Chapter 11

It seems that Descartes did not understand this. This problem seems to be difficult to be understood even in our days, taking into account that the mathematician Godel "proved" the existence of God, without any interaction with external reality.

1642 BC: Rembrandt van Rijn, the painter Rembrandt marks a moment when the human brain reaches a peak in building and operating image models.

1687 BC: Newton's Mechanics After Euclid's Geometry (about 2000 years ago) this is the second fundamental symbolic model created by the human mind. It is a big step in the evolution of the brain. Starting with Newton, the development of the capacity to build and operate symbolic models accelerates, and this process continues today.

Newton is not well understood even in our days. Some dictionaries say that Newton discovered the law of gravity. This law was introduced by Newton to save his theory. The inertia principle states that any material body, which is left free, is moving in a straight line, with constant velocity to infinity. But in the external reality such a phenomenon is not met. The planets are moving on closed trajectories in space. The only solution to save the theory was to invent a new force, which was called "gravity".

Einstein, for instance, says that gravity does not exist. The apparent attraction between the material bodies is generated by the change of the shape of the space. He is able to explain some phenomena which cannot be understood based on the Newton's gravity (the precession of the planet Mercury, e.g.).

Newton's mechanics continues to make good predictions on Earth and near space. It is not changed since over 300 years.

1749 BC: Sign language This is one of the first artificial languages (a symbolic model). It translates the GCL into another language, based on signs and gestures.

1781 BC: Immanuel Kant Kant was able to understand some basic things in association with knowledge, but although he knew Euclid's and Newton's theories (symbolic models), he was not able to understand the means and methods of a positive science. He did not build any symbolic model. In his books, one can find lots of definitions almost on any page, but Kant does not understand that such definitions cannot be correlated in a logical way, without the frame of a fundamental symbolic model.

1791 BC: Napoleon MDT considers that there are two basic modes of interaction between a brain and the external reality: to predict the evolution of the external reality (ZM-models) and to act on the external reality (ZAM-models).

A war can start only if a big fraction of the population has almost the same ZAM, and if that ZAM is associated to war. War can be associated with an increase in the level 2 of consciousness of the population. I mean, when level-2 is high enough to believe that it will be better after a war, but no so high to understand that there could be some other alternative solution, then the tendency to war could really start the war. This idea seems to be interesting in explaining why so many people are so happy to go to war, and why this tendency is so powerful even today (e.g. WW1 and 2).

1834 BC: Braille writing 1837 BC: Morse code

1854 BC: The symbolic logic of George Boole The facility to build and operate symbolic models increased to such a level that the brain was not able anymore to keep the models in mind. George Boole invented a language to write symbolic models.

1859 BC: Charles Darwin

Darwin's evolution theory is not based on a symbolic model. It is rather based on the systematic of some primary data. Thus, it is not a positive science and so, its prediction could be good only on short range.

1867 BC: Das Kapital by Karl Marx This aberation sounds good on image models. The basic idea is that the "capitalist" takes about all the money and the "working class" is forced to work for peanuts.

The theory was based on some image models, which were understood easily by the population of those times. As we know, it is not possible to find the right importance of an element or relationship on an image model. Thus, an image model can be tailored to prove anything, based on external reality. Such a method doesn't build a theory, but an ideology. Ordinary people easily understand an ideology, because it sounds good, and is able to answer any question.

When Marx's theory appeared, the control of the economy was based on short range symbolic models. So, long-range problems were not predicted. The lack of stability of the society in that period was an effect of this problem. Later, society advanced to take into account the long-range problems too and so, social-democratic movements appeared.

1878 BC: Jehovah's Witnesses In time, as the capacity to make and operate symbolic models increased, the "classical" Christian religion was under pressure to change to meet the new requirements. It resulted in reform movements in the frame of the Christian religion. Instead, Jehovah's Witnesses make a new model starting from scratch.

1900 BC: Max Planck introduces Quantum Mechanics

Quantum Mechanics is the first purely symbolic model associated to external reality. Such a model is "pure", because it cannot be translated or associated with any image model. This is a very high step in the evolution of the brain (level 5 of evolution).

Based on data, it seems that Max Planck understood from the beginning that his theory was good, but he was blocked by the fact that imagination does not work in understanding it. It seems that Albert Einstein pushed him to publish the theory.

Quantum Mechanics cannot be translated to image models. If someone forces such a translation, aberations or logical contradictions occur. The best known problem is the nature of light. Quantum Mechanics predicts that light is both wave and particle. This situation cannot be understood based on image models.

Quantum Mechanics pushed forward the evolution of society on a very high technological level (e.g. the transistors and the lasers are the basic components to build computers).

1905 BC: Albert Einstein, the theory of the relativity

Einstein starts from Euclid's Geometry and Newton's Mechanics to make a new theory, to extend the knowledge to atomic and sub-atomic levels, and to the far Universe. The "marriage" between Quantum Mechanics and the theory of Relativity builds the main tool to understand sub-atomic "Universe".

This new symbolic model was created based on a new Geometry and some new principles. Together with Quantum Mechanics, the Theory of the Relativity speeds up the evolution of society.

1914 BC: The First World War (The Great War)

1917 BC: Communism in Russia Communism is an ideology. It is based on an image model translated to some short-range symbolic models.

The main problem of the Russian society of that time was a huge dispersion between the level of understanding of the external reality from one person to another. Even worse, the level was low compared to Western Europe. Communism was only a fast solution to the problem, at least on short-range. Of course, an invariant ideology could be useful only on short-range. As we know, the communist system crashed due to the lack of economic efficiency, but the basic cause is associated to its invariance.

The problem of the dispersion between individuals, countries or cultural zones continues to be a big problem of human society. The problem has a tendency to get worse and worse.

1928 BC: Walt Disney As the evolution to symbolic models speeded up, the brain also increased the conceptualization level of the image models. The cartoons are based on such concept image models. Everybody (including childrens) easily understands them.

1938: World War 2

Both world wars starting in Europe occured in a very complex set of known and unknown factors. MDT can be used to evaluate the problem.

Since Napoleon, there was a general tendency to war in Europe. MDT says that there must be a war-associated ZAM, which must be assimilated and accepted by the majority of the population. Also, the consciousness level has to be high enough to think that the war will solve all the problems, but not high enough to understand that this is not true.

One example of such a ZAM could be "we have better weapons" or "we are powerful enough to win". Of course, the attacked people have a ZAM as "we must defend our country". It is possible that such action models create conditions for a war. But, such models, even if they are assimilated and accepted by the population, are not enough to start a war. There must be also a big enough number of high-ranking persons to plan such a war, and a series of technical conditions.

Another factor, which is associated with the war start will be described below. The people who are in command are usually image-type persons, but symbolic-type persons make the weapons. Only symbolic-type persons are able to understand the power of such weapons, but such persons are not in command. Once a war starts, the image-type leaders lose the control of the short and long-range consequences. For instance, the leaders of the Second World War understood the weapons, based on the experience of the weapons of the First World War. In the WW1 the tanks were "exotic" weapons and planes, too. Very soon the tanks and planes changed totally the manner of evolution of a war. It was not possible to predict the destructions on such a large scale by the WW1- type persons who started WW2.

This problem continues to exist even now. In some less developed parts of the world, the leaders and soldiers could be image-type persons, who are not able to understand the power of the weapons used by them. They are also not able to make such weapons. For instance, the war in Rwanda produced a huge number of victims. The different groups of population fought each other since the beginning of history and it was not a big problem. The problem occured when they obtained advanced weapons without being themselves advanced enough to understand their power.

1948: The Cold War

Communist paranoia has slowed down some nations to understand basic concepts as "economic efficiency". Communist leaders have understood this problem, but Communist ideology, as any ideology, cannot be modified. Any change of any ideology will distroy it. The apparent reason why the Communist system crashed was a very low economic efficiency. The basic reason was the increase of the level of understanding of the external reality based on symbolic models by the population.

1979...1994: The fundamentalist Iran, Idi Amin in Uganda, famine in Etiopia, Iran-Irak war, famine in Somalia, war in Rwanda.

There are some nations, which cannot evolve due to internal or external factors. A slowing down of the evolution seems to be a general tendency in an important fraction of the world.

A typical situation was in Somalia. The facts are: 1. In Somalia was famine. Many died. 2. Western countries (USA included) brought them food. 3. When they obtained enough food, they attacked the US troops. 4. USA left Somalia very fast. 5. Western countries changed their basic principle "life is the supreme value" to a new concept as "we do not help those who do not help themselves too".

The first consequence of this change was ignoring the situation from Rwanda.

1993: Terrorist attack on WTC in New York City 2001: Another devastating terrorist attack on WTC (passenger airplanes crashed into WTC).

Individuals, groups or cultural zones where the evolution based on symbolic models is blocked, generate terrorism. In such a situation, fundamentalist action is expected. That is, people turn back to image models. As we know, it is not possible to know the importance of an element or a relation, on an image model. Thus, a person based on image models only, has a tendency for paranoia. The logical arguments are not taken into account, because the logic is associated with symbolic models only.

On the other hand, some important cultural zones are speeding up their advance based on symbolic models. They gain more and more power due to this.

This is the overall situation now.

Abstract: the evolution of the brain means the increased power of the symbolic models. The main steps are:

1. Spoken language (about 140 thousands of years ago) 2. Phonetic writing (3700 to 2900 years ago) 3. Euclid's Geometry (2300 years ago) 4. Newton Mechanics (340 years ago) 5. Quantum Mechanics (100 years ago) 6. Some cultural zone speed up their evolution based on symbolic models, but in other zones there is a tendency to turn back to image models (fundamentalist tendency). Some fundamentalist tendencies occur in symbolic countries too.

ETA 18: The organization of the human society

Faced with external reality, any individual builds and operates some models to predict the evolution of the external reality. The majority of the population is based on image models. One of the organization principles of the human society is:

The majority is seldom right.

This principle is a direct consequence of reflecting the external reality based on image models.

The evolution of society means that there is a dynamic (a continuous change in time). But, as we already know, it is very hard to change a structure of models.

A second principle states that:

The persons who are able to lead the society must be changed from time to time, even if they seem to be able to lead the evolution process.

The first principle says that a team of "symbolic" qualified persons should elect the leading persons, and the second principle says that such persons must be changed from time to time.

The present democratic society is based on these principles, as MDT just explained why.

When in a situation associated with the evolution of the society, a decision has to be taken; on image models, the decision is based on feelings, or impressions, or some local models. On a symbolic model, such a decision is based on parameters and their associated values. So, the importance of every element or relationship is controllable.

Example: there is a law of the propagation of errors in mathematics. It says how much the result of a formula is changed when a term is changed, let's say, e.g. by 1%. The importance of every element or relationship is given in a very precise way.

In future (not in the next 50 years, I guess), there will be a single symbolic model associated to the society. Such a model will be able to characterize the society in the same way as the mechanical world is characterized by Newton's model.

Based on simulation, it will be possible to predict the evolution of the society, based on some basic decision. The population will have to know these predictions and choose one or another based on its short-range and long-range interest.

It is supposed that in some very advanced countries such models already exist. The main problem is that the political parties and the population are on a general evolution level that is too low for a "symbolic" understanding of the society.

ETA 19: The schizophrenic-paranoiac complex (XSPC).

XSPC is described only associated to non-pathological schizophrenic persons (XS1-type).

Based on MDT, schizophrenia means a reduced ability to build and operate long- range models.

XS1 schizophrenia is a non-pathological form, which is associated with the activity of a large fraction of the population in a normal society.

Paranoia XP means that there is an ordinary model in the protection structure of models. Such an OMPSM forces a person to distort the importance of the primary facts to be accepted by OMPSM.

Thus, an XS1-type person is not able to build long-range models, but he/she is able to build short-range models. The result is that such a person has a large number of short-range models, which are associated with almost all the features of the external reality. A XS1 person is able to integrate into a society, often in very good positions.

Schizophrenics can't build efficient long-range models, but can build very good short-range models. The incapacity of building long-range model means that they have many uncorrelated short-range models. When they are forced to couple/correlate several models, as they haven't got the capacity to do it, they will distort the correlation between them. It happens in the same way as for paranoiac persons, but for schizophrenics, paranoia is induced dynamically. (At different moments, there are different distortions). This is XSPC.

The present educational system has the tendency to create schizophrenic persons with XSPC symptoms. XSPC is generated by the classical educational system, where lessons are based on elements, without insisting on the relationship between elements. The capacity to make on one's own such correlation is not favoured by the educational system. As in school the construction on long-range models is not taught, the persons will lose more and more this ability. Thus, school, at all levels, favours the occurence of XS1B, and also XSPC, in perfectly sane children. This characterizes school all over the world.

Application: Let's build the full history of Europe, for secondary school level, in a normal lesson of 50 minutes.

The main problem is to select what is important and what is not. The normal solution is to make a long-range model and to declare it in an explicit form. Such a model will be able to select, in a coherent mode, what is important and what not.

There is a development history of the human species in this book. This history is based on a long-range model, which says that all the evolution of the human species is based on the continuous increase of the power of the symbolic models. Thus, this model is able to select what is important and what not.

Some people could have other ideas. There is no problem. They must declare their long-range model and make another history. In every situation, there will be a correlation between the short-range models, which are the elements of the long-range model. This is the normal situation, according to MDT.

Conclusion: XS1 persons are based on a large collection of short-range models, which are built by direct interaction with the external reality. When such persons are forced to connect some models in between them (to cover a larger section of the external reality), they are forced to connect such independent models. This can be done only by the distorsion of some models to fit with one another. But, this is similar with the behavior of a paranoiac person. This is XSPC (paranoiac behaviour due to a schizophrenic structure of models).

ETA 20: Induced paranoia (XIP) and paranoiac-schizophrenic complex (XPSC).

XIP affects normal persons who are forced to use a basic model in every situation.

E.g. the members of the Communist parties are forced to accept that the "working class" is the leader of the society. This model is not in PSM (the person has no illness) but, they are forced to use this model.

This externally-imposed model determines that any data from external reality should be compatible with the externally-imposed model. Their structure of models evolves in a paranoiac-type structure (it is not possible to discuss freely with such persons).

A "soft" form of XIP occurs in people that are representatives of a state institution.

For the XP paranoiac persons (there is an OMPSM), the external data could collide with the OMPSM. The solution for them is to distort any external information to be compatible with their OMPSM. But, in a complex structure of external realities, this method cannot work (it is not possible anymore to build a harmonic/logic structure of models by distorsion). The only solution is to fragment the data. This means that the same facts from external reality have a different interpretation depending on the environment. This is XPSC.

Conclusion: a paranoiac structure of models evolves to schizophrenia too, as the external reality is more and more complex.

ETA 21: Disharmonies of the functions of the brain

We know from the general theory that two basic modes of interactions between humans and external reality exist. The first consists in obtaining better and better models of the external reality (ZM). The second is modifying external reality based on action models (ZAM).

Disharmonies are associated with the importance given to each facility. Thus, there are two categories of humans: more knowledge or more action oriented.

Without action on the external reality, knowledge is limited. On the other hand, people with a reduced knowledge of the external reality can't build good quality models, and so the capacity of action on the external reality is limited or inefficient.

Disharmonies are thus determined by the following factors: - the capacity to build models of the external reality - the capacity to build action models - the capacity to activate action models.

All these three factors are in a very close interdependency, whatever the interaction between the brain and external reality might be.

A disharmony cannot be associated with a psychical or a pathological status. The disharmonies contribute to what we call personality.

In this chapter, we will talk about people who have no disharmonies. The perfect situation is the case of those who build action models compatible with the models of the external reality. These people are those who do not intend to do more than they are able to. Such people will succeed in all they want to do. They are happy people.

However the happy people have little contribution to the progress of society, even if they contribute significantly to its stability.

Example: A man wants to buy a very expensive car. Lacking money, the action model can't be activated. This man is unhappy. Another one wants to buy a pencil. He succeeds to do it, and as such, he is happy.

Disharmonic people move society forward. They are essentially unhappy people. If they succeed in the end to do what they wished for, soon their disharmonic structure will make them build other action models which are not suitable to external reality and the cycle restarts.

ETA22: Subliminal messages

When external reality changes, the local ZM won't make good predictions and the brain will in consequence look for/build a new model suitable to the new external reality. However some time to react is needed.

In the case of subliminal messages we have an image which will produce a new M-model. This will have to activate a ZM-SL (SL= subliminal), but before the activation of the new ZM-SL, the dominant external reality will reappear, which will immediately reactivate the initial ZM. Thus ZM-SL has time to be built, but will not be activated. This will have the effect on a person as an idea or tendency to something, without an explicit reason. Of course these thoughts influence methods can create big disorders in the structure of models of a given brain, as some half-elaborated models have to be integrated in the normal structure of models. ZM-SL can become illegal models. This is why subliminal messages are forbidden, at least in advertising, all over the world.

ETA23: How a positive science works

A positive science is a symbolic model (SM) integrated in GCL, which is associated to an external reality. Let's explain this statement.