Part 22
Michael IX., son and colleague of Andronicus II., defeated by the “Grand Company,” 318
Michael Angelus, despot of Epirus, 300
Moawiah, Caliph, attacks Constantinople, 170; his armies defeated, 171
Moesia, invaded by the Goths, 37; seized by the Bulgarians, 171
Monks, characteristics of the early, 149; favour image worship, 193; persecuted by Constantine Copronymus, 197
Monophysites, 75
Moors, Gelimer flies to the, 85
Montferrat, _see under_ Boniface and Conrad
Morals, effect of Christianity on, 145-7; general character of Byzantine, 155-6
Moslemah besieges Constantinople, 185-7
Motassem, the Caliph, sacks Amorium, 210
Murad I., conquers Thrace, 329; suzerain of John V., 330; conquers the Serbs, 332
Murad II., besieges Constantinople, 337; makes peace with Manuel II., 338; wars of, 342
Murtzuphlus, _see_ Alexius V. (Ducas)
Myriokephalon, battle of, 272
Naissus, birthplace of Constantine I., 16; taken by the Bulgarians, 277
Naples, taken by Belisarius, 88; interference of the Pope with, 120
Narses, the eunuch, conquers Italy from the Goths, 95
Narses, General, burnt alive by Phocas, 129
Navy, the Byzantine, 219-20
Nicaea, taken by the Crusaders, 264; by the Ottomans, 323
Nicephorus I. dethrones Irene, 199; disastrous wars of, 203
Nicephorus II., Phocas, takes Candia, 228; emperor, 229; wars of, 231; murdered by Zimisces, 232
Nicholas V., pope, sends aid to Constantine XI., 344
Nicomedia, taken by the Ottomans, 323
Nineveh, battle of, 138
Normans, conquer Byzantine Italy, 247; invade the empire, 259; second invasion of repelled, 267; third invasion of, 273
Notaras, John, 342
Nuceria, Goths beaten at, 95
Obeydah, Saracen general, 162
Obsequian theme, the, 168
Odoacer, conquered by Theodoric, 63, 64
Omar, the Caliph, visits Jerusalem, 163
Omeyades, dynasty of the, 170
Orkhan, Emir of the Ottomans, reign and successes of, 323-4; Pretender to the Sultanate, 343
Orosius, history of, 150
Ostrogoths, under Theodoric in Moesia, 62; conquer Italy, 64; weakness of the kingdom of, 82; attacked by Justinian, 88; wars of with Belisarius and Narses, 89-94; crushed, 95
Othman, Emir of the Turks, conquests of, 321-23
Palace, imperial, at Constantinople, 19
Paleologus, house of, _see under_ Michael VI., Andronicus II. and III., John V. and VI., Constantine XI.
Palermo, taken by Belisarius, 88
Palestine, conquered by the Persians, 132; overrun by the Arabs, 163; subdued by the Crusaders, 265
Pandects, compiled by Justinian, 112
Patriarchal palace of Constantinople, 21
Patriarchs, _see under_ John, Sergius, &c.
Paulicians, sect of the persecuted by Basil I, 214
Paulinus, put to death by Theodosius II., 57
Patzinak Tartars, the, 237; wars of with Alexius I., 262
Pavia, taken by the Lombards, 116
Persian Empire destroyed by the Arabs, 164
Persian Wars under Julian, 32; under Justinian, 71, 99; under Maurice, 121; under Phocas and Heraclius, 130-36
Peter, general under Nicephorus Phocas, 231
Philip of Macedon, attacks Byzantium, 7
Philip of Swabia, helps Alexius Angelus the younger, 279-8
Philippicus, usurpation and fall of, 180-1
Phocas, emperor, his usurpation, 127; cruelty of, 129; slain, 130
Phocas, Bardas, rebels against John Zimisces, 233; against Basil II., 241
Phocas, Nicephorus, reign of, 228-30; wars of, 231; murdered, 233
Photius, patriarch, his learning, 221
Plague, the great of A.D. 542, 101
Popes, rise of the power of, 120; estranged from the empire, 196; call in the Franks, 199
Priscus, general of Maurice, 126
Prusa, taken by the Turks, 323; sacked by the Mongols, 334
Pulcheria, Empress, with her brother Theodosius II., 55; marries Marcianus, 59
Pelekanon, battle of, 323
Polyeuktus, patriarch, 230
Ravenna, taken by Belisarius, 91; exarchate of, 119; occupied by the Lombards, 196
Rhangabe, Michael, short reign of, 204
Rhazates, general, slain by Heraclius, 137
Richard Coeur de Leon, conquers Cyprus, 278
Robert Guiscard, wars of with Alexius I., 259-60; final repulse of, 261
Roger de Flor, hired by Andronicus II., 317; conquests of, 318; assassinated, 318
Romanus I. (Lecapenus), long regency of, 217
Romanus II, short reign of, 228-9
Romanus III. (Argyrus), married to Zoe, 245; dies, 246
Romanus IV. (Diogenes), reign of, 251; defeated by Turks, 254; dies, 256
Rome, taken by Belisarius, 89; besieged by the Goths, 90; taken by Baduila, 94; Gregory the Great at, 120; Constans II. at, 169; Charles the Great at, 199
Ruric, founds the Russian kingdom, 234
Russians, early invasions of, 216; attack Bulgaria, 234; defeated by John Zimisces, 237; converted to Christianity, 239
Sabatius, father of Justinian, 65
Samuel, king of Bulgaria, 241; wars and death of, 242
Saoudji, rebels against Murad I., 333
Sapor, king of Persia, 32
Saracens, the, converted by Mahomet, 159; invade Syria, 160-2; conquer Egypt, 166; conquer Persia, 164; civil wars of the, 166; for later history, _see under_ names of the Caliphs
Sardis, taken by Alexius I., 265
Scholarian Guards, the, 104
Seljouk Turks, conquer Persia and Armenia, 250-1; invade the empire, 252; conquer Asia Minor, 254; defeated by the Crusaders, 265; wars of with the Comneni, 265-7-72; with Theodore I., 298
Sergius, patriarch, 133
Senate House at Constantinople, 21
Servians, cross the Danube, 123; conquered by Basil II., 243; rebel against Michael IV., 246; conquered by Manuel I., 271; overrun Macedonia, 327; subdued by the Turks, 330
Severus, emperor, takes Byzantium, 9
Shahrbarz, the Persian, takes Jerusalem, 132; defeated by Heraclius, 135
Sicily, conquered by Belisarius, 88; invaded by Saracens, 208; finally conquered by Saracens, 214; invaded by Maniakes, 246 ;
Siroes, deposes his father Chosroës, 138
Skleros, Bardas, rebel against Basil II., 241
Slavery, influence of Christianity on, 147-8
Slavs, invade the Balkan Peninsula, 123; subject to the Avars, 124-37; ravages of the, 125, 129; made tributary by Constans II., 169; besiege Thessalonica, 171
Sophia. St., first building of, 27; burnt in 410 A.D., 53; burnt in the _Nika_ riots, 77; rebuilding of by Justinian, 107-9; desecrated by the Turks, 349
Spain, South of, conquered by Justinian’s generals, 96-7
Stauracius, emperor, short reign of, 204
Statues at Constantinople, 21, 25; destruction of by the Crusaders, 291
Suleiman, Saracen vizier, besieges Constantinople, 185; dies, 186; Turkish Sultan, reign of, 334-6
Stephen Lecapenus, usurpation of, 217
Stephen Dushan, king of Servia, conquests of, 327
Stephen, pope, calls in the Franks, 196
Stilicho, wars of with Alaric, 47-8; murdered by Honorius, 49
Swiatoslaf, king of Russia, conquers Bulgaria, 235; defeated by Zimisces, 237
Syria, invaded by the Huns, 71; invaded by Kobad, 73; conquered by Shahrbarz, 129-30; invaded and conquered by the Saracens, 162-3; conquests of Nicephorus Phocas in, 229; subdued by the Crusaders, 265
Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, 163
Tagina, battle of, 95
Tarsus, taken by Nicephorus Phocas, 230
Teia, Gothic king, slain in battle, 95
Telemachus, martyrdom of, 145
Terbel, king of Bulgaria, aids Justinian II., 178
Themes, institution of the provincial system of, 167-8
Theodahat, Gothic king, murders his wife, 82; war of with Justinian, 87; slain, 88
Theodora, wife of Justinian, career of, 66-8; in the _Nika_ riots, 79; death of, 103
Theodora, wife of Theophilus, 211; regency of, 212
Theodora, daughter of Constantine VIII., reign of, 248
Theodora, daughter of Cantacuzenus, married to Orkhan, 328
Theodore I. (Lascaris), at the siege of Constantinople, 289; made emperor at Nicaea, 298; wars of, 299
Theodore II. (Ducas), short reign of, 303
Theodore, Studita, 221
Theodoric, son of Triarius, wars of with Zeno, 62-3
Theodoric, son of Theodemir, rebels against Zeno, 62; conquers Italy, 64; dies, 81
Theodotus, minister of Justinian II., 174
Theodosius I., wars of, with the Goths, 42; dies, 44
Theodosius II., reign of, 54-6; war with Attila, 57
Theodosius III., usurpation of, 181; abdicates, 183
Theophano, empress, 229; murders her husband, 233
Theophilus, emperor, reign and wars of, 208-11; his love of art, 224-5
Theophilus, patriarch of Alexandria, 52
Thessalonica, besieged by the Slavs, 171; stormed by the Saracens, 216; Crusading kingdom of, 292; retaken by the Greeks, 296; taken by the Turks, 330; recovered, 336; finally lost, 341
Theuderic, Frankish king, attacks Witiges, 89
Thomas, rebel in Asia, 208
Tiberius II., Constantinus, short reign of, 114; wars of, 117
Tiberius III., Apsimarus, rebellion of, 177; deposed and slain, 179
Tiberius, son of Justinian II., slain, 180
Togrul Beg, Turkish chief, conquers Bagdad, 251
Totila, _see under_ Baduila
Trebizond, empire of, founded, 298
Tribonian, minister of Justinian I., 112
Tricameron, battle of, 85
Turks, _see under_ Seljouks, and names of Ottoman Sultans
Tuscany, conquered by the Lombards, 116
Tyana, sacked by Saracens, 182
Uldes, king of the Huns, 51
Urosh, king of Servia, 327
Uscup, capital of Stephen Dushan, 327
Valens, reign of, 36; slain in battle by the Goths, 41
Vandals, kingdom of the, in Africa, 82; conquered by Belisarius, 85
Varangian guards, 239; at Durazzo, 260; at siege of Constantinople, 282, 288
Verona, Baduila at, 92
Venice, rise of, 225; commercial treaties of, with Alexius I., 268; wars with Manuel I., 271; aids the Fourth Crusade, 279; engages in war with Alexius III., 282; share of in plunder of Constantinople, 292; at war with Michael VIII., 314
Vigilius, pope, persecuted by Justinian, 103
Vikings, the, in Russia, 234
Visigoths, the, invade Moesia, 35; slay Valens, 41; under Alaric, 48; migrate to Italy, 49
Vitalian, rebellion of, 61
Welid, caliph, wars of, with the empire, 182
Witiges, Gothic king, 88; besieges Rome, 90; submits to Belisarius, 91
Yezid, Saracen prince, wars of with the empire, 170
Zachariah, patriarch of Jerusalem, 132
Zapetra, taken by Theophilus, 210
Zara, taken by the Crusaders, 280
Zeno, emperor, reorganizes the army, 61; wars of with the Goths, 62; sends Theodoric to Italy, 64
Zeuxippus, baths of, 19
Zimisces, John, murders Nicephoras 1, 233; Russian war of, 235-7; Asiatic conquests of, 239
Zoe, empress, her marriages and reign, 245-7
FOOTNOTES
1 See coin on opposite page. The Bosphorus was supposed to have drawn its name from being the place where Io, when transformed into a cow, forded the strait from Europe into Asia Βοῦς-πορὸς.
2 See coin on page 4.
3 Ammianus Marcellinus.
4 Certainly not by Procopius, whose name it bears.
5 There had been only an isolated raids of Huns in A.D. 395, which penetrated as far as Palestine. No other invasion reached as far as Antioch.
6 “Born in Germania, a district between Thrace and Illyricum,” says his secretary, Procopius. We do not know where the district—a German settlement, presumably—was situated.
7 See chap. ii. p. 22.
8 To hold the view which denied the existence both of a truly human and a truly Divine nature in Our Lord Jesus Christ.
9 See map on p. 20.
10 The murder of Amalasuntha took place _after_ the Roman invasion of Africa; but Theodahat was already on the throne when the Vandal war was proceeding.
11 The king’s real name was Baduila, as shown on his coins, and recorded by some historians, but Imperialist writers always call him Totila, which seems to have been a nickname.
12 Bury’s “Later Roman Empire,” i. 402.
13 Agathias.
14 It is comforting to know that the popular legend which tells how the great general lived in poverty and disgrace, begging the passer-by “dare obolum Belisario,” and dying in the streets, is untrue. But the suspicious emperor’s conduct was quite unpardonable.
15 Calabria is here used in its old sense, meaning South Apulia, and not the extreme point of Italy down by Reggio and Squillace.
16 From them the Albanians descend: the Albanian tongue is the only relic of ancient Illyria.
17 To be carefully distinguished from his homonym in Justinian’s time.
18 “History of European Morals,” ii. p. 13.
19 Mr. Lecky speaks of the “perpetual fratricide” of the Byzantine emperors. It may be interesting to point out that from 340 to 1453 there was not a single emperor murdered by a brother, and only one dethroned by a brother. Two were dethroned by sons, but not murdered.
20 To the credit of Amrou and his Saracens it must be recorded that the great Alexandrian Library was not burnt by them in sheer fanatical wantonness as the legends tell. It had perished long before.
21 Mr. Bury’s excellent chapter on “Themes,” in vol. ii. of his “Later Roman Empire,” is most convincing as to these very puzzling provinces and their origin.
22 “Slaves to images”; a term of contempt not unfairly applied to the image-worshippers.
23 See p. 116.
24 It is said to have been either his birth-place or that of his mother.
25 This name was given him because he was born in the Purple Chamber, the room in the palace set aside for the Empress. Emperors born in their father’s reign had been scarce of late. Constantine VI. and Michael the Drunkard were the only two in the 110 years before Constantine VII.
26 There is a splendid copy of this book in the Bodleian Library, made as late as 1560, where all the prophecies are applied to the Turks and Venetians.
27 There were two palace intrigues against him, both headed by members of his own family. Neither of them won any support from people or army.
28 He pierced himself by misadventure with one of his own poisoned arrows, and died of the wound.
29 Nicetas, “Isaac Angelus,” book iii. ch. 8, § 6.
30 See page 289.
31 Sometimes known as John Vatatzes.
32 See Bertrandon de la Broquière quoted in Finlay, vol. iii. p. 493, a very interesting passage.
33 See pp. 24, 25.