CHAPTER XIV

BERNE IMPRESSIONS: ARTISTIC, MUSICAL, AND SOCIAL UNDER WAR CONDITIONS

The nucleus proper of Berne (the old mediæval town) is situate on a promontory running between two arms of the River Aare, high above it, however, and connected on three sides, by long-spanned bridges, to the newer outlying portions of the town, where are to be found the more modern residential quarters. Along the southern side of the promontory, facing a splendid view of the Bernese Alps in the distance, with the river running below in the immediate foreground, stretch the handsome buildings of the Federal Palace and other Government offices, flanked on either side by the two most modern hotels, the Bellevue Palace and the Bernerhof, where, when not occupying private residences, members of the Diplomatic Corps and Bernese society congregate. Further along the promontory, beyond the Kirchenfeld Bridge, runs one of the most interesting old streets of Berne, a relic of the Middle Ages, the Rue des Gentilshommes, where many of the houses date back to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and several, I believe, even to the fifteenth. This street, in times gone by, was the residential quarter of the old Bernese noblesse, and walking down now under the old arcades, past the Cathedral Square and Terrace, one can still see the dates and emblazoned arms indicating when such and such a house was occupied by the d'Erlachs, the de Wattenwyls, or some other illustrious family. Indeed, many delightful hours can be spent evoking, and peopling with old world silhouettes, the now deserted street, where only stone and beam remain to tell the tale. The very silence, perchance, induces one to note the care evinced in the preservation of every old house, sign, knocker, and quaint bell, evidence of the feeling in which the Bernese hold their departed glories and traditions. The same families still inhabit many of these old houses, but gradually the advantages offered by the more open and modern residential quarters are drawing them slowly, but surely, away.

In matters artistic, especially musical, Berne, though small in comparison, offers many of the advantages of larger capitals. It possesses a fine concert hall and a good theatre, visited, especially during the war, by the best European as well as Swiss talent. Owing to Switzerland having maintained her neutrality, and being situated geographically at the very centre of the main belligerent countries, and therefore easily accessible from these, she has become, par excellence, the focus of artistic as well as other propaganda from all quarters.

To begin with the most popular form of artistic propaganda, the cinemas presented films of the war in an ever increasing number, the Germans making great use of this means of impressing the public, but sometimes with a result the reverse of that which they had intended. In this connection the _Moewe_ film, given all over Switzerland, and portraying the exploits of that pirate ship in sinking numbers of British and Allied vessels, may be mentioned. This was one long succession of views of merchantment and beautiful sailing vessels riding the waves, to be seen the next moment struck, and slowly disappearing beneath the surface. The most revolting part, however, of an altogether revolting film, was the brutality and delight evinced by the crew of the _Moewe_, who continued their sports and dancing in sight of their drowning victims. If the Germans hoped to impress the Swiss by their prowess and merciless inhumanity, or by showing them how easy a thing it was to accomplish the starvation of the Allies, and especially Great Britain, they utterly failed in their aim, for the public in general, mostly Swiss, was horrified at the sight of the destruction of so much constructive human endeavour, and, above all, at the brutality and disregard evinced towards the unfortunate crews of the doomed or sunken vessels. All over Switzerland the impression conveyed in the main by this film was one of disgust and horror, and comment bore more than all else on the entire absence of anything to indicate so much as the slightest endeavour to save human life. In a word, the Germans could not have chosen a subject more unfavourable to themselves, or done better propaganda work in favour of the Allies, than by exhibiting their _Moewe_ film.

When, later, the British _Battle of the Somme_ film was given in Berne, in 1916, in the huge Concert Hall of the Casino, the contrast in the spirit of the whole performance was all the more noticeable when the feelings of horror evoked by the _Moewe_ performance are recalled to mind. Amongst other films, the remembrance of which stands out, the _Champagne_, the Italian _Izonzo_, the _Tank_, and _England's Effort_, all of which were very fine productions, may be noted.

As regards painting, not many exhibitions took place, owing mainly, presumably, to the ever increasing difficulties of transport. During 1916, however, the Society of Belgian Artists sent a number of paintings done at the Front; and the French held an exhibition of old engravings and woodcuts. In 1917 the Musée du Luxembourg organized a magnificent collection of about 200 pictures of the "chefs-d'œuvre" of the École de Barbizon, which represented most of the leaders of this great school: Corot, Cézanne, Daubigny, Degas, Monet, Manet, Millet, and many others. This exhibition was opened at the Musée d'Art in Geneva, and created a good deal of stir, and when I left Berne it was just about to be transferred to that place. Another exhibition of interest was that of the works of Franz Hodler, the great Swiss painter, one of whose canvasses fetched in America, it is said, the enormous sum of frs. 500,000.

It was, however, in matters musical that Berne offered the greatest artistic enjoyment. Not only were a series of concerts given by the "Liedertafel" and "Cäcilien Verein" and the Berne "Stadt Orchestra," which, in the winter of 1917, under the conductorship of M. Brun, gave excellent interpretations of the complete nine Symphonies of Beethoven, but we also had a visit from the famous "Orchestre du Conservatoire de Paris," as well as recitals by Risler, Louis Vierne and others. With reference to the visit of the "Orchestre du Conservatoire de Paris," a rather amusing incident occurred, typical of the spirit of war that had so insidiously, during forty years of military preparation, made its way into the very heart of intellectual and artistic Germany, and even Austria, prostituting these, also, to the ends of "Deutschland über Alles." The French Orchestra had, for some time past, announced their arrival for a certain date, together with their programme, when suddenly, a few days before the event, which was creating a good deal of interest, Weingärtner, with his Philharmonic Orchestra of Vienna, advertised a concert to take place just three days prior to the French performance, and with an almost identical programme. This naturally created excitement, but, judging by the overflowing hall and tremendous enthusiasm displayed at the French concert, left the palm of victory in the hands of the French musicians. In a word, the Germano-Austrian artistic tours in Switzerland were throughout marked by a competitive spirit, and every detail of them was, I understand, arranged under the ægis of high German officials.

Many were the artists of European renown who visited Berne during the war: Mesdames Réjane, Leblanc Maeterlinck, the Russian dancer, Nijinski, as well as those of the Central Empires, such as Moïssi (who gave "Hamlet"), Nikish, and others.

Of all artistic enjoyments, however, two series of operatic and dramatic performances remain pre-eminent: the Wagnerian series of operas given by a Swiss company, and the series of classic and romantic drama presented by members of the "Comédie Française" of Paris. The vocal rendering of the Wagner operas could scarcely have been excelled. Herr Rudolph Jung, a young Swiss tenor, interpreted in turn Lohengrin, Tannhäuser, Tristan, Hans Sachs, and Parsifal, and not only was his tone one of perfect purity and beauty, but, what is rare, his physique lent itself to the glamour of knightly armour as harmoniously as his interpretation was satisfying mentally and emotionally. Unless I am much mistaken, this young man is destined to become one of the world's greatest singers and artists. He had made his the spirit of knighthood, the spirit evoked by Wagner as opposed to the old German ideal of brute force, a fact which appears to have entirely escaped the German public and critics. It is always of knighthood that Wagner sings, of knights in conflict with material forces; and if he rescued from oblivion the sagas of a dawn of civilization, it was but as the forces against which his knights hurled themselves in the true spirit of knightly honour and disinterested service. Lohengrin rescues Elsa from false and deadly intrigue; Tannhäuser, his soul from the snares of the Venusberg; and Parsifal, proof against all false allurements, reaches the serene heights of absolute command over himself and life.

Whether aware of it or not, Herr Jung ideally portrayed the knightly spirit, to save which practically the whole world is fighting the Central Empires in this terrible war. It is a trite saying: "No one is a prophet in his own country." Assuredly Wagner was not in the way he intended, as an apostle of World-Brotherhood; and perchance it was for this reason that he was banned and exiled, and forced to spend most of his life away from his native land. As to the life-work of Wagner and the lessons it teaches—fully explained in his writings—Germany appears merely to have extolled his evocations of the past, the nebulous historical sagas, and to have deified these, the better, presumably, to serve her one end and aim of conquest.

Another series of performances, well worthy of remembrance, was that given by members of the "Comédie Française," with Madame Bartet and Messieurs Paul Mounet and Lambert in the title rôles. These artists scored great successes, Monsieur Lambert being recalled no less than eight times in Berne, and sixteen in Zürich, the very centre of German influence. With regard to these performances, it may be of interest to note a passage in the Third Act of "Les Horaces et Curiaces." In Horace Corneille typifies the Roman ideal, and in Curiace the Gallic. When, in the Third Act, the two friends and brothers-in-law, chosen by their respective States to fight each other to the death, meet in a last farewell interview, Horace brutally says to Curiace: "Rome a besoin de moi—je ne te connais plus." (Rome needs me—I know thee no more.) Curiace answers with emotion: "Et moi—je te connais encore, et c'est cela qui me tue." (And I—I know thee still, and it is that that is killing me.) Could any words better portray the two fundamentally differing attitudes of mind between the Roman and the Gaul, or better illustrate the brutal, if heroic, insentience of the Roman, or the tender and no less heroic (for the Gaul overthrows the Roman) humanity of the Gaul?

It is said that one nation, in the absence of means of contact, to a great extent estimates other nations by what it sees of these on the stage; and doubtless a good deal of truth lies hidden in this saying. To those who understand both the English and French "théâtre pour rire," the realistic farce provides an evening's desultory laugh, the memory of which dies with the last joke; but to foreign eyes and ears strained, whether consciously or not, to catch traits of character, a farce may give birth to very wrong impressions, and become a positive international danger through false estimates of values. For this reason, chiefly, it was with the keenest pleasure one welcomed the advent in Switzerland of the "Comédie Française," the embodiment of all that is best, highest, and most ideal in France.

During the first days of the war, and the ensuing unprecedented situation, before the horror of it had become uppermost, many were the incidents of awkwardness whispered from ear to ear. Berne being a small capital, certain sets in it meet daily, and the Diplomatic Corps assumes almost the aspect of a "vie de famille." Many of its members were on intimate terms, friends often of years' standing, when the curtain descended on the old order of things on those fateful August days of 1914. One night perchance the French were dining with their Austrian colleagues, or the British with the Germans, and the next morning were to meet as strangers. The situation seemed unreal and impossible, and naturally led to much groping and questionings to find a new "modus vivendi." In one case a Minister's wife meeting her Austrian colleague, whom the day before she had called by her Christian name, would be at a loss to know what to do, the result culminating on both sides in a half-nod with averted eyes; or an Allied caller at a Swiss house would unavoidably come face to face with a new enemy—an erstwhile familiar friend. Such incidents were at first of daily occurrence. I remember one especially, more humorously long drawn out. An Allied Military Attaché was calling on Swiss friends, when the servant came in, and, with a perplexed look, whispered something in the ear of the hostess. "Be quick," said the latter to her Allied caller, "the servant has said I am in; but if you go through my boudoir here to the left, you will escape an awkward meeting." The caller, following directions, tiptoed through the boudoir to a door leading to a passage, but only to find himself confronted by the Austrian Military Attaché, who, conducted by the no less tactful servant, had also made the same détour. The Allied caller, quickly closing the door with the hope that he had not been recognized, retraced his steps to fly by the usual entrance—only to meet his new enemy again. This time escape was impossible, the Austrian ejaculating: "Well, Colonel, bad luck this time!" at which both laughed and passed on.

In a very short time, however, events in Belgium and France made too deep an impression for any room to be left to the lighter side of things, and such incidents were avoided by more careful forethought and organization. The Swiss and other Neutrals held separate reception days for the Allies and their antagonists, and official receptions at the Palais Fédéral were accurately scheduled as to time, so as to avoid any untoward meetings of the representatives of the belligerent nations. The severance became complete, though it required a little time to accomplish. The Diplomatic Tennis Club, for instance—a favourite resort for tennis in summer and skating in winter—had likewise to modify its rules to meet the changed conditions. As a mode of partition between the Allies and the Central Empires the even dates were allotted to one side, the uneven to the other. How it came about no one exactly knew, but the Central Empires secured the uneven, thus gaining the advantage of seven extra days in the year, as the least calculating found out in the course of time. Gradually the new "modus vivendi" became established; and, indeed, the news reaching Berne of the urgent demands from many quarters for help developing the instinctive desire to be of some service in the struggle at hand, more and more restricted the purely social functions.

When the idea of the "B.L.R.C.O." was suggested by Lady Grant Duff, she, together with Mme. Pageot, organized a "Thé-Tombola," the first social function started in German Switzerland for charitable purposes in the Allied cause. The success of this so far exceeded all calculations, that arrangements for tea made for about 300 visitors were called upon to provide for more than double that number, the net result in funds amounting to the gratifying total of frs. 22,000 towards French and British Red Cross work. Later, again, when the prisoners of war had arrived and been interned some little time in Switzerland, and had accumulated a good deal of work to be disposed of, a series of bazaars was held in the large towns by the French and Swiss. In these the British took part, their stall of carpets, arranged by Miss Martin, making a handsome and very successful exhibit amongst others, such as bookbinding, leather work, etc. It was a pleasure, too, to see some, however few, lovely wooden box designs, one with figures and animals in high relief. Wood-carving was a talent I had no idea our men possessed, but which these samples conclusively proved they did.

It was at the bazaar of this series held in Berne that the Scottish dancers carried off the palm of attraction. The long hall set aside for the buffet had a stage at one end, and long before the afternoon performance was to take place every tea-table was occupied. This in itself meant 200 spectators, but by the time the dancing began, every available inch of room was crammed, tremendous cheering greeting the Scotsmen. The same thing occurred in the evening, when my wife, who was in charge of the buffet arrangements, and had fortunately had the doors closed until eight o'clock so as to allow holders of reserved tables to reach their seats, was warned that some 400 people were massed outside. On the doors being opened, the effect was like that of a river breaking a dam and flooding the entire hall. The success of our Scotsmen was phenomenal, and their services, always attended with the same results, were never dispensed with at any bazaar later on.

Another scheme put in motion for the disposal of Allied Interned work was that afterwards called the "Suisse-Amérique." This consisted in disposing of some of the work in America, and received its practical application through Mme. Grouitch, wife of the Serbian Minister to Switzerland, and American by birth. Mme. Grouitch had just returned from the United States, and suggested organizing a Pavilion of Allied Interned "Ps. of W." work at the great war bazaars taking place yearly in some of the large towns in the States, such as New York, Washington, St. Louis, Chicago, and Philadelphia. A Committee was at once formed called the "Suisse-Amérique," under the ægis of Mme. Schulthess, wife of the President of the Swiss Confederation, as President. Mrs. Stovall, wife of the American Minister to Switzerland, and Mme. de Sprecher, wife of the Swiss Chief of Staff. Some 300,000 and more articles were despatched to the States, Mme. Grouitch graciously volunteering to return thither to act as delegate of the Committee. If, fortunately for the Allied cause, America shortly after entered the war, it was not so fortunate for the scheme in hand, as only one of these bazaars—that in New York—was held during the winter of 1917, when, no doubt rightly, the scheme, now that America had entered the struggle, was stopped by the U.S. Government. At this one bazaar about $600,000 were taken in entry fees alone, so that it was a blow to hear of the cancelling of the others. Owing, however, to the splendid energy and spirit of Mme. Grouitch, who at once took other measures for the disposal of the consignments, no loss occurred to the venture. To meet the initial outlay required by the despatch of the Interned work to America, my wife was asked to organize another "Thé-Tombola" at Berne, and was much touched by the support and sympathy shown by the Allies and Neutrals, more especially by Russians who had been hard hit by the revolution in their country. This "Thé-Tombola" made a clear profit of frs. 8,000.

These activities, together with the daily office routine, occupied much of our time, so that little was left for other social distractions, which had diminished proportionately. Small dinners, teas, soirées and bridge, with an occasional amateur dramatic performance for some war need or other, filled to overflowing the remainder. One eventful evening, however, I cannot pass without mention—that of the arrival of General Leman, the heroic defender of Liége, who, it will be remembered, when unable to offer further resistance to the Germans, had had the fortress mined, and ordered it to be blown up, himself remaining in it, preferring death to surrender. That he was still alive when rescued from the debris is one of the marvels of the war. What the Allies owe General Leman for that heroic resistance to the first German onrush will probably be only generally known and valued when history has made the facts clear, but on the night of his arrival, the sight of his small and compact figure, very like Lord Roberts in build, was well-nigh overwhelming. The enthusiasm of his reception at the station and _en route_ to the Hôtel Bernerhof could be gauged by the echoes of the cheers reaching us in the Central Hall, where we had congregated. Many Germans, mostly members of the Diplomatic Corps, were present at the time, and were sitting at various tables over after-dinner coffee, when the General appeared, surrounded by compatriots: members of his own and Allied Legations. Every one rose as at some magic signal—even all the Germans, men and women alike, their faces reflecting curiosity and wonder, quite different from their usual supercilious expression. Deep was the general emotion. Of all present, however, General Leman was probably the only one unaware of the depth of the feeling he evoked.

Especially agreeable and sympathetic is the remembrance of the charming hospitality of Swiss friends, whose salons have an old world atmosphere peculiarly their own. One is tempted to believe that, owing to their forming more or less a society, removed from the excitements and stress of larger capitals, they have been able to maintain an atmosphere of quiet conducive to thought and sentiment regarding the more abstract interests of life.

Looking back from this distance, the first months of the Great War appear to have passed in a strange semi-hypnotic state of mind, made up of surprise, anxiety, and horror. Mentally unprepared for the inhuman catastrophe—a "lèse-humanité" in its truest sense—one felt as must a tree at blows levelling its growth and blossom to the ground. At the same time, a deep sense of indignation little by little restored the mental balance, which was soon to enable one to return to a sense of the immediate and growing necessities of the situation, and endeavour to meet these as they arose; and one cannot but feel a great thankfulness at having been privileged to find work in the many war activities in Switzerland, herein detailed, towards the relief of our suffering brotherhood.

As I mentioned at the opening of these chapters, I little thought when taking up our residence in Berne that it would be for four consecutive years. Yet, looking back, these long years appear to have passed as a flash, so great was the anxiety, so full the daily task, so steady the conviction of an ultimate successful issue to the horrible drama of the World War.

INDEX

Ador, Monsieur Gustave, President of the Swiss Confederation, 1918; President of the International Red Cross Society of Geneva, 27, 133

Allied Military Attachés in Switzerland, 1914, 14

Annan, Miss, 176, 177

Arago, Monsieur, French Deputy, 52

Armée-Sanitäts-Anstalt (A.S.A.) (Lucerne), 108

Arndt, Dr. (Berne), 103, 107

Artificial limbs, 116

Austin-Lee, Sir Henry, Hon. Attaché British Embassy, Paris, 42

Bohny, Colonel Dr., Chief of Swiss Military Red Cross Department, 72, 73, 77

British Hospitals, Boulogne, Calais, etc., 42

British Interned, Mürren (Magazine) "B.I.M.," 189, 190

British Legation Red Cross Organization in Switzerland (B.L.R.C.O.), 34, 40-46, 49, 77, 101, 103, 146-148, 155, 174, 181, 182, 189, 203

British Red Cross Society, London (B.R.C.S.), 45, 46, 70, 108, 110, 115, 146, 151, 153, 156, 158, 175, 176, 185

"British Section" of the Bureau de Secours aux Prisonniers de Guerre, 57-61, 63, 64, 67, 68, 70, 182

Brüstlein, Captain Dr., 102, 126

Bureau de Secours aux Prisonniers de Guerre, 54, 56, 68

Central Prisoners of War Committee, 45, 63, 64, 71, 153, 183, 184

Charley, Major H. R., Assistant B.R.C.S. Commissioner, 70, 150, 153, 155, 189, 190

Chaux, Captain Dr. de la (Swiss Army), 35, 120

Civilian Refugees, French and Belgian, 51

Clement, Captain Dr. (Fribourg), 107, 111, 169, 172

Comité Bernois, 54, 56

Conference between British Navigation Interests, Bagdad Railway Company, and Deutsche Bank, 3

Cook-Daniels, Mrs. C., Founder of Carpet Workshop Gunten, 43, 146, 147, 182

Egli, Colonel C. H., État-Major Général (Swiss), 16-18

Favre, Major Edouard, Swiss Medical Staff, 169, 186

Foreign Office, London, 3, 5, 57

Garnett, Dr., Advisor for Technical Instruction of Interned, 40, 137-139, 149-153

Gillespie, Lieut.-Colonel A. K., 43, 181, 182

Grand Blessés, 27, 47-49, 112

Grand d'Hauteville, Mr. Paul, Hon. Sec. British Section Bureau de Secours aux Prisonniers de Guerre, 56, 68, 69

Grant-Duff, Sir Evelyn, K.C.M.G., H.M.'s Minister to Switzerland 1913-1916, 9-13, 54, 59, 60, 82

Grant-Duff, Lady, 34, 39-42, 44, 54-58, 60, 62, 63, 66, 68, 71, 77, 82, 203

"Gray" Hut Château d'Oex, 175

Group Presidents of the B.L.R.C.O., names of, 42, 43

Harpe, Major de la, Swiss Staff Officer for British Interned, 93

Hauser, Colonel, "Médecin d'Armée," principal medical officer of Swiss Army, 30, 32, 36, 72, 73, 77, 85, 90, 92, 93, 99, 100, 102, 104, 107, 110, 111, 113, 114, 119, 121, 123, 125, 130, 131, 133, 135, 140, 188

Hobday, Mr., Secretary Y.M.C.A. in Switzerland, 167, 179, 180, 182

Hoffmann, Monsieur, President of the Swiss Confederation (1914), 30

Holy See, 27-29, 178

Hôpitaux Militaires, 41

Imperial Conference, Potsdam, July 5, 1914, 4, 5

International Red Cross Society of Geneva, 27, 39, 133

Itinerant Commission of Swiss Doctors, 31-33, 99, 112

Itinerant Court Martial (Swiss), 96

Jameson, Sir Starr, B.R.C.S., London, 175

Jones, Lieut.-Colonel, Sir Robert, R.A.M.C., 125-130

Julliard, Dr. (Geneva), 107, 108

Kitchener of Khartoum, Field Marshal, Viscount, O.M., etc., 24, 25

Kocher, Professor (Berne), 105-107

Kühlmann, Herr von, 3-5

"La Croix Rouge Suisse," 38, 47, 49, 54

"La Ligue Pro Captivis," 38, 133-135

"La Société du Mogen David Rouge," 38, 160

"La Société Suisse des Aumôniers," 38

"La Société Suisse le Bien du Soldat," 38

"Les Unions Chrétiennes des Jeunes Gens de la Suisse" (Swiss Y.M.C.A.), 38, 182

"L'Œuvre Universitaire Suisse," 142, 143

Law, Mr. W. I., L.D.S., 115

Lawley, Sir Arthur, Report on British Section, Bureau de Secours aux Prisonniers de Guerre, 67

Leman, Général (Belgian), 206, 207

Llopart, Captain Dr., Swiss Medical Officer, 91, 92, 116

London Polytechnic Society, 108

Machard, Dr. (Geneva), 107, 108

Manneville, Comte de, in charge French Interned, 111, 135

Marchetti, Mgr., Delegate of the Holy See, 29, 178

Martin, Miss, Founder Carpet Workshop, Gunten, 147, 182, 203

Matti, Dr. (Berne), 107, 109, 130

Mercanton, Major Dr., Directing Medical Officer Château d'Oex Region, 89, 120

Metcalfe, Miss, 170

Millerand, Monsieur, French Minister of War, 27

Ministers of Religion to the Interned, names of, 159-164

Mitchell, Major, Representative of the Ministry of Pensions, 151, 152

Montmollin, Colonel George, 142

Morgenthau, Mr., American Ambassador Constantinople, 4

Neish, Lieut.-Colonel F. H., S.B.O., Mürren, 91, 145-147

Northcliffe, Lord, 45, 183, 185

"Œuvre des Éclopés" (Paris), 41

Pageot, Madame, Founder of the Bureau de Secours aux Prisonniers de Guerre, 54, 65, 203

Patriotic League (Lausanne), 174

Picot, Mrs. M. D., 8, 10, 43, 49, 63, 82

Picot, Miss R., 1, 10, 44, 49, 69, 82

Poinsard, Monsieur, Founder of the Bureau de Secours aux Prisonniers de Guerre, 54, 56, 65

Prisoners of War Help Committee, 57, 62

Propaganda in Switzerland, 22, 193-200

Proposals for Internment of Prisoners of War, 20, 24-30

Roux, Dr. (Lausanne), 106, 107

Rowan, The Rev. Father D.V., Professor University at Fribourg, 162, 163

Rumbold, Sir Horace, Bart., H.M.'s Minister in Switzerland 1916-1919, 49

Rumbold, Lady, 42, 43, 49, 71, 175, 179

Sandwich, The Earl of, K.C.V.O., Central Prisoners of War Committee, 151-153

Santucci, Comte Charles, Envoy of the Holy See, 28

Savoy, Captain Aumônier Herbert, Chaplain-General to R.C. Interned, 159, 160

Sawyer, Miss Nesta, 69

Sewell, The Rev. A. H, Army Chaplain C. of E., 163, 164

Simpkin, Miss, Manor Farm, Interlaken, 106, 107

"Special Branch" for Interned of B.L.R.C.O., 44, 45

Sprecher von Bernegg, Colonel, Chief of Staff of the Swiss Army, 14

Sprecher von Bernegg, Madame, 133, 135, 205

State of men arriving from Germany, 33, 34

"Suisse Amérique" (Committee for sale of Interned work), 204, 205

Sutherland, the Rev. A. M., Presbyterian Church, 162, 164, 174-176, 188

Swiss Army, 13-18, 35, 36, 38, 84, 94, 97, 100, 113, 187

Swiss Doctors in service of Interned, 107

Swiss Economics, 19, 20, 22, 23, 104, 136, 140, 141, 145

Swiss Sanitary Service (for Interned), 84-89, 100, 102-104, 109, 117, 118, 124

Trench, Colonel, late British Military Attaché in Berlin, 6-8

Tscharner, Monsieur Louis de, 26

Urgency Case Hospital, 41

Valentin, Madame, Founder of the Comité Bernois, 54

Voluntary workers of the British Section Bureau de Secours aux Prisonniers de Guerre, names of, 69, 70

Wallis, Lieut. C. E., Founder Motor Workshop, Vevey, 146, 148, 152-156

Wangenheim, Baron von, German Ambassador in Constantinople, 4

Whitwell, Mr., Representative of Y.M.C.A. in Switzerland, 177, 178, 180, 182

Wille, Général Ulrich, Commander-in-Chief of the Swiss Army, 13, 14

Woods, Mr. Joseph A., M.D.S., L.D.S., 113, 114, 116

Wyndham, Colonel, British Military Attaché in Switzerland (1916-1918), 25

Y.M.C.A., 45, 174, 177-182

Y.W.C.A., 184

_Printed in Great Britain by_ UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON

End of Project Gutenberg's The British Interned in Switzerland, by H. P. Picot