Part 6

_Michigan Territory._ The climate is severe, and the winter lasts from the middle of November to March. The face of the country is level, and the productions are wheat, maize, oats, barley and potatoes. The Southern part only is, at present, settled. Detroit the capital has a large fur trade.

_Missouri Territory_ is an immense tract of land, stretching from the States and Territories bordering on the western side of the Mississippi river to the Rocky Mountains; almost the whole of it is in possession of the Indians, the United States having only two military posts, one at Council Bluffs, and one on St. Peter’s River. This tract is valuable to Americans on account of the numerous wild animals found, from which furs are obtained.

_Oregon Territory_ extends from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. This great region is also chiefly in possession of the Indians, although there is an American settlement on the Columbia river, called Astoria. Exertions are now making to induce people to emigrate from the States to this part of our country, which is said to be a healthy and fertile region, and to offer superior advantages for commerce and manufactures.

CHART.

Comparative lengths of the principal CANALS in the United States, which are in operation to the extent mentioned in the scale. Some of them will hereafter be continued to a greater length.

CANALS. ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Canal Length Extent (Miles) ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Erie, or Grand Western, 363 Con. Hudson R. and L. Erie. Ohio, 307 Connects Lake Erie and the Ohio river; also some laterals, which make the whole length 334 miles. Hudson and Delaware, 140 Connects the rivers Hudson and Delaware, N. Y. Schuylkill, 100 For the improvement of navigation of the Schuylkill river. Morris, 90 Connects the rivers Delaware and Raritan, Del. Farmington, 80 From Northampton to New&-Haven, Mass. and Conn. Union, 80 Connects the rivers Schuylkill and Susquehannah, Penn. Miami, 70 Runs from Cincinnati to Dayton, Ohio. Northern, or Champlain, 70 Connects Lake Champlain and Hudson river, N. Y. Baltimore and Ohio, 57 When completed will extend to much greater length. Blackstone, 44 From Providence to Worcester, Mass. Lehigh, 44 To improve navigation of Lehigh river, Penn. Oswego, 40 Erie Canal with Lake Ontario. Lackawaxen, 32 From Rail-Road to Hudson Canal. Santee, 28 To connect Santee and Cooper rivers, S. C. Middlesex, 27 From Merrimack river to Boston, Mass. Oxford, 22 From Portland to Lake Sebago, Maine. Dismal Swamp, 22 From Chesapeake Bay to Albemarle Sound, Va. & N. C. Seneca, 22 Seneca Lake and Erie Canal, N. Y. Delaware & Chesapeake, 18 Connects Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. Savannah & Ogeechee. 17 From Savannah City to Ogeechee river, Geo. ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

NOTE. Besides the above-mentioned Canals, there are others in progress, or on the point of commencement, in the United States, amounting, probably, to 1500 miles.

RAIL-ROADS.

Miles.

Baltimore and Ohio, 340 Charleston and Hamburg, S. C. 135 Columbia and Philadelphia, Pa. 81½ Portsmouth and Roanoke, Va. & N. C. 80 Baltimore & Susquehannah, Md. 76 Cattskill and Canajoharie, N. Y. 70 Lexington and Ohio river, Ky. 66 Camden and Amboy, N. J. 61 Petersburg and Roanoke, Va. 60 Harrisburg & Chambersburg, Pa. 48 Boston and Worcester, Mass. 43½ Boston and Providence, Mass. 43 Alleghany Portage, Pa. 37 Baltimore and Washington, 33 Ithaca and Oswego, N. Y. 29 Philadelphia and Trenton, Pa. & N. J. 26¾ Detroit and Pontiac, Mich. Ter. 25 Boston and Lowell, Mass. 25 Little Schuylkill, Pa. 23 Saratoga and Schenectady, N. Y. 20 Philadelphia & Norristown, Pa. 19 Newcastle and Frenchtown, Del. & Md. 16½ Albany and Schenectady, N. Y. 16 Lakens Valley, Pa. 16 Lackawaxen, Pa. 16 Patterson and Hudson, N. J. 16 Manchester, Va. 13 Schuylkill, Pa. 13 Altamaha and Brunswick, Geo. 12 Schuylkill Valley, Pa. 10 do. do. Laterals, 13 West Branch, Pa. 15 do. do. Laterals, 5 Mount Carbon, Pa. 9 do. do. Laterals, 4 Mauch Chunk, Pa. 9 do. do. Laterals, 4½ Pinegrove, 5 Louisiana, 4 Lake Ponchartrain, La. 4½ Mile Creek, Pa. 4 do. do. Laterals, 3 Quincy, Mass. 4 Providence and Stonington, R. I. & Ct. 47 Boston and Salem, Mass. 14

NOTE. Many others are in progress in various Sections of the United States.

STATISTICAL AND POLITICAL CHART.

The following Chart, combining much general information, is intended more for reference than for study; yet the instructer will propose such questions as may be thought useful; especially in relation to the state in which the learner may reside.

──────────────┬──────────┬─────────┬─────────────────────┬───────────┐ │ │ │ │ [3] │ │ │ │ │Electors of│ │ │ │ │ President │ │ │ │ │ and Vice │ │ │ │ Seats of │Pres. of │ │ Total │ Number │ Government, │the United │ STATES. │Population│ of │ with │ States, │ │ │ Slaves. │ Population. │ chosen in │ │ │ │ │ each │ │ │ │ │ state by │ ──────────────┼──────────┼─────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────┤ Maine, │ 399,462│ none│Augusta, 3,980│Districts │ New Hampshire,│ 269,533│ none│Concord, 3,727│Gen. Ticket│ Vermont, │ 280,679│ none│Montpelier, 1,193│ Do. │ Massachusetts,│ 610,014│ none│Boston, 61,392│ Do. │ Connecticut, │ 297,711│ 23│{ New Haven, 10,180│ Do. │ │ │ │{ Hartford, 7,076│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │{ Providence, 16,832│ │ │ │ │{ Newport, 8,010│ │ Rhode Island, │ 97,210│ 14│{ S. Kingston, 3,663│ Do. │ │ │ │{ E. Greenwich, 1,591│ │ │ │ │{ Bristol, 3,054│ │ New York, │ 1,913,508│ 46│Albany, 24,238│ Do. │ New Jersey, │ 320,779│ 2,446│Trenton, 3,925│ Do. │ Pennsylvania, │ 1,347,672│ 386│Harrisburg, 4,311│ Do. │ Delaware, │ 76,739│ 3,305│Dover,* 1,200│Legislature│ Maryland, │ 446,913│ 102,878│Annapolis, 2,623│Districts. │ Ohio, │ 937,679│ none│Columbus, 2,437│Gen. Ticket│ Indiana, │ 341,582│ none│Indianopolis,* 1,200│ Do. │ Illinois, │ 157,575│ 746│Vandalia,* 600│ Do. │ Missouri, │ 140,074│ 24,990│Jefferson,* 500│ Do. │ Kentucky, │ 688,844│ 165,350│Frankfort, 1,680│ Do. │ Tennessee, │ 684,822│ 142,382│Nashville, 5,566│Legislature│ Virginia, │ 1,211,272│ 469,724│Richmond, 16,060│Gen. Ticket│ North │ 738,470│ 246,462│Raleigh, 1,700│ Do. │ Carolina, │ │ │ │ │ South │ 581,458│ 315,665│Columbia, 3,310│Legislature│ Carolina, │ │ │ │ │ Georgia, │ 516,567│ 217,470│Milledgeville, 1,599│Gen. Ticket│ Alabama, │ 308,997│ 117,294│Tuscaloosa, 1,600│ Do. │ Mississippi, │ 136,806│ 65,659│Jackson,* 1,000│ Do. │ Louisiana, │ 215,575│ 109,631│New Orleans, 46,310│Legislature│ Dis. of │ 39,858│ 6,050│Washington, 18,827│ │ Columbia, │ │ │ ├───────────┘ Florida │ 34,723│ 15,510│Tallahassee,* 1,000│ Territ’y,[4]│ │ │ │ Michigan do. │ 31,260│ 27│Detroit, 2,222│ Arkansas do. │ 30,383│ 4,578│Little Rock,* 600│ ├──────────┼─────────┤ │ Total, │12,856,165│2,010,436│ │ ──────────────┴──────────┴─────────┴─────────────────────┘

The population is given according to the census of 1830, except those towns marked *, which were not particularized in the returns. The population of these is therefore taken from other late authorities.

──────────────┬────────────────────────┬──────────┬───────────┐ │ │ [5] │ [6] │ │ Governors. │ │ Represen- │ │ │ Senators.│ tatives │ STATES. ├────────┬─────┬─────────┼────┬─────┼─────┬─────┤ │ Chosen │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ by the │Years│ Salary. │ No.│Years│ No. │Years│ ──────────────┼────────┼─────┼─────────┼────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤ Maine, │ People │ 1 │ 1,500 │ 20 │ 1 │ 153 │ 1 │ New Hampshire,│ do. │ 1 │ 1,200 │ 12 │ 1 │ 229 │ 1 │ Vermont, │ do. │ 1 │ 750 │ │ │ 230 │ 1 │ Massachusetts,│ do. │ 1 │ 3,666⅔ │ 40 │ 1 │ 481 │ 1 │ Connecticut, │ do. │ 1 │ 1,100 │ 21 │ 1 │ 208 │ 1 │ Rhode Island, │ do. │ 1 │ 400 │ 10 │ 1 │ 72 │ ½ │ New York, │ do. │ 2 │ 4,000 │ 32 │ 4 │ 128 │ 1 │ New Jersey, │ Legis. │ 1 │ 2,000 │ 14 │ 1 │ 50 │ 1 │ Pennsylvania, │ People │ 3 │ 4,000 │ 33 │ 4 │ 100 │ 1 │ Delaware, │ do. │ 3 │ 1,333⅓ │ 9 │ 3 │ 21 │ 1 │ Maryland, │ Legis. │ 1 │ 3,500 │ 15 │ 5 │ 80 │ 1 │ Ohio, │ People │ 2 │ 1,200 │ 36 │ 2 │ 72 │ 1 │ Indiana, │ do. │ 3 │ 1,000 │ 23 │ 3 │ 62 │ 1 │ Illinois, │ do. │ 4 │ 1,000 │ │ 4 │ │ 2 │ Missouri, │ do. │ 4 │ 1,500 │ 18 │ 4 │ 49 │ 2 │ Kentucky, │ do. │ 4 │ 2,000 │ 38 │ 4 │ 100 │ 1 │ Tennessee, │ do. │ 2 │ 2,000 │ 20 │ 2 │ 60 │ 2 │ Virginia, │ Legis. │ 3 │ 3,333⅓ │ 32 │ 4 │ 134 │ 1 │ North │ do. │ 1 │ 2,000 │ 64 │ 1 │ 134 │ 1 │ Carolina, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ South │ do. │ 2 │ 3,900 │ 45 │ 4 │ 124 │ 2 │ Carolina, │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Georgia, │ People │ 2 │ 3,000 │ 78 │ 1 │ 142 │ 1 │ Alabama, │ do. │ 2 │ 2,000 │ 22 │ 3 │ 72 │ 1 │ Mississippi, │ do. │ 2 │ 2,500 │ 11 │ 3 │ 36 │ 1 │ Louisiana, │ do. │ 4 │ 7,500 │ 17 │ 4 │ 50 │ 2 │ ──────────────┴────────┴─────┴─────────┴────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘

──────────────┬────────────┬─────────────── │ Time of │ │ holding │ Time of │ Elections │ Meeting │ of State │ of the State STATES. │ Officers. │ Legislatures. ──────────────┼────────────┼─────────────── Maine, │ 2d Monday │ 1st Wednesday │ in Sept. │ in January. New Hampshire,│ 2d Tues. │ 1st Wednesday │ in March. │ in June. Vermont, │ 1st Tues. │ 2d Thursday │ in Sept. │ in October. Massachusetts,│ 2d Mond. │ 1st Wednesday │ in Nov. │ in January. Connecticut, │ 1st Mond. │ 1st Wed. May, │ in April. │ alternately │ at Hart. and New Haven. ────────────────┼────────────┬─────────────── │ Governor │ │ and │ 1st Wed. May; │ Senators │ and in June. Rhode Island, │ in April. │ │ Represen- │ │ tatives in │ Last Wed. Oct. │ April and │ and in Jan. │ Aug. │ ────────────────┼────────────┼─────────────── New York, │ October or │ 1st Tuesday │ Nov. │ in January. New Jersey, │ 2d Tues. │ 4th Tuesday │ in Oct. │ in October. Pennsylvania, │ 2d Tues. │ 1st Tuesday │ in Oct. │ in December. Delaware, │ 1st Tues. │ 1st Tuesday │ in Oct. │ in January. Maryland, │ 1st Monday │ Last Monday │ in Oct. │ in December. Ohio, │ 2d Tuesday │ 1st Monday │ in Oct. │ in December. Indiana, │ 1st Mond. │ 1st Monday │ in Aug. │ in December. Illinois, │ 1st Mond. │ 1st Mon. Dec. │ in Aug. │ every 2d yr. Missouri, │ 1st Mond. │ 1st Mon. Nov. │ in Aug. │ every 2d yr. Kentucky, │ 1st Mond. │ 1st Monday │ in Aug. │ in November. Tennessee, │ 1st Thurs. │ 3d Mon. Sept. │ in Aug. │ every 2d yr. Virginia, │ In month │ 1st Monday │ of April. │ in December. North │ Generally │ 2d Monday Carolina, │ in Aug. │ in November. South │ 2d Mond. │ 4th Monday Carolina, │ in Oct. │ in November. Georgia, │ 1st Mond. │ 1st Monday │ in Oct. │ in November. Alabama, │ 1st Mond. │ 4th Monday │ in Aug. │ in October. Mississippi, │ 1st Mond. │ 1st Monday │ in Aug. │ in November. Louisiana, │ 1st Mond. │ 1st Monday │ in July. │ in January. ──────────────┴────────────┴───────────────

FOOTNOTES:

[3] The Electors are chosen by the people in all the States within the thirty-four days preceding the first Wednesday in December, in which an election of President and Vice President takes place. On that day all the Electors give in their votes. No person can be an Elector who holds any office under the government of the United States. The PRESIDENT and VICE PRESIDENT are chosen for the term of four years, commencing on the fourth day of March.

[4] The Governors of Territories are appointed by the President, with the consent of the Senate, for the term of three years.

[5] Senators and Representatives are chosen by the people.

[6] Senators and Representatives are chosen by the people.

SOUTH AMERICA.

1. _What productions are found in greater perfection in_ AMERICA, _than in the other parts of the earth?_ 2. What are the principal divisions of South America? 3. In what part is Amazonia? 4. By what name is the northeastern part of the Republic of Colombia known? 5. By what name is the western part distinguished?

6. How is Colombia situated? 7. Peru? 8. Bolivia? 9. Guiana? 10. Brazil? 11. The United Provinces? 12. Chili? 13. Patagonia? 14 to 21. How are these countries severally bounded?

22. What range of mountains extends the whole length of South America from north to south? 23. Near which coast is this range? 24. _What are the names of the highest peaks?_ 25. In which country is Chimborazo? 26. _What mountains are there in the world higher than Chimborazo?_ 27. Which way from Chimborazo is Cotopaxi? 28. _Is Cotopaxi a volcano?_ 29. In what direction is Pichinca from Chimborazo?

30. How is Lake Titicaca situated? 31. Which way from it is Lake Nicaragua in North America? 32. Where is Lake Parima? 33. Lake Maracaibo?

34. How is the Bay of Panama situated? 35. Bay St. Joseph? 36. Bay All Saints? 37. How is Gulf St. George situated? 38. Gulf of Guayaquil? 39. Gulf of Darien?

40. What large river discharges its waters into the Atlantic, under the equator? 41. Where does it rise? 42. What is its course? 43. What rivers flow into it from the south? 44. What from the north? 45. In what country is the river De la Plata? 46. _Which is the largest river in the world, and what is remarkable concerning it?_

47. What is the latitude of the mouth of the river St. Francisco? 48. What is its course? 49. What river runs between Colombia and Guiana? 50. Between Bolivia and Brazil?

51. _Which of the Grand Divisions of the earth is most celebrated for the magnitude of its lakes and rivers?_

52. Where are the Straits of Magellan? 53. What land do they separate from Patagonia? 54. With the waters of what oceans do they communicate?

55. What is the northern cape of South America? 56. The eastern cape? 57. The southern cape? 58. The western cape? 59. Where is Cape Pillar? 60. Cape Orange? 61. Cape St. Antonio? 62. What capes are near the mouth of Parayba river?

63. What Peninsula is situated on the eastern coast of Patagonia? 64. What on the western coast?

65. Where is the island Trinidad? 66. What is its latitude and longitude? 67. What islands in the Pacific ocean are near the Equator? 68. What is their longitude? 69. What islands lie east from the Caribbean sea?

70. What is the situation of the Island Chiloe? 71. Juan Fernandez, or Robinson Crusoe’s island? 72. What islands are east from Terra del Fuego? 73. What is the latitude and longitude of the islands Felix and Ambrose? 74. Where is Sandwich Land?

75. In what country is Cayenne? 76. Carracas? 77. Popayan? 78. La Paz? 79. Valparaiso? 80. Lima? 81. Assumption? 82. At the mouth of what river is Buenos Ayres? 83. What is the latitude of Quito? 84. What volcanic mountains are in its vicinity? 85. What town in Bolivia is on the coast? 86. In what portion of Brazil is Paraibo? 87. Rio Janeiro? 88. What river flows into the Atlantic ocean, half way between Caite and Seara?

89. In what zone are the United Provinces, Chili, and Patagonia? 90. In what zone does the larger portion of South America lie? 91. Potosi is celebrated for its silver mines; where is it? 92. Which is more northwardly, Paraguay or Banda Oriental? 93. Peru or Chili? 94. Colombia or Bolivia? 95. What would be the course of a ship in sailing from the Galapago islands to the mouth of the Amazon river?

South America is an exceedingly rich and fertile country, producing in abundance gold and silver, and the necessaries and luxuries of life.

The most prominent feature of this country is the range of mountains which extends through the western part from north to south. The region to the west from this range is an immense plateau, elevated twelve thousand feet above the level of the sea; owing to this elevation, this tract enjoys a cool and healthy climate. To the east from these mountains is an extensive marshy and sandy plain, intersected by immense rivers.

The Andes mountains are most interesting on account of the inexhaustible treasures which they contain. One mountain alone has more than three hundred openings from which silver is obtained.

_Colombia_ is a republic, with a government similar to that of the United States. The face of the country is greatly diversified with mountains, valleys, and immense plains. The climate of the plains and coast is unhealthy; that of the more elevated parts, salubrious. Cotton, grain, coffee, tobacco, gold, silver, and tropical fruits are produced.

_Guiana_ is a level and fertile country, with an unhealthful climate. The productions are sugar, cocoa, coffee, indigo, &c.

_Peru_ possesses a mild and healthy climate and fertile soil, except along the sea coast, where it is level, barren, and unhealthy. The east part consists of immense plains, called _pampas_, covered with grass. These pampas resemble the prairies of the United States. The productions are gold, silver, sugar, grain, and Jesuit or Peruvian bark, celebrated for its medicinal qualities.

_Bolivia_ became an independent country in the year 1825, with a republican government, and was named after Simon Bolivar, the first President. It was once a part of Peru, and, in its climate, soil, and productions, resembles that country.

_Chili_, being bounded on the east by the lofty and snow capped Andes on one side, and the ocean on the other, never feels excessive heat, though situated nearly in the torrid zone. The climate therefore is cool and healthy, and the soil is fertile. The seasons in this country are different from those of the United States. Spring begins in September, summer in December, autumn in March, and winter in June. The productions are gold, silver, copper, tin, corn, wine, maize, sugar, sweet potatoes, and a variety of fruits.

In the southern part of Chili there still exists a tribe of Indians, which the Spaniards have not yet been able to conquer. These are called the Araucanian Indians. They are a warlike and brave people, residing in scattered villages. They possess excellent horses, which are trained to martial use.

_Patagonia_ is a cold and inhospitable country, of which little is known. It is inhabited by a race of Indians who are of a gigantic size. The first discoverers, called them _Pata-gones_ which means _clumsy-hoofed_. From this circumstance the country derived its name.

The _United Provinces_ abound in pampas, some of which are one hundred miles in extent, which are inhabited by wild Indians, and afford pasturage to herds of wild cattle. The climate is salubrious, and most of the fruits and vegetables of the torrid and temperate zones are produced.