Chapter 9
Private libraries. Abbat Simon and his book-chest. Library of Charles V. of France. Illustrations of this library from illuminated manuscripts. Book-lectern used in private houses. Book-desks revolving round a central screw. Desks attached to chairs. Wall-cupboards. A scholar's room in the fifteenth century. Study of the Duke of Urbino. Library of Margaret of Austria. Library of Montaigne. Conclusion 291
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG. PAGE
1. Plan of the Record-Rooms in the Palace of Assur-bani-pal, King of Nineveh 2
2. Plan of the temple and precinct of Athena, Pergamon; with that of the Library and adjacent buildings 9
3. Plan of the Porticus Octaviae, Rome. From _Formae Urbis Romae Antiguae_, Berlin, 1896 13
4. Plan of the Forum of Trajan; after Nibby. From Middleton's _Remains of Ancient Rome_ 15
5. Plan of the Stoa of Hadrian, at Athens. From Miss Harrison's _Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens_ 17
6. Elevation of a single compartment of the wall of the Library discovered in Rome, 1883. From notes and measurements made by Signor Lanciani and Prof. Middleton 23
7. Plan of the Record-House of Vespasian, with the adjoining structures. From Middleton's _Remains of Ancient Rome_ 26
8. Part of the internal wall of the Record-House of Vespasian. Reduced from a sketch taken in the 16th century by Pirro Ligorio. From _Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma_ 26
9. A reader with a roll: from a fresco at Pompeii 28
10. Book-box or capsa 30
11. A Roman taking down a roll from its place in a Library 35
12. Desk to support a roll while it is being read 36
13. A Roman reading a roll in front of a press (_armarium_). From a photograph of a sarcophagus in the garden of the Villa Balestra, Rome _To face_ 38
14. Press containing the four Gospels. From a mosaic above the tomb of the Empress Galla Placidia at Ravenna 39
15. Ezra writing the Law. Frontispiece to the _Codex Amiatinus_. In the background is a press with open doors. The picture was probably drawn in the middle of the sixth century A.D. _Frontispiece_
16. Great Hall of the Vatican Library, looking west _To face_ 47
17. A single press in the Vatican Library, open. From a photograph _To face_ 48
18. Rough ground-plan of the Great Hall of the Vatican Library, to illustrate the account of the decoration _To face_ 60
19. Press in the cloister at the Cistercian Abbey of Fossa Nuova 83
20. Ground-plan and elevation of the book-recesses in the cloister of Worcester Cathedral 84
21. Ground-plan of part of the Abbey of Fossa Nuova. To shew the book-room and book-press, and their relations to adjoining structures: partly from Enlart's _Origines Francaises de l'Architecture Gothique en Italie_, partly from my own measurements 85
22. Ground-plan of part of Kirkstall Abbey, Yorkshire 86
23. Ground-plan of part of Furness Abbey. From Mr W. H. St J. Hope's plan 88
24. Arches in south wall of Church at Beaulieu Abbey, Hampshire, once possibly used as book-presses _To face_ 89
25. The cloister, Westminster Abbey. From Mr Micklethwaite's plan of the buildings 91
26. Part of the ancient press in Bayeux Cathedral, called _Le Chartrier de Bayeux_. From a photograph _To face_ 94
27. Press in the church at Obazine, Central France. From a photograph _To face_ 95
28. Ground-plan of one of the windows in the cloister of Durham Cathedral 96
29. Range of carrells in the south cloister at Gloucester Cathedral. From Mr Murray's _Handbook to the Western Cathedrals_ 97
30. A single carrell, Gloucester Cathedral _To face_ 98
31. Library at Durham, built by Prior Wessyngton about 1446 107
32. Library of the Grey Friars House, London, commonly called Christ's Hospital. From Trollope's _History of Christ's Hospital_ _To face_ 109
33. Bird's-eye view of part of the Monastery of Citeaux. From a drawing dated 1718 110
34. Ground-plan of part of the Monastery of Citeaux. From a plan dated 1718 111
35. Ground-plan of the Library at Citeaux 111
36. Part of the Abbey of S. Germain des Pres, Paris. From a print dated 1687; reproduced in _Les Anciennes Bibliotheques de Paris_, par Alf. Franklin, Vol. I. p. 126 115
37. Part of the Abbey of S. Germain des Pres, Paris. From a print in _Histoire de l'Abbaye Royale de Saint Germain des Prez_, par Dom Jacques Bouillart, fol. Paris, 1724, lettered "l'Abbaye ... telle qu'elle est presentement" 116
38. Plan of the Old Library, Lincoln Cathedral 119
39. Interior of the Old Library, Lincoln Cathedral _To face_ 118
40. Plan of the Cloister, etc., Lincoln Cathedral 120
41. Exterior of the Library at Salisbury Cathedral, looking north-east _To face_ 122
42. Plan of the Library in Wells Cathedral 122
43. Plan of the Library at Lichfield Cathedral. From _History and Antiquities of Staffordshire_, by Stebbing Shaw, fol. Lond. 1798, Vol. II. P. 244 123
44. Chapter-Library at Noyon, France _To face_ 124
45. A single pillar of the cloister beneath the Chapter-Library at Noyon. 125
46. Plan of the Library at the south-east angle of the south transept of the Cathedral at Troyes 126
47. Interior of the _Cour des Libraires_, Rouen, shewing the gate of entrance from the street, and the Library _To face_ 130
48. Pembroke College, Cambridge, reduced from Loggan's print, taken about 1688 149
49. Long Section of Old Congregation House and Library, Oxford, looking south. From _The Church of S. Mary the Virgin, Oxford_, by T. G. Jackson, Architect 150
50. Ground-plan of the Library at Queens' College, Cambridge 152
51. Elevation of book-desk in Library of Queens' College, Cambridge 152
52. Ground-plan of the Library at Zutphen 154
53. General view of the north side of the Library attached to the church of S. Walburga at Zutphen _To face_ 155
54. Desk and reader on the south side of the Library at Zutphen. From a photograph 155
55. Elevations of (A) one of the bookcases in the Library at Zutphen; (B) one of those in the Library at Queens' College, Cambridge 156
56. End of iron bar: Zutphen 156
57. End of one of the desks on the north side of the Library: Zutphen. 157
58. Piece of chain, shewing the ring attached to the bar, the swivel, and one of the links, actual size: Guildford 158
59. Piece of the iron bar, with chain: Zutphen 159
60. Chained book, from a Dominican House at Bamberg, South Germany 159
61. Single desk in the Old Library: Lincoln Cathedral 161
62. Elevations of (A) one of the bookcases in the Library at Zutphen; (B) one of those in the Library at Queens' College, Cambridge; (C) one of those in the Library of Lincoln Cathedral 163
63. Interior of a Library. From a MS. of a French translation of the first book of the _Consolation of Philosophy_ by Boethius, written in Flanders towards the end of the fifteenth century 164
64. Library of the College de Navarre, Paris, now destroyed _To face_ 165
65. General view of the Library at Trinity Hall, Cambridge _To face_ 169
66. Elevation of a book-desk and seat in the Library of Trinity Hall, Cambridge 168
67. Lock at end of book-desk: Trinity Hall 169
68. A French Library of 1480. From MS. 164 in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge _To face_ 169
69. The interior of the Library of the University of Leyden. From a print by Jan Cornelis Woudanus, dated 1610 _To follow_ 170
70. Bookcases and seat in the Library at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. From a photograph taken in 1894 _To face_ 173
71. Elevation of one bookcase in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Oxford 173
72. Bookcase in the Chapter Library, Hereford Cathedral. From a sketch taken in 1876 175
73. Part of a bookcase in the Chapter Library, Hereford _To face_ 175
74. Part of a single volume, shewing the clasp, the ring for the chain, and the mode of attaching it: Hereford 175
75. A single volume, standing on the shelf, with the chain attached to the iron bar: Hereford 176
76. Iron bar and socket, closed to prevent removal of the bar: Hereford 176
77. Iron bar, with part of the iron plate or hasp which is secured by the lock and keeps the bar in place: Hereford 177
78. Piece of chain, shewing the swivel: Hereford 178
79. Hook to hold up the desk: Bodleian Library, Oxford 179
80. Exterior of the Library at Merton College, Oxford, as seen from 'Mob Quadrangle.' From a photograph by H. W. Taunt, 1899 _To face_ 179
81. Ground-plan of the Library at Merton College, Oxford 180
82. Interior of the West Library at Merton College, Oxford. From a photograph by H. W. Taunt, 1899 _To face_ 181
83. Bookcase in the West Library of Merton College, Oxford. From a photograph by H. W. Taunt, 1899 _To face_ 181
84. Elevation of a bookcase and seat in the West Library at Merton College, Oxford. Measured and drawn by T. D. Atkinson, Architect 182
85. Stall-end in the Library of Clare College, Cambridge 187
86. Ring for attachment of chain, Wells 189
87. Bookcases in the Library of Durham Cathedral. From a photograph _To face_ 189
88. Conjectural plan of the Library over the Prior's Chapel at Christ Church, Canterbury 191
89. Sketch of the probable appearance of a bookcase, and a reader's seat, in the Library at Christ Church, Canterbury 193
90, 91. Ground-plan and section of Library at Cesena 200
92. General view of the Library at Cesena. From a photograph _To face_ 201
93. Bookcases at west end of south side of Library, Cesena 201
94. Part of a bookcase, at Cesena to shew the system of chaining 202
95. Piece of a chain, Cesena 203
96. Chained book at Ghent 204
97. Ground-plan of part of the Vatican Palace, shewing the building of Nicholas V., as arranged for library purposes by Sixtus IV., and its relation to the surrounding structures. From Letarouilly, _Le Vatican_, fol. Paris, 1882, as reproduced by M. Fabre 210
98. Ground-plan of the rooms in the Vatican Palace fitted up for library-purpose by Sixtus IV _To follow_ 208
99. Interior of the Library of Sixtus IV., as shewn in a fresco in the Ospedale di Santo Spirito, Rome. From a photograph taken by Danesi _To face_ 225
100. The library-settles (_spalliere_) once used in the Vatican Library of Sixtus IV., and now in the Appartamento Borgia. From a photograph _To face_ 228
101. Bookcases in the Medicean Library, Florence 235
102. Copy, slightly reduced, of a sketch by Michelangelo for one of the bookcases in the Medicean Library, Florence 236
103. Elevation of desks at Cesena 237
104. Elevation of desks in the Medicean Library: Florence 237
105. A book in the Medicean Library, to shew attachment of chain 238
106. Piece of chain in the Medicean Library, of the actual size 238
107. Diagram to explain the ironwork at the Medicean Library 239
108. Outline of bolt forming part of ironwork 239
109. West oriel of the Library at S. John's College, Cambridge 249
110. Bookcases in the Library of S. John's College, Cambridge 250
111. Bookcases in the Library of Peterhouse, Cambridge 252
112. Bookcases in the south room of the University Library, Cambridge. _To face_ 253
113. Bookcase in the old Library of King's College, Cambridge, made with the bequest of Nicholas Hobart, 1659 255
114. Ground-plan of Library, Grantham, Lincolnshire 257
115. Ring and link of chain: Wimborne Minster 261
116. Bookpress in the school at Bolton, Lancashire. From _Bibliographical Miscellanies_ by William Blades _To face_ 264
117. General view of the Library of the Escorial, looking north _To face_ 269
118. Bookcases in the Library of the Escorial on an enlarged scale 268
119. Elevation of a bookcase, and section of a desk, in the Library of the Escorial 270
120. Ground-plan of the Ambrosian Library at Milan 271
121. Interior of the Ambrosian Library at Milan. From a photograph taken in 1899 _To face_ 271
122. Bookcases, in the Bibliotheque Mazarine, Paris. From a photograph by Dujardin, 1898 _To face_ 273
123. Elevation of a bookcase and section of a desk in the Bibliotheque Mazarine, Paris 274
124. A portion of the bookcases set up in the eastern wing of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, built 1610-1612. From Loggan's _Oxonia Illustrata_, 1675 275
125. Entrance to Wren's Library at Lincoln Cathedral, with part of the bookcase which lines the north wall _To face_ 277
126. Part of Wren's elevation of the east side of the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, with a section of the north range of Nevile's Court, shewing the door to the Library from the first floor 278
127. Elevation of one bay on the east side of the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, drawn to scale from the existing building 279
128. Interior of the north-east corner of the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, shewing the bookcases, table, desk and stools, as designed by Sir Christopher Wren 281
129. Ground-plan of Library and adjacent parts of S. Paul's Cathedral, London. Designed by Sir Christopher Wren 283
130. Sir Christopher Wren's Library at S. Paul's Cathedral, London, looking north-east _To face_ 282
131. Bookcase in the north room of the University Library, Cambridge, designed by James Essex, 1731-1734 286
132. Interior of the Library of the Jesuits at Rheims, now the _Lingerie de l'Hopital General_ _To face_ 287
133. Ground-plan of the Library of the Jesuits at Rheims 288
134. Simon, Abbat of S. Albans (1167-1183), seated at his book-chest. From MSS. Cotton 293
135. Two men in a library. From a MS. of _Les cas des malheureux nobles hommes et femmes_ in the British Museum 295
136. A Carmelite in his study. From a MS. of Le Miroir Historial in the British Museum _To face_ 296
137. Three musicians in a Library. From a MS. of a French translation of _Valerius Maximus_, in the British Museum 297
138. A bibliomaniac at his desk. From the _Ship of Fools_ 298
139. S. John writing his Gospel. From a MS. _Hours_ in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge 303
140. S. Jerome writing. From an oil painting by Benedetto Bonfigli, in the Church of S. Peter at Perugia _To face_ 304
141. Circular book-desk. From a MS. of _Fais et Gestes du Roi Alexandre_, in the British Museum 304
142. S. Luke writing his Gospel. From the Dunois _Horae_, a MS. in the possession of H. Y. Thompson, Esq. 305
143. A lady seated in her chair reading. From a MS. written in France, early in the fifteenth century 306
144. Screw-desk. From a fifteenth century MS. in the Bibliotheque de l'Arsenal, Paris 307
145. Hexagonal desk, with central spike, probably for a candle. From a French MS. of _Le Miroir Historial_ 307
146. A lecturer addressing an audience. From a MS. of _Livre des cas des malheureux nobles hommes et femmes_, written in France at end of fifteenth century _To face_ 308
147. S. Mark writing his Gospel. From a MS. _Hours_ written in France in the fifteenth century 309
148. The author of _The Chronicles of Hainault_ in his study (1446) _To face_ 309
149. S. Jerome in his study. From _Les Miracles de Nostre Dame_, written at the Hague in 1456 _To face_ 310
150. A writer with his desk and table. From a MS. of _Le Livre des Proprietes des Choses_ in the British Museum _To face_ 309
151. S. Luke writing his Gospel. MSS. Douce, Bodl. Lib. Oxf., No. 381 311
152. S. Augustine at his desk. From a painting by Fra Filippo Lippi at Florence 312
153. S. Jerome reading. From an oil painting by Catena, in the National Gallery, London _To face_ 313
154. A writer at work. From a French translation of Valerius Maximus, written and illuminated in Flanders in 1479, for King Edward IV. _To face_ 313
155. A scholar's room in the fifteenth century. From a MS. in the Royal Library at Brussels _To face_ 314
156. Dean Boys in his Library, 1622 317
THE CARE OF BOOKS.