The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 10 (of 10)
VOLUME X.
MAMMALIA, by FRANK EVERS BEDDARD, M.A., F.R.S.
_NATURE._--"Cannot fail to be of very high value to all students of the Mammalia, especially from the standpoints of morphology and palaeontology."
LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.
* * * * *
NOTES
[1] The degeneration of the hind-limb in Whales and Sirenia forbids the use of this character as a distinctive one on the principles advocated by the selection of the above list. But it would be absurd to leave out hair.
[2] "Ueber die Haare der Saeugethiere," _Morph. Jahrb._ xxi. 1894, p. 312.
[3] "Bemerkungen ueber den Ursprung der Haare," _Anat. Anz._ 1893, p. 413.
[4] See for this matter, p. 90. Dr. Bonavia has recently advanced (_Studies in Evolution_, London, 1895) the somewhat fantastic view that the pigment-patches of Carnivorous and other mammals are a reminiscence of an earlier scaly condition. There is no direct evidence that the primitive mammals were scaly, nor are the Monotremata or Marsupials furnished with any more traces of such a condition than are other mammals; and they are the most lowly organised of existing Mammalia.
[5] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 527.
[6] "Ueber Marsupialrudimente bei Placentaliern," _Morph. Jahrb._ xx. 1893, p. 276.
[7] See Haacke, "On the Marsupial Ovum, the Mammary Pouch, etc., of the Echidna," _Proc. Roy. Soc._ 1885, p. 72; and "Ueber die Entstehung der Saeugetiere," _Biol. Centralbl._ viii. 1889, p. 8.
[8] See Gegenbaur's _Elements of Comp. Anat._ Transl. by Bell, 1878, p. 421.
[9] "Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Mammartasche u. Marsupium," _Morph. Jahrb._ xvii. 1891, p. 483.
[10] _Catalogue of Marsupials in British Museum_, 1886.
[11] Its independence from the epistropheus is emphasised in Monotremes and some Marsupials by its late fusion with that vertebra.
[12] Intercentra are but rarely met with anterior to the caudal series. Mr. Parsons has, however, recorded their occurrence in the lumbar vertebrae of _Atherura_.
[13] _Tufts College Studies_, No. 6, 1900.
[14] Cf. the Armadillo _Peltephilus_, p. 186.
[15] Gegenbaur, _Vergl. Anat. Wirbelth._ Leipzig, 1898, p. 404.
[16] Ehler's _Zool. Miscellen_, i. 1894.
[17] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1865, p. 567.
[18] _Vergl. Anat. der Wirbelth._ Leipzig, 1898, p. 497.
[19] To this category are perhaps to be referred cartilaginous pieces occurring in the Rabbit, _Mus_ and _Sorex_ (see Fig. 29 above).
[20] "On the Coracoid of the Terrestrial Vertebrates," _P.Z.S._ 1893, p. 585.
[21] Horny matter is apt to be formed upon extremities; instances which are well known are the "claws" upon the tail of the Lion and Leopard and the Kangaroo _Onychogale_. For an account of the first see _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1832, p. 146.
[22] Cf. Tomes, _A Manual of Dental Anatomy_, 5th ed. London, 1898.
[23] _Materials for the Study of Variation_, London, 1894.
[24] _Morph. Jahrb._ xix. 1892, p. 502.
[25] It would be of the greatest interest in relation to this and many other problems to ascertain the precise meaning of the monophyodont dentition of _Ornithorhynchus_.
[26] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 922.
[27] Mr. M. Woodward, however (_P.Z.S._ 1893, p. 467), is disposed to think that in some Macropodidae at any rate the supposed tooth of the second set really belongs to the milk dentition, arising late between Pm_{3} and Pm_{4}.
[28] See for a summary, Osborn, _American Nat._ Dec. 1897, p. 993.
[29] _e.g._ the "protoloph," "metaloph," etc. (see Fig. 36, p. 51), of the modern Ungulate form of tooth.
[30] "On the Primitive Type of the Plexodont Molars of Mammals," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 555.
[31] _Jen. Zeitschr._ ii. 1866, p. 365.
[32] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1883, p. 8.
[33] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 715.
[34] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 136.
[35] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xxiv. 1884, p. 9.
[36] _S.B. Jen. Gesells._ 1885, p. 1.
[37] _Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin._ viii. 1885, p. 354.
[38] _Phil. Trans._ clxxviii. 1887, p. 463.
[39] Robinson, _Studies Biol. Lab. Owens Coll._ ii. 1890, p. 35.
[40] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 667.
[41] Wallace, _The Geographical Distribution of Animals_, 1876. Heilprin, _The Distribution of Animals_, Internat. Scientific Series, 1887. Beddard, _A Text-book of Zoogeography_, Cambridge Natural Science Manuals, 1895. Lydekker, _Geographical History of Mammals_, Cambridge Geographical Series, 1896. W. L. and P. L. Sclater, _The Geography of Mammals_, Kegan Paul and Co. 1899.
[42] This term is sometimes used in a wider sense; cf. vol. viii. p. 74.
[43] A series of papers in the _Phil. Trans._ for 1888-96, of which a useful abstract by Professor Osborn was published in the _American Naturalist_, 1898, p. 309; see also _Cambr. Nat. Hist._ viii. 1901, p. 303.
[44] Cf. vol. viii. p. 82.
[45] It may be necessary to exclude the Whales from the comparison.
[46] _Dental Anatomy_, 5th ed. 1898, p. 304.
[47] "On the Fossil Mammalia from the Stonesfield Slate," _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xxxv. 1894, p. 407.
[48] This groove has been found in the existing _Myrmecobius_, see p. 154.
[49] _Trans. New York Acad. Sci._ xiii. 1894, p. 234.
[50] Gegenbaur, _Zur Kenntniss der Mammarorgane der Monotremen_, Leipzig, 1886.
[51] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xxiv. 1884, p. 124.
[52] Beddard, _Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb._ viii. 1885, p. 354.
[53] See _Phil. Trans._ clxxviii. 1887, where the literature of the subject is fully cited.
[54] Muscular insertions and attachments do not, however, altogether support the comparison.
[55] _Journ. Anat. Phys._ 1899, p. 309.
[56] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 18.
[57] _Myrmecophaga aculeata_ was the name given by Shaw.
[58] _Zaglossus_ has apparently priority as a name; but _Proechidna_ is better known.
[59] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 545.
[60] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxix. 1888, p. 353.
[61] _Proc. Roy. Soc._ xlvi. 1889, p. 127. See also Stewart, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxiii. 1892, p. 229.
[62] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1880, p. 649.
[63] Moreover, the "corpus callosum and the anterior commissure ... in ... _Erinaceus_ and _Dasypus_ are almost Monotreme-like."
[64] See Wilson and Hill, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxix. 1899, p. 427.
[65] In _Dendrolagus_ at any rate. See _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 132.
[66] _Anat. Anz._ i. 1886, p. 338; and see Weber, _ibid._ ii. 1887, p. 42.
[67] Works dealing exclusively with the Marsupials are: Lydekker, in Allen's _Naturalists' Library_, 1894; Aflalo, _Natural History of Australia_, Macmillan and Co. 1896; Waterhouse, _Natural History of Mammalia_, i. London, 1848; Oldfield Thomas, _British Museum Catalogue of Marsupialia and Monotremata_, 1888.
[68] "The Cerebral Commissures in the Marsupialia and Monotremata," _Journ. Anat. Phys._ xxvii. 1893, p. 69.
[69] When there are more than two, _two_ are especially developed. See Figs. 76, 77 (pp. 149, 150).
[70] See for a further discussion of this subject the zoogeographical handbooks of Mr. Lydekker and myself, quoted on p. 78 (footnote).
[71] To this may be added Mr. Thomas' observation that the family of American Opossums is "very closely allied to the Dasyuridae, from which, were it not for its isolated geographical position, it would be very doubtfully separable."
[72] Except in the South American Diprotodonts.
[73] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 450.
[74] _Ibid._ 1876, p. 165.
[75] _Journal of the Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K.B., P.R.S._, edited by Sir Joseph Hooker, London, 1896.
[76] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1896, p. 683.
[77] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 48.
[78] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1852, p. 103.
[79] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 131.
[80] _Ibid._ 1884, p. 387.
[81] _Ibid._ 1884, p. 407.
[82] _Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales_, i. 1877, p. 34.
[83] "On some Points in the Anatomy of the Koala," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 180.
[84] Thomas, "On _Caenolestes_, a still existing survivor of the Epanorthidae of Ameghino, and the representative of a new family of recent Marsupials," _P.Z.S._ 1895, p. 870.
[85] Stirling and Zietz, _Mem. Roy. Soc. South Australia_, i.; see also a notice in _Nature_, January 18, 1900.
[86] Quite recently (_Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W._ 1898, p. 1) the carnivorous character of _Thylacoleo_ has been reasserted by Mr. Broom.
[87] _Horn Scientific Expedition_, pt. ii. _Zoology_, 1896, p. 36.
[88] Leche found five, and Waterhouse stated eight to be the number.
[89] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 527. See also Leche, _Biol. Foeren. Foerhandl._ 1891, p. 136, and literature quoted.
[90] Traces of horny pads, like those of the Duck-bill, have been asserted to exist in this animal. This is exceedingly interesting when regarded in conjunction with its multituberculate molars.
[91] See for an account of this animal, Professor Stirling's Memoir in _Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia_, 1891, p. 154, and Gadow, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 361.
[92] The male, according to Professor Spencer, has a rudimentary pouch.
[93] Pectoral and abdominal in the Armadillo _Tatusia_.
[94] A rather problematical Armadillo, _Necrodasypus_, has been recorded from French strata. It consists of a few scutes only.
[95] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 358.
[96] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ (2) vii. 1898, p. 277.
[97] _i.e._ large olfactory lobes.
[98] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 1014.
[99] See for anatomy Owen, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ iv. 1862, p. 117, and Forbes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 287.
[100] For the skull of Edentates generally see Parker, _Phil. Trans._ clxxvi. 1885, pt. i. p. 121.
[101] The colour fades in captivity owing to the disappearance of the algae.
[102] In a letter addressed to Dr. Gray, quoted by the latter in a revision of the Sloths, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1871, p. 428.
[103] This name is written "_Prionodos_" by Gray, which might lead to a confusion with the Carnivore _Prionodon_.
[104] For the anatomy of several forms, see Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1878, p. 222, who quotes other memoirs.
[105] Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1886, p. 419.
[106] Milne-Edwards, _Nouv. Arch. Mus._ vii. 1871, p. 177.
[107] See especially Lydekker, _An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Arg._ iii. 1894.
[108] Dr. Moreno and Mr. A. Smith Woodward in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 144; _Wiss. Ergeb. Schwed. Exped. Magellanslaend._ ii. 1899, p. 149.
[109] _Proc. Roy. Soc._ xlvii. 1890, p. 246.
[110] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 239, and 1896, p. 296.
[111] "Revision of the Manidae in the Leyden Museum," _Notes Leyd. Mus._ iv. 1882, p. 193.
[112] Weber, _Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederl. Ost Indien_, 1892. See also Roemer, in _Jen. Zeitschr._ xxxi. 1896, p. 604, and Reh, _ibid._ xxx. 1895, p. 137.
[113] See Wortman, "The Ganodonta and their Relationship to the Edentata," _Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist._ ix. 1897, p. 59.
[114] This creature is, however, sometimes referred to the neighbourhood of the Rodents.
[115] _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ ix. 1897, p. 321.
[116] "Notes on some Specimens of Antlers of the Fallow Deer, etc.," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 485.
[117] _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 159.
[118] Marsh, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ xliii. 1892, p. 447.
[119] See W. D. Matthew, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ ix. 1897, p. 303.
[120] Or perhaps rather to the primitive Ungulates Condylarthra. It is especially compared with _Periptychus_ of that group.
[121] The scapula of _P. bathmodon_ is unknown.
[122] For the structure of this genus and of _Coryphodon_, see Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 169.
[123] Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 81.
[124] Gadow, _A Classification of Vertebrata, Recent and Extinct_, London, 1898.
[125] See Osborn, _American Naturalist_, February 1893, p. 118.
[126] It is not absolutely clear whether both or only one genus ranged into America. Different opinions have been expressed.
[127] It must be remembered, however, that there is a suggestion of a prehensile character in the hand of _Phenacodus_ (see p. 203).
[128] Cope, _American Naturalist_, xxxi. 1897, p. 485.
[129] _American Nat._ February 1900, p. 89.
[130] It must be borne in mind that the teeth increase in complexity, those first pushed up having the fewest plates. The first has only four transverse plates.
[131] Forbes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 420.
[132] See Krueg, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxxiii. 1881, p. 652, and Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 311.
[133] So convinced are some persons of the untameable character of the African Elephant, that it has even been suggested that the animals with which Hannibal crossed the Alps were not _E. africanus_, but a now extinct species!
[134] _Wild Beasts and their Ways_, London, 1890.
[135] See _Natural History of the Ancients_, by Rev. M. G. Watkins, London, 1896.
[136] _Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Acclimat._ xlv. 1898, p. 41.
[137] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ ix. 1874, p. 1.
[138] See Busk in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. 1868, p. 227.
[139] There are, however, three milk forerunners of the premolars, of which one has no successor.
[140] Lydekker, _An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Arg._ iii. 1894.
[141] M. F. Woodward "On the Milk Dentition of _Procavia (Hyrax) capensis_, etc," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 38.
[142] "On the Species of the Hyracoidea," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 50.
[143] Sir W. H. Flower, _The Horse_, London, 1890.
[144] See Ewart, _The Penicuik Experiments_, Constable and Co., 1899.
[145] _The Horse_, London, 1890.
[146] Cuyer and Alix, _Le Cheval_, Paris, 1886.
[147] Lubbock, _Prehistoric Times_, London, 1865.
[148] J. Geikie, _Prehistoric Europe_, London, 1881.
[149] _Horses, Asses, and Zebras_, London, 1895.
[150] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 540.
[151] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 688.
[152] See Pocock, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6) xx. 1897, p. 33.
[153] "Das Quagga," _Zool. Garten_, 1893, p. 289.
[154] Of this Horse, remains have been lately discovered (see Loennberg, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 379) in the cave which produced the remains of _Glossotherium_. A piece of skin covered with Fox-red hair, possibly spotted with paler areas, is believed to be a relic of _Onohippidium_.
[155] _Trans. American Phil. Soc._ xviii. 1896, p. 55.
[156] _T. leucogenys_ and _T. ecuadorensis_ are probably not distinct, the latter being in reality _T. terrestris_, the former _T. roulini_.
[157] See Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 252, and other papers there cited, for the anatomy of the Tapir.
[158] _Natural Science_, vi. 1895, p. 161.
[159] Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 92; _ibid._ 1877, p. 707. Beddard and Treves, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xii. 1887, p. 183.
[160] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 443.
[161] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 329. See also Mr. Selous' paper in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 275.
[162] P. L. Sclater, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 514.
[163] Quite recently, however, a species, _A. incisivum_, preserved at Darmstadt, has been found by Professor Osborn to possess a slight rugosity upon the frontal bones, which probably indicates the presence of a rudimentary horn, and the same author is apparently inclined to place in _Aceratherium_ the horned _Teleoceras_ (see p. 261).
[164] Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 51.
[165] See Osborn, _Mem. American Mus. Nat. Hist._ vol. i. pt. iii. 1898.
[166] Scott, in Gegenbaur's _Festschrift_, ii. 1896, p. 351.
[167] Remains of the genus have been met with in the Balkans.
[168] See especially Osborn and Wortman, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1895, p. 333, and Osborn, _ibid._ viii. 1896, p. 157.
[169] See Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1895, p. 82.
[170] _N. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Car._ xxvii. 1885, p. 238.
[171] See Bateson, _Materials for the Study of Variation_, London, 1894, p. 387.
[172] See, however, p. 196, for a discussion as to which _is_ the more primitive arrangement.
[173] _Titanotherium_ (see p. 266) is exceptional.
[174] Bones of _Hippopotamus_, however, indicate the very recent occurrence of that animal in Madagascar.
[175] "On the Pygmy Hippopotamus of Liberia," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 612.
[176] Tomes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1850, p. 160.
[177] There is, however, some doubt about the first premolars.
[178] Dr. Garson has investigated its anatomy, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1883, p. 413, and states that its differences from _Sus_ are "unimportant and few."
[179] "On the Species of _Potamochoerus_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 359.
[180] Marsh, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ xlvii. 1894, p. 407.
[181] Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1895, p. 102.
[182] Marsh, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ xlviii. 1894, p. 262.
[183] For the structure of _Tragulus_, see Milne-Edwards, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (5) ii. 1864, p. 49.
[184] Marsh, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ 1897, p. 165.
[185] This is the winter dress. In the summer both camels lose their long rough hair.
[186] See Wortman, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 93.
[187] "Osteology of _Poebrotherium_," _Journ. Morph._ v. 1891, p. 1.
[188] Unless _Protoceras_ (see p. 284) was furnished with horns.
[189] Sir Victor Brooke, "On the Classification of the Cervidae," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1878, p. 883.
[190] It has been occasionally recorded in an Axis Deer, and in another species, _Cariacus superciliaris_.
[191] It is not every one that admits so many genera. I follow Sir Victor Brooke.
[192] Garrod, "On the Chinese Deer named _Lophotragus michianus_ by Mr. Swinhoe," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 757.
[193] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1877, p. 789.
[194] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 636.
[195] Sir W. Flower "On the Structure and Affinities of the Musk Deer (_Moschus moschiferus_)," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 159; Garrod, _loc. cit._ 1877, p. 287; and F. Jeffrey Bell, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 182.
[196] For the viscera, see Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1877, p. 5, etc.; and _ibid._ p. 289, etc.
[197] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 273.
[198] _Wild Beasts and their Ways_, 1890, p. 151.
[199] See also Sclater, _Proc. Zool. Soc._, 1901, ii. p. 3.
[200] Forsyth Major. _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1891, p. 315.
[201] "On the Shedding of the Horns in the Prongbuck," see Bartlett, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1865, p. 718; Canfield, _ibid._ 1866, p. 105; Murie, _ibid._ 1870, p. 334; and Forbes, _ibid._ 1880, p. 540.
[202] The distinction between the two families has been called "fanciful." It may be admitted that it is not great.
[203] _The Book of Antelopes_, London, Porter, 1894-1900.
[204] They are straight in the young.
[205] W. L. Sclater, _The Fauna of South Africa, Mammals, i._ 1900.
[206] _Taurotragus oryx_ has unfortunately been discovered to be the correct name for the Eland.
[207] A. D. Bartlett, "On some Hybrid Bovine Animals bred in the Society's Gardens," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 399.
[208] See _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 592.
[209] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p 64.
[210] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 142.
[211] The name _Trigonolestes_ has to be substituted for _Pantolestes_.
[212] _Trans. American Phil. Soc._ xviii. 1896, p. 125.
[213] For complete osteology see Wortman, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1895, p. 145.
[214] In _Halicore_; probably also in _Manatus_. See Turner, _Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb._ xxxv. 1889, p. 641.
[215] Kuekenthal has discovered a thick coating of rudimentary hairs in the foetus of the Manatee, thus showing that it is the descendant of an animal furry like a Seal.
[216] "On the Manatee," in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. viii. 1872, p. 127.
[217] Hartlaub, "Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Manatus-Arten," _Zool. Jahrb._ 1886, p. 1.
[218] Beddard, "Notes upon the Anatomy of a Manatee (_Manatus inunguis_)," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 47.
[219] See Kuekenthal in Semon's "Zoolog. Forschungen," _Denkschr. Jen._ 1897; Langkavel, "Der Dugong," _Zool. Garten_, 1896, p. 337.
[220] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 77.
[221] See van Beneden and Gervais, _Osteographie des Cetaces_; and for a more general account Beddard, _A Book of Whales_, London, Murray, 1900.
[222] _Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen an Walthiere_, Jena, 1889-93.
[223] "And at his gills draws in, and at his trunk spouts out, a sea," wrote Milton, and think many others.
[224] These have been recorded by Professor Howes in the Porpoise.
[225] For details and literature see Jungklaus; _Jen. Zeitschr_. xxxii. 1898, p. 1.
[226] In _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1886, p. 243.
[227] Perrin, "Notes on the Anatomy of _B. rostrata_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1870, p. 805.
[228] von Haast, "Notes on a Skeleton of _Balaenoptera australis_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1883, p. 592.
[229] _Osteographie des Cetaces_, Paris, 1880, p. 130.
[230] _Marine Mammals of the North-West Coast of North America_, 1874.
[231] Cf. Scammon, _loc. cit._
[232] The name that has priority seems to be _glacialis_.
[233] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 969.
[234] _Actes Linn. Soc. Bordeaux_, 1881.
[235] For osteology see Hector, _Trans. New Zeal. Inst._ vii. 1876, p. 251; and Beddard, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xv. 1901, p. 87.
[236] _Journ. de l'Anat._ xxvi. 1890, p. 270.
[237] _The Cruise of the Cachalot_, London, 1900.
[238] See Pouchet, "Contribution a l'histoire du spermaceti," _Bergens Museums Aarbog for 1893_, No. I.
[239] Yule, _Travels of Marco Polo_, ii. London, 1874, p. 231.
[240] See Flower, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ viii. 1872, p. 203.
[241] _Bihang Svensk. Akad. Handl._ viii. 1883.
[242] Flower, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ x. 1878, p. 415; and H. O. Forbes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 216.
[243] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xii. 1889, p. 241.
[244] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (7), xiii. 1892, p. 259.
[245] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, pp. 722, 726.
[246] _Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus._ No. 36, 1889, p. 7.
[247] See an essay on the hunting of this Whale, by S. H. C. Mueller, in _Fish and Fisheries_, Edinburgh (Blackwood), 1883.
[248] Grampus being a contraction of _grand poisson_ is an obvious name to apply to any Whale.
[249] See _Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux_, 1881; and for another figure, also coloured, Flower, in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xi. 1880, pl. i.
[250] _Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus._ No. 36, 1889.
[251] _Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Theil_, vi. 1892, p. 442.
[252] _Anatomical Researches Yunnan Exp._ 1878, p. 417.
[253] _Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. 1867, p. 106; and Burmeister, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1867, p. 484.
[254] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 558.
[255] Thompson, _Studies Mus. Dundee_, i. 1890; and _C. R. Congres de Zoologie_, 1889, p. 225.
[256] Lydekker, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 560.
[257] For a general account of the osteology, see Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1869, p. 4; and for muscular anatomy, Windle and Parsons, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 370, and 1898, p. 152.
[258] See St. G. Mivart "On the Aeluroidea," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 135: and _The Cat_, London, J. Murray, 1881.
[259] "On the Pupils of the Felidae," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 481.
[260] "Observations ... on the Seal's Eye," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 719.
[261] It is noteworthy that in the Tiger some of the stripes have pale centres and are thus like spots pulled out, while there are also small black spots.
[262] _Natural Science_, vi. 1895, p. 89.
[263] For an account of this and of other mammals which occur in Central America, see Alston in Messrs. Godman and Salvin's _Biologia Centrali-Americana_, 1879-1882.
[264] But Mr. Belt says that the "Tigre" never attacks man unless it be provoked.
[265] See E. Hamilton, _The Wild Cat of Europe_, London, Porter, 1896; and M. G. Watkins, _Gleanings from the Natural History of the Ancients_, London, Elliot Stock, 1896.
[266] The retractility is most marked in the Linsangs.
[267] Beddard in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 430.
[268] Where it has probably been introduced.
[269] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 196.
[270] Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1872, p. 683.
[271] See also vol. viii. p. 591.
[272] The original name was _Rhinogale_.
[273] That it is an abnormality has been recently stated.
[274] For the anatomy of Hyaenas see Morrison Watson in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1877, p. 369; 1878, p. 416; and 1879, p. 79.
[275] Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1869, p. 457.
[276] For a general account of the Canidae see Mivart, _A Monograph of the Canidae_, London, 1890.
[277] Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 766.
[278] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1880, p. 70.
[279] The relationship between the Canidae and the Procyonidae must not be lost sight of in considering this point of external likeness.
[280] _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ xii. 1900, p. 109.
[281] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 98.
[282] Temminck, its original describer, placed it in the genus _Hyaena_.
[283] See Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1878, p. 373.
[284] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 533.
[285] See Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 661, for anatomy.
[286] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1898, p. 129.
[287] It is a curious fact that a native name for the creature is "Pottos" (cf. of course _Potto_); and indeed the generic name _Potos_ seems to have the priority over _Cercoleptes_.
[288] "_Narica_" is generally written, after Linnaeus. But this was, according to Mr. Alston, probably an error for _nasica_.
[289] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1870, p. 752.
[290] See Wortman, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vi. 1894, p. 229.
[291] As a small point of likeness between this Mustelid and the Procyonidae may be mentioned the colours of the face. _M. anakuma_ is particularly Raccoon-like.
[292] See _Trans. Zool. Soc._ ii. 1841, p. 201.
[293] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 306.
[294] I found fifteen.
[295] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6) xiii. 1893, p. 522.
[296] See Matschie, _SB. Ges. Naturf. Berlin_, 1895, p. 171.
[297] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 305.
[298] Lydekker, "Note on the Structure and Habits of the Sea-Otter (_Latax lutris_)," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 421; and _ibid._ 1896, p. 235.
[299] See an article by Mr. Lydekker in _Knowledge_, April 1898, from which many of the above facts have been taken.
[300] "Preliminary Notes on the Characters and Synonymy of the different Species of Otter," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 190.
[301] Even apparently in the same species.
[302] The number of premolars is reduced in the Polar Bear.
[303] "The Blue Bear of Thibet," etc., _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 412.
[304] _Nouv. Arch. Mus._ vii. 1872, _Bull._ p. 92; and _Recherches pour servir a l'histoire naturelle des Mammiferes_, 1868-1874, p. 321. This genus has quite recently (Lankester, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ viii. 1901, p. 163) been definitely referred to the Procyonidae.
[305] For the genera of Pinnipedia see Mivart, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 484.
[306] Murie, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ viii. 1874, p. 501.
[307] _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vi. 1894, p. 129.
[308] P. 456 below.
[309] See especially Allen, _North American Pinnipedes_, 1880.
[310] Murie, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vii. 1894, p. 411.
[311] Cf. the Dugong, p. 336.
[312] Kuekenthal, _Jen. Zeitschr._ xxviii. 1894, p. 76.
[313] Cunningham, "Sexual Dimorphism in the Animal Kingdom," London, 1900; see also Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 145.
[314] _Journ. Ac. Sci. Philadelphia_, ix. 1886, p. 175.
[315] See especially Tullberg, "Ueber das System der Nagethiere," _Act. Ak. Upsala_, 1899; and Alston, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 61; and for nomenclature, Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1896, p. 1012; and Palmer, _Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington_; xi. 1897, p. 241.
[316] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 252.
[317] _Phil. Trans._ 1850, pt. ii. p. 529.
[318] Seen, however, in _Chaetomys_.
[319] See Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 596, and Gervais, _Journ. Zool._ i. 1872, p. 450.
[320] "Observations sur le genre _Anomalurus_," _Nouv. Arch. Mus._ (2), vi. 1883, p. 277.
[321] "On the Habits of the Flying Squirrels of the genus _Anomalurus_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 243.
[322] W. E. de Winton, "On a New Genus and Species of Rodents," etc., _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1898, p. 450. Apparently just at the time of the publication of this paper Matschie described the same animal as _Zenkerella_.
[323] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 179.
[324] Flower and Lydekker.
[325] Thomas, _J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal_, lvii. 1888, p. 256.
[326] E. T. Newton, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xiii. 1892, p. 165.
[327] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1896, p. 1016.
[328] Reuvens, "Die Myoxidae oder Schlaefer," Leyden, 1890, allows but one genus, _Myoxus_, the other genera adopted here being termed subgenera.
[329] To which a sixth, the "Yellow-necked Mouse," _Mus flavicollis_, may perhaps be added.
[330] For anatomy see Windle, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 53.
[331] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 247.
[332] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xiv. 1898, p. 377.
[333] _Nouv. Arch. Mus._ iii. 1867, p. 81.
[334] _Popular Natural History of Animals_, London, 1898.
[335] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1863, p. 95.
[336] See O. Thomas, "On some Mammals from Central Peru," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 333.
[337] "Notes on the Rodent genus _Heterocephalus_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 845.
[338] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 611.
[339] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 610.
[340] Parsons, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1898, p. 858.
[341] Very probably this form should be rather, as it is by Thomas, referred to the neighbourhood of _Pectinator_, which would clear up the geographical anomaly.
[342] _Notes Leyd. Mus._ 1891, p. 105.
[343] Guenther, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 144.
[344] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 786.
[345] _Loc. cit._ (on p. 458), p. 123.
[346] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 520.
[347] See Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 233.
[348] Peters, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vii. 1871, p. 397.
[349] "Field Notes on the Mammals of Uruguay," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 297.
[350] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1891, p. 236.
[351] These are stated by Tullberg to be absent. I have found them, but they are very small bones, not more than half an inch long.
[352] There is a faint development of these ridges, but behind the palatine foramina in _Dasyprocta aguti_.
[353] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 161.
[354] Or absent?
[355] _In the Guiana Forest_, London, 1894.
[356] _MB. Ak. Berlin_, 1873, p. 551.
[357] An account of the three genera is to be found in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ i, 1833, p. 35, by Mr. E. T. Bennett.
[358] Hudson, "On the Habits of the Vizcacha," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1872, p. 822.
[359] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, pp. 251, 680.
[360] _Nat. Science_, vi. 1895, p. 94.
[361] See Parsons. _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 675.
[362] Guenther, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 739, and 1889, p. 75; and Cederblom, _Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Abth._ xi. 1897-98, p. 497.
[363] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 624.
[364] _Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington_, x. 1896, p. 169.
[365] See especially Dobson, _A Monograph of the Insectivora_, London, 1886-90.
[366] Even in the Otter-like _Potamogale_ the upper jaw, though broad and flat, projects considerably beyond the lower.
[367] "Bemerkungen ueber die Genealogie der Erinaceen." In _Festschrift f. Liljeborg_, 1896. See also Anderson, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ viii. 1874, p. 453.
[368] Dobson, "Notes on the Anatomy of the Erinaceidae," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 389.
[369] See _Natural Science_, xiii. 1898, p. 156.
[370] _Manuel d'Hist. Nat._ French trans. by Artaud, 1803.
[371] "Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of the Tupaia of Burmah," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 301.
[372] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1848, p. 23.
[373] I quote Woodward, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1896, for this dentition. The fourth molar of the lower jaw is not always present. It comes late, and only _old_ animals possess it.
[374] Mivart in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1871, p. 58.
[375] Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 500.
[376] Allman states the canines to be absent. I follow Flower and Lydekker.
[377] See Allman in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. 1869, p. 1.
[378] The generic name of _Chalcochloris_ was proposed by Dr. Mivart for these.
[379] See Peters, _Reise nach Mosambique_, 1852, for external characters and anatomy.
[380] "Mammals collected by Dr. Emin Pasha," in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 446.
[381] Ritsema Bos, _Biol. Centralbl._ xviii. 1898, p. 63.
[382] "A Synopsis of the Genera of the Family Soricidae," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 49.
[383] Leche, "Ueber Galeopithecus," _K. Svensk. Ak. Handl._ 1886.
[384] See Dobson, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5) xiv. 1884, p. 153.
[385] Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 370.
[386] _Ibid._ p. 381.
[387] Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 546.
[388] _Ibid._ 1876, p. 701.
[389] For a general account of the Primates, see Forbes in _Allen's Naturalists' Library_, London, 1894.
[390] See Dr. Mivart's papers in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, -65, -66, -67, and -73 for osteology and teeth.
[391] Murie and Mivart, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vii. 1869, p. 1.
[392] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ v. 1863, p. 103.
[393] _Hist. Nat. de Madagascar, Mamm._ 1875.
[394] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 142.
[395] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ v. 1863, p. 33.
[396] _Verh. Ak. Amsterdam_, xxvii. 1890, Art. 2.
[397] "On some Points in the Structure of _Hapalemur griseus_" _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 301.
[398] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 661.
[399] On the Arm Glands of the Lemurs, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 369.
[400] So at least the formula has been given; but it is very possible that the supposed second incisor is really, judging from the other Lemurs, a canine.
[401] The Malagasy, however, must be vague in definition, or their interpreters not well grounded in the rudiments of the language; for Sonnerat states that Indri signifies "homme des bois."
[402] Syn. _Microrhynchus_.
[403] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 391, and 1891, p. 449; and Jentink, _Notes Leyd. Mus._ 1885, p. 33.
[404] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 554.
[405] _Royal Natural History_, London, 1894, p. 211.
[406] See _Novitates Zoologicae_, vol. i. 1894, p. 2.
[407] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 321.
[408] "On the Angwantibo," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 314.
[409] _Verh. Ak. Amsterdam_, xxvii. 1890.
[410] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 639; see also Rev. G. A. Shaw, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1883, p. 44, 2nd Art.
[411] For a survey of the position of _Tarsius_, see Earle, _Amer. Naturalist_, xxxi. 1897, p. 569; and _Nat. Science_, x. 1897, p. 309.
[412] See Schlosser, _Beitraege Pal. Osterr. Hung._ 1888; also Osborn and Earle, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1895, p. 16.
[413] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 987.
[414] _Phil. Trans._ clxxxv. B, 1894, p. 15.
[415] It seems to be possible that this great Lemur was extant so lately as 1658, when a creature possibly answering to it was described by de Flacourt.
[416] "Notes on _Callithrix gigot_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 6.
[417] Forbes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1880, p. 639.
[418] "On a new African Monkey of the genus _Cercopithecus_, with a List of the known Species," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 243; see also p. 441.
[419] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 451.
[420] See the books quoted on p. 576 (footnote).
[421] It is not so ranked by everybody.
[422] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 296.
[423] For accounts of the habits of the Gorilla, compiled from various sources, see Hartmann's "Anthropoid Apes," _International Scient. Ser._ London, 1885; H. O. Forbes, "Monkeys," in Allen's _Naturalists' Series_, London, 1894; and Huxley, "Man's Place in Nature," vol. vii. of _Collected Essays_, London, 1894.
[424] "Man's Place in Nature," vol. vii. of _Collected Essays_, London, 1894.
[425] Hartmann's "Anthropoid Apes," in _International Sci. Ser._ London, 1885.
[426] _Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat._ Paris, ii. 1866.
[427] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 296.
[428] See also Duckworth, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1898, p. 989.
[429] For the structure of this Ape see Beddard, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xiii. 1893, p. 177; and for experiments on her intelligence, Romanes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 316.
[430] For the external appearance of the Orang see Hermes, _Zeitschr. f. Ethn._ 1876, a paper which has coloured plates.
[431] _Pithecanthropus erectus. Eine menschenaehnliche Uebergangsform aus Java_, Batavia, 1894. See also Ernst Haeckel, _The Last Link_ (with notes by H. Gadow), London, 1898; Manouvrier, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ 1897, p. 213 (extracts); and Klaatsch, _Zoolog. Centralbl._ vi. 1899, p. 217.
[432] See especially Wiedersheim, _The Structure of Man_, transl. by Howes, London, 1895.
[433] Cunningham, "Cunningham Memoirs," No. II. _Royal Irish Acad._ 1886.
* * * * *
Corrections made to printed original.
Page 10, in 'a uniform cause of coloration':--"a uniform", printed as "an uniform" in original.
Page 31, in 'some species of Manis':--"species", printed as "specis" in original.
Page 181, in 'a cow encrusted with pebbles':--"pebbles", printed as "peebles" in original.
Page 185, in 'an unusually massive pelvis':--"unusually", printed as "unusally" in original.
Page 344, in 'as, for instance':--"instance", printed as "intsance" in original.