Part I., contained in this volume, numbers thirteen chapters, of which
a bird’s-eye view is given by the List of Contents. The first seven are formally and chronologically arranged. Thus we have the Origin of Weapons (Chapter I.) showing that while the arm is common to man and beast, the weapon, as a rule, belongs to our kind. Chapter II. treats of the first weapon proper, the Stone, which gave rise to ballistics as well as to implements of percussion. Follows (Chapter III.) the blade of base materials, wood, stone and bone, materials still used by races which can procure nothing better. From this point a step leads to the metal blade, in its origin evidently a copy of preceding types. The first, (Chapter IV.) is of pure copper, in our translations generally rendered by ‘brass’ or ‘bronze.’ The intermediate substances (Chapter V.) are represented by alloys, a variety of mixed metals; and they naturally end with the so-called ‘age’ of early iron, which prevailed throughout Europe at a time when the valleys of the Nile and the Tigris-Euphrates wrought blades of the finest steel. This division concludes with a formal and technical Chapter (VII.) on the shape of the Sword and a description of its several parts. Here the subject does not readily lend itself to lively description; but, if I have been compelled to be dull, I have done my best to avoid being tedious.
The arrangement then becomes geographical and chronological. My next five chapters are devoted to the Sword in its topical distribution and connection. The first (No. VIII.) begins with the various blade-forms in ancient Egypt, which extended throughout the then civilised world; it ends with showing that the Nile valley gave their present shapes to the ‘white arm’ of the Dark Continent even in its modern day, and applied to the Sword the name which it still bears in Europe. The second (No. IX.) passes to Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor, lands which manifestly borrowed the weapon from the Egyptians, and handed it on to Assyria, Persia, and India. The arms and armour of the ‘great Interamnian Plain’ afford material for a third (Chapter X.). Thence, retracing our steps and passing further westwards, we find manifest derivation and immense improvement of the Egyptian weapon in Greece (Chapter XI.), from which Mycenæ has lately supplied bronze rapiers perfectly formed as the steels of Bilboa and Toledo. The fifth Chapter (No. XII.) continues the ancient history of the Sword by describing the various blades of progressive Rome, whose wise choice and change of arms enabled her to gain the greatest battles with the least amount of loss. To this I have appended, for geographical and chronological symmetry, in a sixth and last chapter (No. XIII.), a sketch of the Sword among the contemporary Barbarians of the Roman Empire, Dacians, Italians, Iberians, Gauls, Germans, and the British Islands. This portion of the Sword history, however, especially the Scandinavian and the Irish, will be treated at full length in Part II.
Here, then, ends the First Part, which Messrs. Chatto and Windus have kindly consented to publish, whilst my large collection of notes, the labour of years, is being ordered and digested for the other two. I may fairly hope, if all go well, to see both in print before the end of 1884.
In the following pages I have confined myself, as much as was possible, to the Sword; a theme which, indeed, offers an _embarras de richesses_. But weapons cannot be wholly isolated, especially when discussing origins: one naturally derives from and connects with the other; and these relations may hardly be passed over without notice. I have, therefore, indulged in an occasional divagation, especially concerning the axe and the spear; but the main line has never been deserted.
Nor need I offer an excuse for the amount of philological discussion which the nomenclature of the Sword has rendered necessary. If I have opposed the Past Masters of the art, my opposition has been honest, and I am ever open to refutation. Travellers refuse to believe that ‘Aryanism’ was born on the bald, bleak highlands of Central Asia, or that ‘Semitism’ derives from the dreary, fiery deserts of Arabia. We do not believe India to be ‘the country which even more than Greece or Rome was the cradle of grammar and philology.’ I cannot but hold that England has, of late years, been greatly misled by the ‘Aryan heresy’; and I look forward to the study being set upon a sounder base.
The illustrations, numbering 293, have been entrusted to the artistic hands of Mr. Joseph Grego, who has taken a friendly interest in the work. But too much must not be expected from them in a book which intends to be popular, and which is, therefore, limited in the matter of expense. Hence they are fewer than I should have desired. The libraries of Europe contain many catalogues of weapons printed in folio with highly finished and coloured plates which here would be out of place. That such a work upon the subject of the Sword will presently appear I have no doubt; and my only hope is that this volume will prove an efficient introduction.
To conclude. I return grateful thanks to the many _mitwerkers_ who have assisted me in preparing this monograph; no more need be said, as all names will be mentioned in the course of the work. A journey to the Gold Coast and its results, in two volumes, which describe its wealth, must plead my excuse for the delay in bringing out the book. The manuscript was sent home from Lisbon in December 1881, but the ‘tyranny of circumstance’ has withheld it for nearly two years.
RICHARD F. BURTON.
_Postscript._ An afterthought suggests that it is only fair, both for readers and for myself, to own that sundry quotations have been borrowed at second-hand and that the work of verification, so rightly enjoined upon writers, has not always been possible. These blemishes are hardly to be avoided in a first edition. At Trieste, and other places distant from the great seats of civilisation, libraries of reference are unknown; and it is vain to seek for the original source. Indeed, Mr. James Fergusson once wrote to me that it was an overbold thing to undertake a History of the Sword under such circumstances. However, I made the best use of sundry visits to London and Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and other capitals, and did what I could to remedy defects. Lastly, the illustrations have not always, as they ought, been drawn to scale, they were borrowed from a number of volumes which paid scant attention to this requisite.
LIST OF AUTHORITIES.
_Academy (The)_, a Weekly Review of Literature, Science, and Art.
Agricola, _De Re Metallicâ_, First published in 1551.
Akermann (J. Y.), _Remains of Pagan Saxondom_. London: Smith, MDCCCLV.
Amicis (Edoardo de), _Marocco_. Milan: Treves, 1876.
Ammianus Marcellinus, Historian of the Lower Empire. Fourth century.
Anderson (J. R.), _Saint Mark’s Rest: the Place of Dragons_, edited by John Ruskin, LL.D. Allen: Sunnyside, Orpington, Kent, 1879.
Anderson (Joseph), _Scotland in Early Christian Times_. Rhind Lectures in Archæology for 1879. Edinburgh: Douglas, 1882.
_Anthropologia_ (London Anthropological Society. Established Jan. 22, 1873; first number, Oct. 1873; died after fifth number, July 1875.)
_Anthropological Institute (The Journal of)_. London: Trübner.
_Anthropological Review_, Vol. I.-III. London: Trübner, 1863–65.
Antiquaries of London (Society of), from the beginning in 1770 to 1883.
_Antiquities of Orissa_, by Rajendralala Mitra, 2 vols. fol.; published by Government of India.
Apuleius (A.D. 130).
_Archæologia, or Tracts relating to Antiquity_, published by the Society of Antiquaries of London, from the commencement in 1749 to 1863.
Archæological Association, vol. iv., _Weapons, &c., of Horn_.
_Archæology (Transactions of the Society of Biblical)_, London: Longmans; beginning in 1872.
Aristophanes.
Aristotle, _Meteorologica, &c._
Arrian (Flavius), A.D. 90, _Anabasis, &c._
_Athenæum (The)_, Journal of English and Foreign Literature, &c.
Athenæus (A.D. 230), _Deipnosophists_.
Baker (Sir Samuel White), _The Nile Tributaries_. London: Macmillan, 1866. _The Albert Nyanza._ London, 1868.
_Balthazar Ribello de Aragão; Viagens dos Portuguezes, Collecção de Documentas_, por Luciano Cordeiro, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, 1881. The learned Editor is Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society of Lisbon.
Barbosa (Duarte), _A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar_, translated for the Hakluyt Society, London, by Honourable Henry E. (now Lord) Stanley, 1866. Written about A.D. 1512–14, and attributed by some to Magellan.
Barth (Henry), _Travels, &c., in Central Africa_ 1849–1855; 5 vols., 8vo. London: Longmans, 1875.
Barthélemy (Abbé J. J.), _Voyage du Jeune Anacharsis en Grèce, &c._, 5 vols. 4to. Paris, 1788.
Bataillard (Paul) _On Gypsies and other Matters_, Société Anthropologique de Paris, 1874.
Beckmann (John), _A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins_, translated by W. Johnston. London: Bell and Daldy, 1872 (fourth edition, revised). It is a useful book of reference and wants only a few additions.
Berosus (B.C. 261), _Fragments_, edit. Müller.
Bollaert (William), _Antiquarian, Ethnological, and other Researches_. London: Trübner, 1860.
Bologna, _Congrès d’Archéologie et d’Anthropologie Préhistoriques, Session de Bologna_, 1 vol. 8vo. Fava and Garagnani: Bologna, 1871.
Bonnycastle (Captain R. H., of the Royal Engineers), _Spanish America, &c._ Philadelphia: A. Small, 1817.
Borlase (William), _Observations on the Antiquities, &c., of the County of Cornwall_. Oxford, 1754.
Boscawen (W. St. Chad), Papers in Society of Biblical Archæology.
Boutell (Charles), _Arms and Armour_. London, 1867.
Brewster (Sir David), _Letters on Natural Magic_, 12mo. London, 1833.
Brugsch (Heinrich), _A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs, &c._, by Henry Brugsch-Bey (now Pasha). Translated from the German by the late Henry Danby Seymour; completed and edited by Philip Smith, 2 vols. 8vo. London: Murray, 1879. The first part has been published in French, Leipzig, 1859. The archaistic German style of _Geschichte Aegypten’s_ is very difficult.
_Bulletin de l’Institut Égyptien._ Cairo: Mourès, 1882.
Bunsen (Baron C. C. J.), _Egypt’s Place in Universal History, &c._, with additions by Samuel Birch, LL. D., 5 vols. 8vo. London: Longmans, 1867.
Burnouf (Émile), _Essai sur le Veda, ou Études sur les Religions, &c., de l’Inde_, 1 vol. 8vo., 1863. ‘L’Age de Bronze,’ _Revue des deux Mondes_, July 15, 1877.
Burton (R. F.), _A Complete System of Bayonet Exercise_. London: Clowes, 1853. The _Athenæum_, Nov, 24, 1880. _Camoens, his Life and his Lusiads_, 2 vols. 12mo., Quaritch, 1881. _To the Gold Coast for Gold_. London: Chatto and Windus, 1883.
Cæsar (Julius), _Opera Omnia_, Delphin edit., variorum notes, 4 vols. 8vo. Londini, 1819.
Calder (J. E.), _Some Account of the Wars of Extirpation and Habits of the Native Tribes of Tasmania_, Journ. Anthrop. Instit., vol. iii. 1873.
Cameron (Commander Verney Lovett, C.B., D.C.L., &c.), _Across Africa_. London: Daldy and Isbister, 1877.
Camoens, _Os Lusiadas_.
_Catalogue du Bulak Muséum_, by the late Mariette-Bey (afterwards Pasha). Cairo: A. Mourès, imprimeur-éditeur.
_Catalog. Die Ethnographisch-Anthropologische Abtheilung des Museums Godefroy in Hamburg_, vol. i. 8vo. L. Frederichsen u. Co. 1881.
Caylus (Comte de), _Recueil d’Antiquités Égyptiennes, &c._, 8 vols. 4to. Paris, 1752–70.
Celsus (A. Cornelius), _De Medicinâ_, edit. princeps. Florentiæ, a Nicolao impressus, A.D. 1478.
Chabas, _Études sur l’Antiquité Historique d’après les sources Égyptiennes_, 1872.
Chaillu (Paul B. du), _Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa, &c._ London: Murray, 1861. The _Gorilla-book_.
Chapman (Captain George), _Foil Practice, with a Review of the Art of Fencing_. London: Clowes, 1861.
Clapperton (Captain H.), _Journal of a Second Expedition into Africa_, 1 vol. 4to. London, 1829.
Clermont-Ganneau (Charles), _Horus et Saint George, &c._ Extrait de la _Revue Archéologique_, Dec. 1877. Paris: Didier et C^{ie}. The author is a prolific writer and a highly distinguished Orientalist.
Cochet (Jean Benoît Désiré, Abbé), _Le Tombeau de Childéric I., Roi des Francs_. Restitué à l’aide de l’archéologie et des découvertes récentes, 8vo. Paris: 1859.
Cole (Lieutenant H. H., of the Royal Engineers), _Catalogue of Indian Art in the South Kensington Museum_.
—— _Illustrations of Ancient Buildings in Kashmir_, prepared under the authority of the Secretary of State for India from photographs, plans, and drawings taken by order of the Government of India. London, 1869. 4to.
—— _The Architecture of Ancient Delhi, especially the buildings around the Kutb Minar_, fol. London, 1872.
Cooper (Rev. Basil H.), _The Antiquity and the Use of Metals and especially Iron, among the Egyptians_, Transac. Devonshire Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1868.
Cory (Isaac Preston), _Ancient Fragments of the Phœnician, Chaldæan, Egyptian, Tyrian, Carthaginian, and other writers_, 8vo. London, 1832. Very rare. New edit. Reeves and Turner: London, 1876.
Crawfurd (John), _On the Sources of the Supply of Tin for the Bronze Tools and Weapons of Antiquity_, Trans. Ethnol. Soc., N.S., vol. iii. 1865.
Cunningham (General A.), _The Bhilsa Topes, &c._, 8vo. London, 1854. _Ládak, &c._, royal 8vo. London, 1854. _Archæological Survey of India_, 6 vols. 8vo. Simla, 1871–78.
Czoernig (Baron Carl von), jun. _Ueber die vorhistorischen Funde im Laibacher Torfmoor_. Alpine Soc. of Trieste, Dec. 8, 1875.
Daniel (Père Gabriel), _Histoire de la Milice Françoise, et des Changemens qui s’y sont faits, depuis l’établissement de la Monarchie Françoise dans les Gaules, jusqu’à la fin du Régne de Louis le Grand_, 7 vols. 8vo. À Amsterdam; au dépens de la Compagnie (de Jésus), MDCCXXIV. It is a standard work as far as it goes.
Davis (Sir John F.), _The Chinese: a general Description of the Empire of China and its Inhabitants_, 2 vols. 8vo. London: Knight, MDCCCVI.
Day (St. John Vincent), _The Prehistoric Use of Iron and Steel_. London: Trübner, 1877. When sending me a copy of his learned and original study, Mr. Day wrote to me that he is bringing out a second edition, in which his ‘collection of additional matter will modify and correct certain of his former views.’
Demmin (Auguste), _Illustrated History of Arms and Armour_, translated by C. C. Black, M.A. London: Bell, 1877. The illustrations leave much to be desired; the Oriental notices are deficient, and the translator has made them worse. Otherwise the book gives a fair general and superficial view.
Denham (Major Dixon), Clapperton and Oudney’s _Travels in Northern and Central Africa_, in 1822–24, 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1826.
Deschmann und Hochstetter, _Prähistorische Ansiedlungen, &c., in Krain_. Laybach, 1879.
Desor (Edouard), _Les Palafittes, ou Constructions lacustres du lac de Neuchâtel_. Paris, 1865. _Die Pfahlbauten des Neuenberger Sees._ Frankfurt a. M., 1866. Desor et Favre, _Le Bel Age du Bronze lacustre en Suisse_, 1 vol. fol. Neufchâtel, 1874.
Diodorus Siculus (B.C. 44), _Bibliotheca Historica_, P. Wesselingius, 2 vols. fol. Amstelod., 1746.
Dion Cassius (nat. A.D. 155).
Dionysius of Halicarnassus (B.C. 29), _Opera Omnia_, J. J. Reiske, 6 vols. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1774.
Dodwell (Edward), _A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece_, 1801–6, 2 vols. 4to. London, 1819.
Douglas (Rev. James, F.A.S.), _Nænia Britannica_, 1793, folio.
Dümichen, _Geschichte des alten Aegyptens_. Berlin, 1879.
Ebers (Prof. George), _Aegypten und die Bücher Moses_. Leipzig, 1868. Followed by sundry Germano-Egyptian romances, _An Egyptian Princess_, _Uarda_, _&c._
Edkins (Rev. Dr.), _China’s Place in Philology: an Attempt to show that the Languages of Europe and Asia have a Common Origin_. London, 1 vol. 8vo., 1871.
Ellis (Rev. William), _Polynesian Researches_. London: Murray, 1858.
Elphinstone, _History of India_, 2 vols. 8vo. 1841.
_Encyclopædia Britannica._
—— _Metropolitana._
—— _Penny_ (one of the best).
—— _Knight’s._
Engel (W. H.), _Kypros: eine Monographie_. 2 vols. 8vo. Berlin: Reimer, 1841.
_Ethnological Society of London (Journal of)_ 7 vols. 8vo. 1848–65.
Eusebius (Bishop of Cæsarea, A.D. 264–340), _Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ Libri Decem_; denuo edidit F. A. Heinichen, 3 vols. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1868.
Evans (Dr. John), _The Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain_, 1 vol. 8vo. London: Longmans, 1872. _The Ancient Implements of Great Britain and Ireland_, ibid. 1881. Both works are admirably well studied and exhaust the subjects as far as they are now known.
Ewbank (Thomas), _Life in Brazil_, 1 vol. 8vo. New York, 1856; London: Sampson Low and Co., 1856. The Appendix is anthropologically valuable.
Fairholt (F. W.), _A Dictionary of Terms of Art_, 1 vol. 12mo. Virtue and Hall, London, 1849.
Farrar (Canon), _Life, &c., of Saint Paul_. Cassell and Co.: London, Paris, and New York (undated).
Ferguson (Sir James), _Transactions of the Irish Association_.
Fergusson (James), _A History of Architecture_, 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1874–76.
Festus (Sextus Pompeius), _De Verborum Significatione_, K. O. Müller. Lipsiæ, 1839. The Grammarian lived between A.D. 100 (Martial’s day) and A.D. 422 (under Theodosius II.).
Ficke, _Wörterbuch der Indo-germanischen Grundsprache, &c._ Göttingen, 1868.
Florus (Annæus: _temp._ Trajan), _Rerum Romanarum libri IV._, Delphin edit., 2 vols. 8vo. Londini, 1822.
Fox (A. Lane-, now Major-General A. Pitt-Rivers). This distinguished student of Anthropology, who ranks foremost in the knowledge of early weapons, happily applied the idea of evolution, development, and progress to his extensive collection, the work of some thirty years. To show the successive steps he grouped his objects according to their forms and uses, beginning with the simplest; and to each class he appended an ideal type, towards which the primitive races were ever advancing, making innumerable mistakes, in some cases even retrograding, but on the whole attaining a higher plane. The papers from which I have quoted, often word for word, in my first chapters, are (1) ‘Primitive Warfare,’ sect. i., read on June 28, 1867 (pp. 1–35, with five plates), and Sect. ii., ‘On the Resemblance of the Weapons of Early Races, their Variations, Continuity, and Development of Form,’ read on June 5, 1868 (pp. 1–42, with eight diagrams); and (2) ‘Catalogue of the Anthropological Collection lent for Exhibition in the Bethnal Green Branch of the South Kensington Museum, with (131) Illustrations;’ pt. I. and II. (III. and IV. to be published hereafter), 1874, &c., 8vo., pp. 1–184. The collection, then containing some 14,000 objects, left Bethnal Green for the Western Galleries of the Museum in South Kensington. After a long sojourn there it was offered to the public; but England, unlike France, Germany, and Italy, has scant appreciation of anthropological study. At length it was presented to the University of Oxford, where a special building will be devoted to its worthy reception. I have taken the liberty of suggesting to General Pitt-Rivers that he owes the public not only the last two parts of his work, but also a folio edition with coloured illustrations of the humble ‘Catalogue.’
Genthe (Dr. Hermann), a paper on ‘Etruscan Commerce with the North,’ _Archiv für Anthrop._, vol. vi. (from his work _Ueber den estruskischen Tauschhandel nach Norden_). Frankfurt, 1874.
Gladstone (Right Hon. W. E.), _Juventus Mundi_, 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1869. ‘Metals in Homer,’ _Contemporary Review_, 1874.
Glas (George), ‘The History of the Discovery and Conquest of the Canary Islands,’ _Pinkerton, Voyages_, vol. xvi.
Goguet (Antoine Yves), _De l’Origine des Lois, des Arts, et des Sciences, et de leur progrès chez les anciens peuples_ (par A. Y. G., aidé par Alex. Conr. Fugère), 3 vols., plates, 4to. Paris, 1758. Numerous editions and translations.
Goguet (M. de), _The Origin of Laws, Arts, and Sciences, and their progress among the most Ancient Nations_. English translation by Thompson, 3 vols., plates, 8vo. Edinburgh, 1761.
Gozzadini (Senator Count Giovanni), _Di un antico sepolcro a Ceretolo nel Bolognese_. Modena: Vincenzi, 1872. The author has taken a distinguished place in antiquarian anthropology by his various and valuable studies of Etruscan remains found in and around Felsina, now Bologna. I have ventured upon suggesting to him that these detached papers, mostly printed by Fava, Garagnani, and Co., of Bologna, should be collected and published in a handy form for the benefit of students.
Graah (Captain W. A.), _Narrative of an Expedition to the Eastern Coast of Greenland, &c._ Translated from the Danish (Copenhagen, 1832) by C. Gordon Macdougall, 8vo. London, 1837.
Grant (Captain, now Colonel, James A.), _A Walk across Africa, or Domestic Scenes from my Nile Journal_. Blackwoods: Edinburgh, MDCCCLXIV.
Grose (Captain Francis), _Military Antiquities respecting the History of the British Army. From the Conquest to the Present Time._ A new edition with material additions and improvements, 2 vols. 8vo. London, printed for T. Egerton, Whitehall; and G. Kearsley, Fleet Street, 1801. The first edition appeared in 1786, and the learned author died (æt. 52) of apoplexy at Dublin, May 12, 1791.
Grote (George), _History of Greece_, 12 vols. 8vo. 1846–56.
Guthrie (Mrs.), _My Year in an An Indian Fort_. Hurst and Blackett: London, 1877.
Hamilton (Will. J.), _Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus, and Armenia, &c._, 2 vols. 8vo. London: Murray, 1842.
Hanbury (Daniel), _Science Papers, &c._, edited with Memoir by Joseph Ince, 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1876.
Heath (Rev. Dunbar Isidore), _Exodus Papyri_, 8vo. London, 1855. _Phœnician Inscriptions._ London, Quaritch, 1873. ‘Hittite Inscriptions,’ _Journ. Anthrop. Institute_, May, 1880.
_Herodotus_, Rawlinson’s, 4 vols. Murray, 1858. This valuable work wants a second edition revised.
Herrera (Antonio, chief chronicler of the Indies), _Historia Geral, &c._, VIII. Decads, 4 vols. folio. Madrid, 1601.
Hesiod, _Opera et Dies; Scutum, &c._ Poetæ Minores Græci, vol. i.
Holub (Dr. Emil), _Seven Years in South Africa_, 2 vols. 8vo. Sampson Low and Co. 1881.
Homer, _Opera Omnia_, by J. A. Ernesti. 5 vols. 8vo. Glasgow, 1814.
Horatius, _Opera Om._, ex edit. Zeunii. Delphin edit., 4 vols. 8vo. Londini, 1825.
Howorth (H. H.), ‘Archæology of Bronze.’ _Trans. Ethno. Soc._, vol. vi.
Humboldt (Baron Alexander von), _Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America_, 3 vols. 8vo. Bohn’s Scientific Library, London, 1852.
_Iron, an Illustrated Weekly Journal of Science, Metals, and Manufactures in iron and Steel_, edited by Perry E. Nursey, C.E., to whom I have to express my thanks.
Isidorus Hispalensis (Bishop of Seville, A.D. 600–636), _Opera Omnia_ (including the ‘Origines’ and ‘Etymologies’), published by J. du Breul, fol. Parisiis, 1601.
Jacquemin (Raphael), _Histoire Générale du Costume, &c._ Du IV^{me} au XIX^{me} Siècle (A.D. 315–1815). Paris.
Jähns (Major Max), _Handbuch einer Geschichte des Kriegswesens von der Urzeit an zur Renaissance_. Technischer Theil: Bewaffnung, Kampfweise, Befestigung, Belagerung, Seewesen. Leipzig: Grunow, 1880. Major Jähns, an officer upon the General Staff of the German army, has produced in 1 vol. imp. 8vo. (pp. 640) a most laborious and useful work, accompanied by an atlas of one hundred carefully drawn plates. He quotes authorities literally by the hundred. The work amply deserves to be translated into English, but its public would, I fear, be very limited.
Josephus (Flavius).
Justinus (Frontinus). _History, Fourth and Fifth Century_, abridged from Trogus Pompeius.
_Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana_, part i., with a preface and introduction. Printed for the Hindu Kama Shastra Society of London, 1883; for private circulation only. The poet whose name was Mallinaga or Mrillana (of the Vatsyayana family) lived between the first and sixth century of the Christian Æra. This, too, is only known by his poetry. Hindu-land is rich in Kama literature.
Keller (Dr. Ferdinand), _Die Kältischen Pfahlbauten in den Schweizer Seen_. Zürich, 1854–66. There is an English translation _The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_.
King (late Dr. Richard), _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, vols. i. and ii.
Klemm (Dr. Gustav Friedrich), _Werkzeuge und Waffen_. Leipzig, 1854. An edition of Klemm’s (G. F.), _Die Werkzeuge und Waffen, ihre Entstehung und Ausbildung_, with 342 woodcuts in the text, 8vo. Published at Sondershausen, 1858. _Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft_, 2 vols. with woodcuts, 8vo. Leipzig, 1854–5.
Kolben (Peter), _Present State of the Cape of Good Hope, &c._, 2 vols. 8vo., 1738.
Kremer (Ritter Adolf von), _Ibn Chaldun und seine Culturgeschichte_. Wien, 1879.
Lacombe, _Les Armes et les Armures_. Paris, 1868.
_Land and Water_, weekly paper published by William Bates; it contains many articles by the late lamented Mr. Frank Buckland, F.Z.S.
Latham (John): this ‘Assistant-Commissioner for Exhibitions’ (1862, 1867, and 1873), who succeeded in business Messrs. Wilkinson and Son of Pall Mall, and who lately died, gave me copies of his two excellent papers, (1) ‘The Shape of Sword-blades,’ and (2) ‘A Few Notes on Swords in the International Exhibition of 1862’ (_Journal of the R.U.S. Institution_, vols. vi. and vii.). With the author’s permission I have freely used these two valuable professional studies, especially in Chapter VII. The late Mr. Latham was a practical Swordsman, and his long experience as a maker of the ‘white arm’ renders his information thoroughly trustworthy. I wish every success to his son, who now fills his place in an establishment famous for turning out good work.
Latham (Robert Gordon), _Ethnology of the British Islands_, 1 vol. 12mo. London, 1852. _Descriptive Ethnology_, 2 vols. 8vo. 1859.
Layard (Sir Henry Austen), _Nineveh and its Remains_, 2 vols. 8vo., 1849. _Monuments of Nineveh_, 1st and 2nd Series, 1849–53. _A Popular Account of Discoveries at Nineveh._ London: Murray, 1851. _Fresh Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon_, 1 vol. 8vo. London: Murray, 1853.
Legge (Dr. James), _The Chinese Classics_, 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1861–76; vol. i., ‘Confucius’; ii., ‘Mencius’; iii., ‘She-King or Book of Poetry.’
Lenormant (François), _Manuel d’Histoire Ancienne de l’Orient_, 2 vols., 12mo. Paris, 1868. _Les Premières Civilisations_, 3 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1874. Germ. Trans., Jena, 1875.
Lepsius (Dr. Richard), _Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien nach den Zeichnungen der Preussischen Expedition. Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien_ (1842–45). Berlin, 1849–59. _Discoveries in Egypt, &c._, translated by Kenneth R. H. Mackenzie, 8vo. London, 1852. _Die Metalle in den Aegyptischen Inschriften_ (Akad. der Wiss., A.D. 1871), the latter translated into French 1877.
Lindsey (Dr. W. Lauder), _Proceedings of Society of Arts of Scotland_, vol. v. 327.
Livy.
Lopez (Vicente Fidel), _Les Races Aryennes du Pérou, &c._ Paris: A. Franck, 1871. A copy was sent to me by my old friend John Coghlan, C.E., of Buenos Ayres.
Lubbock (Sir John W.), _Pre-historic Times_, 1 vol. 8vo., 1865. _Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia_ (Nillson’s), 3rd edit. London, 1868. _Origin of Civilisation, &c._, 8vo. London, 1870.
Lucan.
Lucretius.
Luynes (Duc de), _Numismatique et Inscriptions Cypriotes_. Paris, 1852.
Lyell (Sir Charles), _Principles of Geology_. London: Murray, 1830–3. _The Antiquity of Man from Geological Evidences._ London: Murray, 1863.
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_Manava-Dharma-Shástra_ (Laws of Menu), translated by Houghton. London, 1825.
Manetho (B.C. 285).
Marchionni (Alberto), _Trattato di Scherma, &c._ Firenze: Bencini, 1847.
Markham (Clements R.), _Pedro de Cieza_ (_Cieça_) _de Leon_, 1869. _Commentaries of the Yncas_, 1871. _Reports on the Discovery of Peru_, 1872. All printed by the Hakluyt Society.
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Paterculus (C. Velleius, B.C. 19).
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Petronius Arbiter.
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Polyænus the Macedonian dedicated his 8 books of 900 Στρατηγήματα to M. Aurelius and L. Verus (A.D. 163).
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Porter (Rev. J. L.), author of _A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine_. London: Murray, 1868 (1st edition).
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Ptolmey, _Geographia_.
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Roteiro (Ruttier) _da Viagem de Vasco da Gama_, corrected by the late Professor Herculano and Baron do Castello de Pavia. Imprensa Nacional, Lisboa, MDCCCLI. (2nd edition).
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Sallust.
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Silius Italicus (nat. A.D. 25).
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Smith (George), _Assyrian Discoveries_. London: Sampson Low & Co., 6th edit., 1876. The learned author wore himself out by travel, and died young.
Smith (Rev. W. Robertson), _The Old Testament in the Jewish Church_. Edinburgh: Blacks, 1881.
Smith (Dr. William), _Dictionaries_. London: Taylor & Walton—
1. _Greek and Roman Geography_, 2 vols. 8vo. 1856–57.
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3. _Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology_, 3 vols. 8vo. 1858–61.
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Strabo (B.C. 54?).
Suetonius (C. Tranquillus).
Tacitus (Cornelius).
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Theophrastus (B.C. 305), _Opera Græca et Latina_, J. G. Schneider, 5 vols. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1818–21.
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Varnhagen (the late F. Adolpho de): _Historia Geral do Brazil_, 2 vols. 8vo. Laemmert: Rio de Janeiro, 1854, Useful as ‘documents pour servir.’
Varro (Terentius, nat. B.C. 116), _De Lingua Latina_.
Vegetius (Fl. Renatus, A.D. 375–92), _De Re Militari_.
Virgil.
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Willemin, _Choix des Costumes Civiles et Militaires_. Paris, 1798.
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Woldrich (Prof. A.), _Mittheilungen der Wien. Anthrop. Gesell._ Wien, 1874.
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Wurmbrand (Count Gutaker), _Ergebnisse der Pfahlbauuntersuchungen_. Wien, 1875.
Yule (Colonel Henry), _The Book of Marco Polo the Venetian_, 2nd edit. London: Murray, 1875. The learned and exact writer favoured me with a copy of his admirable work, without which it is vain to read of ‘The Kingdoms and the Marvels of the East.’
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER PAGE
FOREWORD ix
INTRODUCTION xi
LIST OF AUTHORITIES xxiii
I. PREAMBLE: ON THE ORIGIN OF WEAPONS 1
II. MAN’S FIRST WEAPONS—THE STONE AND THE STICK. THE EARLIEST AGES OF WEAPONS. THE AGES OF WOOD, OF BONE, AND OF HORN 16
III. THE WEAPONS OF THE AGE OF WOOD: THE BOOMERANG AND THE SWORD OF WOOD; OF STONE, AND OF WOOD AND STONE COMBINED 31
IV. THE PROTO-CHALCITIC OR COPPER AGE OF WEAPONS 53
V. THE SECOND CHALCITIC AGE OF ALLOYS—BRONZE, BRASS, ETC.: THE AXE AND THE SWORD 74
VI. THE PROTO-SIDERIC OR EARLY IRON AGE OF WEAPONS 97
VII. THE SWORD: WHAT IS IT? 123
VIII. THE SWORD IN ANCIENT EGYPT AND IN MODERN AFRICA 143
IX. THE SWORD IN KHITA-LAND, PALESTINE AND CANAAN; PHŒNICIA AND CARTHAGE; JEWRY, CYPRUS, TROY, AND ETRURIA 172
X. THE SWORD IN BABYLONIA, ASSYRIA AND PERSIA, AND ANCIENT INDIA 199
XI. THE SWORD IN ANCIENT GREECE: HOMER; HESIOD AND HERODOTUS: MYCENÆ 220
XII. THE SWORD IN ANCIENT ROME: THE LEGION AND THE GLADIATOR 244
XIII. THE SWORD AMONGST THE BARBARIANS (EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE) 262
CONCLUSION 280
INDEX 281
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG. PAGE
1. INDIAN WÁGH-NAKH 8
2. WÁGH-NAKH, USED BY MARÁTHÁS 8
3. BALISTES CAPRISCUS; COTTUS DICERAUS; NASEUS FRONTICORNIS 9
4. SPEAR OF NARWHAL; SWORD OF XIPHIAS; RHINOCEROS-HORN; WALRUS TUSKS 10
5. NARWHAL’S SWORD PIERCING PLANK 10
6. METAL DAGGERS WITH HORN CURVE 10
7. MÁDU OR MÁRU 11
8. THE ADAGA 12
9. SERRATED OR MULTIBARBED WEAPONS 13
10. WEAPONS MADE OF SHARK’S TEETH 13
11. ITALIAN DAGGER, WITH GROOVES AND HOLES FOR POISON 13
12. SWORD WITH SERRATED BLADE OF SAW-FISH 13
13. ANCIENT EGYPTIANS THROWING KNIVES 18
14. JAPANESE WAR-FLAIL 21
15. TURKISH WAR-FLAIL 21
16. MORNING STAR 21
17. DEER-HORN ARROW-HEAD 24
18. HORN WAR CLUBS WITH METAL POINTS 24
19. DOUBLE SPEAR AND SHIELD 24
20. SPINE OF DIODON 24
21. WALRUS TOOTH USED AS SPEAR POINT; TOMAHAWK OF WALRUS TOOTH 24
22. STING OF MALACCAN LIMULUS CRAB 25
23. THE GREENLAND NUGUIT 25
24. NARWHAL SHAFT AND METAL BLADE 25
25. JADE PATTU-PATTUS 25
26. BONE ARROW-POINT FOR POISON; IRON ARROW-HEAD FOR POISON 26
27. WILDE’S DAGGER 26
28. HOLLOW BONE FOR POISON 26
29. BONE KNIFE 26
30. BONE ARROW-POINT ARMED WITH FLINT FLAKES 26
31. BONE SPLINTER EDGED WITH FLINT FLAKES 26
32. HARPOON HEAD 29
33. LISÁN IN EGYPT AND ABYSSINIA 32
34. LISÁN OR TONGUE 32
35. TRANSITION FROM THE BOOMERANG TO THE HATCHET 34
36. AUSTRALIAN PICKS 34
37. INDIAN BOOMERANGS 35
38. BOOMERANG AND KITE 36
39. AFRICAN BOOMERANGS 36
40. TRANSITION FROM THE MALGA, LEOWEL OR PICK TO THE BOOMERANG 37
41. THE STICK AND THE SHIELD 38
42. THROW-STICKS 38
43. OLD EGYPTIAN BOOMERANG 39
44. BULAK SWORD 39
45. HIEROGLYPHIC INSCRIPTION ON WOODEN SWORD OF BULAK 39
40. TRANSITION FROM CELT TO PADDLE SPEAR AND SWORD FORMS 41
47. CLUBS OF FIJI ISLANDS 41
48. WOODEN SWORDS AND CLUBS OF BRAZILIAN INDIANS 41
49. PAGAYA, SHARPENED PADDLE 42
50. CLUBS 43
51. PADDLES 43
52. SAMOAN CLUB 44
53. WOODEN SABRE 44
54. WOODEN CHOPPER 44
55. KNIFE (WOOD), FROM VANNA LAVA 44
56. IRISH SWORD 45
57. WOODEN RAPIER-BLADE 45
58. FRAGMENTS OF STONE KNIVES FROM SHETLAND 46
59. FLINT DAGGERS 46
60. AUSTRALIAN SPEARS ARMED WITH FLINTS AT SIDE 48
61. SWORD OF SABRE FORM, WITH SHARKS’ TEETH 48
62. DITTO, ARMED WITH OBSIDIAN 48
63. WOOD- AND HORN-POINTS 49
64. MEXICAN SWORD OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY, OF IRON WOOD, WITH TEN BLADES OF BLACK OBSIDIAN FIXED INTO THE WOOD 49
65. MAHQUAHUITLS 50
66. MEXICAN WARRIOR 50
67. MEXICAN SWORD, IRON-WOOD, ARMED WITH OBSIDIAN 50
68. MEXICAN SPEAR-HEAD (FIFTEENTH CENTURY), BLACK OBSIDIAN, WITH WOODEN HANDLE 50
69. NEW ZEALAND CLUB 50
70. AUSTRALIAN SPEARS, WITH BITS OF OBSIDIAN, CRYSTAL, OR GLASS 51
71. ITALIAN POISON DAGGERS 51
72. ARAB SWORD, WITH DOWN-CURVED QUILLONS, AND SAW BLADE 51
73. SEPHURIS AT WADY MAGHARAH (OLDEST ROCK TABLETS). THIRD DYNASTY 61
74. SORIS AND THE CANAANITES AT WADY MAGHARAH (OLDEST ROCK TABLETS), FOURTH DYNASTY 61
75. TABLET OF SUPHIS AND NU-SUPHIS AT WADY MAGHARAH. (FOURTH DYNASTY.) 62
76. THE WINGED CELT, OR PALSTAVE 71
77. COPPER CELTS IN THE DUBLIN COLLECTION 72
78. SCYTHE-SHAPED BLADE 73
79. STRAIGHT BLADE 73
80. STRAIGHT BLADE 73
81. SCYTHE-SHAPED BLADE 73
82. FINE SPECIMEN OF EGYPTIAN DAGGER IN POSSESSION OF MR. HAYNS, BROUGHT BY MR. HARRIS FROM THEBES 80
83. BRONZE KNIFE, FROM THE PILE-VILLAGES OF NEUCHÂTEL 82
84. PERUVIAN KNIFE. METAL BLADE, SECURED IN A SLIT IN THE HAFT BY STRONG COTTON TWINE 82
85. OLDEST FORM (?) 88
86. METAL CELTS 88
87. KNIFE FOUND AT RÉALON (HAUTES ALPES) 88
88. THE GLAIVE 89
89. EGYPTIAN AXES OF BRONZE 89
90. IRISH BATTLE-AXE 91
91. AXE USED BY BRUCE 91
92. GERMAN PROCESSIONAL AXE 91
93. HALBARDS 92
94. HALBARDS 93
95. BECHWANA’S CLUB AXE; THE SAME, EXPANDED; THE SAME, BARBED; SILEPE OF THE BASUTOS; HORSEMAN’S AXE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 93
96. HINDU HATCHET FROM RAJPUTANA 94
97. GERMAN HATCHET OF BRONZE PERIOD 94
98. BURGUNDIAN AXE; FRANCISQUE OR TAPER AXE 94
99. IRON SCRAMASAX 94
100. SCRAMASAX 94
101. GUNNAR’S BILL 95
102. VOULGES 95
103. EGYPTIAN SACRIFICIAL KNIVES (IRON) 101
104. IRON SMELTING FURNACE AMONGST THE MARÁVE PEOPLE 118
105. PORTABLE AFRICAN BELLOWS 121
106. THE ITALIAN FOIL 125
107. POMMEL; QUILLONS; PAS D’ANE 125
108. DOUBLE GUARD (GUARD AND COUNTERGUARD) 125
109. STRAIGHT QUILLONS AND LOOPS 125
110. FANTASTIC FORM 125
111. THE THREE FORMS OF THE SWORD 126
112. DELIVERING POINT 127
113. THE INFANTRY ‘REGULATION’ SWORD 129
114. SCYMITAR 130
115. CLAYMORE 130
116. } DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATING THE DIRECT }
117. } AND THE OBLIQUE CUT } 130
118. SECTIONS OF SWORD-BLADES 131
119. FOIL WITH FRENCH GUARD 133
120. REGULATION SWORD FOR INFANTRY 133
121. SCYMITAR-SHAPE 133
122. YATAGHAN 134
123. ORNAMENTAL YATAGHAN AND SHEATH 134
124. SECTIONS OF THRUSTING-SWORDS 135
125. PIERCED BLADE 136
126. PIERCED BLADE AND SHEATH 136
127. FLAMBERGE 136
128. GERMAN MAIN-GAUCHE 136
129. PATERNOSTER 136
130. MALAY KRÍS 137
131. WAVE-EDGED DAGGER 137
132. SAW-TOOTH BLADE 137
133. MAIN-GAUCHE 137
134. SWORD-BREAKERS 138
135. ONE-EDGED WAVE BLADE 138
136. COUNTERGUARD 138
137. TOOTHED-EDGE 138
138. HOOKED-EDGE 138
139. EXECUTIONER’S SWORD 139
140. JAPANESE TYPE 139
141. CHINESE SABRE-KNIFE 139
142. OLD PERSIAN SWORD 139
143. SCYMITAR 139
144. OLD TURKISH 140
145. CHINESE 140
146. OLD TURKISH SCYMITAR 140
147. THE DÁO 140
148. SAILOR’S CUTLASS 140
149. HINDU KITÁR 140
150. GOLD COAST 141
151. BRONZE DAGGER; SWORD 145
152. SINGLE-STICK IN EGYPT 153
153. EGYPTIAN SOLDIER AND SHIELD 153
154. EGYPTIAN SOLDIERS 153
155. EGYPTIAN SOLDIER 153
156. EGYPTIANS FIGHTING, FROM PAINTINGS OF THEBES; EGYPTIAN SOLDIERS, FROM THEBAN BAS-RELIEFS 153
157. BRONZE HATCHETS IN WOODEN HANDLES, BOUND WITH THONGS 154
158. POLE-AXES 154
159. KHETEN OR WAR-AXES 154
160. DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE EGYPTIAN KHOPSH (KOPIS), WITH EDGES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE 156
161. EGYPTIAN SLING; UNKNOWN WEAPON; SHEATHED DAGGER; HATCHET; SCORPION, OR WHIP-GOAD 157
162. EGYPTIAN DAGGERS 157
163. EGYPTIAN DAGGER OF BRONZE IN BRITISH MUSEUM 157
164. OFFICER OF LIFE-GUARD TO RAMESES II., APPARENTLY ASIATIC 157
165. BRONZE SWORD, FOUND AT AL-KANTARAH, EGYPT 157
166. AXE; SPEAR-HEAD; KHOPSH; LANCE-HEAD 158
167. BELT AND DAGGER 158
168. EGYPTIAN DAGGERS 158
169. ASSYRIAN DAGGERS, SHEATHS, AND BELTS 159
170. SHORT SWORD FROM CAUCASUS 160
171. EGYPTIAN CHOPPER-SWORDS 160
172. EGYPTIAN KHOPSH 160
173. BRONZE DAGGERS AND SHEATH 161
174. SHAPES OF EGYPTIAN BLADES 161
175. SWORD-DAGGERS 161
176. ABYSSINIAN SWORD, A LARGE SICKLE 164
177. SMALLER ABYSSINIAN BLADE 164
178. ABYSSINIAN SWORD IN SHEATH 164
179. FLISSA OF KABYLES 164
180. DANKALI SWORD 165
181. CONGO SWORD 165
182. UNYORO DAGGER-SWORD 166
183. ZANZIBAR SWORDS 166
184. GOLD COAST SWORDS 167
185. ASHANTI SWORD-KNIFE 167
186. SWORDS OF KING GELELE OF DAHOMY 167
187. BEHEADING SWORD 168
188. WASA (WASSAW) SWORD 168
189. KING BLAY’S SWORD 168
190. CAPTAIN CAMERON’S MANYUEMA SWORDLET, SHEATH, AND BELT 169
191. POKWÉ OF THE CAZEMBE’S CHIEFS 170
192. GABOON SWORDS, BOTH EVIDENTLY EGYPTIAN 170
193. CLEAVER OF THE HABSHI PEOPLE 170
194. FRANKISH BLADE, WITH MID-GROOVE OUT OF CENTRE 171
195. CYPRIAN DAGGER 173
196. NOVACULA 189
197. NOVACULA? 189
198. NOVACULA, SICKLE? RAZOR? 189
199. SILVER DAGGER 189
200. COPPER SWORD FROM THE ‘TREASURY OF PRIAM’ 192
201. MARZABOTTO BLADE 195
202. ASSYRIAN SWORD 199
203. ASSYRIAN LANCE, WITH COUNTER-WEIGHT 203
204. ASSYRIAN SPEAR-HEAD 203
205. ASSYRIAN ‘RAZOR’ 203
206. BABYLONIAN BRONZE DAGGER; ASSYRIAN SWORDS; ASSYRIAN BRONZE-SWORD 204
207. DAGGER-SWORD IN SHEATH 204
208. DAGGER-SWORD 204
209. CLUB-SWORD 204
210. FANCY SWORD 204
211. ASSYRIAN SWORDS 205
212. ASSYRIAN SWORDS 205
213. ASSYRIAN DAGGER 205
214. ASSYRIO-BABYLONIAN ARCHER 206
215. ASSYRIAN FOOT SOLDIER 206
216. ASSYRIAN SOLDIER HUNTING GAME 206
217. FOOT SOLDIER OF THE ARMY OF SENNACHERIB (B.C. 712–707) 206
218. ASSYRIAN WARRIOR, WITH SWORD AND STAFF 206
219. ASSYRIAN WARRIORS AT A LION HUNT 206
220. ASSYRIAN EUNUCH 206
221. BRONZE SWORD, BEARING THE NAME OF VUL-NIRARI I., FOUND NEAR DIARBEKR 208
222. PERSIAN ARCHER 209
223. PERSIAN WARRIOR 209
224. THE PERSIAN CIDARIS, OR TIARA 209
225. PERSIAN ACINACES 210
226. PERSIAN ACINACES 210
227. SWORD FROM MITHRAS GROUP 210
228. SWORD IN RELIEF, PERSEPOLIS SCULPTURES 210
229. PERSIAN ACINACES 211
230. DAGGER-FORMS FROM PERSEPOLIS 211
231. ACINACES OF PERSEPOLIS 212
232. ACINACES OF MITHRAS GROUP 212
233. HINDÚ WARRIORS 215
234. JAVANESE BLADE, SHOWING INDIAN DERIVATION; HINDÚ SABRE 215
235. BATTLE-SCENE FROM A CAVE IN CUTTACK, FIRST CENTURY A.D. 216
236. THE FIRST HIGHLANDER 217
237. ARJUNA’S SWORD 217
238. JAVANESE SCULPTURES WITH BENT SWORDS 218
239. PESHÁWAR SCULPTURES 218
240. TWO-EDGED BRONZE SWORD AND ALABASTER KNOB, MYCENÆ 223
241. GOLD SHOULDER-BELT, WITH FRAGMENT OF TWO-EDGED BRONZE RAPIER 228
242. BLADE FROM MYCENÆ 229
243. A LONG GOLD PLATE 229
244. WEAPONS FROM MYCENÆ 229
245. SWORD BLADES FROM MYCENÆ 229
246. SWORD BLADES FROM MYCENÆ 230
247. BRONZE LANCEHEAD (?) 230
248. TWO-EDGED BRONZE SWORD AND DAGGER 230
249. TWO-EDGED BRONZE SWORDS AND ALABASTER KNOB 231
250. RAPIER BLADES OF MYCENÆ 232
251. WARRIOR WITH SWORD 232
252. BRONZE SWORD FOUND IN THE PALACE, MYCENÆ 233
253. BRONZE DAGGER: TWO BLADES SOLDERED 233
254. PHÁSGANON 235
255. GREEK PHÁSGANA 235
256. SHORT SWORD (PHÁSGANON) OF BRONZE, FOUND IN CRANNOG AT PESCHIARA, AND PROBABLY GREEK 235
257. TWO-EDGED BRONZE SWORD AND ALABASTER POMMEL 236
258. KOPIS WITH POMMEL 236
259. KOPIS WITH HOOK 236
260. KUKKRI BLADE OF GHURKAS 236
261. THE DANÍSKO 237
262. GREEK XIPHOS 238
263. GALLO-GREEK SWORD 238
264. GALLO-GREEK SWORD 238
265. MAYENCE BLADE 238
266. GALLO-GREEK BLADE AND SHEATH 238
267. BRONZE PARAZONIUM 239
268. ‘HOPLITES’ (HEAVY ARMED) 240
269. GREEK COMBATANTS WITH SWORD AND LANCE 240
270. ROMAN SOLDIER 246
271. HELMETS OF HASTARII (FROM TRAJAN’S COLUMN); HELMETS OF HASTARII; BRONZE HELMET (FROM CANNÆ) 246
272. HASTATUS (FROM TRAJAN’S COLUMN) 247
273. CENTURION’S CUIRASS, WITH PHALERÆ OR DECORATIONS 248
274. ROMAN SWORD; GLADIUS 255
275. BRONZE TWO-EDGED EARLY ROMAN ENSIS 255
276. SWORD OF ROMAN AUXILIARY 255
277. ROMAN SWORD 255
278. SWORD AND VAGINA (SHEATH) 256
279. SWORD AND VAGINA (SHEATH) 256
280. THE PUGIO 256
281. TWO-EDGED ROMAN STILETTOS 257
282. SWORD OF TIBERIUS 258
283. GERMAN OR SLAV SWORD 263
284. SCRAMASAX FROM HALLSTADT 263
285. DANISH SCRAMASAX 263
286. BLADE AND HANDLE OF BRONZE WITH PART OF EAGLE 265
287. GALLIC SWORD OF BRONZE 266
288. SWORD FOUND AT AUGSBURG 270
289. BRONZE 271
290. THE SPATHA OF SCHLESWIG 272
291. SHORT KELTIC SWORD 272
292. DANISH SWORD 274
293. BRITISH SWORD, BRONZE 278
THE BOOK OF THE SWORD.