CHAPTER XXIII.

BAKU TO TIFLIS.--THE CAPITAL OF THE CAUCASUS.--MOUNTAIN TRAVELLING.--CROSSING THE RANGE.--PETROLEUM LOCOMOTIVES.--BATOUM AND ITS IMPORTANCE.--TREBIZOND AND ERZEROOM.--SEBASTOPOL AND THE CRIMEA.--SHORT HISTORY OF THE CRIMEAN WAR.--RUSSO-TURKISH WAR OF 1877-78.--BATTLES IN THE CRIMEA AND SIEGE OF SEBASTOPOL.--VISITING THE MALAKOFF AND REDAN FORTS.--VIEW OF THE BATTLE-FIELDS.--CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE AT BALAKLAVA.--PRESENT CONDITION OF SEBASTOPOL.--ODESSA.--ARRIVAL AT CONSTANTINOPLE.--FRANK'S DREAM.--THE END. 480

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Winter Scene in Russia _Frontispiece._ Fred's Reminder 15 St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna 16 View of the Palace of Cracow 17 Kosciusko, 1777 18 Kosciusko, 1817 19 Church of St Mary, Cracow 20 Polish Jew of high Rank 21 Polish Jews of the Middle Class 22 Our Guide in Costume 23 The Inspector-general 24 The Shaft 26 Descending the Shaft 27 Lamp-bearers 28 A Foot-path 29 An Underground Chapel 31 Men Cutting Salt in the Mine 32 Finishing the Columns 33 Subterranean Stables 34 A Mining Singer 35 "Glück-auf!" 36 Fête in the Grand Saloon of Entertainment 37 A Retired Director 38 Outer Wall of Cracow 40 Custom-house Formalities 41 Passport not Correct 42 In the Passport Bureau 43 Way Station on the Railway 45 Before Examination 46 After Examination 47 Scene on the Railway 48 Shutes for loading Coal on the Railway 49 Polish National Costumes 50 Peasant's Farm-house 51 Royal Palace at Warsaw 52 Shrine at a Gate-way 53 Lake in the Park 54 A Business Man of Warsaw 55 In St. Petersburg 56 Isvoshchiks in Winter 59 Drosky Drivers 60 Sledge of a high Official 63 Russian Workmen on their way Home 65 Russian Officer with Decorations 66 A Russian Priest 68 Convent of Solovetsk in the Frozen Sea 71 The Inundation of 1824 72 Statue of Peter the Great 73 Improvising a Statue 75 Tea-sellers in the Streets 77 Russian Restaurant at the Paris Exposition 78 An Out-door Tea-party 79 Russian Mujiks drinking Tea 81 Plant from which Yellow Tea is made 82 Column in Memory of Alexander I. 83 Peter the Great 85 Assassination of Peter III. 87 Paul I. 88 Russian and Finn 89 Dvornik and Postman 90 Lodgings at the Frontier 91 Ordered to leave Russia 92 Finland Peasants in Holiday Costume 94 Inhabitants of Southern Russia 95 St. Isaac's Church and Admiralty Square 96 Priest of the Church of St. Isaac 98 Catherine II. of Russia 99 Reception of John Paul Jones by the Empress Catherine 101 Russian Attack on the Turkish Galley 103 The Orloff Diamond 104 Nicholas I. 105 Peter III. 106 Circassian Arms as Trophies of Battle 107 Statue of Nicholas I. 108 Politeness in the Market-place 111 Importuning a Visitor 113 Frozen Animals in the Market 114 Market for old Clothes 116 Pigeons in a Russian City 118 Persian Horses presented by the Shah 119 Russian Peasant Girl 120 Russian Nurse-maid and Children 121 Some of Kriloff's Friends 122 Kriloff's Characters in Convention 123 The Fox as a Law-giver 126 One of Kriloff's Characters 127 Closing Scene in a Russian Play 128 Kriloff's Statue in the Summer Garden, St. Petersburg 129 Press-room of a Daily Newspaper 131 Interviewing an Editor 132 Prince Gortchakoff 133 Cabinet and Chair in the Palace 135 Illumination in a Russian Park 136 Tapestry and Fire Utensils at Peterhof 137 Door-way of Peter's House at Zaandam, Holland 138 A Student of Navigation 139 Steam Frigate near Cronstadt 140 Frigate under Sail and Steam 141 The _Dreadnought_--type of the _Peter the Great_ 142 The Russian Army--Regular Troops 143 Cossack Lancers and Russian Guard-house 144 The Russian Army--Irregular Troops 146 Grand-duke Michael 148 Iron-clad Steamer of the Baltic Fleet 149 Little Folks at School 151 Learning to Weave 152 Mineral Cabinet in the University 153 Parlor in a High-school for Women 155 Private Room of a wealthy Student 156 Lower Recitation-room 157 One of the Professors 158 Descending a Shaft 159 Galleries in a Mine 160 In the Library 161 A College Dormitory 162 Jewish Burial-ground 163 Clothes-dealer of Moscow 164 A Russian Troika 165 A Villa on the Island 166 A Russian Family 167 Culprit Street-sweepers 169 A Business Transaction 170 Peter the Great dressed for Battle 171 An Imperial Nosegay 173 Mujiks playing Cards 174 Peasant's House in Southern Russia 176 Peasants' Huts 178 Esthonian Peasants 179 Alexander II., the Liberator of the Serfs 181 Alexander III., Emperor of Russia 182 Battle between Russians and Circassians 184 Schamyl's Village in the Caucasus 185 The Empress Marie Féodorovna, Wife of Alexander III. 186 Russian Peasants at their Recreation 187 "Who is the Spy?" 189 Officers sitting in Judgment 191 Russian Grand-duke and Grand-duchess 192 Fur-bearing Seals 194 Sea-otter 195 The Beaver 195 The Ermine 196 The Raccoon 196 Russian Ice-hills 198 Soldiers off Duty--Butter-week 199 The Easter Kiss--agreeable 200 The Easter Kiss--in the Family 200 The Easter Kiss--difficult 201 The Easter Kiss--disagreeable 201 The Emperor's Easter Kiss 203 Peasant Girl in Winter Dress 204 A Bath in the East 206 Russian Street Scene in Winter 208 Lost in a Snow-storm 210 Workmen of Novgorod--Glazier, Painter, and Carpenters 212 An Old Norse Chief 213 View on the Steppe 216 Ivan the Terrible 217 Alexis Michailovitch, Father of Peter the Great 219 Michael Feodorovitch, First Czar of the Romanoff Family 220 Too near to be pleasant 221 Wolf attacking its Hunters 222 Old Picture in the Church 224 A Bishop of the Greek Church 225 Millennial Monument at Novgorod 227 Russian Boats 228 Portrait of Catherine II. in the Kremlin Collection 229 Street Scene in Moscow 231 Bivouacking in the Snow 232 Battle between French and Russians 233 Napoleon Retreating from Moscow 235 Alexander I. 236 View in the Kremlin 237 A Prisoner ordered to Execution 238 The Kremlin of Moscow 239 The Great Bell underground 240 Visiting the Great Bell 241 Empress Anne 242 The Empress Elizabeth 243 Coronation of Alexander III. 245 Peter II. 246 Bishop in his Robes 247 Great Gun at Moscow 249 The Cathedral at Moscow 250 Napoleon's Retreat from Moscow 251 Dress of Peasants--Scene from a Russian Opera 253 A Dressing-room of the Opera-house 254 Working the Ship in "L'Africaine" 255 Minin-Pojarsky Monument 257 Peter's Escape from Assassination 258 Peter the Great as Executioner 260 Catherine I. 261 Catherine II. 263 Grand-duke Nicholas Alexandrovitch 264 Skinned and Stuffed Man 266 Russian Beggars 267 Tartar Coffee-house in Southern Russia 269 Gallery in the Palace 270 Copy of Picture in the Monastery 272 Window in Church of the Trinity 273 Pity the Poor 274 Curious Agate at Troitska 275 Paper-knife from Troitska--St. Sergius and the Bear 276 Specimens of Ecclesiastical Painting on Glass 277 Russian Cooper's Shop and Dwelling 278 Nijni Novgorod during the Fair 280 Nijni Novgorod after the Fair 281 Tartar Merchant 282 Returning from the Fair 283 Launching a Russian Barge 285 Tartar Village near the Volga 286 Tartar Baker's Shop 287 A Siberian Village 289 Petropavlovsk, Kamtchatka.--Mount Avatcha in Background 290 A Herd of Reindeer 291 Dog teams and Reindeer 293 Light-house at Ghijigha 294 Ermine-trap 295 Interior of a Native House 295 The Reindeer 296 Fish-market at Nicolayevsk 297 Scenery on the Amoor 298 Gilyak Woman 299 Gilyak Man 299 Native Boat--Amoor River 300 Goldee Children 300 A Goldee Man and Woman 301 Inauguration of Genghis Khan 302 Junction of the Argoon and Shilka to form the Amoor 303 Scene in a Posting Station 304 A Tarantasse 306 Changing Horses at a Siberian Station 307 The Right of Way in Russia 309 Getting out of Difficulty 310 Valley of the Amoor above Ouk-se-me 312 Interior of an Exile's Hut 314 Exiles passing through a Village 315 A Town built by Exiles 317 Banished for Five Years 318 Banished for Three Years 318 Colonist's Village in Winter 319 Exiles leaving Moscow 321 Tagilsk, centre of Iron-mines of Siberia 322 A Siberian Valley 323 Two Exiled Friends Meeting 325 Escaping Exiles crossing a Stream 326 Ivanoff's Cave 327 Exiles among the Mountains 329 Siberian Peasants 331 Siberian Milk-women 332 Siberia in Summer 333 An Exile Peasant and his Friends 335 A Siberian Landscape 336 Girls Playing at Skakiet 337 A Village Festival 338 Russian Peasant Women 340 Making Calls after a Wedding 342 Ceremony after a Peasant's Wedding 343 The Mountains near Chetah 345 A Bouriat Village 346 A Wandering Priest 347 Crossing the Selenga 349 Finding Lodgings at Kiachta 351 Chinese Cash from Mai-mai-chin 352 Articles of Russian Manufacture 353 Scene in a Chinese Temple 354 Theatre at Mai-mai-chin 355 The Tiger 356 A Natural Arch on Lake Baikal 357 Caverns on Lake Baikal 358 Part of Irkutsk 359 View of the Principal Square in Irkutsk 360 Dressed for the Road 362 A Vashok 363 My Kibitka 364 Farewell to Irkutsk 365 Work of the Frost-king 367 Interior of a Russian Inn 369 Mail-driver and Guard 370 Distant View of a Siberian Village 371 Soldiers in Siberian Ferry-boats 373 View of Krasnoyarsk from the opposite Bank of the Yenisei 374 A Dangerous Ride 376 Beggar at a Siberian Station 378 Policeman at Krasnoyarsk 380 Hills near a Siberian River 381 Jumping an "Oukhaba" 382 Wolves Attacking a Buffalo 384 A Siberian Wolf 385 Summer and Winter in Russia 386 Village on a Russian Estate 388 A Slight Mishap 389 Summer View near Barnaool 391 Attacked by a Tiger 393 Bearcoots and Wolves 394 The Steppe in Summer 395 Specimen of Rock-crystal 397 Monument at the Boundary 397 Western Slope of the Ural Mountains 398 Descending a Hill-side Road 400 Baptizing through the Ice 401 End of the Sleigh-ride 402 Offering of the Villagers 404 Shoeing an Ox 406 Knife-whip 407 Armenian Bishop of Astrachan 408 A Tartar Khan 409 Tartar Postilions 410 Tartar Palaces in Southern Russia 411 Gypsy Family at Astrachan 412 An Oil-steamer on the Caspian Sea 413 Tanks at a Storage Depot 413 View in an Oil Region 414 Bits for Drilling Wells 415 A Spouting Well 416 Derrick and Tanks in the American Oil Region 417 An Oil Refinery with Tank Cars 419 Tartar Camel-cart at Baku 420 Ancient Mound near the Caspian Sea 421 Curious Rock Formations 422 Modern Fire-worshippers--Parsee Lady and Daughter 423 A Burning Tank 425 A Fall in Oil 426 A Rise in Oil 426 Camp Scene near the Altai Mountains 429 A Kalmuck Priest 430 Scene on the Edge of the Kirghese Steppe 431 Kirghese Group 432 Kirghese Chief and Family 433 Caravan in Russian Territory 434 Kirghese Raid on a Hostile Tribe 436 Lasgird--A Fortified Village in Northern Persia 438 Tower of Refuge 439 Framework of Turcoman Tent 440 The Tent Covered 440 Interior of Tent 441 Vámbéry's Reception by Turcoman Chief on the Caspian Shore 442 Receiving Payment for Human Heads--Khiva 443 Turcoman Trophy--A Russian Head 445 Kökbüri--A Race for a Bride 447 View of the Citadel of Khiva 448 An Ozbek Head 449 Map showing the Relations of Russia and England in the East 451 Sand-storm in the Desert 452 Turcoman Court of Justice 453 Kirghese Tomb 454 Charge of Russian Cavalry against Turcomans 455 Russian Army on the Turcoman Steppes 457 Winter Camp in Turcomania 459 Turcoman Irrigating Wheel 460 Scene at a Ferry on the Oxus 461 Map of the Russo-Afghan Region 462 Turcoman Woman Spinning 464 Village of Turcoman Tents 465 The New Russo-Afghan Frontier 466 Old Sarakhs 468 Sarik Turcoman Woman 469 Pul-i-Khisti and Ak Tapa 470 Penjdeh 471 Colonel Alikhanoff 472 The Great Highway of Central Asia 473 Turcoman Farm-yard 475 Map of Turkestan, showing Route of Trans-Caspian Railway 476 Crossing a River in Central Asia 478 A Native Traveller 479 Looking down on the Steppe 481 View of Tiflis 483 The Pass of Dariel, Caucasus 485 Governor-general of the Caucasus 486 Ruined Fortress in the Caucasus 487 Ruined Church near Batoum 488 Quarantine Harbor, Trebizond 489 View of Erzeroom 490 Turkish Authority 492 View of Sebastopol 495 Ruins of the Malakoff, Sebastopol 496 Russian Carpenters at Work 498 Cossacks and Chasseurs 499 British Soldiers in Camp 501 Alfred Tennyson 502 A Broken Tarantasse 503 The Bosporus 504 Map to accompany the Boy Travellers in the Russian Empire _Front Cover._ Map showing the Russian Empire Routes as Described by the Boy Travellers _Back Cover._

THE BOY TRAVELLERS

IN THE

RUSSIAN EMPIRE.