Part 43
[115] Pict. Hist. of England: Ecclesiast. Affairs.
[116] Ibid.
[117] Pict. Hist. Book vi.
[118] Ibid.
[119] Nat. Papers quoted in Hist. of England. Civ. and Mil. Transact. vol. ii. page 346. Pict. Hist.
[120] Nat. Papers quoted in Hist. of England. Civ. and Mil. Transact. vol. ii. page 346. Pict. Hist.
[121] Headed in the North by Lord Darcy, Robert Aske, &c. See history of that year, 1539, in Pict. Hist.
[122] Ellis’s Orig. Letters in Pict. Hist.
[123] On the 11th June, 1539.
[124] Wilkins’ Concilia, quoted in Hist. of Engl. Civil and Milit. Transact. vol. ii. 403.
[125] In the taxation of 1291, being the nineteenth year of the reign of Edward the First, the entries relating to the possessions of Tinterne are thus given:--
SPIRITUALIA DIOC. HEREF.
£ _s._ _d._ Porcio in ecclesia de Tudenham, 3 6 8
TEMPORALIA DIOC. LANDAF.
Abbas de Tynterne habet Grang: de Asarto ubi sunt tres caruc. terr. prec. cujuslibet, 1 0 0 De prato ibidem quatuor acr. prec. cujuslibet, 0 0 6 De silva cedua per annum, 0 5 0 De redd. assis, 1 2 0 De plantis et perquisitis, 0 6 8 De gurgite et piscar. in Weyt, 1 16 0 De pastura vasti, 0 4 2 Item idem habet apud Rogenston quatuor caruc. terræ prec. cujuslibet, 1 0 0 De gardino et curilag, 0 1 6 De Molend. per annum, 0 15 0 De pastura de vasto, 0 10 0 Apud Marthog’m duas caruc. terr. et dimid. et novemdecim acr. prec. cujuslibet car. 1 0 0 Et prec. cujuslibet acr. de prædictis novemdecim acris, 0 0 3 De redd. assis ibidem, 0 5 0 In parochia de Magor de redd, 0 3 0 In parochia de Wundy, 0 13 4 Et in eadem parochia novemdecim acr. terræ prec. cujuslibet, 0 0 2 Et ibidem quatuordecim acr. prati prec. cujuslibet, 0 0 6 Apud motam duas caruc. terr. prec. cujuslibet, 1 10 0 De prato ibidem quatuor acr. prec. cujuslibet, 0 0 6 In la Bredeme deme in paroch de magir. quinquaginta et duas acr. prati. prec. cujuslibet, 0 0 6 Ibid. in aedil. assis, 0 10 6 Apud Penthleng. tres caruc. terr. prec. cujuslibet, 0 6 8 Apud Exellek sex caruc. terr. prec. cujuslibet, 0 6 8 Apud platelande tres caruc. terr. prec. cujuslibet, 0 6 8 Apud Hardstrete unam caruc. terr. prec., 1 4 0 Ibidem viginti quatuor acr. ten. prec. omnium, 0 6 0 In villa de Sturggyl de redd. assis, 0 4 0 Apud Eriket unum molend foler prec., 0 6 8 Ibidem ac redd. assis, 0 12 0 Do molend, 1 10 0 De una gurgite et dimid. per annum, 2 0 0 De sub bosco venet, 0 13 4 De pannag, 0 6 8 De perquis cur, 0 13 4 De melle vend, 0 5 0 De Fanneria, 2 0 0 Apud Penbo sexdecim acr. terr. prec. cujuslibet, 0 0 6 De redd. assis apud Uskam, 0 1 4 De Willielmo de Hereford pro quadem grang. de redd. assis, 0 0 6 De Johanne de Stonsœu’arl pro quadam grang. 0 1 8 De Landavenio triginta acr. pastur. prec. cujuslibet, 0 0 3 --------- Summa £38 5 0 --------- Abbas de Tynterne habet cens. reacc. prec. omium, 7 10 0 De mult. duo mill. ducent. et sexaginta quatuor exitus omnium, 37 14 8 De ovibus matricibus mill. exitus omnium, 25 0 0 -------- Summa £70 4 8
[126] Monaster. de Eleemosyna paternalis domus de Tynterna.
Tynterna in Hibernia, } filiales domus de Kingeswodde in Gloucestershire, } Tynterna.
[127] Archdale has preserved the following names and dates of some of the abbots:--
John Torrell was the first; another John occurs in 1308; Roger Codd, 1346; David Furlong succeeded; Thomas Wyggemore, 1355; William Walsh, 1356; Thomas Young, 1471; John Power was the last abbot, he surrendered it in the 31st Henry VIII.
The abbey itself is stated to have been rebuilt in 1447. It was granted, with all its lands and appurtenances, 27th August, 18th Elizabeth, in capite, to Anthony Colcleugh, at the annual rent of £26. 4s., Irish money.
King John’s Charter is dated Hamstede, iii die Decembris--but no year.
[128] King Henry the First’s Charter, authorising Roger de Berkeley’s gift of Ackeolt to the monks, will be found in the appendix to the Monasticon, with William de Berkeley’s letter to Pope Innocent, praying for his ratification of the grant of Kingswood, followed by five other charters, confirming the land at Kingswood, from Roger de Berkeley the elder, Roger de Berkeley the younger, and King Henry the Second. The last instrument given in the former edition of Dugdale, is a cession from Nicholas de Kingestone of certain land called Jonesham.
[129] Monasticon and Baronage.
[130] The following is a list of the pensions granted to the monks of this house at the dissolution:--
“Here cumeth such stipends as is thought necessary and expedient by us, John Tregonwell, Nicholas Peyntz, Knight; John Peyntz, Esquyer; John Freeman; and Edward Gosewike, commissioners appointed for the dissoluement of the late monastery of Kingswood, in Wiltes, for the abbote and monks thereunto, euery of them appoynted what they shall have by yere during their lyves, that is to say--
Furst to William Bandlaie, late abbot _li._ _s._ _d._ there, by yere, i -- to Thomas Redinge, prior there, by yere, vi xiii iiii
-- to John Wensbury, monke there, by yere, iiii xiii iiii -- to John Gethin, monke there, and curate of the parishe, by yere, iiij xiii iiii -- to William Wotton, grangitor there, by yere, iiij vj viii -- to William Hughes, monke there, by yere, iiij -- to John Sodbury, monke there, by yere, iiij -- to Nicholas Hampton, subprior there, iiij -- to William Pakker, monke there, iiij
-- to Nicholas Acton, cellarer there, iiij xiii iiij
-- to Edward Ermingham, sexton there, iiij
-- to Thomas Orchard, monke there, iiij
-- to John Stonley, monke there, being no prest, xi”
To this are annexed the signatures as above.
[131] Mores Cathol., quoting Epist. lib. iv. p. 17.
[132] Floquet, Hist. du Parl. de Norm., quoted in Mor. Cath.
[133] Mor. Cath., quoting St. Ambros. Orat. lib. v.
[134] Macaulay.
[135] Ibid.
[136] Macaulay’s History of England.
[137] Bishop Godwin. See Pict. Hist. Eccl. Affairs.
[138] Blunt’s Sketch of the Reformation in England. See Pict. Histor. ii. 404. Hist. and Fate of Sacrilege.
[139] Latimer’s Sermons. Hist. above quoted, vol. ii. 404.
[140] It would be difficult in the present day to find much of the church property, thus alienated, in the hands of any descendant of those royal favourites on whom it was sacrilegiously bestowed.
[141] Letter from Fitzwilliam to Cromwell, dated at Hampton Court, Sept. 12, 1537, and given in Pict. Hist. vol. ii. p. 405.
[142] Latimer’s Sermons, &c., quoting Blunt’s Sketch of the Reformation. Ibid. vol. ii. p. 405.
[143] See Letter from Coverdale to Cromwell in 1538.
[144] Hist. Henry VIII.
[145] Madden, Penalties, p. 49.
[146] Page 77.
[147] According to Hall, the following barbarous verses were set up in great letters upon the stake or gallows, to which the unhappy victim was bound:--
David-Darvel-Gatheren, As saith the Welshmen, Fetched outlaws out of hell; Now is he come with spear and shield, In harness to burn in Smithfield, For in Wales he may not dwell.
And Forest the friar, That obstinate liar, That wilfully shall be dead; In his contumacy Of the Gospel, doth deny The King to be Supreme Head.
[148] See the facts in Hall, Stow, and Godwin, abridged in the popular History quoted above.
[149] Warton, Monastic Influence on Poetry and the Fine Arts.
[150] Brit. Monach., Manners and Customs of Monks and Nuns.
[151] Opus citat. Brit. Monach.
[152] Fosbroke, in quotation of various ancient authors, p. 259.
[153] Gregory had a whip with which he threatened the young clerks and singing boys, when they were out, or failed in the notes; they also fasted the day before they were to chant, and constantly ate beans.--_Hawkins’s Music._ Fosbroke, p. 273.
[154] Knighton, a canon of St. Mary-le-Prè, has, to his own disgrace, recorded his bitter condemnation of the translation made by his contemporary Wickliffe :--“Christ intrusted his gospel,” says that ecclesiastic, “to the clergy and doctors of the church , to minister it to the laity and weaker sort, according to their exigencies and several occasions; but this Master John Wickliffe, by translating it, has made it vulgar, and has laid it more open to the laity, and even to women who can read, than it used to be to the most learned of the clergy, and those of the best understanding; and thus the gospel jewel, the evangelical feast, is thrown about and trodden under feet of swine.”--Decem Script. Col. 2644.
Such language, as an ingenious and learned divine has justly observed, was looked upon as good reasoning by the clergy of that day, who saw not with what satire it was edged against themselves.--Nichols’s Append. to the Hist. of Leicester, vol. i. p. 108. Fosbroke, p. 253.
[155] Fosbroke, p. 252.
[156] Fosbroke, p. 246.
[157] Ibid. p. 247.
[158] Conviv. Religios.
[159] Cruditis. Fosbroke, p. 253.
[160] Mem. de Petrarque, iii. 606. Fosbroke.
[161] Fosbroke, quoting Parsons’ MSS. in the Bodl. Libr., Oxford.
[162] One of the last important occasions, on which the abbey seal of Tinterne was used, was in ratifying an instrument, whereby the abbot and convent appointed Charles, Earl of Worcester, and Henry Somerset, Lord Herbert, his son and heir apparent, chief stewards of their manor of _Acle_, or Oakley, in Norfolk, 6th Hen. VIII.
[163] Taylor’s Index Monasticus Pref. ap. Brit. Monach. p. 229, note.
[164] MS. Harl. 1051. Fosbroke, art. Cloister.
[165] Monachus quidam Sagiensis cænobii de cella quadam in partibus Angliæ longinquis ad aliam cellam loci ejusdem remotis in Walliæ finibus, super mare Milvordicum et Hibernicum gyrovagando discurrens, ne _solus_ esset in via, quia, vae soli!--non socium sibi, sed _sociam_, elegit; ejus turpitudo, terque quaterque, turpiter deprehensa fuit. Adeo quidem, quod à Castellanis partium illarum demum captus et in carcerem missus, sociaque ipsius et confusionis causâ ribaldis exposita fuerit et garcionibus prostituta. Tales autem honores, et tales honestates ex monachis ad cellulam missis ordine monastico pervenire solent.--MSS. Cott. Tiber B. 13. ap. Fosbroke, p. 271.
[166] In the notes to Robert of Gloucester’s Chronicle [vol. iii. § 8-9] we read:--“About this tyme the order of Cysteaux was fyrst brought into Englande by one Walter, that founded the first abbey of that religion at Ryuall .” The question, however, has been set at rest by the extracts already given from the Chronicles of Tinterne, in which the date of their appearance in Englande is fixed at the beginning of the twelfth century, regnante _Henrico primo_.
[167] Quidam monachi dicunt _omnes esse monachos qui in paradiso erant_, vel potius nullum ibi esse non monachum.
[168] Mox ut mortuus fuero, cucullam Ordinis Cisterciensis mihi induite, et ne fiat me vivente, diligentissime cavete. MS. Roy. Lib. 7. A. III. ap. Fosbroke, 173.
So--when the devil was sick, the devil a monk would be; But when the devil got well, the devil a monk was he.
[169] It appears, however, that the books so carefully transcribed in the monasteries were seldom understood, or even perused, by the higher clergy; for it is told that Lewis Beaumont, bishop of Durham, 1317, understood not a word of either Latin or English. In reading the _bull_ of his appointment to that see--which he had been taught to spell for several days before--he stumbled upon the word _metropolitice_, which he in vain endeavoured to pronounce; and, having hammered over it a considerable time, at last cried out in his mother tongue, “Soit pour dite! Par Seynt Lowys, il ne fu pas curteis qui ceste parole ici escrit.”--Robert de Greystanes. Anglia Sacra, 1. 761., as quoted by Craik, 1. 137.
[170] Sketches of the History of Literature and Learning in England, vol. i. p. 69. By Geo. L. Craik.
[171] See Fosbroke. Dallaway’s Heraldic Enquiries.
[172] Henniker, Norman Tiles.
[173] Cowel, Mosaic Work, apud Fosbroke.
[174] The Signor left the banks of the Wye the day after relating the preceding anecdote, or the narrator would have shared another experiment with him. “While at Derby, however, it is related that such was the wonderful power of his imitative faculties, that he far outsoared the violins when playing in _alt_, whose masters laid them down in the orchestra in astonishment at being so entirely eclipsed by a human voice. They next played a hunting song, in which the signor appeared to equal advantage. The rich and mellow tones of the French horn were as successfully imitated, as the still finer and more distinct ones of the violins; and in some shakes he quite enraptured his audience. They then played a full piece together, which was such a grand display of his talents, that the admiration and delight of his auditors could go no further--they seemed electrified by his powers.”
[175] The river’s bank is here the haunt of otters, and the resort of herons and halcyon kingfishers. The rocky precipices abound in rabbits, foxes, weasels, martins, and polecats; whilst the more umbrageous parts afford protection to hedgehogs, dormice, and squirrels.--_Thomas._
[176] Ibid.
[177] See view of the Refectory.
[178] See view of the door leading into cloisters.
[179] “The Beaufort Arms,” where the writer experienced much civility with moderate charges, is, unfortunately, too small to accommodate more than a party of three or four persons; but it is comfortable.
[180] See page 38-62.
[181] See page 33, passim.
[182] See page 38-39, passim.
[183] See page 65, passim.
[184] Running across the neck of land, it shortens the distance between the Abbey and Tinterne Parva.
[185] In this engraving, the modern iron gate which shuts up this passage, dividing the church from the cloisters, has been _intentionally_ omitted, as not in harmony with the subject.
[186] See page 52, passim.
[187] Published by order of Parliament, 1827.
[188] Acle, or Oakley, eleven miles east from Norwich, and situated near the Bure, on grounds which rise suddenly from the marshes below. The church, dedicated to St. Edmund, is a rectory, value £20.
[189] Monast. ii. 724, v. 269.
[190] Munimenta Antiqua, vol. iii. p. 250.
[191] Munimenta Antiqua, vol. iii. p. 252.
[192] Dugdale’s Baronage, vol. i. p. 327.
[193] Munimenta Antiqua, vol. iii. p. 251.
[194] By Gertrude, daughter of Manners, Earl of Rutland, his first wife, he had issue four sons and three daughters. His second wife was Elizabeth, widow of Sir William Cavendish, whose son Henry married the Lady Grace, one of the earl’s daughters by his first wife.
[195] Messrs. Brayley and Britton: 1805. King, Whitelocke, Itinerary, and other sources.
[196] The cut here inserted represents specimens of [supposed] ancient armour in the Gateway Tower.
[197] Raglan, elegans comitis Wigorniæ Castellum, etc. Silur., p. 510.
[198] Son of Thomas ap Gwillim ap Jenkin, by his wife Maud, daughter and heiress of Sir John Morley, Knt., Lord of Raglan Castle.
[199] This gallant warrior fell by the side of his master, Henry V., at the battle of Agincourt.
[200] Collins, vol. iii. 25, 27.
[201] Robert Hillyard.
[202] Speed, p. 858, 859. Which the reader may compare with Dugdale, p. 257; and Collins, vol. iii. p. 28, by whom the circumstances are somewhat differently stated. See also Hollinshed, p. 672.
[203] The Herberts in former times were spread all over this county, and possessed several of its best estates and mansions; but, notwithstanding the immense possessions of this ancient family, yet it is very singular that there is not one landowner of £50 a year of the name of Herbert to be found in the whole county; although it must be allowed that the family of _Jones_ of Lanarth, is of an elder branch of the Earls of Pembroke.--_Williams._
[204] Grafton, vol. ii. p. 15, 16.
[205] Whose mother and Henry Duke of Somerset were brother’s children.
[206] At the Festival of the Virgin Mary, 1514.
[207] See notice of Chepstow, ante, page 4.
[208] See vol. i. of this work, art. Arundel Castle.
[209] As stated by Collins--Mr. Thomas says, “at Raglan Castle; adding, ‘two headless and mutilated parts of alabaster statues of this nobleman and his lady, which are, alas, kicked about by every chance visitor to the church, alone remain of the magnificent tomb erected to their memory!’”--_Raglan_, p. 137.
[When the Editor visited the place in August, 1848, the monument presented the same pitiable state of dilapidation--a bitter homily on the vanity of wealth, birth, and titles--yet in sad but perfect harmony with the desolation of the adjoining Castle.]
[210] Collins, 1768, vol. iii. p. 208.
[211] Illustrations of British History, vol. i. p. 490.
[212] Illustrations of British History, vol. i. p. 490, 491, ed. 1838.
[213] History of England, _Manners and Customs_, book viii. chap. vi. p. 629.
[214] Till the year 1627, it was customary in these two counties to have but one sheriff.
[215] Charles Sackville was the direct descendant of the great Thomas Lord Buckhurst. Of his youth it is disgraceful enough to say, that he was the companion of Rochester and Sedley; but his mature life, like that of Sedley, was illustrated by public spirit, and his fortune enabled him to be a beneficent friend to men of genius. He attended the Duke of York as a volunteer in the Dutch war, and finished his well-known song, “_To all you ladies now at land_,” on the day before the sea-fight in which Opdam, the Dutch admiral, was blown up with all his crew:--
“To all you ladies now at land, We men at sea indite; But first would have you understand, How hard it is to write; The Muses now, and Neptune too, We must implore to write to you. With a fa, la, la, la, la.
“Should foggy Opdam chance to know Our sad and dismal story; The Dutch would scorn so weak a foe, And quit their fort at _Goree_; For what resistance can they find From men who’ve left their hearts behind! With a fa, la, la, la, la.” --_Campbell’s British Poets_, p. 316.
[216] Peck’s Curiosa.
[217] Ibid.
[218] Opus citatum in Pict. Hist. Engl., book vii. chap. vi. p. 629.
[219] It was fortunate that, while the aristocracy were thus becoming more vitiated, the common people had become more temperate than formerly; but to this assertion Stow adds--“It was not from abstinence but necessity; ale and beer being small, and wines in price above their reach.” During the period of the Commonwealth, greater temperance in eating and drinking naturally prevailed, from the ascendancy of Puritan principles, which recommended simplicity and self-denial.--_Manners and Customs_, Pict. Hist.
[220] Something like the court-suit of Prince Esterhazy.
[221] Pictor. Hist. Engl., cit. _Winwood_, book vi. chap. vi. p. 630.
[222] Harleian MS., quoted by Miss Aikin, in her ‘Memoirs of the Court of James I.’ This Lady Compton, who valued herself upon being “so reasonable,” was the daughter and sole heiress of Sir John Spencer, who was probably the wealthiest citizen of his time, as he died worth nearly a million sterling. He was called “The Rich Spencer.” Lord Compton, her husband, was so transported at his inheritance, that he went out of his wits, and remained in that condition for several years.--_Winwood_, quoted in the Pict. Hist. of England.
[223] Osborne’s Memoirs of King James, in Pict. Hist. of Engl., book vii. chap. vi. p. 630.
[224] _Manners and Customs_, Pict. Hist. of England.
[225] Ibid.
[226] History of England, _Manners and Customs_, quoting from “Peck’s Curiosa,” “Evelyn’s Diary,” “Strutt,” “Somers’ Tracts,” and “Court of King James.”
[227] So much was swearing identified with loyalty, that Cromwell, after a skirmish with the Scottish horse at Musselburgh, sent word to the Parliament that the enemy had English cavaliers in their ranks, _because_ he heard one of their wounded exclaiming with his last breath, “_D--n me! I’m going to my King._”--_Howel’s Letters_, quoted in the History of England.
[228] The woodcut here introduced represents the boar’s head --a favourite dish in the olden time--on its way from the kitchen to the banquet-room.
[229] See notice of him in this work, art. “Chepstow Castle.”
[230] Tour throughout South Wales and Monmouthshire, by J. T. Barber.
[231] Bayly, p. 36-44.
[232] Churchyard. See Wood’s “Rivers of Wales.”
[233] Was it here that Henry Bolingbroke was confined, as traditionally believed?
[234] The reader is probably aware that in certain churches, palaces, &c., obnoxious pictures and statues were treated in this manner by the soldiery; and hence the lamentable destruction of these works of Art, which were once the ornaments of the country.
[235] See the Woodcut.
[236] See Thomas’s Tinterne, p. 133.
[237] See paper in the “Archæological Journal.”
[238] See Description and Anecdote in a subsequent page of this Volume.
[239] Archæolog. Journal, art. “Raglan Castle.”
[240] Ibidem.
[241] By removing the ivy from a portion of the great Hall, in the course of last autumn, another magnificent window has been brought into view; and by a similar course of discovery, other interesting features of baronial splendour will no doubt reappear.--[Note by Mr. G. May, “Warden” of the Castle, whose efforts to preserve what remains, and bring into view what is yet concealed of these noble ruins, is alike creditable to his taste and his industry.]
[242] This appears ungenerous. There seems no just ground for suspecting the Marquess of any motive incompatible with the most devoted loyalty.--See his own declaration in a subsequent page of this article.
[243] Lord Clarendon’s Hist., vol. iii. p. 154, ed. 1706.
[244] “Out of a window they (the rabble) killed Colonel Lawley, and two officers more, without hurting a common soldier.”--_Clar. Hist._
[245] Lord Clarendon’s Hist., vol. ii. p. 156, ed. 1706.