motte, 234.
Montgomery’s Highlanders, 77th Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Montpetit, Édouard, Professor, of Laval University, helped to entertain the French visitors in Canada, 89.
Montreal, Site of, fixed by Champlain, 48; reception and banquet to French delegation at, 89; founded by Maisonneuve, 96; M. Bazin on the journey to, 106.
Montreal Chamber of Commerce, welcomes French visitors, 89.
Montreal Library, 198.
Mooers, Benjamin, Maj.-Gen., commanded militia at Battle of Plattsburgh, 159.
Moore, Sir Henry, in land controversy, 227.
Moore, John White, Rear-Admiral, a native of the Champlain valley, 208.
Moore, Pliny, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Morning, Early, at Lake Champlain, 101.
Mortars, Stone, very uncommon in region, 253.
Morton, Levi Parsons, from the Champlain valley, 204.
Morvan, The mountains of, recalled, 95.
Mott, Edward, Captain, Report of, 243-44: Order to Ethan Allen, 243; informed Congress of capture of Ticonderoga, 243; Major in Col. Gay’s regiment, 244.
Mott, Samuel, Chief Engineer of the northern army, 243-44.
Mount Defiance, overtowering Ticonderoga, 72; Burgoyne erected a battery on, 232.
Mount Independence, owned by S. H. P. Pell, 71; commanding position of, 72.
Mount Mansfield rises back of Burlington, 151.
Mount of France, The, at Ticonderoga, 103.
Mount Vernon, French delegation visits, 26.
Musée du Luxembourg, Works of modern sculptors in, 19.
Museum, The house of Fort Carillon a, 104.
Museum of French Art, Opening of a, 26.
Myers, John Rossiter, Tribute of M. Deschamps to, 80; aided the Commission, 193.
Naples and Burlington compared, 151.
Nathan Beman Chapter, D. A. R., took part in reception of French delegation, 79.
Nation, A, may lose in war, but a great race can hardly be rubbed out, 146.
National Assembly of France aroused, 54; response of, to message of President of United States in 1848, 54.
National Government, The, protects all the people, 140.
National Guard of New York, Third Brigade of, Obligations of Commission to officers and members of, 191-92.
National Press Club, Washington, D. C., gave reception to French delegation, 27.
Nations cannot neglect courtesies, 14.
Navy, Natives of the Champlain valley in the, 207, 209.
Nebulae, The, 21.
Nelson, Charles Alexander, Indexes by, 193.
Nelson, Samuel, Judge, a native of the Champlain valley, 206.
New England slowly becoming New France, 146.
New France, Champlain founder of, 168.
New York City, Hospitalities extended to French visitors in, 25-26, 27; M. Hanotaux on, 45, 46, 49; M. Bazin on, 101.
New York Historical Society, Collections, 198.
New York State, Arms of, on base of Memorial Lighthouse, 5; once owned Ticonderoga, 95; Senators and Representatives from, invited, 117; Governor and other officials of, invited to dedications, 117; co-operation of Governors and Legislatures of, 218; share of, in general expenses and cost of Memorials, 218; controversies of, with Vermont, 232.
New York State Historical Association, Tablet at Fort Amherst placed in charge of, 126; address of acceptance by Treasurer of, 128; address of acceptance by Secretary of, 129; Collections of the, 198; papers in publications of, 214.
New York State Museum, Bulletins of, 258.
Niagara Falls, French visitors entertained at, 90.
Nichols, George Frederick, Colonel, native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Ninth Separate Company of Whitehall, at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125.
Noonan, Thomas Hazard, Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Notes on the archæology of the Champlain valley (G. H. PERKINS), 247-58.
Nouvelle-Angleterre, la, Une des proclamations de, 63.
O’Brien, John Francis, Secretary of State, born in the Champlain valley, 206.
Officers, Noted, visited the forts, 227.
Ohio, once French territory, 60.
Ohio River, The, called La Belle Rivière, 34.
Olcott, Jacob Van Vechten, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
“Old Forty-Twa” Royal Highlanders, 129.
Oliver, Robert Shaw, Brig.-Gen., accompanied the French delegates to Mount Vernon, 26.
Orion, The great nebula of, 21.
O’Ryan, John F., Maj.-Gen., invited to dedications, 117; guest of the Commission at Crown Point, 120; at dedication of the Tablet, 125.
Ottawa Library, 198.
Otter Creek, American squadron fitted out at mouth of, 234; a moulded copper celt found at, 258.
Oubanghi, Future city on the, 14.
Page, Carroll Smalley, aided in securing Federal co-operation, 181.
Palmer, Frank, Colonel, native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Palmer, George William, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
Palmer, Peter Sailly, “History of Lake Champlain,” and “History of the Battle of Valcour on Lake Champlain,” 197.
Paltsits, Victor Hugo, Papers by, 214; light on early history of the region in, 240.
Pan-American Building, Ball at the, to French delegation, 27.
Panama Canal, Frenchmen and the, 36; conceived by Champlain, 36, 137; M. Hanotaux on the, 49.
Parade, Civic and military, at Plattsburgh, 159.
Paris, Dinner to French delegation on return to, 91-93; Americans return to, Frenchmen to America, 142.
Parisian press, The, aided the Franco-American Committee, 16.
Parker, John Mason, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 204, 207.
Parkman, Francis, on the struggles about Crown Point, 72; on French pioneers, 170; historical works of, 197.
“Pastoral,” Heber’s statue of the, 3.
Patridge, John Alden, Captain, from the Champlain valley, 209.
Patriotism, Intense, in France, 18; of sons of Plattsburgh, 164.
Pau, The plain of, suggested by view at Carillon, 104.
Paulding, William, Colonel, and staff, of the Twenty-fourth U. S. Infantry, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
“Pavilion, The,” summer home of S. H. P. Pell. 71.
“Paysages d’Amérique” (RENÉ BAZIN), 101-6.
Peace, between English speaking peoples, One hundredth anniversary of, 78; light of, replaces fitful fire of early war, 135; a century of, 135, 164; forces working for, 147; an occasion to exchange words for international, 147; assured, 165.
Peace projects, Great, planned between the United States and British Empire, 78.
PELL, HOWLAND, Member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 226; supervised erection of the Memorial Lighthouse, 6, 119; ancient pieces of armor of, used as models, 8; looked after details at banquet at Waldorf, 31; entertained Joint Commissions in Block House, 71, 193; at dock to bid farewell to French delegation, 90; Report of the Military Committee, 120-22; Report of Tablet Committee on exercises at the unveiling, 125-27; At dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; Services rendered by, 218.
Pell, Stephen Hyatt Pelham, at banquet at the Waldorf-Astoria, 32; welcomes and entertains the French delegation at Ticonderoga, 71, 102, 192; M. Bazin on the hospitality of, 102-3; bought land to protect historical ground, 71, 103; invited to dedications, 117; at unveiling of Tablet, 126; entertained President Taft, 192.
Pell, William Ferris, Descendants of, own Ticonderoga, 95.
Pelletier, Sir Adolphe, at the Celebration, 187.
People assembled at Crown Point Forts, René Bazin on the, 104-5.
People of the Champlain valley. Enthusiastic support shown to the Commission by the, 193.
Peretti de la Rocca, Emmanuel, Count de, met the French delegates in Washington, 26; invited to the dedications, 117; at dedication of the Tablet, 125; represented the French Ambassador at the dedication of the Memorial Lighthouse, 133; Address of, 141-42: Many commemorations bind together the two Republics, 142; Frenchmen now discover America and love it, 142; visited Cliff Haven, 157; salute in honor of, at Plattsburgh Barracks, 158; Address at dedication of Champlain Statue, 170-71: Monument to remind tourists of their first great predecessor, 170; efforts of French explorers not in vain, 170; thanks in French for cordial reception, 171.
Peretti de la Rocca, Countess de [_née_ Lepidi de Gaffory], at the dedicatory exercises, 133.
PERKINS, GEORGE HENRY.—Notes on the archæology of the Champlain valley, 247-58; Occupants of the territory, 247-48; claims of the Caughnawagas, 248; Iroquois on both sides of the Lake, 249; implements and weapons found, 249-52; gouges, 252; hammers, 252-53; pestles and mortars, 253; axes or hatchets, 254; ceremonial and other stones, 254; pipes, 255; pottery, 255-56; bone objects, and shell beads, 257; copper from Lake Superior, 257; Dr. Beauchamp’s writings on, 258.
Perkins, George Henry, Professor, Notes on the archæology of the valley by, a valuable contribution to this Report, 193; works of, 211.
Perkins, James Breck, writer on French history, 179.
Perry, Aaron F., M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 204.
Personnel and mission of the French delegation, 13, 16-17.
Peru, The conquistadores sought gold only in, 46.
Pestles of stone, some carved, found, 253.
Phelps, Dr. Abel Mix, from the Champlain valley, 208.
Phelps, Charles Henry, Judge, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Phelps, Edward John, from the Champlain valley, 204.
Phelps, Samuel Shethar, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Philadelphia, Hospitalities extended to members of French delegation in, 27-28; M. Hanotaux on, 46.
Philippine Islands, Justice in the, 38.
Piaz, J. Dal, _see_ Dal Piaz, J.
Pigeon, Henri, M. Deschamps on, 85.
Pilgrims, Champlain eleven years before the, 51.
Pipes, Stone and earthenware, of the Champlain valley, 255.
Pitt, William, Correspondence of Colonial Governors and officers with, 198, 239-40.
Pizarro, Francisco, No gathering of many peoples to honor, 164.
Platt, Thomas Collier, U. S. Senator, aided in securing Federal co-operation, 181.
Platt, Zephaniah, member of first Provincial Congress, 206.
Plattsburgh, Champlain Memorial at, 1, 6-9, 51; purchased site for Memorial, 6, 119; the Tercentenary Celebration at, 38; Commissioners and visitors welcomed at, 77-80; Vidal de la Blache recalled associations of 1814 at, 96; Mayor and people of, assisted the Commissioners, 119; Committee of Chamber of Commerce of, meets Commissioners and guests at Bluff Point, 157; tour of city and reception at home of Smith M. Weed, 158-59; luncheon at Fouquet House, 159; parade to site of Memorial Statue, 159; dedicatory ceremonies, 163-73; patriotic spirit of sons of, 163; liberal benefactors of, 168; Memorial Statue accepted on behalf of, 168; Library at, 198; land engagements about, 233; military pageant and formal exercises at, planned, 235-36.
Plattsburgh Barracks, Pageant at, 52; exercises at, welcoming French delegation, 77-80: Address of V. F. Boire, 78-79; addresses by French visitors, 79; remarks of Mrs. G. F. Tuttle, 79-80; regimental dress parade, 80; M. Deschamps’ description of reception at, 85-86; the salute by Col. Cowles, 86; reviews of Fifth Infantry U. S. A. at, 122, 158.
Plattsburgh, Battle of, Graves of British officers who fell in, visited, 158; Maj.-Gen. Mooers commander of militia at, 159.
Plattsburgh Bay, Naval engagement in, 40, 52, 164, 233; Davidson’s painting of “The Battle of Lake Champlain,” 159.
Plattsburgh Memorial, _see_ Champlain Memorial Statue.
_Plattsburgh_, steam cutter in the flotilla, 191.
Plumley, Frank, Obligations of Commissions to, 191.
Poëte, Marcel, on the intellectual expansion of France in the United States, 25.
Poincaré, Raymond, President of Council of Ministers, sends personal representative, 17, 62, 66; elected President of France, 67; subscribed to fund for bust, 75, 186; presided at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 91; on Myron T. Herrick, 92; closing address at dinner, 93; as President of France made Henry W. Hill a Knight of the Legion of Honor, 111.
Point au Fer, fortified by Gen. Sullivan, 235.
_Pointe de la Couronne_, 240.
Port Henry, Commissioners and guests at, 72, 151; M. Deschamps on reception at, 80-81; his word-picture of, 82; guests from, on the _Ticonderoga_, 119, 120; Library at, 198.
Port Henry Band, at Crown Point, 121, 125; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 134.
Port Kent, gateway to the Adirondacks, 152.
Portales, Jacques de. Count, guest at banquet, 32.
Porter, Horace, General, guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31.
Porter, Peter Augustus, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
Portico, or veranda, a distinctive feature of colonial architecture, 95.
Potter, Joseph, Judge, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Pottery, Great variety of, found, 255-56; Algonkian and Iroquoian, 256-57.
Powers, Horace Henry, M. C. and Chief Judge Supreme Court of Vermont, 205.
Preliminary Champlain Commission, Work of the, 185; acknowledgment for entertainment and transportation of the, 192; entertained by Ethan Allen Club, 192.
Prentice, Samuel, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Preparation for dedicatory ceremonies, including military features, 117-22: Formal invitations sent out, 117-18; arrangements planned by, and assistance given to the Commissioners, 118-19; attendance at exercises, 119-20; report of Military Committee, 120-22.
President of the French Republic, Toasts to, at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 32, 37; at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 67; at dinner in Paris on return of French delegation, 93.
President of the United States, Toasts to, 32, 34; lent his presence to Tercentenary ceremonies, 37; message of, on establishment of French Republic, 54; Toast to, at Paris dinner, 93; unable to attend dedicatory exercises, 118.
Press, the, of this country and of Canada, Thanks of Commissioners to, 193.
Prevost, Sir George, commander of British forces about Plattsburgh, 233.
“Prideaux’s” (55th) Regiment of Foot, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Proctor, Fletcher Dutton, Governor, approved Resolution appointing Vermont Commission, 181, 224; gave strong support, 182; death of, 182.
Proctor, Redfield, Senator, favored Tercentenary, 181, 182; death of, 181.
Prouty, George Herbert, Governor, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 226; M. Jusserand on, 38; invited to dedications, 117; at Champlain Tercentenary, 143, 138; obligations of the Commissions to, 191.
Provincial regiments commanded by Gen. Amherst, List of, on Tablet, 127.
Pruyn, John I., Colonel, and staff Tenth Infantry N. G. N. Y., Obligations of Commission to, 191.
Puga-Borne, Federico, spoke at dinner in Paris to French delegation, 93.
Putnam, Israel, Major, Attempt of Indians to burn, near Whitehall, 235.
Pyrke, Berne Ashley, Judge, of Port Henry, pledged care of the Tablet, 126.
Quebec celebrated memory of Champlain, 14; site of, fixed by Champlain, 48, 89, 189; entertained French visitors, 89; M. Bazin on the journey to, 106; taken by English, 146; foundations of New France laid by Champlain at, 230.
Quebec Library, 198.
Quebec, Province of, French speaking people in, 89; still French, 146.
Quebec-Miami International Highway, 78.
Raines, John, Senator, Death of, 182.
Rastus, Uncle, not the respondent, 166-67.
Ray, Ossian, from the Champlain valley, 204.
Raymond, Henry Jarvis, founder of the New York _Times_, graduated at the University of Vermont, 204.
Read, Almon Heath, from the Champlain valley, 204.
Receptions tendered to the French delegation, 16, 25, 26, 27, 28, 71, 77, 89, 90.
Reford, Robert Wilson, helped to entertain the French visitors in Canada, 89.
Regiments of France represented at the battle of Fort Carillon, Standards of the, displayed, 103-4.
Reid, William Max, Light thrown on early history of the region in papers of, 240.
Renaissance of constitutional government in France, 18.
Report of the Tablet Committee by Chairman Howland Pell, 125-27.
Representative men of the Champlain Valley [by HENRY W. HILL], 203-14: Statesmen, 203; members of Congress, 203-6; early settlers, 206; judges, 206-7; lawyers, 207; in army and navy, 207-8, 209; educators, 208-9; authors, 209-14.
Representatives, Official, of France, Great Britain, and Canada, at the Celebration, 187-89; added dignity and stateliness to the functions, 188; obligations of Commission to, and their Governments acknowledged, 189; U. S. Government should invite, 236.
Republican movement in America, Effects of, felt in Europe, 54.
Républiques, Un parallèle entre les deux, 62-63; les deux filles aînées de la liberté, 63.
Rescue Hose Company in parade at Plattsburgh, 159.
Revol, Auguste François, President of Montreal Chamber of Commerce, helped to entertain French visitors, 89.
Revolutionists, The buff and blue covered, 128.
_Revue des Deux Mondes_, “Paysages d’Amérique” by René Bazin in, 101.
Reynolds, George Greenwood, at unveiling of Tablet at English Fort, 126.
Rhode Island Historical Society, 198.
Richards, Frederick Bates, Secretary of New York State Historical Association, 117; accepted charge of Tablet at Fort Amherst for the Association, 126; address of, 129; papers by, 213.
Richelieu River, Champlain’s expedition into the, 230.
Riley, John Benedict, Judge, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 226; supervised the Plattsburgh Memorial, 6, 119; escorted Commissioners and guests to Plattsburgh, 77; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; trustee of Cliff Haven Summer School, 158; presided at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 159; native of the Champlain valley, 207; services rendered by, 218.
Roberts, Daniel, lawyer, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Roberts, James Arthur, President of New York State Historical Association, 117; absent from unveiling of Tablet, 129.
ROBERTS, ROBERT, Mayor of Burlington, invited to the dedications, 118; Address at dedication of the Memorial Lighthouse, 142-47: History of the Lake unfolded at the Champlain Tercentenary, 143; apostrophe to La Belle France, embodied in image, 143; Champlain’s account of his first battle with the Iroquois, 144; impression on the Iroquois of the white men, 144; stillness of the wilderness, 144; struggles between French and English, 145; capture of Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen, 145-46; a nation may be defeated but a race is not rubbed out, 146; forces at work for peace, 147; Digest of the Vermont Reports by, 213.
Roberval, Jean François de la Roque, Sieur de, French Viceroy of Canada, 102.
Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Count de, General, Portrait of, in Independence Hall, 28; brought aid to the Colonies, 54; enshrined in American memory, 78.
Rochambeau, Philippe Donatien Paul, Count de, member of the French delegation, 17, 62.
Rochambeau, Suzanne (_née_ Rouxel), Countess de, member of the French delegation, 17.
Rock inscription, The, at Crown Point, 240.
Rodin, Auguste, Bust of “La France” by, 3, 6, 13, 60, 62, 74, 186; description of bust by M. Hanotaux, 15, 18; inscription on bust, 17; works of, 19; his theory of Art interpreted by H. W. Hill, 19-20; English version of “Art” by, 20n; Wickersham on, 35; bust presented to Commissions, 50, 53, 55; art work of, chosen as symbol of friendship, 65; guest at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 91; M. Hanotaux on, 93; M. Bazin on, 105.
Rogers, John, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 206.
Rogers, Robert, Major, the ranger, 231; expedition of, against the St. Francis Indians, 234.
“Roman Poet,” Heber’s statue of the, 2.
Roosevelt, Theodore, President, approved Joint Resolution, 181.
Root, Elihu, U. S. Senator, Address of, at Plattsburgh, 38, 143; early action of, favoring Tercentenary, 181; obligations of Commissions to, 191.
Rosengarten, Mr. and Mrs. Frank, at luncheon to the French delegation, 28.
Ross, Henry Howard, General, M. C., at Battle of Plattsburgh, 205.
Ross, James Blanchard, lawyer, native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Rotch, William, met French delegates in Boston, 27.
Rouse’s Point, Major Robert Rogers defeated the French near, 234; historic places near, 235.
Roy, Ferdinand, President of Canadian Institute at Quebec, 89.
Royal Artillery, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Royal or 1st Regiment of Foot, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
_Royal Savage_, the, Arnold’s flagship, Permission to raise, 228; wreck of, at Valcour Island, 235.
Royce, Homer Elihu, M. C. and Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Vermont, 205.
Ruggle’s, Col. Timothy, Massachusetts Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Russell, Mrs. Major, entertained Lafayette, 80.
Sail down the Lake to Bluff Point, 151-53: Port Henry, 151; Burlington and its bay like Naples, 151; The Four Brothers and Valcour, 152; Champlain Hotel, Bluff Point, 153.
Sailly, Mrs. Frederick, as Mrs. Major Russell, entertained Lafayette, 80.
Sailly, Peter, M. C., native of the Champlain valley, 205.
Sailors, Detachment of, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
St. Elmo, Castle of, and University of Vermont, 151.
St. Francis Indians, Major Robert Rogers’ expedition against the, 234.
St. Gaudens, Augustus, Carl A. Heber in studio of, 2.
Saint Jean, Welcome of French delegation at, 86.
St. Jean Baptiste Society, welcomed visitors to Plattsburgh, 77; escorted guests to site of Champlain Statue, 159.
St. John’s, Expedition against, 234; surrender of, 243.
Saint Seine, Henri de. Count, at banquet, 32.
Ste. Anne, Shrine of, on Isle La Motte, 234.
SANGER, WILLIAM CARY, Colonel, invited to dedications, 117; address at dedication of Tablet, 126; represented the President of the United States at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; Lighthouse given to, 138; Address receiving Memorial for United States, 140-41: States care for local interests, National Government for people as a whole, 140; democracy and beauty, 140; symbolism in Lighthouse, 141.
Sangha, Future city on the, 14.
Saranac Chapter, D. A. R., at exercises at Plattsburgh Barracks, 79.
Sawyer, John Gilbert, from the Champlain valley, 204.
Sawyer, Philetus, M. C., spent his youth in the Adirondacks, 204.
Saxe, John Godfrey, poet and humorist, 211.
Schiller, Heber’s statue of, 2.
Schofield, William Henry, Professor, gave breakfast to French delegation, 27.
School children of America gave statue of Lafayette to French nation, 163.
Schools, Mandatory provision for, in Constitution of Vermont, 199.
Schuyler, John, Captain, camped at Isle La Motte, 234.
Schuyler, Philip, General, joined Montgomery at Isle La Motte, 234.
Schuyler’s, Col. Peter, New Jersey Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Scollard, Clinton, on Champlain, 81.
Scotland conquered long ago, but Scotch present to-day, 146.
Scrapers and drills of chipped stone, 251.
Sculptors, Productions of modern French, 19.
“Sea of the Iroquois,” Lake Champlain, 81, 249.
Second Infantry N. G. N. Y., Company “I,” at dedicatory exercises, at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125.
Second Regiment N. G. N. Y., Col. J. W. Lester, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
Senators of the United States favoring the Tercentenary, 179.
Senecal, Andrew George, Mayor of Plattsburgh, welcomed Commissioners and guests, 77, 157.
Settlements, Largest of the early, under protection of Fort Frédéric, 145.
Seven Years’ French and Indian War, 227-28.
Severance, Frank Hayward, Secretary of Preliminary Commission, rendered important services to the Commission, 193.
Seymour, Julius Hubbell, lawyer, 207.
Shaw, Charles E., lawyer, native of Champlain valley, 207.
Shaw, Leslie Mortier, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Shea, James, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 226; supervised Memorial Lighthouse, 6, 119; present at its dedication, 133; services rendered by, 218.
Shedd, William Greenough Thayer, D.D., Works of, 210.
Shedden, Lucian Love, Regent of the University, 207.
Sheldon, Eugene Edmund, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Sheldon, Melville A., Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Sheldon, Samuel, expert in electric science, 208.
Shell, Objects of, uncommon, 257.
Sheridan, Philip Henry, General, Equestrian statue of, by Heber, 2.
Sherman, James Schoolcraft, Grandfather of, a navigator of Lake Champlain, 179.
Sherman Military Band, Music by, at Lighthouse dedication, 134.
Sibley, Joseph Crocker, Thanks of Commission to, for use of yacht _Valcour_, 192.
Simmons, George Abel, M. C., a native of Champlain valley, 205.
Site at Crown Point, Opportunity of, 2, 4; made American soil by valor of Green Mountain boys, 136.
Site for Memorial at Plattsburgh purchased by city, 6, 7, 9.
Six Nations, The Confederacy of the, called the Iroquois, 247.
Skinner, Mark, Judge, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Skinner, St. John Bull Lawrence, Postmaster-General under Andrew Johnson, 206.
Slade, William, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
Slate, Knives of red or purple, found, 252.
Slavery, Charlevoix on, 39.
Sloane, William Milligan, Professor, on “the vision of history,” 217.
Smith, H. Perry, “History of Essex County, N. Y.”, 197.
Smith, Kirby Flower, Ph.D., an authority on the Latin language and literature, 213.
Smith, Loyal L., philanthropist, from the Champlain valley, 208.
Smith, Melancton, Judge, member of first Provincial Congress, 206.
Smith, William Farrar, General, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Smith. William L. G., lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Soapstone dishes found, 257.
Social functions and hospitalities extended to the French visitors [by HENRY W. HILL], 23-28: Play at the Carnegie Lyceum, 25; reception at City Hall, 25; luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25; Loan Exhibit of the French Institute, 25-26; reception by Senator W. A. Clark, 26; visit Washington and Mount Vernon, 26; reception at French Embassy, and National Press Club, 26-27; ball, 27; luncheon at White House, 27; dinner on S.S. _France_, 27; reception by Society of the Cincinnati, 27; visit to Boston and luncheon at Harvard University, 27; visit to Philadelphia and luncheon with the Hon. Charlemagne Tower, 27-28; taxed endurance, 110.
Society of the Cincinnati, gave reception to French delegation and the Commissions, 27.
Society of Colonial Wars, presented Tablet at English Forts, 121, 125, 128, 129.
Sohmer, William, invited to dedications, 117.
Songs, Old French, preserved among French descendants, 82-83; at Saint Jean, 86.
Southwick, George Newell, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
Spalding, Rev. George Burley, from the Champlain valley, 208.
Spalding, James Reed, from the Champlain valley, 204.
Speakers, Representative, from official life, at the Tercentenary celebrations, 143.
Spear and arrow points. Chipped, 251; of copper, 258.
Spears, John Randolph, on Arnold’s naval battle, 232.
Spooner, Charles Horace, Ph.D., invited to dedications, 118; President of Norwich University, 209.
Stage House, old, in Plattsburgh, Fouquet House on site of the, 159.
Standish, Lt. Mathew M., a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Stannard, George Jerrison, General, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Star Spangled Banner, The, played, 77, 86, 126, 134, 163.
State, Each, cares for matters which concerns its citizens, 140.
State Historical Societies, 198.
State Library at Albany, 198.
State Library at Montpelier, 198.
Steamboat, The first, on Lake Champlain, 233.
Steele, George Washington, Jr., Lt. U. S. N., commanding flotilla, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
Stetson, Francis Lynde, at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 32; invited to dedications, 118; Address at dedication, accepting Champlain Statue for the city of Plattsburgh, 168-69: Tribute to Champlain, the Christian explorer, 168-69; virtues of Champlain and Macdonough should be emulated, 169; A native of the Champlain valley, 206.
Stewart, John Aikman, Address at dedication of Champlain Statue, 171-72: Nation like individual should possess the homely virtues, 171; prophetic vision of Champlain realized, 171; Canada and Americans have a common destiny, 171-72.
Stetson, Lemuel, M. C., and County Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 205.
Stewart, John Wolcott, Governor of Vermont, M. C. and U. S. Senator, 205.
Stillness, The awful, of the wilderness, 144-45.
Stimson, Henry Lewis, Secretary of War, accompanied French delegates to Mount Vernon, 26.
Stone, Arthur Fairbanks, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 226; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133.
Stone implements and weapons found, 249-54.
Stony Point Park, Flag used at dedication of, 163.
Story, Joseph, Judge, Works of, edited by Judge E. H. Bennett, 210.
Street, Douglas Richmond, Lt.-Col., in command of the Governor-General’s Foot-Guards, 187.
Sullivan, John, General, fortified Point au Fer, 235.
Sulzer, William, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
Summer resorts on the Lake, 151.
Summer School, _see_ Catholic Summer School of America.
Sunderland, Rev. Byron, from the Champlain valley, 208.
Swanton, Vt., A considerable settlement at, 234; tubular stone pipes found near, 255.
Sweetland, William, Judge, native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Tablet at English Fort, Unveiling of [HENRY W. HILL], 121-29: Report of exercises, 125-26; presented by W. C. Sanger, 126; description of, with inscription, 127; addresses of acceptance by James A. Holden, 128; and Frederick B. Richards, 129.
Taft, William Howard, President, gave a luncheon to the French delegates, 27, 45; from the banks of La Belle Rivière, 34; M. Jusserand on, 37, 38; at the Champlain Tercentenary, 52; M. Hanotaux on, 91; represented at dedicatory exercises by W. C. Sanger, 140; reviewed troops at Plattsburgh Barracks in 1909, 158; administration of, endorsed, 167; commended the Canadian troops, 187; obligations of Commissions to, 191; on a “traveling show,” 217.
Tasso on the French, 38.
Tawney, James Albertus, M. C., favored Tercentenary, 181.
Taylor, John Caldwell Rainey, member of New York Commission, 225.
“Télémaque chez Calypso,” Sèvres bisque group presented by French Government to C. B. Alexander, 111.
_Temps, Le_, aided the Franco-American Committee, 16; represented by M. Gaston Deschamps, 17; M. Deschamps’ report of exercises at Crown Point and Plattsburgh in, 80.
Tenth Infantry N. G. N. Y., Col. John I. Pruyn, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
Tercentenary exercises, _see_ Champlain Tercentenary Celebration.
Thomas, John Martin, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 226; invited to dedications, 118; helped to plan programme of dedicatory exercises, 119; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; remarks of, transferring Lighthouse to the Governor of Vermont, 136; President of Middlebury College, 209.
Thompson, Daniel Pierce, on the Iroquois in Vermont, 248-49.
Thompson, Robert Means, Colonel, provided entertainment for the Commission at Ticonderoga, 192.
Thompson, Zadock, “Northern guide” and histories of the State of Vermont by, 197.
Thompson’s Point, summer resort on east shore, 151.
Thornton, Arthur Whetham, Captain, defeated British at Otter Creek, 234.
Three Rivers, The Village of, burned, 234.
Thurston, John Mellen, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Ticonderoga, M. Jusserand on visit to, 38; early struggles at, 52, 55; Commissions and French delegation entertained at, 71-72; strategic importance of, 72; history of, 72; M. Hanotaux on, 92-93; work of restoration at, 95, 103; M. Bazin’s impressions of, 102-4; gallantry of Black Watch at, 129; historical incidents at, 143; captured by Ethan Allen, 145-46, 231-32; history of, merits federal consideration, 228; in seven years’ war, 231; military pageant at, planned, 235.
_Ticonderoga_, Steamer, chartered to take guests through Lake Champlain, 118, 119, 120, 121, 147; trip of, from Crown Point to Bluff Point, 151-54.
Ticonderoga Historical Society, Library of, 198.
Tillotson, Lee Stephen, Brig.-Gen., represented Governor of Vermont at dedicatory exercises, 120; at dedication of Tablet, 125; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; Address accepting Lighthouse, 138-40: Joint work of New York and Vermont, 138-39; dream of, 139; Vermont’s appreciation of work of Commissioners, 139; tribute to Champlain, 139; Memorial transferred to United States, 139-40; Address at dedication of Champlain Statue at Plattsburgh, 166-67: Cause of Gov. Mead’s absence, 167; on the scenery, 167.
Tonty, Henri de, with Sieur de La Salle, 33.
Torrey, Augustus, engineer, 208.
Torrey, Joseph, President of the University of Vermont, 208; works of, 210.
Tower, Charlemagne, entertained French delegates, 28.
Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville de, Expedition of, to punish the Iroquois, 234.
Trade between France and United States, M. Hanotaux on, 90-91.
Trade with distant tribes, Evidences of, found, 258.
Traversy, Capt. de, killed by the Mohawks, 234.
Treadwell, Thomas, Judge, member of first Provincial Congress, 206.
Treaties of Alliance, and of Amity and Commerce, with France, Centennial of, celebrated, 36.
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 230.
Treaty of Cession of Louisiana, Centennial of, celebrated, 36.
Treaty of Paris brought rest for a while, 231.
Tri-color and Fleur-de-lis flags, The, 71.
Turrel, Joel, M. C., from the Champlain valley, 203.
Tuttle, Mrs. George Fuller, Remarks of, at exercises at Plattsburgh Barracks, 79-80; author of “Three centuries in Champlain Valley,” 211.
Twenty-fourth U. S. Infantry, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
United States, Arms of, on base of Memorial Lighthouse, 5; balance of the world’s power will rest with the, 49; represented at the Champlain Tercentenary, 52; genius of institutions of, reflected in those of France, 55; obligations of, to France, 41, 59-60; M. Hanotaux on “la puissance” of the, 60; un parallèle entre les deux Républiques, 62-63; le commerce franco-américain, 63-64; Cardinal Gibbons on debt of, to France for great men, 97; Memorial Lighthouse transferred to the, 139, 140; found the Tercentenary an occasion to speak for international peace, 147.
United States, Government of, Active co-operation of, 179, 187; invitations extended by, through Dept, of State, 179; entertained the foreign guests, 218; should detail national troops for military pageants, 235; should officially participate, 236.
United States Congress—House of Representatives—Committee on Foreign Affairs, _see_ Committee on Foreign Affairs.
United States Reservation at Plattsburgh, _see_ Plattsburgh Barracks.
University of Paris represented by M. Vidal de la Blache, 17.
University of Pennsylvania, Members of French delegation visit, 27.
University of Vermont, Site of the, 151-52; Library of the, 198; Ira Allen gave property to, 199; fine pottery jars in Museum of, 255.
Unveiling of the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse, 134.
Unveiling of the Tablet at the English Fort [by HENRY W. HILL], 125-29.
Uriu, Stakichi, Vice-Admiral, represented Japan at the Champlain Tercentenary, 52, 187; spoke at Ticonderoga, 189.
Vail, Henry Hobart, publisher, from the Champlain valley, 208.
Valcour Island, First naval battle at, 40, 52, 85, 152, 164, 232.
_Valcour_, yacht. Thanks of Commission to Hon. Joseph C. Sibley for use of, 192.
Van Patten, William James, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 226; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133.
Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud, General, 103.
Veazey, Wheelock Graves, Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Verbeck, William, Brig.-Gen., Chief of staff of Gov. Dix, at banquet, 32; invited to dedications, 117; at dedications, 120.
Vermont, Arms of, on Memorial Light, house, 5; children of, contributed to monument, 5; origin of name of, 82; Senators and Representatives from, invited, 117; Governor and other officials of, invited to dedications, 117; and prominent citizens, 118; altercations with New York, 135; a labor of love, 136; verses on, by Orville G. Wheeler, 152; Republicans in, 167; scenery of, 167; invitation to come to, 167; mandatory provision for schools and a university in first constitution of, 199; shared in general expenses and in cost of Crown Point Memorial, 218; controversies with New York, 232.
Vermont Commission, _see_ Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of Vermont.
Vermont Historical Society, Papers and proceedings of, 198.
Vermont Legislature, Joint memorial of, appointing Lake Champlain Commission, 223-24; appropriation for the Commission, 226; claims of the Caughnawagas presented to the, 248-49.
Vermont State Geologist, Seventh report of, 258.
_Vermont, The_, first steamboat on the Lake, 233.
Vessel, The first sailing, on the Upper Lakes, 40.
Vesuvius and Mt. Mansfield, 151.
Vidal de la Blache, Paul, member of French delegation, 17, 44; Address at annual meeting of the Five Academies, 94-97: Cherished memory of visit to regions discovered by Champlain, 94; history revived as scenes were visited, 94-95; Ticonderoga, 95; exercises at Crown Point reviewed, 95; progress into Canada, 96; adoption by America of French heroes, 96; emphasis of history on great Frenchmen, 97; our American work not a failure, 97; beauty of style of, 110.
Vignan, Nicholas de, Champlain’s mercy to, 164.
Villages, No permanent Indian, because of hostilities, 250.
“Vive la France,” 86; the sentiment of the friends made in America by the French delegation, 110.
Volontaires, Les, de l’Amitié, 64.
Volontaires, Les, de la foi et de l’espérance, 64.
Volontaires, Les, de la Liberté et de l’Indépendance, 64.
Vosges, The, with Retournemer and Longemer, suggested by view at Carillon, 104.
Voyages across Atlantic, Nine, made by Champlain, 138.
“Voyages and Discoveries,” by Samuel Champlain, 81.
Vreeland, Edward Butterfield, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
Wade, Martin Joseph, from the Champlain valley, 204.
Wadhams, Albion Varette, Commodore, a native of the Champlain valley, 208.
Wadhams, Rt. Rev. Bishop Edgar Prindle, born in the Champlain valley, 208.
Wadsworth, James Wolcott, Jr., member of New York Commission, 225.
Waldegrave, James, 2d earl, _Pointe de la Couronne_ in letter of, 240.
Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, Banquet in Astor gallery of the, 31; John H. Finley toastmaster at, 31, 111.
Walker, Aldace Freeman, Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Walker, Jesse, Judge, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Walker, Stephen Ambrose, from the Champlain valley, 208.
Walworth, Reuben Hyde, M. C. and State Chancellor, 205, 207.
War of 1812, British and Canadian documents relating to the, 198.
Warner, Seth, Colonel, captured Crown Point, 128, 146.
Warrens, Independence and resolution of the, 199.
Washington, George, French delegation place wreath of flowers on tomb of, 26; on justice to the Indians, 38; M. Hanotaux on, 46; influence of, on Lafayette and other Frenchmen, 54; portrait of, in American homes, 65; statue of, offered Versailles by Virginia, 75.
Washington, D. C., Hospitalities extended to French delegation at, 16, 26-27; M. Hanotaux on, 46; M. Bazin on, 101.
Waterman, Charles Winfield, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Watson, William, on Beauty, 153.
Watson, Winslow Charles, Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Watson, Winslow Cossoul, “Military and Political History of Essex County,” “Men and times of the Revolution,” and “Pioneer history of the Champlain Valley,” by, 197.
Weapons of stone, copper, and iron found in the valley, 249, 251, 257-58.
Weaver, William Rice, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218; supervised the Plattsburgh Memorial, 6; on Committee to arrange for its dedication, 119; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; services rendered by, 218.
Weed, Mr. and Mrs. George Standish, received distinguished guests, 159.
Weed, Smith Mead, entertained Commissioners and guests, 158-59; lawyer, 207.
Welcome to French delegation on its arrival, 16.
Wells, William, General, native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Wentworth, Rev. John Brodhead, D. D., Works of, 211.
Westport, summer resort, 151.
Wever, John Madison, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
Wheeler, James Rignall, Professor of Greek archæology and art, from the Champlain valley, 214.
Wheeler, Rev. Orville Gould, verses on Vermont, 152; Semi-Centennial Poem of University of Vermont, 212.
Wheeler, William Adolphus, from the Champlain valley, 203.
White, Edward Douglass, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, from the banks of the Mississippi, 33.
White House, Luncheon at the, to French delegation, 27.
White man, The, and less advanced races, 39; Champlain the first, in the region, 137, 164, 224.
Whiting’s, Col. Nathan, Connecticut Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Wickersham, George Woodward, Attorney-General of U. S., guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31; Address of, at banquet, 34-37: Tribute to Champlain, 34-35; embassy from French nation has worthy object, 35; illustrious French names in history of American continent, 35-36; French commemorations here, 36; welcome and tribute to French delegation, 37; accepts the bust “La France,” 37.
Wilbur, Rev. Earl Morse, native of the Champlain valley, 214.
Wilcox, Dr. Reynolds Webb, at unveiling of the Tablet at English Fort, 126.
Wilderness, Awful stillness of the, 144.
Wilds, Percival, looked after details of banquet, 31; Secretary of Lake Champlain Association, 117, 118.
Willard, George, from the Champlain valley, 204.
Willard’s, Col., Massachusetts Regiment under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Winooski River, The, 248.
Witherbee, Sherman & Co., gave English forts at Crown Point to the State, 151, 239.
Witherbee, Mrs. Annie E., Discoveries about the old French Fort made by, 76-77.
Witherbee, Miss Evelyn, unveiled tablet at English fort, 121, 126.
Witherbee, Frank Spencer, looked after details of banquet, 31; met guests and Commissioners at Port Henry, 72; made Knight of Legion of Honor, 110; invited to dedications, 117; present at dedicatory exercises at Crown Point and Plattsburgh, 118; Port Henry home of, 151; Commission grateful to, 192; member of New York Commission, 110, 225.
Witherbee, Miss Louise G., unveiled Memorial Lighthouse, 134.
Witherbee, Walter Crafts, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 226; Treasurer of the Commission, iii, 80, 133, 261; Chairman of Committee on Building Memorial Lighthouse, 6, 119; met guests and Commissioners at Port Henry, 72; tribute of M. Deschamps to, 80; made Knight of Legion of Honor, 110; Chairman of Committee of arrangements for dedication of the Crown Point Memorial, 119; at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133; Port Henry the home of, 151; entertained Commission, 192; services rendered by, 218; Financial Statement, 263.
Witherbee Band, The, played for French guests, 72, 82.
Wood, Leonard, accompanied French delegates to Mount Vernon, 26.
Wood, Thomas Waterman, from the Champlain valley, 208.
Woodbridge, Frederick Enoch, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
Woodford, Stewart Lyndon, General, at banquet to French delegation, 32.
Woodruff, Frank Edward, Professor, from the Champlain valley, 208.
Worcester’s, Col. David, Connecticut Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
Wright, George Frederick, D.D., Works of, 212.
Wright, George Murray, lawyer, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Wright, Silas, educated at Middlebury College in the Champlain valley, 203.
Wurth, Herman, Sculptor of Tablet at Fort Amherst, 125.
Xaintongeois, Long live the, 81.
Year Books, record of antiquarian jurisprudence, 41-42.
Year 1914, The, centenary of peace, 78.
York and Lancaster factions acted under legal claims to crown, 40.
Yorktown, Battle of, French aid at, 59.
Young America seems Old France to M. Deschamps, 81.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] There has recently appeared from the press of Small, Maynard & Company, publishers of Boston, Mass., an English version of “Art” by Auguste Rodin, containing 106 illustrations in halftone and photogravure.
It is a most important contribution to the literature of “Art” by one of the greatest living sculptors. It covers practically the whole range of art and abounds in the analyses of the works of the masters of painting and sculpture, ancient and modern.
[2] It will be recalled that the Portuguese navigator, Antonio Galvão, as early as 1528, proposed to Charles V, that interoceanic communication be opened across the Isthmus of Panama and that in 1550, he is said to have published a book to demonstrate that such a canal could be constructed at Tehuantepec Nicaragua, Panama or Darien. In 1551 Francisco Lopez de Gómara urged Philip II of Spain to proceed with the undertaking without delay. (See Francisco Lopez de Gómara Hist. Gen’l. Lib. 4, Cap. 14, Larousse Encyclopædic Dictionary. Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, vol. xx., pp. 666-667.)
[3] Dr. David Sherwood Kellogg made a collection of 2,500 chipped stone implements from the shores at Ticonderoga, Wright’s Point and Orwell. He also collected at Fort Ticonderoga 575 wrought flints in one day. See his Paper read before the Vermont Historical Society entitled “Early mention of some events and places in the valley of Lake Champlain,” published in the Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society for 1901-1902.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.
Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a predominant preference was found in the original book.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg ix: ‘View of Robin Bust’ replaced by ‘View of Rodin Bust’. Pg 13: ‘an allegorial bust’ replaced by ‘an allegorical bust’. Pg 61: ‘il y quelque’ replaced by ‘il y a quelque’. Pg 62: ‘ici un parellèle’ replaced by ‘ici un parallèle’. Pg 62: ‘aux temps aù César’ replaced by ‘aux temps où César’. Pg 63: ‘se trouvre le’ replaced by ‘se trouve le’. Pg 103: ‘the forteress of’ replaced by ‘the fortress of’. Pg 188: ‘principal commorative’ replaced by ‘principal commemorative’. Pg 188: ‘events occuring’ replaced by ‘events occurring’. Pg 191: ‘descendents of the tribes’ replaced by ‘descendants of the tribes’. Pg 228: ‘Sewell S. Cutting’ replaced by ‘Sewall S. Cutting’. Pg 233: ‘after Fulton’ steamer’ replaced by ‘after Fulton’s steamer’. Pg 247: ‘Professor Ceorge’ replaced by ‘Professor George’. Pg 248: ‘from the Mississquoi’ replaced by ‘from the Missisquoi’.