Part 7

_Brazil_ is the largest of the countries of South America, and is level and fertile, producing tobacco, sugar, indigo, coffee, and pepper. Diamonds are found here. In the interior, vast herds of wild cattle abound. They are hunted for their hides, which form the chief export article of the country.

EUROPE.

1. _For what is Europe celebrated?_ 2. What are its principal divisions? 3. How is Denmark[7] bounded? 4 to 19. How is each of the other divisions bounded? 20. In what part of Europe is Russia? 21. Spain? 22. Norway?[8]

23. Where are the Ural mountains? 24. What mountains are in Italy? 25. In Switzerland? 26. In Austria? 27. Where are the Pyrenees? 23. How are the Hæmus mountains situated? 29. The Dofrafeld mountains? 30. _What Volcano is on the island Sicily?_ 31. Where is Mount Hecla, another volcano?

32. Where is lake Constance? 33. What lakes in Russia lie between the Gulf of Finland and the White sea? 34. Where is lake Ilmen? 35. Lake Wener?

36. Between what countries is the Gulf of Bothnia? 37. What bay is north from Spain? 38. What gulf lies between Italy and Austria? 39. How is the Gulf of Taranto situated? 40. Gulf of Riga?

41. What seas between Europe and Asia? 42. What sea south from Europe? 43. How is the Baltic situated? 44. The White sea?

45. The Ural river rises in the Ural mountains, and forms, in part, the eastern boundary of Russia; into what sea does it flow? 46. What rivers rise in Spain, and flow through Portugal? 47. What other rivers rise in Spain? 48. What rivers intersect the Netherlands? 49. What river of France flows south into the Mediterranean?

50. In what country is the Volga river? 51. Into what does it flow? 52. What city is at its mouth? 53. What rivers in Prussia? 54. What rivers flow into the White sea? 55. Into the Bay of Biscay?

56. What connects the Mediterranean sea with the Atlantic ocean? 57. The Sea of Marmora with the Archipelago? 58. With the Black sea? 59. Where are the Straits of Caffa? 60. Where is Skager Rack?

61. Where is North Cape? 62. Cape La Hogue? 63. Cape Matapan? 64. What capes of Spain are on the coast of the Mediterranean? 65. Which is more northwardly, Cape Ortegal or Finisterre? 66. What cape is the southwest part of Portugal? 67. What is the latitude of the Rock of Lisbon?

68. What islands in the Mediterranean between Italy and Spain? 69. What island lies south from the Archipelago sea? 70. What island lies northeast from Greece? 71. Where is the island Cyprus? 72. Where are Ushant and Bellisle islands?

73. Which way from Ireland is Iceland? 74. What islands on the coast of Norway? 75. Which way from Spain are the British Isles? 76. What islands lie in the Baltic sea? 77. Where are the Shetland and Feroe islands?

78. What peninsula extends from the southern part of Russia into the Black sea? 79. Where is the peninsula, called The Morea? 80. What countries in the south of Europe constitute peninsulas? 81. What countries in the north constitute peninsulas?

82. How is St. Petersburg situated? 83. What is its latitude? 84. New York is situated about 41 degrees latitude, north; what city of Spain is in about the same latitude? 85. How can a person go by water from St. Petersburg to Venice?

86. In what part of Europe is Lapland? 87. Finland? 88. Hungary? 89. How is Paris situated? 90. Madrid? 91. Rome? 92. Constantinople? 93. Copenhagen? 94. Bergen? 95. Konigsburg? 96. Amsterdam? 97. Hamburg? 98. Stockholm? 99. Vienna? 100. Lisbon? 101. Geneva?

102. What direct communication is there between the Bay of Biscay and the Mediterranean sea? 103. Where is the Maelstrom, a formidable whirlpool? 104. West from what countries of Europe is England? 105. What countries of Europe are south from England?

106. In what zone does Europe principally lie? 107. What countries north from the 50th parallel of latitude? 108. What south? 109. Which of the countries of Europe has no sea coast? 110. Which of the countries of Europe is divided into two parts by Germany?[9]

Europe is peculiarly favored in its natural advantages for commerce, there being many bays and inland seas extending in such manner into the interior that there is scarcely a town more than four hundred miles from some navigable bay or sea. It has also many navigable rivers. These advantages have contributed to the growth of the inland cities, which are far in advance of those of our own country in size, population, and elegance.

The climate is excessively cold in the northern parts, especially in Lapland and the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and Russia. In this cold region the rein-deer is the principal support of the inhabitants. Its flesh affords them food; its skin, clothes; and its sinews, twine and thread. It is used also as horses and oxen are in this country, for draught and travelling. It is capable of travelling two hundred miles in a day.

The southern parts of _Norway_ and _Sweden_ have a broken and sandy soil; the harvests are precarious, and the rearing of cattle is practised with considerable success. These countries are celebrated for their forests, which produce vast quantities of pine and fir lumber for exportation. Tar, pitch, hemp, tobacco, and flax are produced.

_Russia_ is the largest empire in the world. It is a level country. The climate and soil are necessarily various. The northern parts are cold and barren, and the southern, peculiarly fertile. Hemp, flax, grain, iron, tar, and furs, are exported in large quantities.

_Poland_ was formerly a powerful independent nation; but in the year 1772 it was unjustly divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Russian Poland has lately made a brave but unsuccessful attempt to regain its independence, and is now again under the tyrannical power of Russia.

The central part of Europe, comprising _Denmark_, _Prussia_, _Germany_, _The Netherlands_, _Switzerland_, and _Austria_ is a fertile and healthy country, producing a great variety of the necessaries and luxuries of life. A large part is adapted to grazing. Grain, wine, flax, madder, amber, gold, silver, and copper, are produced. Poland has a noted salt mine, which is represented on page 3.

_Italy_ and _Turkey_, being situated in the southern part of Europe, possess a warm and healthy climate and fertile soil, producing vines, grain, olives, wheat, figs, and oil. The former is one of the most delightful countries in the world, and was once the seat of the arts and sciences. The latter, comprising Greece, was in ancient times, the parent of learning and the arts, but is now in a state of servitude to tyrannical rulers.

_France_ is a fertile and beautiful country. Its productions are grain, wines, olives, and various fruits. The country is noted for its manufactures of silk and wool, which form the chief exports of the nation. Paris, the capital, is esteemed one of the most luxurious and refined cities in the world, and takes the lead in fashion. France is honored as being the birth-place of LAFAYETTE, the companion and friend of Washington.

_Spain_ and _Portugal_ are so favored by nature, that by industry and good government, they would soon be the most productive countries in the world; but through the indolence of the inhabitants, and the government of despotic rulers, they are degraded, weak, and ignorant. Wheat, rice, silk, hemp, olives, oranges, lemons, figs, &c. are produced.

FOOTNOTES:

[7] Greenland in North America, and Iceland, belong to Denmark.

[8] Norway is now a province, subject to Sweden.

[9] Germany is a confederation consisting of twenty-eight small States, the Empire of Austria, and the Kingdom of Prussia. Each of these States, &c. is governed by its own laws and magistrates. The General Government is composed of Deputies from each State, called The Diet, which in some respects resembles the Congress of the United States, of America.

BRITISH ISLES.

1. _The British Isles constitute a Kingdom; how is it governed?_

2. Name the countries of the British Isles. 3. How is England bounded? 4. Are there any lofty mountains in England?

5. What sea lies west from the northern part of England? 6. What sea lies east from England? 7. _What is a Channel?_ 8. At the mouth of what river is Bristol channel? 9. Where is the Wash? 10. Where is the British channel? 11. Straits of Dover?

12. What river forms part of the northern boundary of England? 13. In what part are the rivers Tyne and Tees? 14. Into what do they flow? 15. What rivers flow into the Humber? 16. Where is Severn river?

17. What rivers flow into the Irish sea? 18. What into the Wash? 19. What into the British channel?

20. Where is St. Edmands’ point? 21. Start point? 22. What point at the mouth of the Bristol channel? 23. What point at the southern extremity of England? 24. What is the southern extremity called?

25. How is the Isle of Wight situated? 26. Near what point is Lundy Island? 27. What is the latitude and longitude of Walney island? 28. How is it situated?

29. On what river is London, the capital of the kingdom? 30. On what river is Liverpool? 31. Oxford, (noted for its university)? 32. Leeds, (celebrated for woollen goods)? 33. Manchester, (famous for cotton goods)? 34. Sheffield, (noted for cutlery)? 35. Where is Kidderminster, (famous for carpets)? 36. How is Gloucester, (celebrated for pins) situated? 37. Where is Birmingham, (noted for hardware)?

38. Which way is London from Liverpool? 39. Liverpool from Manchester? 40. Kidderminster from Birmingham? 41. Which way from Leeds to Sheffield? 42. What town is opposite to Calais in France?

43. Between what parallels of latitude is England? 44. From what is longitude calculated on this map? 45. What is the longitude of Dover? 46. Liverpool?

47. Which way from England is Scotland? 48. How is Scotland bounded?

49. Where is Ben Nevis mountain? 50. Lake Shin?

51. Where is North channel? 52. What waters does it connect? 53. What countries does it separate?

54. _What is a Frith?_ 55. Where is the Frith of Clyde? 56. What friths in the northern part of Scotland? 57. What in the eastern?

58. What rivers in the southern part? 59. What rivers between Murray Frith and Frith of Tay?

60. Where is Cape Wrath? 61. St. Abbe’s Head? 62. Kinnaird’s Head?

63. What islands lie west from Scotland? 64. What are the names of some of the largest? 65. Which is the most northwardly? 66. Where is Anan island? 67. What islands lie north from Scotland? 68. Which way are the Orkney from the Shetland Islands? [_In answering this question the latitude and longitude marked on the scale of those islands must be compared with that of the whole map, or the map of Europe must be referred to._]

69. What water communication is there between the Frith of Forth and Clyde river?

70. How is Edinburgh, the capital, situated? 71. Glasgow? 72. Dundee? 73. Perth? 74. Aberdeen?

75. How is Wales bounded? 76. What mountains in the northwestern part? 77. Where is Cardigan bay?

78. Milford Haven? 79. St. David’s Head? 80. Anglesea island? 81. What island is west from Anglesea?

82. How is Cardigan situated? 83. Bangor? 84. Carmarthen? 85. Montgomery?

86. What ocean bounds Ireland on the north, west, and south? 87. What sea lies east? 88. How is Ireland separated from Wales? 89. From Scotland?

90. In what part of Ireland is Lough (or _lake_) Neagh? 91. What Lough lies in the interior? 92. What Loughs in the western part? 93. Where is Lough Foyle?

94. What bays are on the western coast? 95. What on the eastern? 96. Where is Bear Haven?

97. What islands lie north from Ireland? 98. Where is the Isle of Man? 99. What islands in Galway bay?

100. What are the principal rivers of Ireland? 101. On what river is Limerick? 102. Drogheda? 103. Kinmore?

104. In what part is Cork? 105. Dublin? 106. Galway?

107. Which way from London is Edinburgh? 108. Which way is Cork? 109. From Cork to Liverpool? 110. Dublin to Manchester? 111. Kidderminster to Limerick? 112. In what zone are the British Islands?

BRITAIN.

The British Kingdom, besides England and Scotland, Ireland and adjacent isles, possesses many large colonies in all parts of the world, which offer great advantages to commerce.

The government is a _limited monarchy_. The Executive Power is confided to the King, and Legislation to the two houses of Parliament, viz. _The House of Lords_, composed of clergymen and nobles whose titles are hereditary, and _The House of Commons_, who are chosen by the people.

_England_ is one of the most beautifully diversified countries in the world, and possesses a fertile soil, which is cultivated in the most perfect manner. The climate is moist, and subject to frequent and sudden changes; but the extremes of heat and cold are not so great as in New England. Tin, copper, lead, and iron, are found. Her coal mines are so productive that they supply fuel for the whole country, and immense quantities for exportation.

The English are brave, intelligent, industrious, enterprising, and are proud of their country. Commerce and manufactures are carried on with vigor, the first extending to every part of the world, and the latter rivalling those of all other countries.

Canals abound and railroads are becoming general. Steam power is much used in these roads, by which means a great weight can be drawn, and the speed greatly increased. The cut above shows a coach, drawn on this road by a locomotive steam engine.

London, the capital of the kingdom, is the most opulent and commercial city in the world, containing about 1,300,000 inhabitants. There are in this many splendid buildings, among which are Westminster Abbey, the Tower, and St. Paul’s Cathedral.

_Scotland_ is greatly diversified. The northern part is mountainous and bleak, and is called the _Highlands_. The southern part is called the _Lowlands_, and resembles England.

The Scotch are a hardy, brave, and industrious people. They are great lovers of learning, and give much for the extension of education.

Edinburgh, the capital, is divided into old and new towns. The former consists of ancient buildings, placed on the top of an eminence which overlooks the _new town_, which is well laid out, in a modern style. The city is celebrated for its university.

_Ireland_ in soil and climate resembles England. The country is moderately uneven, and is fertile. Potatoes are abundant, and form a great part of the food of the inhabitants.

The Irish are brave, hospitable, and active, but enjoy very few advantages for education.

ASIA.

1. _For what is Asia remarkable?_ 2. Which of the countries of Asia is largest? 3. In what part is Arabia? 4. China?

5. What countries lie between Turkey and Hindostan? 6. How is Siberia bounded? 7. Arabia? 8. Turkey? 9. Persia? 10. Independent Tartary? 11. Hindostan? 12. Afghanistan? 13. Beloochistan? 14. China? 15. Birman Empire?[10] 16. Siam? 17. Anam?[11] 18. The Caucasian country, or Circassia and Georgia? 19. Malaya?

20. What ranges of mountains are on the boundaries of Siberia? 21. Where are the Caucasus mountains? 22. Where are the Gaut mountains? 23. In what part of Asia are the _highest mountains in the world, and what are they called_?

24. Where is Lake Baikal? 25. How is Lake Zaisan situated? 26. What sea lies between the Black Sea and the Sea of Aral?

27. Where is the Red Sea? 28. Sea of Arabia? 29. What bay lies west from the Birman Empire? 30. How is the Yellow Sea situated? 31. What sea between Corea and the island Niphon? 32. Where is the Sea of Ochotsk?

33. How is the Bay of Bengal situated? 34. Which way are the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Ormus from Persia? 35. Where is the Gulf Tonquin? 36. Gulf of Siam?

37. Two rivers flow into the Persian Gulf; what are their names? 38. Where is the Indus river? 39. Where does it rise? 40. Into what does it flow? 41. What rivers rise in the Himmaleh mountains, and flow into the northern extremity of the Bay of Bengal? 42. What rivers flow into the sea of Aral? 43. What are the principal rivers of China? 44. Of Siberia? 45. Of the Birman Empire?

46. What waters do the Straits of Babelmandel connect? 47. What islands do the Straits of Sunda separate? 48. Straits of Malacca? 49. What straits separate Asia from North America?

50. Where is Cape Comorin? 51. Where is Cape Lopatka? 52. What is its latitude? 53. What cape at the northeastern extremity of Asia?

54. What island lies at the mouth of the Straits of Babelmandel? 55. Where is Ceylon island? 56. What is its longitude? 57. What islands lie in the Bay of Bengal? 58. What is the latitude and longitude of Hainan island?

59. What island is crossed by the tropic of Cancer? 60. What are crossed by the equator? 61. What are the principal of the Philippine Isles? 62. The Japan Isles? 63. The Moluccas or Spice islands? 64. Where is Nova Zembla?[12] 65. Where are the Ladrone and Caroline islands? 66. The Maldives? 67. The Japan islands and Empire?

68. Where is Mecca? 69. Ispahan? 70. Calcutta? 71. Ava? 72. Bencoolen? 73. Manilla? 74. Jerusalem? 75. Madras? 76. Tobolsk? 77. Pekin? 78. Canton? 79. Rangoon? 80. Smyrna?

81. Which way from Canton is Mecca? 82. From Tobolsk to Pekin? 83. From Rangoon to Calcutta? 84. _What is the soil of Asia?_ 85. _China is an empire; how is it governed?_ 86. Does any part of Asia lie in the frigid zone? 87. _What is the climate of the frigid zone?_

Asia was the first inhabited quarter of the world, and is the largest of the divisions of the Eastern continent. It is distinguished as the country where man was created; where Christ was born, and achieved the plan of man’s redemption; and where the Jews received from Jehovah, the Holy Bible. The northern part of this ancient country is exceedingly cold and almost entirely covered with snow, while the southern is a warm region, and with the exception of Arabia, possesses a fertile soil, watered by numerous rivers. The region between these two extremes, comprehending Independent and Chinese Tartary, is an immense desert, except that part called Thibet, where the soil is moderately fertile, and the climate healthful.

_Arabia_ is almost wholly a desert country, with a hot atmosphere, and is unfit for the residence of man, except along the coasts of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, where the soil is fertile, and yields wheat, corn, barley, tobacco, dates, and oranges. This country is famous for producing the best horses in the world.

That portion of _Turkey_ which is in Asia, is beautifully diversified with fertile plains, mountains, and valleys. The climate is excellent. Grapes, mulberries, wheat, barley, and tobacco, flourish here. The population is composed of descendants of various nations; but the Turks are the most numerous in the cities, and possess the principal wealth of the country.

In _Persia_, the most remarkable feature is the want of forests and rivers. There are many desert places, although some spots are exceedingly fertile. During the summer months the climate is hot, and the country is subject to a hot wind called the _Samiel_, which is so poisonous that animals and travellers are killed by it, unless they perceive its approach, and fall to the ground until it has passed.

_Hindostan_, or India within the Ganges, is nearly as large as the United States, and must therefore embrace many varieties of soil and climate. The productions are rice, cotton, oranges, lemons, figs, pomegranates, sugar cane, opium, indigo, and tobacco. Horses, sheep, elephants, and the royal tiger, and almost all kinds of ferocious animals, are found here, except the lion. A great part of this country is under the dominion of the British East India Company.

Calcutta is the largest city, and is supposed to contain 650,000 inhabitants, a great many of whom are Europeans. It carries on an extensive commerce with all parts of the world.

The _Birman Empire_, _Malaya_, _Siam_, _Tannasserim_, and _Anam_, have commonly been comprehended under the general name of India beyond the Ganges; and the country is little known, except on the coast. In this country, owing to the influence of heat and moisture, the soil is exceedingly fertile. The productions are nearly the same as those of Hindostan.

_China_ is celebrated for its immense population, for the ingenuity of its numerous manufacturers, for its many canals, for the great antiquity of its laws, and for its reserve and jealousy of the people of other nations. The chief productions are cotton, rice, and tea; and all the necessaries of life are cultivated. Tea and China ware are the principal exports.

Canton is the chief city, and is the port where American and English vessels are admitted to trade.

FOOTNOTES:

[10] The Birman Empire formerly embraced Tannasserim, which has recently been ceded to Great Britain.

[11] Anam comprises the Provinces of Tonquin, Cochin China, Laos, and Cambodia.

[12] Nova Zembla is an European island.

AFRICA.

1. _Is our knowledge of Africa as extensive as of other countries?_ 2. What countries lie in the northern part? 3. What countries on the coast of the Red Sea? 4. What countries in the southern part? 5. What in the interior? 6. What deserts in the northwestern part? 7. In the eastern? 8. Where is Liberia? 9. How is Egypt bounded?

10. What mountains are in the western part of Africa? 11. What mountains in the interior? 12. Where is Mount Atlas? 13. Table mountain?

14. What Lake lies in the interior of Africa? 15. Where is Lake Moravi?

16. What Sea lies north from Africa? 17. Where is the Red Sea? 18. The Gulf of Guinea? 19. Lagoa or Lorenzo bay? 20. Table bay? 21. Gulf of Sidra?

22. Where is Mozambique channel? 23. Straits of Gibraltar? 24. Straits of Babelmandel?

25. What is the northern cape of Africa? 26. What two capes at the southern extremity? 27. Where is Cape Guardafui? 28. What capes are on the coast of Zahara? 29. What are the northern and southern capes of Madagascar?

30. _By what means are springs and rivers supplied with water?_ 31. Where does the Nile rise? 32. What is its course? 33. Into what does it flow? 34. Near the mouth of what river is Cape Verd? 35. In what part of Africa is Orange river? 36. The Gambia river? 37. Where is the Niger river? [_The Niger river flows east, but its mouth has not been discovered._]

38. What islands lie east from Morocco? 39. Where is Madagascar? 40. What islands west from Madagascar? 41. Where is St. Helena? 42. _For what is St. Helena remarkable?_ 43. Which way from St. Helena is Ascension?

44. What cities are situated at the mouth of the Nile? 45. Which way from Cairo is Monrovia? 46. Where is Cape Town? 47. Through what towns do the caravans pass in their route between Tombuctoo and Morocco?

48. _What proportion of Africa lies in the torrid zone?_ 49. _By what is the torrid zone distinguished?_

Little is known of the geography of Africa, and this is owing to the almost total want of navigable rivers, by which, in other countries, easy access is obtained to the interior. The desert character of the country is another obstacle.

Several enterprising travellers have penetrated Africa, to ascertain the sources of its rivers, and the state of the country; among whom, Bruce, Park, Denham and Clapperton stand conspicuous.