CHAPTER IX

THE BATTLE OF LOOS

(From September 27 to the end of the year)

Loss of Fosse 8--Death of General Thesiger--Advance of the Guards--Attack of the Twenty-eighth Division--Arrival of the Twelfth Division--German counter-attacks--Attack by the Forty-sixth Division upon Hohenzollern Redoubt--Subsidiary attacks--General observations--Return of Lord French to England.

The night of September 26 was a restless and tumultuous one, the troops being much exhausted by their long ordeal, which involved problems of supply unknown in any former wars. The modern soldier must be a great endurer as well as an iron fighter. The Germans during the night were very pushful in all directions. Their reserves are said to have been very mixed, and there was evidence of forty-eight battalions being employed against the British line, but their attacks were constant and spirited. The advanced positions were, however, maintained, and the morning of the 27th found the attackers, after two days of incessant battle, still keeping their grip upon their gains.

[Sidenote: Loss of Fosse 8.]

The main part of the day began badly for the British, however, as in the early morning they were pushed off Fosse 8, which was an extremely important point and the master-key of the whole position, as its {219} high slag-heap commanded Slag Alley and a number of the other trenches to the south of it, including most of the Hohenzollern Redoubt. The worn remains of the 26th Brigade were still holding the pit when morning dawned, and the units of the 73rd Brigade (Jelf) were in a semicircle to the east and south of it. These battalions, young troops who had never heard the whiz of a bullet before, had now been in close action for thirty-six hours, and had been cut off from all supplies of food and water for two days. Partly on account of their difficult tactical position, and partly because they were ignorant of how communications are kept up in the trenches, they had become entirely isolated. It was on these exhausted troops that the storm now broke. The northern unit consisted of the 7th Northamptons, whose left wing seems to have been in the air. Next to them were the 12th Royal Fusiliers. There had been several infantry attacks, which were repulsed during the night. Just at the dawn two red rockets ascended from the German lines, and at the same moment an intense bombardment opened upon Fosse 8, causing great loss among the occupants. It was at this time that General Thesiger, Commander of the Ninth Division, together with his Staff-Major, Burney, was killed by a shell. Colonel Livingstone, Divisional C.O. of Engineers, and Colonel Wright, of the 8th Gordons, were also hit. In the obstinate defence of the post the 90th Company R.E. fought as infantry, after they had done all that was possible to strengthen the defences.

A strong infantry attack had immediately followed the bombardment. They broke in, to the number of about a thousand, between the Northamptons and {220} Fusiliers. By their position they were now able to command Fosse 8, where the 9th Sussex had been, and also to make untenable the position of the 27th Brigade, which occupied trenches to the south which could be enfiladed. In "The First Hundred Thousand" will be found a classical account of the straits of these troops and their retirement to a safer position. General Jelf telephoned in vain for the support of heavy guns, and even released a carrier pigeon with the same urgent request. Seeing that Fosse 8 was lost, he determined to hold on hard to the Hohenzollern Redoubt, and lined its trenches with the broken remains of his wearied brigade. The enemy at once attacked with swarms of well-provided bombers in the van, but were met foot to foot by the bombers of the 73rd Brigade, who held them up. The 26th Brigade endeavoured to counter-attack, but were unable to get forward against the machine-guns, but their bombers joined those of the English brigade and did splendid work. The ground was held until the troops, absolutely at the limit of human endurance, were relieved by the 85th Brigade of the Twenty-eighth Division, as will be described later. The trench held by the Sussex was commanded from above and attacked by bombers from below, so that the battalion had a very severe ordeal. Lieutenant Shackles defended a group of cabarets at one end of the position until he and every man with him was dead or wounded. Having taken that corner, the Germans bombed down the trench. Captain MacIvor with thirty men on that flank were all killed or wounded, but the officer leading the bombers was shot by Captain Langden and the position saved. Nineteen officers and 360 men fell in this one battalion. {221} "We gained," said one of them, "two Military Crosses and many wooden ones." It had been an anxious day for all, and most of all for General Jelf, who had been left without a staff, both his major and his captain having fallen.

[Sidenote: The coming of the Guards.]

Up to mid-day of the 27th the tide of battle had set against the British, but after that hour there came into action a fresh force, which can never be employed without leaving its mark upon the conflict. This was the newly-formed division of Guards (Lord Cavan), consisting of the eight battalions which had already done such splendid service from Mons onwards, together with the newly-formed Welsh Guards, the 3rd and 4th Grenadier Guards, the 2nd Coldstream, and the 2nd Irish.

On September 25 the Guards reached Noeux-les-Mines, and on September 26 were at Sailly-la-Bourse. On the morning of the 27th they moved forward upon the same general line which the previous attack had taken--that is, between Hulluch on the left and Loos on the right--and relieved the two divisions which had suffered so heavily upon the previous day. The general distribution of the Guards was that the 1st Brigade (Fielding), consisting of the 2nd Grenadiers, 2nd and 3rd Coldstream, and 1st Irish, were on the left. They had taken over trenches from the First Division, and were now in touch upon their left with the Seventh Division. On the right of the 1st Guards' Brigade was the 2nd (Ponsonby), consisting of the 3rd Grenadiers, 1st Coldstream, 1st Scots, and 2nd Irish. On their right again, in the vicinity of Loos, was the 3rd Brigade (Heyworth), the 1st and 4th Grenadiers, 2nd Scots, and 1st Welsh. These last two brigades, upon which the work fell--for the 1st Brigade remained in a {222} holding position--were operating roughly upon the same ground as the Twenty-first Division had covered the day before, and had in their immediate front the same wood--the Chalk Pit Wood--from which we had been driven, and the Chalk Pit near the Lens-Hulluch road, which we had also lost, while a little more to the right was the strong post of Fosse 14 and the long slope of Hill 70, the whole of which had passed back into the hands of the enemy. These formidable obstacles were the immediate objective of the Guards. During the night of the 26th-27th many stragglers from the Twenty-first and Twenty-fourth Divisions passed through the Guards, informing them that their front was practically clear of British troops, and that they were face to face with the enemy.

At 2.30 P.M. the British renewed their heavy bombardment in the hope of clearing the ground for the advance. There is evidence that upon the 25th the enemy had been so much alarmed by the rapid advance that they had hurriedly removed a good deal of their artillery upon the Lens side. This had now been brought back, as we found to our cost. At four o'clock the heavy guns eased off, and the two brigades of Guards (2nd and 3rd) advanced, moving forward in artillery formation--that is, in small clumps of platoons, separated from each other.

The 2nd Irish were given their baptism of fire by being placed in the van of the 2nd Brigade with orders to make good the wood in front. The 1st Coldstream were to support them. Advancing in splendid order, they reached the point without undue loss, and dug themselves in according to orders. As they lay there their comrades of the 1st Scots passed on their right under very heavy fire in salvos of {223} high-explosive shells, and carried Fosse 14 by storm in the most admirable manner, while the Irish covered them with their rifle-fire. Part of the right-hand company of the Irish Guards got drawn into this attack and rushed forward with the Scots. Having taken Fosse 14, this body of men pushed impetuously forward, met a heavy German counter-attack, and were driven back. Their two young leaders, Lieutenants Clifford and Kipling, were seen no more. The German attack came with irresistible strength, supported by a very heavy enfilade fire. The remains of the Scots Guards were driven with heavy losses out of Fosse 14, and both they and the Irish were thrown back as far as the line of the Loos-Hulluch road.

The remains of the shaken battalions were joined by two companies of the 2nd Coldstream and reformed for another effort. In this attack of the 2nd Brigade upon Fosse 14, the Scots were supported by two companies of the 3rd Grenadiers, the other two being in general reserve. These two companies, coming up independently somewhat later than the main advance, were terribly shelled, but reached their objective, where they endured renewed losses. The officers were nearly all put out of action, and eventually a handful of survivors were brought back to the Chalk Pit Wood by Lieutenant Ritchie, himself severely wounded.

Captain Alexander, with some of the Irish, had succeeded also in holding their ground in the Chalk Pit Wood, though partly surrounded by the German advance, and they now sent back urgently for help. A fresh advance was made, in the course of which the other two companies of Coldstreamers pushed forward {224} on the left of the wood and seized the Chalk Pit. It was hard soil and trenching was difficult, but the line of the wood and of the pit was consolidated as far as possible. A dangerous gap had been left between the 1st Coldstream, who were now the extreme left of the 2nd Brigade, and the right of the 1st Brigade. It was filled up by 150 men, hastily collected, who frustrated an attempt of the enemy to push through. This line was held until dark, though the men had to endure a very heavy and accurate shelling, against which they had little protection. In the early morning the 1st Coldstream made a fresh advance from the north-west against Fosse 14, but could make no headway against the German fire. The line of Chalk Pit Wood now became the permanent line of the Army.

The 3rd Brigade of Guards had advanced at the same time as the 2nd, their attack being on the immediate right on the line of Fosse 14 and Hill 70. It may indeed be said that the object of the 2nd Brigade attack upon Fosse 14 was very largely to silence or engage the machine-guns there and so make it easier for the 3rd Brigade to make headway at Hill 70. The Guardsmen advanced with great steadiness up the long slope of the hill, and actually gained the crest, the Welsh and the 4th Grenadiers in the lead, but a powerful German redoubt which swept the open ground with its fire made the summit untenable, and they were compelled to drop back over the crest line, where they dug themselves in and remained until this section of the line was taken over by the Twelfth Division.

[Sidenote: Rearrangements.]

The Guards had lost very heavily during these operations. The 2nd Irish had lost 8 officers and 324 {225} men, while the 1st Scots and 1st Coldstream had suffered about as heavily. The 3rd Brigade had been even more severely hit, and the total loss of the division could have been little short of 3000. They continued to hold the front line until September 30, when the 35th and 36th Brigades of the Twelfth Division relieved them for a short rest. The Fifteenth Division had also been withdrawn, after having sustained losses which had probably never been excelled up to that hour by any single division in one action during the campaign. It is computed that no fewer than 6000 of these gallant Scots had fallen, the greater part upon the blood-stained slope and crest of Hill 70. Of the 9th Black Watch little more than 100 emerged safely, but an observer has recorded that their fierce and martial bearing was still that of victors.

The curve of the British position presented a perimeter which was about double the length of the arc which marked the original trenches. Thus a considerably larger force was needed to hold it, which was the more difficult to provide as so many divisions had already suffered heavy losses.

The French attack at Souchez having come to a standstill, Sir John French asked General Foch, the Commander of the Tenth Army, to take over the defence of Loos, which was done from the morning of the 28th by our old comrades of Ypres, the Ninth Corps. During this day there was a general rearrangement of units, facilitated by the contraction of the line brought about by the presence of our Allies. The battle-worn divisions of the first line were withdrawn, while Bulfin's Twenty-eighth Division came up to take their place.

[Sidenote: Arrival of Twenty-eighth Division.]

The Twenty-eighth Division, of Ypres renown, {226} had reached Vermelles in the early morning of Monday the 27th--the day of the Guards' advance. The general plan seems to have been that it should restore the fight upon the left half of the battlefield, while the Guards' Division did the same upon the right. General Bulfin, the able and experienced Commander of the Twenty-eighth, found himself suddenly placed in command of the Ninth also, through the death of General Thesiger. The situation which faced him was a most difficult one, and it took cool judgment in so confused a scene to make sure where his force should be applied. Urgent messages had come in to the effect that the defenders of Fosse 8 had been driven out, that as a consequence the whole of the Hohenzollern Redoubt was on the point of recapture, and that the Quarries had been wrested from the Seventh Division by the enemy. A very strong German attack was surging in from the north, and if it should advance much farther our advance line would be taken in the rear. It was clear that the Twenty-eighth Division had only just arrived in time. The 85th Brigade under General Pereira was hurried forward, and found things in a perilous state in the Hohenzollern Redoubt, where the remains of the 26th and 73rd Brigades, driven from Fosse 8 and raked by guns from the great dump, were barely holding on to the edge of the stronghold. The 2nd Buffs dashed forward with all the energy of fresh troops, swept the enemy out of the redoubt, pushed them up the trench leading northwards, which is called "Little Willie" ("Big Willie" leads eastward), and barricaded the southern exit. Matters were hung up for a time by the wounding both of General Pereira and of his Brigade-Major Flower, but Colonel {227} Roberts, of the 3rd Royal Fusiliers, carried on. The Royal Fusiliers relieved the Buffs, and the 2nd East Surrey took over the left of the line.

An attack was organised upon the powerful position at Fosse 8, but it had to be postponed until the morning of September 28. At 9 A.M. the 2nd Buffs delivered a very strong assault. The 3rd Middlesex were to have supported them, but came under so heavy a fire in their trenches that they were unable to get forward. The Buffs, in the face of desperate opposition, scrambled up the difficult sides of the great dump--a perfect hill self-erected as a monument of generations of labour. They reached the summit, but found it swept by gusts of fire which made all life impossible. Colonel Worthington and fifteen of his officers were killed or wounded in the gallant venture. Finally, the remains of the battalion took cover from the fire in Dump Trench at the bottom of the hill. It was in this trench that the Middlesex men had been held. Their Colonel, Neale, had also been killed. From this time onwards Fosse 8 was left in the hands of the Germans, and the action of the Twenty-eighth Division became more of a defensive one to prevent any further whittling away of the ground already gained.

As the pressure was still great from the direction of Fosse 8, two battalions of the 83rd Brigade, the 1st York and Lancasters and 1st Yorkshire Light Infantry, were sent up to reinforce the line. On the 29th they helped to repel two attacks all along the front of the redoubt, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, when the Germans came on to the surface only to be shot back into their burrows again. On the same day the 83rd and 84th Brigades relieved the weary Seventh Division in the Quarries.

{228}

[Sidenote: Mixed fighting.]

Whilst these operations had been carried on upon the north half of the field of battle, to the left of the bisecting road, the Twelfth Division, a South of England unit of the New Army, had moved forward into the space to the right of the road, taking over the trenches held by the Guards, and connecting up with the French at Loos. Save in the sector occupied by the Twenty-eighth Division the action had died down, and the British, aided partly by those pioneer battalions which had been formed out of ordinary infantry regiments to do work usually assigned to the sappers, strengthened their hold upon the ground that they had won, in the sure conviction that they would soon have to defend it. The shell-fire continued to be heavy upon both sides, and in the course of it General Wing, of the Twelfth Division, was unfortunately killed, being struck by a shell outside his divisional headquarters. He had been one of the artillery officers who had most to do with the fine handling of the guns of the Second Corps at Le Cateau, and was a very rising soldier of the most modern sort. Three divisional generals killed--Capper, Wing, and Thesiger--and one brigadier a prisoner! Such losses in the higher ranks are hardly to be matched in our history. To equal them one has to go back a hundred years to that supreme day when Picton, De Lancy, Ponsonby, and so many others died in front of their troops upon the historic plateau of Waterloo.

On October 1, at eight in the evening, Bulfin's men were hard at work once more. It will be remembered that the "Little Willie" Trench had been plugged at the southern end by the Buffs three days before. The Germans still held the main line of it, but could not get down it into the Hohenzollern Redoubt. It {229} was now charged most brilliantly and carried by the 1st Welsh, of the 84th Brigade, but after holding it for a day they lost so heavily that they were compelled to resume their old position once more. The 1st Suffolk tried to win the ground back, but without success.

Upon the afternoon of Sunday, October 3, the fighting, which had died down, broke out once more. The front line at this date was formed by the Ninth French Corps, our splendid comrades of Ypres, upon the right, occupying Loos and that portion of the slopes of Hill 70 which had remained in our hands. On their left was the Twelfth British Division up to the Vermelles-Hulluch road, and to their left Bulfin's Twenty-eighth Division, holding the northern area, including the Hohenzollern Redoubt. For several days the bombing parties of the enemy had been eating their way into this fortress, and upon the 3rd the greater part of it reverted into their hands, the enemy driving in the 84th Brigade. These attacks were based upon their strong positions in the north, and supported by the machine-guns of Fosse 8 and the heavy artillery of Auchy. On the same day a strong force advanced against the right of the Twenty-eighth Division between the Quarries and the Vermelles-Hulluch road, but this attack was repulsed with heavy loss.

On October 4 and 5 the Twenty-eighth Division was withdrawn, and the Guards, after three days' rest, were called upon once more, the 3rd Guards Brigade taking its position at the section of the Hohenzollern Redoubt which we held, while the 1st was on their right, and the 2nd in reserve at Vermelles. At the same time the First Division moved to the front on the right of the Guards, relieving the Twelfth {230} Division. All these troops were keenly alive to the fact that the Germans were unlikely to sit down under their defeat, and that the pause was only the preliminary to a great counter-attack. All efforts were therefore made to consolidate the ground.

[Sidenote: The great counter-attack.]

The expectations were fulfilled, for upon October 8 the enemy brought up their reserves from far and near, determined to have back the ground that they had lost. The British and French were no less inexorable in their grip of that which had cost them so much to win. It is the attacker in modern warfare who pays the price. Sometimes he gets the value of his blood, sometimes he pays it freely and gets nothing whatever in exchange. So it was in this instance. Along the whole long curve of the defence, from the southern trenches of the Hohenzollern Redoubt in the north to the French position in the south, the roar of the battle went up. On the left of the French was the First Division, on their left the Twelfth, on theirs the Guards, on theirs the Seventh, stout fighters all. The Germans rushed on boldly, swarms of bombers in front, lines of supporting infantry behind. Everywhere they were cut down and brought to a stand by the sleet of bullets. It was the British machine-gunner who now crouched under cover and spread death fanwise before him, while it was the German infantryman who rushed and tripped and rose and fell in the desperate effort to carry out the plans of his chiefs. All honour to him for the valour of his attempt.

To appreciate the nature of a great deal of this fighting one must remember that the whole scene of it was intersected by a perfect maze of trenches which belonged to the original German third line of defence, and were therefore familiar to them, while they were {231} strange to those British troops who now occupied them. All along these zigzag lines the two parties were only from thirty to fifty yards apart, so that the broad, deserted plain was really intersected with narrow runways of desperately active life. Attacks developed in an instant, bombing parties sprang forward at any moment, rifles were used at point-blank range, so that an exposed bayonet was often snapped off by a bullet. "Close to the bombers' keep fifty small bayonet periscopes, four bayonets, and five foresights of rifles were shot off in an hour and a half," says an officer present. Over traverses men pelted each other with anything that was deadly, while above their heads the great shells for ever screamed and rumbled.

A great effort was made against the trench called "Big Willie," running out from the Hohenzollern Redoubt, which had been taken over by the Guards. In the afternoon of the 8th, after a heavy bombardment had flailed the position for four hours, there was a determined rush of bombers upon these trenches, the Germans, our old friends of the Seventh Westphalian Corps, coming on in three battalions, each of them down a different communication trench. The general direction of the attack was from the north and east. The trenches assaulted were held by the 1st and 2nd Brigades of Guards, both of which were heavily engaged. The riflemen, however, were useless, as only a bomber can meet a bomber. At first the stormers had some success, for, pushing along very valiantly and with great technical precision, they broke into the section of trench held by the 3rd Grenadiers, putting out of action most of the bombers and machine-gunners of that corps. "Our fellows were {232} being bombed back from traverse to traverse, and we could just see the top of the Bosche helmets going along the trench." Lieut. Williams, with a machine-gun, stopped the rush, but was soon shot through the head. General Ponsonby, commanding the 2nd Brigade, called, however, for the bombers of the 3rd Coldstream, who swept down the trench, pelted the Germans out of it, and gloriously avenged the prostrate Grenadiers. The 2nd Coldstream had themselves been driven back, and their bomb-store was temporarily captured, but they came back and regained it after some stark face-to-face fighting, in which Sergeant Brooks, a British berserker, won his V.C. The remains of the 3rd Grenadiers also came back, led by Lieut. Geoffrey Gunnis, and cleared the last corner of what they had lost. The Guards lost 100 men in this action, many of them blown to pieces by the bombs, but they entirely cleared the trenches and regained every inch of lost ground. The fight lasted for two hours and a half, in the course of which 9000 bombs were thrown by the British.

Another focus of strife upon October 8 was the Chalk Pit upon the Lens-Hulluch road, that tragic spot which had seen in turn the advance of the Fifteenth Division, of the Twenty-first, and of the Guards. It had now been taken over by the First Division, who had come back into the line after a rest. Across that road of death, the Loos-Hulluch highway, lay the ill-omened Bois Hugo, which offered a screen for the German advance. Twelve battalions were attacking, and as many more on the line held by the French. Here the Germans lost very heavily, going down in heaps before the rifle-fire of the 1st Gloucesters, 2nd Munster Fusiliers, 9th King's Liverpool, {233} and other battalions in the First Division firing line. The French 75's had been equally deadly and successful. Between the position held by the Guards near the Hohenzollern Redoubt on the left and that of the First Division at the Chalk Pit on the right, the ground was held by the Twelfth Division, the 37th Brigade of which (Fowler) was briskly engaged. The 6th Buffs of this brigade was immediately to the right of the Vermelles-Hulluch road, with the 6th Royal West Kent continuing the line northwards down to the Quarries. The 6th Queen's Surrey and 7th East Surrey were in support. Somewhat to the right front of this brigade was a position one hundred and fifty yards wide, called Gun Trench, which was one of the scattered forts which the enemy still held to the west of the Loos-Hulluch road. An attack was organised upon this position by Colonel Venables of the West Kents, who was badly wounded in the venture. The British, led by Captain Margetts, reached the trench in spite of terrific fire and corresponding losses, including the whole crew of a machine-gun of the East Surreys which had been most gallantly rushed to the front by Lieutenant Gibson. Half the trench was cleared, but the Germans had themselves been on the point of attacking, and the communications leading eastwards were stuffed with men--a prolongation, no doubt, of the same attack which was breaking to the north upon the Guards. The weak spray of British stormers could make no progress against the masses in the supporting trenches, and were bombed back to their own position. It was a brave but fruitless attempt, which was destined to be renewed with greater success a few days later, when Gun Trench passed completely into the hands {234} of the British. The West Kents lost 200 killed and wounded in this affair. At night the whole line of the French and British defences was inviolate, and though there was an acute controversy between the official accounts as to the number of German casualties, it is certain that, whatever they may have been, they had nothing to show in return, nor is it a sign of military virtue to recoil from an enterprise with little loss. The German fighter is a tougher fellow than the cutters-down of his casualty lists will allow. British losses were comparatively small.

Though the Germans had gained no ground upon the 8th, the British were averse from allowing them to remain in undisputed possession of that which they had won upon the 3rd. It was especially upon the Hohenzollern Redoubt that the British fighting line fixed a menacing gaze, for it had long been a centre of contention, and had now passed almost completely into the possession of the enemy. It was determined to make a vigorous attempt to win it back. The Forty-sixth North Midland Territorial Division (Stuart-Wortley), who were veterans of nine months' service at trench warfare, but had not yet been heavily engaged, were brought up from the rear, and upon October 12 they relieved the Guards Division on the left of the front line. At the same time it was planned that there should be an attack of the First Division to the west of Hulluch, and of the Twelfth Division in the region of the Quarries. Of these we shall first describe the attack of the Territorials upon the Hohenzollern Redoubt.

[Sidenote: Attack of the Forty-sixth Division.]

On October 13, at noon, a severe bombardment was opened which concentrated upon the enclosure of the redoubt, and the space between that and Fosse 8. {235} This bombardment for some reason does not seem to have been effective, and even while it went on the sniping and machine-guns were active in the enemy line. An hour later there was an emission of gas, borne by a brisk breeze towards the German trenches, and later still a smoke-cloud was sent out to cover the advance. At two o'clock the troops dashed over the parapet, the 138th Brigade, consisting of men of Lincoln and Leicester, upon the left, while the 137th, the men of Stafford, were on the right. In immediate support was the 139th, a Sherwood Forester Brigade. The line upon the left was headed by the 4th Leicesters and 5th Lincolns, the men, with that light-hearted courage which is so intolerable to the heavier German spirit, singing, "Here we are, here we are, here we are again!" as they vaulted out of their trenches. The attack upon the right was led by the 5th North and 5th South Staffords. The advance was splendidly executed, and won the critical admiration of some of the Guards who were privileged to see it. In the face of a murderous fire the attacking line swept, in an order which was only broken by the fall of stricken men, up to the front-line trench, two hundred yards in front.

Here, however, the attack was held up by an overwhelming fire. The 5th North Staffords, whose objective was "Big Willie," were exterminated for all immediate military purposes, their losses being 19 officers and 488 men. The gallant survivors succeeded in getting as far as a communication trench which led to "Big Willie," and held on there. The advance of the 5th South Staffords upon the right was conditional upon the success of their comrades to the left. The officer commanding the left companies saw that little progress had been made, and exercised his discretion {236} in holding back his men. The officer on the right of the South Staffords could not see what was going on, and advanced his company, with the result that they ran into the same fatal fire, and lost terribly. The two reserve companies coming up were only able with very great difficulty to reach the British front-line trenches, dropping half their number in the venture. The result of all this slaughter, which seems to have been entirely due to inadequate artillery preparation, was that the second line of attack upon the right, consisting of the 6th North and 6th South Staffords, could do no more than garrison the front-line trenches, and lost very heavily in doing so.

On the left, however, things had gone better, for at that part our guns seemed to have made more impression. The advance of the 4th Leicesters and 5th Lincolns swept over the Hohenzollern Redoubt and carried the whole of this formidable work up to Fosse Trench. About a hundred yards short of this point the advance was held up by concentrated machine-gun fire. The losses had been very heavy, especially in officers. The rear companies won forward to the front none the less, and the 4th Lincolns came up also to thicken the attenuated firing-line. They held their ground with difficulty, but were greatly helped by their pioneer battalion, the 1st Monmouths, veterans of Ypres, who rushed forward with rifle and with spade to consolidate the captured ground.

Bombing parties had been sent out by the British, those on the right to reach and bomb their way down "Big Willie," those on the left to clear Fosse Trench. The parties upon the right, drawn from the various Stafford regiments, got into "Big Willie," and stuck to their work until they were all destroyed, officers and {237} men. The enemy bombers then counter-attacked, but were met by Lieutenant Hawkes with a party of the 5th South Staffords, who drove them back again. The pressure was very severe, however, until about four in the afternoon, when the action upon the right died down into a duel of heavy guns upon either side.

On the left, however, where the gallant Territorial infantry held hard to its gains, the action was very severe. The bombing attacks went on with varied fortunes, a company of the 5th Leicesters bombing its way for more than two hundred yards up "Little Willie" Trench before its supplies ran out and it had to retire. At three o'clock there was a fresh infantry advance, the 7th Sherwood Foresters of the reserve 139th Brigade endeavouring to get forward, but losing so many in crossing the redoubt that they were unable to sally out from the farther side. The redoubt was now so crowded with mixed units all under heavy fire that there might have been a Spion Kop but for the steadiness of all concerned. At one time the men, finding themselves practically without officers, began to fall back, but were splendidly rallied by Colonel Evill of the 1st Monmouths and a few other survivors. The advent of two companies of the 5th Leicesters retaining their disciplined order helped to avert the danger, and the line was formed once again along the western face of the redoubt. During this movement the 7th Sherwood Foresters who remained in the north-east of the redoubt were cut off, but with splendid pertinacity they held their ground, and made their way back when darkness fell. In the early morning of the 14th, Captain Checkland, with a company of the 5th Sherwood Foresters, pushed an advance up to the place where {238} their comrades of the 7th Battalion had been, and found Captain Vickars of that regiment, who, with of a bravery which deserves to be classical, defended almost single-handed a barrier, while he ordered a second one to be built behind him, cutting him off from all succour. He was desperately wounded, but was brought back by his comrades.

The 8th Sherwood Foresters had also come to the front, and made a spirited attack in the early morning of the 14th, driving the enemy from the western side of the redoubt and firmly establishing the British gains in that quarter. This gain was permanent, though it proved to be rather a visible prize for valour than a useful strategic addition to the line. So long as the sinister, low-lying dump of Fosse 8 overlooked it and was itself untaken, it was impossible to make much use of the redoubt. For forty-eight hours the advanced line was held by the 139th Brigade against several brisk counter-attacks. At the end of that time the position was handed over to the safe custody of the Guards, while the Forty-sixth North Midland Division withdrew from that front line which was of their own creation. Colonel Martin of the 4th Leicesters, who was shot through the knee, but refused to move until he saw the result of the attack, Colonel Fowler of the 8th Sherwoods, Colonel Sandall of the 5th Lincolns, Major Cooper of the 4th Lincolns, and nearly 4000 officers and men, were among the casualties during the forty-eight hours of exposure.

The action was a very desperate one, and nothing could have been finer than the conduct of all engaged. "It was not the actual advance, but the holding of the position afterwards, that was dreaded, as {239} the Germans are so quick at counter-attacking." So wrote one of the combatants. The dread was well founded, for the Germans proved to be very numerous and aggressive, and there can be little doubt that at this period their bombers had a technical proficiency which was superior to our own, whether their opponents were Guards or Territorials. It is characteristic of the unique warfare now prevailing that the contending parties had practically abandoned rifles, save as so many pikes, and that each man carried a pouch full of projectiles, the size of a duck's egg, and capable of disabling a dozen in a single burst. It may be added that both sides wore leathern helmets, sometimes with the visors up and sometimes with the face entirely concealed, so that it appeared to be a murderous strife of the strange, goggle-eyed, mask-faced creatures of a nightmare. Such were the extraordinary products of modern European warfare.

Could all the ground taken have been permanently held, this would have been a fine little victory. So constant has been the phenomenon that the extreme point cannot be held that it could now be stated as an axiom for either side, and seemed to suggest that the methods of attack should be in some way modified. Each successive line of resistance has decreased the momentum of the stormers and has helped to lessen their store of bombs, while the farther they have advanced the more difficult it is for fresh men or supplies to reach them. Then, again, their diminished numbers have caused a contraction and bunching of the line, so enabling the counter-attack to get round their flanks. Add to this the physical exhaustion caused by extreme exertions while carrying a considerable weight, and one has the factors which always {240} produce the same result, and which led eventually to the more fruitful tactics of the limited objective.

When the Forty-sixth Midland Division advanced upon the Hohenzollern Redoubt on October 13, there was a brisk attack also by the Twelfth Division upon their right, and by the First Division on the right of the Twelfth. In the case of the Twelfth Division, now commanded by General Scott, the 37th Brigade (Fowler) was heavily engaged. The 7th East Surreys of this brigade carried and permanently held the Gun Trench, a position which had cost them the lives of many officers and men upon the 8th. Attacking the same line of trenches to the left, the 6th Buffs lost heavily under oblique fire, without any appreciable gain. Of three companies who went out, 11 officers and 400 men were left upon the ground, and a photograph has revealed the perfect alignment of the dead. The 35th Brigade (Straubensee) had a similar experience to the left near the Quarries, the losses falling most heavily upon the 5th Berkshires and the 7th Norfolks.

At the same hour the First Division, with a smoke and gas screen before them, had broken in upon the German lines to the south-west of Hulluch, near the Hulluch-Lens road. About a thousand yards of trenches were taken, but the shell-fire was so murderous that it was found to be impossible to retain them. On the whole, it must be admitted that, although ground was gained along the whole line from the Hohenzollern Redoubt to Hulluch by this very desperate fighting, the losses were so heavy and the results so barren that there was no adequate return for the splendid efforts of the men. The attack was urged by Territorials upon the left, New Army men {241} in the centre, and Regulars upon the right, and at all points it was equally gallant.

The operations at the main seat of action, the Loos sector, have been treated continuously in order to make a consecutive narrative, but we must now return to consider the subsidiary attacks along the line upon September 25.

[Sidenote: Subsidiary attacks.]

While the First and Fourth Corps, supported by the Eleventh, had been delivering this great attack between La Bassée and Grenay, a series of holding actions had been fought from the coast downwards, so as to pin the Germans so far as possible to their places. Some of these attacks were little more than demonstrations, while others in less serious times would have appeared to be considerable engagements.

The Second Regular Division (Horne), acting upon the extreme left of the main attack, was astride of the La Bassée Canal. The most northern brigade, the 5th (Cochrane's), was opposite to Givenchy, and its advance seems to have been intended rather as a distraction than as a serious effort. It took place half an hour or so before the general attack in the hope of misleading them as to the British plans. At the signal the three leading regiments, the 1st Queen's Surrey, the 2nd Oxford and Bucks, and the 2nd Highland Light Infantry, dashed forward and carried the trench line which faced them. The 9th Glasgow Highlanders advanced upon their right. The attack was unable to make any further progress, but the fight was sustained for several hours, and had the desired effect of occupying the local forces of the enemy and preventing them from detaching reinforcements to the south.

The same remark would apply to the forward {242} movement of the 58th Brigade of the Nineteenth Division to the immediate north of Givenchy. This division of the New Army is mainly English in composition, but on this their first serious engagement the work fell chiefly upon two Welsh battalions, the 9th Welsh and the 9th Welsh Fusiliers. Both these corps sustained heavy losses, but sacrificed themselves, as so many others were obliged to do, in keeping up the appearance of an attack which was never seriously intended.

Taking the subsidiary attacks from the south upwards, we come next to that of the Indians in the vicinity of Neuve Chapelle. This was a very brilliant affair, carried out with the true Indian tiger spring. Had it been possible to support by adequate reserves of men and an unrestricted gun-fire, it had in it the possibility of a fine victory. The attack was carried out by the Meerut Division, with the Garhwali Brigade on the right and the Bareilly upon the left, the Dehra Dun being in reserve. On the right the Garhwalis were partly held up by wire, but the Bareillys came through everything and swept into the front-line trenches, taking 200 unwounded prisoners of the Seventh Westphalian Corps. Two battalions of the Black Watch, the 2nd and 4th, with the 69th Sikhs, were in the lead, a combination which has broken many a battle line before. The 58th Rifles (Vaughan's) and a second Sikh regiment, the 33rd, thickened the attack, and they swept forward into the second-line trenches, which they also cleared. They were now half a mile within the enemy's position, and both their flanks were open to attack. The reserve brigade was hurried up, but the trenches were blocked with wounded and prisoners, so that progress was very difficult. The German counter-attack was {243} delivered with great energy and valour. It took the form of strong bombing parties acting upon each exposed flank. The 8th Gurkhas, who had been the only battalion which succeeded in breaking through on the right, linked up with the 4th Black Watch, holding back the flank advance to the south, but to the north the Germans got so far forward that the advanced Indians were practically cut off. The immediate neighbours of the Indians to the north were the 60th Brigade of the Twentieth Division, another English division of the New Army. Two battalions of this brigade, the 12th Rifle Brigade and the 6th Shropshires, were thrown into the fight, and covered the threatened flank until their supply of bombs--more and more an essential of modern warfare--was exhausted. It was clearly necessary that the advanced troops should be drawn back, since the reserves could not be got up to support them, and the need was becoming very great. In a little they might be attacked on front and rear with the chance of disaster. The Sikhs and Highlanders fell back, therefore, with great steadiness, but enduring heavy losses. In the end no ground was gained, but considerable punishment was inflicted as well as suffered, the German trenches being full of their dead. The primary purpose of holding them to their ground was amply fulfilled. It cannot be denied, however, that in this, as in so many other episodes of the Battle of Loos, the German showed himself to be a stubborn fighter, who rises superior to temporary defeat and struggles on while there is still a chance of victory. His superior supply of bombs had also a good deal to do with the success of his counter-attack.

Whilst this very sharp conflict had been raging {244} on the Indian line, the Eighth Division to the north was engaged in a very similar operation in the region of Bois-Grenier. The course of events was almost exactly the same in each instance. The attack of the Eighth Division was carried out by the 25th Brigade (Stephens). The 2nd Rifle Brigade were on the right, the 2nd Berks in the centre, and the 2nd Lincoln upon the left. The front trench was carried, and 120 men of the Sixth Bavarian Reserve Division fell into the hands of the stormers. Part of the second line was also captured. The positions were held for the greater part of the day, and it was not until four in the afternoon that the increasing pressure of the counter-attack drove the British back to their original line. Here again the object of detention had been fully achieved.

The most important, however, of all the subsidiary attacks was that which was carried out to the extreme north of the line in the district of Hooge. This attack was made by the Fifth Corps, which had changed both its general and its divisions since the days of its long agony in May. It was now commanded by General Allenby, and it consisted of the Third Regular Division (Haldane), the Fourteenth Light Infantry Division of the New Army (Couper), and the Forty-sixth Division of Midland Territorials (Stuart-Wortley), the fine work of which at a later stage of the operations has already been described. The first two of these units bore the brunt upon September 25. The advance, which was across the old bloody ground of Bellewaarde, was signalled by the explosion of a large mine under the German position in the trenches immediately south of that Via Dolorosa, the Ypres-Menin road.

{245}

The attack upon the left was made by the 42nd Brigade (Markham), all four battalions, the 5th Oxford and Bucks, 5th Shropshires, 9th Rifle Brigade, and 9th Rifles being strongly engaged. The German trenches were reached and occupied, but after some hours the counter-attack proved to be too strong, and the brigade fell back to its original line.

Two brigades of the Third Division attacked in the centre in the direction of Bellewaarde Lake. The 7th Brigade upon the left ran into unbroken wire, before which the leading regiments, the 2nd Irish Rifles and the 2nd South Lancashire, sustained heavy losses while making no progress. The 8th Brigade to the south of them had better fortune, however. This brigade, strengthened by the 1st Scots Fusiliers, made a fine advance immediately after the great mine explosion. Some 200 prisoners and a considerable stretch of trench were captured. A redoubt had been taken by the 4th Gordons, and was held by them and by the 4th Middlesex, but the bombardment in the afternoon was so terrific that it had to be abandoned. By evening the original line had been reoccupied, the division having certainly held the Germans to their ground, but at very heavy cost to themselves. As these various attacks from the 5th Brigade at the La Bassée Canal to the Fourteenth Division at Ypres never entered into the scheme of the main fight, it is not to be wondered at that they ended always as they began. Heavy loss of life was doubtless incurred in nearly every case. Sad as it is that men should die in movements which are not seriously intended, operations of this kind must be regarded as a whole, and the man who drops in an attack which from the beginning has been a mere pretence has enjoyed as {246} heroic an end as he who falls across the last parapet with the yell of victory in his dying ears.

[Sidenote: Results.]

A modern battle is a sudden furious storm, which may blow itself out in two or three days, but leaves such a tempestuous sea behind it that it is difficult to say when the commotion is really over. In the case of the Battle of Loos, or of Loos-Hulluch, it may be said to have begun with the British advance upon September 25, and to have ended with the establishment of an equilibrium on the northern flank of our salient on October 13. From that time onwards for many weeks comparative peace rested upon this sector. A time therefore, has come when the operations may be reviewed as a whole. The net result was a gain to the British of nearly seven thousand yards of front and four thousand of depth, though if one be asked what exact advantage this gain brought, save as a visible sign of military virtue, it is hard to find an answer. Had the gain gone to that farther distance which was hoped for and aimed at, the battle might, as in the case of the French in Champagne, have been a considerable victory. As it was, the best that we can claim is that one or two more such advances in the same neighbourhood would bring the valuable French coal-fields back to their rightful owners. The most substantial proofs of victory were 3000 prisoners, including 57 officers, 26 field-guns, and 40 machine-guns. On the other hand, in the mixed fighting of the 26th we lost not fewer than 1000 prisoners, including a brigadier-general. Altogether the losses to the Army during the three weeks of fighting were not less than 50,000 men and 2000 officers. A large proportion of these were wounded.

{247}

There are some consolations for our limited success in this venture. Having started to endeavour to break the German line in one movement, it was natural to persevere, but now that we can see from how strong a hand our enemy played, we may well ask ourselves whether a more successful advance upon the 26th and 27th might not have led to grave troubles. The French had been held on the right; the Second Division was stationary upon the left. Therefore we were advancing from a contracted base, and the farther the advance went the more it resembled a long, thin tongue protruded between the jaws of the enemy. There was considerable danger that the enemy, closing in on either flank while holding the advance in front, might have bitten it off, for we know for certain that we had none of those successive rolling waves of reinforcement coming up which would turn an ebb to a flood. However, as it was we had much for which to be thankful. When one thinks of the almost superstitious reverence with which the German army used to be regarded--an army which had never once been really beaten during three European campaigns--it is surely a just cause for sober satisfaction that a British force, half of which consisted of new formations, should have driven such an enemy with loss of prisoners and guns out of a triple line of fortifications, strengthened by every device of modern art, and should afterwards have permanently held the greater part of the field against every effort at reconquest.

The account of this great battle, a battle in which from first to last no fewer than twelve British divisions were engaged in the Loos area alone, cannot be concluded without a word as to the splendid French {248} success won in Champagne during the same period. There is a great similarity between the two operations, but the French attacked with at least three times as many men upon a threefold broader front. As in our own case, their best results were gained in the first spring, and they were able to continue their gains for several days, until, like ourselves, they found that the consolidating defence was too strong for the weakening attack. Their victory was none the less a very great one, yielding 25,000 prisoners and 125 captured cannon. It is impossible to doubt that both French and British if they duly learned their lessons, and if they continued to accumulate their resources, were now on the path which would lead them to final victory.

Before settling down into the inactivity enforced by the Flemish mud, there was one further brisk skirmish upon October 20 in that old battle-ground, the Hohenzollern Redoubt. This was a bombing attack, organised by the 2nd Irish Guards and led by Captain Hubbard. The Irishmen were new to the game, and somewhat outclassed at first by the more experienced Germans, but under the gallant encouragement of Lieutenant Tallents, who rallied them after being himself badly wounded, they turned the tide, and, aided by the Coldstream, made good the section attacked. Lieutenant Hamilton was killed and 60 men killed or wounded in this brisk encounter.

[Sidenote: Coming of winter.]

So, for a second time, wet, foggy winter settled down upon the water-logged, clay-bottomed trenches. Little did those who had manned them at Christmas of 1914 imagine that Christmas of 1915 would find them in the same position. Even their brave hearts would have sunk at the thought. And yet a move {249} back of a couple of miles at Ypres, and a move forward of the same extent in the south, were all that either side could show for a year's hard work and the loss of so many thousand lives. Bloch, the military prophet of 1898, had indeed been justified of his wisdom. Far off, where armies could move, the year had seen great fluctuations. The Russians had been pushed out of Poland and far over their own borders. Serbia had been overrun. Montenegro was on the verge of utter destruction. The great attempt upon the Dardanelles had been made and had failed, after an epic of heroism which will surely live for ever in our history and in that of our brave Australian and New Zealand brothers. We had advanced in Mesopotamia to within sight of the minarets of Bagdad, and yet again we had been compelled to leave our task unfinished and our little force was besieged at Kut. The one new gleam of light in the whole year had been the adhesion of Italy to the cause of Freedom. And yet, though nearly every detail had been adverse to us, our deepest instincts told us that the stream did in truth move with us, however great and confusing might be the surface current. Here on the long western line, motionless, but not passive, locked in a vast strain which grew ever more tense, was the real war. All others were subsidiary. And here in this real war, the one theatre where decisive results could be looked for, our position was very different in the opening of 1916 to that which 1915 had shown us. In the year our actual Army in France had grown three- and fourfold. The munitions had increased in far greater proportions. The days had gone for ever when a serious action meant three months of shell economy before the fight and three months {250} of recuperation after it. To the gunners it was like an evil dream to look back to the days when three shots per day was the allowance, and never save on a definite target. Now, thanks to the driving power of Lloyd George and his admirable band of assistants, there would never again be a dearth, and no attack should ever languish for want of the means to follow it up. Our guns, too, were clustering ever more thickly and looming ever larger. Machine-guns were pouring forth, though there, perhaps, we had not yet overtaken our enemy. Above all, our Fleet still held the seas, cries of distress or at least of discomfort from within Germany rose ever more clearly, and it was certain that the sufferings which she had so wantonly and wickedly inflicted upon others were beginning to be repaid to her. "Gott" does indeed "strafe," and needs no invocation, but now, as always, it is on the guilty that the rod falls. The close of 1915 found the Empire somewhat disappointed at the past, but full of grim resolution for the future.

[Sidenote: Change of command.]

One event had occurred in the latter end of the year which cannot be allowed to pass without comment. This was the retirement of Sir John French, and his return as Lord French to take command of the home forces. It is a difficult matter to get the true proportion, either of events or of characters, in so great an epoch as this. It will be years before the true scale will gradually be found. At the same time it can be said now with absolute certainty that the name of John French will go down to history for the sterling work that he has done during sixteen months of extreme military pressure. Nothing which the future could bring, however terrific our task, could {251} be charged with the same possibilities of absolute disaster as those operations of the past through which he and his brilliant subordinates had successfully brought the Army. His was the preparation of the troops before the campaign, his the responsibilities of mobilisation, and his the primary credit that they were in the fighting line by August 22, 1914--they who, upon August 4, had been scattered without their reserves or full equipment over a dozen garrison towns. This alone was a great feat. Then came the long, desperate fight to make head against a superior foe, the rally, the return, the fine change of position, the long struggle for the coast, the victory saddened by the practical annihilation of the old Regular Army, the absorption and organisation of the new elements, the resumption of the offensive, and that series of spirited actions which, if they never attained full success, were each more formidable than the last, and were all preparatory exercises for the great Somme battles of 1916. This was the record which Lord French took back with him to the Horse Guards, and it is one which can never be forgotten by his fellow-countrymen.

Sir Douglas Haig, who succeeded to the chief command, was the leader who would undoubtedly have been called to the vacant post by both Army and public had leaders been chosen in the old Pretorian fashion. From the beginning he and Smith-Dorrien had been the right and left hands of the Chief, and now that ill-health had unhappily eliminated the latter, Haig's claim was paramount. Again and again he had borne the heaviest part in the fighting, and had saved the situation when it seemed desperate. He was a man of the type which the {252} British love, who shines the brighter against a dark background. Youthful for so high a command, and of with a frame and spirit which were even younger than his years, with the caution of a Scotchman and the calculated dash of a leader of cavalry, he was indeed the ideal man for a great military crisis. No task might seem impossible to the man who had held back the German tide at Ypres. With Haig in command and with an Army which was ever growing in numbers, in quality, and in equipment, the British waited with quiet confidence for the campaign of 1916.

{253}

INDEX

Ainslie, General, 162

Alderson, General, 50, 57, 62, 134, 143

Alexander, Captain, 223

Allenby, General, 142, 244

Anley, General, 75, 86, 104, 155

Army Medical Service, 1

Aston, Lieutenant, 30

Baldock, General, 142

Ballard, General, 29, 152

Bannatine-Allason, General, 143

Barnett, Major, 161

Barrett, Captain Moulton, 35

Barter, General, 136, 143, 190, 192

Barton, Captain, 37

Bearman, Captain, 130

Beatty, Admiral Sir David, 168

Beecher, Lieutenant-Colonel, 146

Beith, Captain, 192

Bellewaarde, battle of, 82

Bennett, Captain Leigh, 5

Bernhardi and our Colonial Militia, 57

Bibby, Lieutenant, 17

Blagrove, Adjutant, 161

Bliss, Colonel, 17

Bottomley, Major, 130

Bowes, General, 90, 108, 150

Boyle, Colonel, 51, 52, 72

Bridgford, Colonel, 70

Briggs, General, 98

Brook, Colonel, 131

Brooks, Sergeant, V.C., 232

Bruce, General, 181, 195

Bulfin, General, 42, 109, 142, 144, 225, 226

Bulgaria joins the Central Powers, 171

Bulkeley-Johnson, General, 100

Burchall, Colonel, 56, 72

Burnett, Captain, 36

Burney, Staff-Major, 219

Burnyeat, Lieutenant, 35

Bush, Lieutenant, 4

Byng, General Sir Julian, 142

Cameron of Lochiel, Colonel, 183

Campbell, General, 149, 216

Campbell, Colonel, 41

Campbell, Major Carter, 18

Campbell-Dick, Captain, 123

Capper, General, 143, 201, 228

Carmichael, Captain, 14

Carter, General, 22

Carter, Colonel, 23

Carter, Captain, 201

Cavan, Lord, 5, 133, 221

Cavendish, Colonel Lord Richard, 77

Champagne, French offensive in, 170, 248

Chaplin, Colonel, 160

Chapman, General, 106

Checkland, Captain, 237

Chesham, Lord, 103

Clark, Colonel James, 94

Clark, Lieutenant, 90

Clifford, Lieutenant, 223

Coates, Captain, 213

Cochrane, General, 179, 241

Cockburn, General, 161

Collison-Morley, Colonel, 196

Compton, Lord, 103

Congreve, General, V.C., 142, 144, 161

Cooper, Major, 238

Couper, General, 142, 156, 244

Crabb, Lieutenant, 9

Craig, Lieutenant, 146

Croker, General, 93

Cuinchy, action of, 2

Curry, General, 59

Cuthbert, General, 136, 192

Daly, General, 179

Dardanelles, attempt to force the, 168, 170, 249

Davies, General, 143, 144

De Ligne, General, 65

De Lisle, General, 52, 66, 96, 109

Dent, Major, 207

Dering, Captain, 36

Dickens, General, 181

Dill, Major, 119

Dobson, Major, 215

D'Urbal, General, 6

Edgar, Major, 135

Edwards, Captain, 92

Egerton, Staff-Captain, 38

Elton, Lieutenant, 31

Evans-Freke, Colonel the Hon., 103

Evill, Colonel, 237

Fane, Captain, 95

Fanshawe, General, 23, 143

Farquhar, Colonel, 34

Ferguson, General, 7, 42, 109, 142

Ferguson, Colonel, 103

Ferrers, Captain, 17

Festubert, battle of, 115

Feveran, Captain, 23

Field, Lieutenant Hamilton, 49

Fielding, General, 221

Finegan, Captain, 149

Flower, Brigade-Major, 226

Foch, General, 166, 172, 225

Follett, Captain, 31

Forbes, Colonel, 31

Forestier-Walker, General, 203, 206, 208

Fortescue, General, 8, 10, 31, 108

Fowkes, Major, 6

Fowler, General, 233, 240

Fowler, Colonel, 238

Fraser, Colonel, 131

Freke, Colonel, 103

French, General Sir John, 12, 13, 42, 43, 97, 115, 125, 176, 196, 197, 217, 225, 250, 251

Fry, Lieutenant, 30

Gabbett, Colonel, 130

Gardner, Major, 11

Gault, Major, 89

Geddes, Colonel, 55, 72

Geen, Lieutenant, 160

George, Right Hon. David Lloyd, 137, 250

Gibson, Lieutenant, 233

Givenchy, actions at, 3, 145, 147

Gloster, General, 55, 213

Gough, General, killed, 8, 34

Gough, General Hubert, 175, 185

Gough, Colonel Worsley, 95

Graham, Colonel, 182

Graham, Major, 182

Graham, Lieutenant, 5

Green, Lieutenant, 4

Greenlees, Lieutenant, 130

Grenfell, Captain the Hon. J., 103

Griffin, Colonel, 155

Griffith, Colonel, 39

Griffiths, Major Norton, 35

Gunnis, Lieutenant Geoffrey, 232

Hadow, Colonel, 207

Haig, General Sir Douglas, 7, 13, 29, 115, 143, 144, 175, 251, 252

Haldane, General, 142, 144, 244

Hamilton, Colonel (Durham Light Infantry), 213

Hamilton, Colonel Douglas, 202

Hamilton, Lieutenant, 248

Harper, General, 24

Harrington, Captain, 25

Harrison, Captain, 31

Hasler, General, 64, 72

Hassell, Lieutenant, 130

Hawkes, Lieutenant, 237

Heath, Colonel, 187

Heyworth, General, 129, 221

Hibbert, General, 147

Hicks, Colonel, 73

Hill 60, battle of, 34-44

Hill 70, fight for, 202-225

Hohenzollern Redoubt, fight for, 220-240

Hooge, action at, 140-165

Horne, General, 179, 241

Hosley, Major, 182

Howard, Major, 210

Hubbard, Captain, 248

Hull, General, 62, 72, 76, 104

Hutton, General Sir Edward, 206

Italy joins the Allies, 171, 249

Jackson, Colonel, 105

Jacob, General, 19

James, Lieutenant, 4

Jelf, General, 219, 220, 221

Jellicoe, Admiral Sir John, 167

Jerome, Colonel, 42

Johnson, Major, 149

Johnston, Captain, 43

Jones, Colonel, 100

Joslin, Major, 35, 36

Kavanagh, General, 66, 101

Keary, General, 65

Keir, General, 142

Kelly, Lieutenant, 146

Khartoum, Bishop of, 133

Kipling, Lieutenant, 223

Kitchener, Lord, 137

Kut, British force besieged in, 170, 249

Laidlaw, Piper, V.C., 190

Landon, General, 143, 144, 181

Langden, Captain, 220

Langemarck, battle of, 45

Laskie, Captain, 216

Lawford, General, 129

Lawrence, Colonel, 99

Lawrence, Lieutenant, 188

Leckie, Colonel, 51, 52

Leckie, Major, 134

Lees, Major, 39

Leveson-Gower, Lord, 103

Liebenrood, Captain, 213

Lindsay, General, 142

Lipsett, Colonel, 65

Livingstone, Colonel, 219

Logan, Colonel, 213

Lomax, General, 109

Longley, General, 8, 29

Loos, battle of, 172-252; operations reviewed, 246

Lord, Major, 130

Loveband, Colonel, 105

Lowry-Cole, General, 16, 116, 119

Lowther, General, 123

_Lusitania_, sinking of the, 125

McAndrew, Colonel, 16

M'Cracken, General, 189

McGee, Colonel, 59

McHaig, Colonel, 72

MacIvor, Captain, 220

Maclean, Colonel, 182

McLean, Colonel, 26, 28

MacNaughton, Major, 4

M'Neil, Lieutenant, 191, 214

Mallandain, Lieutenant, 64

Margetts, Captain, 233

Markham, General, 245

Martin, Colonel (Lancaster), 72

Martin, Colonel (Leicester), 238

Mathieson, Lieutenant, 19

Maude, General, 34

Mercer, General, 53, 56

Mesopotamia, campaign in, 170

Miller, Lieutenant, 79

Mitford, General, 203, 214

Mitford, Major the Hon. C. B., 103

Monro, General, 109, 134, 165

Moriarty, Colonel, 105

Morland, General, 35, 41, 42, 142, 144, 165

Morrison-Bell, Major, M.P., 2

Neale, Colonel, 227

Neuve Chapelle, battle of, 12-28

Neville, Captain, 97

Nicholls, General, 208, 210

Nicholson, General, 163

Niven, Lieutenant, 89, 90

Norsworthy, Major, 58

Northey, General, 38, 42

Noyes, Major, 207

Nugent, General, 157, 160, 161

O'Gowan, General Wanless, 6, 35, 38, 42

Oldham, Major Leslie, 34

O'Leary, Private Michael, V.C., 5

Oxley, General, 120

Papineau, Lieutenant, 9, 90

Paterson, Major, 40

Paynter, Colonel, 28

Pereira, General, 226

Phillips, Hon. C. E. A., 103

Pickersgill, Lieutenant, 107

Pinney, General, 16, 18

Plumer, General, 7, 8, 10, 29, 46, 92, 96, 109, 142, 143

Ponsonby, General, 221, 232

Prowse, General, 77, 154

Prowse, Colonel, 31

Pryce, Captain Mostyn, 32

Pulman, Captain, 19

Pulteney, General, 7, 143

Purvis, Colonel, 191

Putz, General, 45

Ramsay, General Sir John, 23, 204

Ramsay, Colonel, 189

Rawlinson, General Sir Henry, 7, 14, 116, 175, 185

Rees, Captain, 4

Regiments:

_Artillery--_

Durham Territorial Artillery, 107

Hon. Artillery Company, 152

R.F.A., 40th Brigade, 5; 52nd Brigade, 185; 94th Brigade, 215

_Cavalry--_

1st Life Guards, 97

2nd Life Guards, 97

Royal Horse Guards (Blues), 97, 103

1st Dragoons (Royals), 79, 103

3rd Dragoon Guards, 97, 110

4th Dragoon Guards, 98

5th Dragoon Guards, 98

10th Hussars, 97

11th Hussars, 8, 98

18th Hussars, 98, 106

9th Lancers, 98, 106

16th Lancers, 8

Essex Yeomanry, 97, 103

Leicestershire Yeomanry, 97, 103

North Somerset Yeomanry, 97, 103

_Guards--_

Coldstream, 2, 4, 5, 6, 134, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 232, 248

Grenadier, 25, 26, 28, 129, 133, 221, 223, 224, 231, 232

Irish, 5, 6, 133, 221, 222, 223, 224, 232, 248

Scots, 2, 4, 25, 28, 129, 130, 221, 222, 223, 225

Welsh, 221, 224

_Infantry--_

Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 72, 76, 86, 92, 94, 105, 180, 184, 192

Artists' Rifles (28th London), 136

Bedford, 37, 38, 39, 78, 80, 203

Berkshire, 16, 28, 119, 120, 127, 180, 188, 240, 244

Black Watch, 3, 4, 120, 123, 125, 149, 184, 190, 194, 200, 225, 242, 243

Border, 25, 28, 129

Buffs (East Kent), 54, 77, 106, 107, 163, 165, 204, 205, 226, 227, 228, 233, 240

Cambridge, 30

Cameron Highlanders, 3, 41, 93, 94, 123, 131, 183, 188, 190, 191, 194, 200, 202

Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), 17, 28, 120, 147, 148, 190

Cheshire, 91, 108

Connaught Rangers, 68

Devon, 17, 18, 40, 41, 78, 80, 120, 185, 186

Dorset, 78, 80

Dublin Fusiliers, 72, 92, 105

Duke of Cornwall's, 8, 29, 30, 55, 71, 159, 160, 161

Durham Light Infantry, 60, 62, 64, 69, 106, 107, 160, 162, 164, 165, 213

East Lancashire, 18, 19, 64, 85, 86, 92, 99, 105, 120

East Surrey, 38, 39, 40, 64, 92, 106, 204, 227, 233, 240

East Yorkshire, 52, 58, 77, 86, 89, 162, 165, 206, 207

Essex, 75, 76, 98, 100, 105, 204

Gloucester, 3, 4, 93, 95, 123, 125, 188, 232

Gordon Highlanders, 25, 26, 28, 129, 147, 149, 184, 185, 190, 195, 245

Hampshire, 34, 65, 69, 86, 99

Herts, 133

Highland Light Infantry, 131, 133, 182, 190, 191, 241

Inniskilling Fusiliers, 127

Irish Fusiliers, 98

King's Liverpool, 23, 127, 128, 133, 149, 179, 187, 189, 232

King's Own Royal Lancaster, 71, 75, 77

King's Own Scottish Borderers, 35, 36, 42, 182, 183, 189, 190

King's Royal Rifles, 24, 71, 157, 158, 159, 160

Lancashire Fusiliers, 75, 76, 155

Leicester, 19, 28, 163, 235, 236, 237, 238

Leinster, 31, 33, 95

Lincoln, 16, 28, 119, 120, 150, 151, 208, 210, 214, 235, 236, 238, 244

Liverpool, 122

Liverpool Scottish, 150, 151, 153

London Rifle Brigade, 85, 99

London Scottish, 3, 187

1st London, 16, 28, 119

3rd London, 19, 28

6th London, 192

7th London, 192

8th London, 192

9th London (Queen Victoria Rifles), 38, 39, 136

12th London (Rangers), 60, 91, 92, 136

13th London (Kensington), 16, 28, 119, 121

15th London (Civil Service), 192

17th London (Poplar), 193, 196

18th London (Irish), 136, 192, 193, 196

19th London (St. Pancras), 193, 196

20th London (Blackheath), 136, 192, 193, 196

21st London, 136

22nd London, 136

23rd London, 136

24th London, 136

Manchester, 68

Middlesex, 17, 18, 55, 69, 92, 107, 180, 201, 227, 245

Monmouth, 35, 60, 75, 83, 85, 89, 91, 108, 236, 237

Munster Fusiliers, 123, 232

Norfolk, 201, 203, 240

Northampton, 5, 18, 120, 122, 188, 201, 219

North Lancashire, 122, 147, 148, 188

North Staffordshire, 235, 236

Northumberland Fusiliers, 68, 91, 108, 150, 151, 206, 207, 216

Oxford and Bucks, 131, 241, 245

Queen Victoria Rifles, 38, 39, 136

Queen's Westminsters, 136, 162, 164

Queen's (West Surrey), 129, 186, 204, 233, 241

Rifle Brigade, 16, 26, 28, 32, 58, 77, 89, 94, 98, 105, 119, 120, 154, 157, 158, 243, 244, 245

Rifles, 3, 10, 20, 31, 32, 90, 94, 98, 122, 127, 180, 188, 201, 245

Royal Fusiliers, 64, 65, 69, 77, 106, 107, 150, 151, 201, 219, 227

Royal Irish, 8, 31, 55, 62, 75, 85, 105

Royal Irish Fusiliers, 8, 30, 72, 86

Royal Irish Rifles, 16, 28, 119, 120, 245

Royal Lancaster, 9, 55, 85, 86, 104, 148

Royal Scots, 55, 94, 95, 129, 184, 192

Royal Scots Fusiliers, 28, 150, 151, 184, 191, 245

Royal West Kent, 9, 35, 36, 42, 204, 205, 233, 234

Seaforth Highlanders, 22, 28, 62, 72, 182, 184, 190, 194, 200

Sherwood Foresters, 18, 25, 28, 120, 162, 164, 165, 204, 235, 237, 238

Shropshire, 32, 55, 70, 89, 163, 165, 243, 245

Somerset Light Infantry, 77, 154, 208, 209

South Lancashire, 75, 83, 86, 245

South Staffordshire, 24, 129, 130, 179, 185, 235, 236, 237

South Wales Borderers, 4, 123, 125

Suffolk, 60, 90, 91, 108, 204, 205, 229

Sussex, 3, 5, 122, 188, 201, 220

Warwick, 72, 92, 129, 130, 155, 185, 186

Welsh, 4, 108, 123, 189, 198, 203, 229, 242

Welsh Fusiliers, 123, 129, 130, 180, 242

West Riding, 37, 71, 79, 80

West Yorkshire, 17, 18, 25, 210

Wiltshire, 29, 134, 152

Worcester, 18, 26, 28, 29, 127, 128, 152, 201

York and Lancaster, 55, 71, 77, 92, 163, 165, 208, 209, 227

Yorkshire, 206, 207, 208, 210

Yorkshire Light Infantry, 37, 86, 213, 215, 216, 227

Royal Engineers, 11, 35, 36, 38, 42, 43, 79, 84, 195, 198, 219

_Canadian--_

1st Canadians (Ontario), 53, 146

2nd Canadians, 53

3rd Canadians (Toronto), 53, 135

4th Canadians, 53

5th Canadians, 50, 135

7th Canadians (British Columbia), 135

8th Canadians (Winnipeg Rifles), 50, 65

10th Canadians, 51, 134, 135

13th Canadians (Royal Highlanders), 50, 53, 57, 58, 59, 134

14th Canadians (Montreal), 59, 134

15th Canadians (48th Highlanders), 50, 57, 58

16th Canadian Scottish, 51, 134

Princess Patricia's, 9, 32, 89, 98

King Edward's Horse, 137

Seely's Mounted Brigade, 137

Strathcona's Horse, 137

_Indian Army--_

129th Baluchis, 68

39th Garhwalis, 19, 28

1st Gurkhas, 71

3rd Gurkhas, 19, 20, 22, 28

4th Gurkhas, 22, 28, 71

8th Gurkhas, 19, 243

58th Indian Rifles (Vaughan's), 242

3rd Indian Sappers and Miners, 67

Jats, 22

34th Pioneers, 67

15th Sikhs, 133

33rd Sikhs, 242

69th Sikhs, 242

Rhodes, Lieutenant Arthur, 107

Rhodes-Moorhouse, Lieutenant, 73

Richard, Colonel, 123

Richebourg, battle of, 115

Richmond, Captain, 3

Riddell, General, 69, 72

Ritchie, General, 181

Ritchie, Lieutenant, 223

Roberts, Colonel, 227

Robertson, General, 180

Robins, Captain, 79

Robinson, Colonel, 91

Romer, Colonel, 205

Roupell, Lieutenant, V.C., 40

Rowe, Colonel Fisher, 28

Rutter, Major, 99

St. Eloi, action of, 29

Sackville, Lieutenant, 32

Sandall, Colonel, 238

Sandeman, Lieutenant, 49

Scott, General, 240

Scott, Lieutenant, 105

Seebold, Lieutenant, 183

Selby-Smith, Captain, 32

Sempill, Colonel Lord, 184

Severne, Lieutenant, 43

Shackles, Lieutenant, 220

Shipley, Colonel, 39

Sladen, Colonel, 36

Smith, General Douglas, 6, 150

Smith-Bingham, Colonel, 103

Smith-Dorrien, General Sir Horace, 7, 12, 13, 23, 29, 35, 46, 53, 66, 67, 142, 251

Smyth, Lieutenant, 133

Snow, General, 8, 109, 143, 144, 165

Somervail, Lieutenant, 18

Southey, General, 19

Sparling, Major, 183

Stansfeld, Colonel, 187

Steele, Colonel, 103

Stephens, General, 244

Stockwell, Captain, 130

Stockwell, Captain (Canadians), 146

Storer, Major, 210

Straubensee, General, 240

Stronguist, Captain, 213

Stuart, Colonel, 152

Stuart-Wortley, General, 142, 234, 244

Suatt, Captain, 23

Summerhays, Lieutenant, 39

Sutton, Sir Robert, 103

Tallents, Lieutenant, 248

Taylor, Major, 210

Thesiger, General, 32, 122, 181, 219, 228

Thwaites, General, 136, 192, 215

Townshend, General, 170

Towsey, Colonel, 162

Tulloh, Colonel, 93

Turner, General, 51

Uniacke, Colonel, 28

Vandenburg, Lieutenant, 90

Vansittart, Colonel, 205

Venables, Colonel, 233

Vickars, Captain, 238

Wallace, Colonel, 60, 91

Walter, Colonel, 210

Watson, Lieutenant, 39

Watts, General, 21

Way, Colonel, 207

Webb, Lieutenant, 23

Wendover, Viscount, 103

Widdington, Major, 10

Wilkinson, General, 206

Willcocks, General Sir James, 116

Williams, Lieutenant, 43

Williams, Lieutenant (Grenadier Guards), 232

Williams, Valentine, quoted, 79

Willoughby, General, 136, 192

Wilson, General, 109, 142, 144

Wing, General, 143, 144, 228

Wood, Colonel, 131

Woolley, Lieutenant, V.C., 39

Worthington, Colonel, 227

Wright, Colonel, 219

Wright, Lieutenant, 17

Würtemberg, Duke of, 46

Wynyard, Captain, 40

Ypres, second battle of, 45-114; result of the battle, 110; sequence of events, 111-114

Zeppelin raids on Britain, 169

THE END

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