CHAPTER XIII.

THE SWORD AMONGST THE BARBARIANS (EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE).

Most works on Arms and Armour, when treating of Rome, describe the weapons of her European neighbours ‘upon whom she sharpened the sword of her valour as on a whetstone.’[936] The extent of the subject will here confine me to a general glance, beginning with the Dacians on the east and ending with the British Islands. I must reserve details concerning the Kelts, the Scandinavians, the Slavs, and other northern peoples for Part II., to which they chronologically belong.

The Dacians, especially of Dacia Trajana, Hungary, and Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia, are known to us chiefly by the bas-reliefs on the Trajan Column. It was built by that emperor, who, like Hadrian, followed in the footsteps of Divus Cæsar, to commemorate the conquests of A.D. 103–104; and it dates three years before his death in A.D. 114. The Dacian Sword was somewhat sickle-shaped, with an inner edge, like the oldest Greek and its model, the Egyptian Khopsh. A Dacian Sword on the trophy belonging to Dr. Gregorutti, of Papiriano, is a curved sabre without a cross-bar.

I have elsewhere noticed the Thracian Sword. Dr. Evans[937] mentions the fragment of a remarkable bronze blade from Grecian Thera; it has a series of small broad-edged axes of gold, in shape like conventional battle-axes, inlaid along the middle between two slightly projecting ribs. The same author, speaking of the beautiful bronze Sword in the Berlin Museum, reported to have been found at Pella in Macedonia, mentions the suspicion that it may belong to the Rhine Valley.[938]

Ancient Illyria has transmitted the Roman Gladius to comparatively modern ages. Bosnian tombs of Slavs, Moslem, and Christian, show the short straight thrusting Sword, with simple cross-bar and round pommel. It looks as if it had been copied from some classical coin.

[Heading: _THE OLD KELTIC SWORD._]

The ancient cemetery at Hallstadt in the Salzkammergut, occupied by the Danubian-Keltic Alanni or Norican Taurisci, is especially interesting for two reasons. It shows the Bronze Sword synchronous with the Iron, and it proves that the change of metal involved little of alteration in the form and character of the weapon. This, however, was to be expected, as both were adapted for the same purpose—the thrust, not the cut. Of the twenty-eight long Swords, six were of bronze, nineteen of iron, and three with bronze hefts and iron blades; there were also forty-five short Swords, iron blades with bronze or ivory handles. The blade, about one mètre long, is leaf-shaped, two-edged, and bevel-pointed. The small and guardless grip of 2·5 centimètres, when made of bronze, meets the blade in a hollow crescent, like the British Sword in the Tower, and is fastened with metal rivets. The pommel is either a cone of metal or a crutch with a whorl ending either arm.

Dr. Evans[939] mentions that in one instance the hilt and pommel of an iron Sword are in bronze, in another the pommel alone; the hilt-plate of iron being flat and rivetted like the bronzes. In others the pommel is wanting. He has a broken iron Sword from this cemetery, the blade showing a central rounded rib, with a small bead on either side. Also a ‘beautiful bronze Sword from the same locality, on the blade of which are two small raised beads on either side of the central rib, and in the spaces between them a three-fold wavy line punched in or engraved. In this instance a tang has passed through the hilt, and was formed of alternate blocks of bronze and of some substance that has perished, possibly ivory. A magnificent iron Sword from Hallstadt, now in the Vienna Museum, has the hilt and pommel of ivory inlaid with amber.’ Other grips were of bronze, wood, or bone. The sheaths were mostly of wood, which seemed to have been covered with leather. Most of the blades were buried without scabbards, and the bronze had been purposely broken.

The forty-five short Swords represent the Ensis Noricus (μάχαιρα Κέλτικα), and were in use till the Roman days. The iron-blades are either leaf-shaped or formed like the peculiarly English anelace or anlas, more or less conical and sharp-pointed; and the grip of bronze or ivory ended in a simple crutch. Amongst them is a distinct Scramasax which may be compared with the late Danish weapon.

Bronze blades are comparatively rare in Italy, although the use was long retained and the weapon is often mentioned by Latin writers in verse and prose.[940] This seems to decide the question against the Roman origin of the North-European Sword: of course it is possible that, like the Runic alphabet, they might have been copied from coins; but there are other points which militate against this view. Dr. John Evans[941] notes a peculiarity which he has often pointed out by word of mouth, but which has not as yet been noticed in print. ‘It is, that there is generally, though not universally, a proportion between the length of the blade and the length of the hilt-plate; long sword blades having, as a rule, long hilt-plates, and short sword blades short hilt-plates. So closely is this rule of proportion preserved, that the outline of a large sword on the scale of one-sixth would in some cases absolutely correspond with that of one which was two-thirds of its length if drawn on the scale of one-fourth.’ This suggests derivation, as if an original _modulus_ of the weapon had appeared in a certain racial centre and thence had radiated in all directions. Nor have we any difficulty in determining that this centre was the Nile Valley.

The bronze Swords of Italy present varieties not found in Britain.[942] The blade-sides are more nearly parallel, and many have a slender tang at the hilt, sometimes with one central rivet-hole, sometimes with two rivet-holes forming loops at either side of the ‘spine.’ In others the blade slightly narrows for the tang, and each side has two semicircular rivet-notches. In many Italian and French Swords the blade is drawn out to a long tapering point, so that its edges present a sub-ogival curve. On an Italian _quincussis_ or oblong bronze coin, six inches and five-eighths by three inches and a half, and weighing about three pounds and a half, is the representation of a leaf-shaped Sword with a raised rib along the centre of the blade.[943] Upon the reverse appears the figure of a scabbard with parallel sides and a nearly circular chape. Another coin of the same type, engraved by Carelli,[944] has an almost similar scabbard on the reverse, but the Sword on the obverse is either sheathed or is not leaf-shaped, the sides being parallel: the hilt is also curved, and there is a cross-guard. In fact upon the one coin the weapon has the appearance of a Roman Sword of iron, and on the other that of a leaf-shaped Sword of bronze. Those pieces, says Dr. Evans, were no doubt cast in Umbria, probably in the third century B.C., but their attribution to Ariminum is at best doubtful. From the two varieties of Sword appearing on coins of the same type, the inference may be drawn, either that bronze blades were then being superseded in Umbria by iron, or that the original type was some sacred weapon, subsequently conventionalised to represent the article in ordinary use.

The iron Swords of the Italian tribes are rarely mentioned, and then cursorily. Diodorus Siculus, for instance, tells us (v. 33) that the Ligures had blades of ordinary size. They probably adopted the Roman shape, which had proved itself so serviceable in the field.

[Heading: _THE CELTIBERIAN AND OLD SPANISH SWORD._]

Proceeding further westward we find Diodorus Siculus (v. cap. 33) dwelling upon the Celtiberian weapons.[945] ‘They had two-edged Swords of well-tempered steel; besides their daggers, a span long, to be used at close quarters. They make weapons and iron in an admirable manner, for they bury their plates so long underground as is necessary to eat away the weaker part; and, therefore, they use only that which is firm and strong. Swords and other weapons are made of this prepared steel; and these are so powerful in cutting, that neither shield nor helm nor bone can withstand them.’ Plutarch[946] repeats this description, which embodies the still prevalent idea concerning the Damascus (Persian) scymitar and the Toledo rapier. Swedenborg[947] introduces burial among the different methods of making steel; and Beckmann, following Thunberg, declares that the process is still used in Japan.

General A. Pitt-Rivers’ collection has two Swords from Spain. The first is a bronze, sub-leaf-shaped, with a thin protracted point. The length is twenty-one inches; the breadth at the swell two inches, thinning near the handle to one inch and a quarter; the tang is broken, and there are two rivet-holes at the shoulder, which is two inches wide. The other, which the owner calls a ‘Kopis,’ also twenty-one inches long, and two inches and a half in width, has a broad back and a wedge-section. The cutting part is inside, and the whole contour remarkably resembles the Kukkri or Korah of Nepaul, and, in a less degree, the Albanian Yataghan and the Kabyle ‘Flissa.’ The Kopis, however, has a hook-handle as if for suspension; and there is a swelling in the inside of the grip.

‘As the Celtiberians,’ continues Diodorus, ‘are furnished with two Swords,’ (probably _espada y daga_), ‘the horsemen, when they have routed their opponents, dismount, and, joining the foot, fight as its auxiliaries.’ The Lusitanians, most valiant of the race, inhabited a mountain-land peculiarly rich in minerals. Justin[948] speaks of the gold, copper, lead, and vermilion, which last named the ‘Minho’ river. Of the iron he says: ‘It is of an extraordinary quality, but their water is more powerful than the iron itself; for the metal being tempered in it becomes keener; nor is any weapon held in esteem among them that has not been dipt in the Bilbilis or the Chalybs.’[949] Strabo[950] represents Iberia as abounding in metal, and arms the Lusitanians with poniard and dagger, probably meaning dirk and knife.

[Heading: _THE SWORD OF THE OLD GAULS._]

The Northern neighbours of the Celtiberians—the warlike old Keltic[951] Gauls—were essentially swordsmen: they relied mainly upon the Claidab.[952] When they entered Europe they had already left behind them the Age of Stone; and they made their blades of copper, bronze, and iron. The latter, as we learn from history, entered into use during the fourth or fifth century B.C., the later Celtic Period, as it is called by Mr. Franks. The material appears to have been, according to all authorities, very poor and mean. The blade was mostly two-edged, about one mètre long, thin, straight, and without point (_sine mucrone_); it had a tang for the attachment of the grip, but no guard or defence for the hand.

Yet their gallantry enabled the Gauls to do good work with these bad tools. F. Camillus, the dictator,[953] seeing that his enemy cut mostly at head and shoulders, made his Romans wear light helmets, whereby the Machairæ-blades were bent, blunted, or broken. Also, the Roman shield being of wood, he ‘directed it for the same reason to be bordered with a thin plate of brass’ (copper, bronze?). He also taught his men to handle long pikes, which they could thrust under the enemy’s weapons. Dionysius Halicarnassus introduces him saying, while he compares Roman and Gaulish arms, that these Kelts assail the foe only with long lances and large knives (μάχαιρας κοπίδες)[954] of sabre shape (?). This was shortly before his defeating and destroying Brennus and the Senonian[955] Gauls, who had worsted the Romans (B.C. 390) on the fatal _dies Alliensis_,[956] and who had captured all the capital save the Capitol.

The Gauls of Cæsar’s day[957] had large iron mines which they worked by tunnelling; their ship-bolts were of the same material, and they made even chain-cables of iron. They had by no means, however, abandoned the use of bronze arms. Pausanias[958] also speaks of ταῖς μαχαίραις τῶν Γαλατῶν. Diodorus[959] notes that the Kelts wore ‘instead of short straight Swords (ξίφους), long broad blades (μάκρας σπάθας[960]), which they bore obliquely at the right side hung by iron and copper chains.... Their Swords are not smaller than the Saunions (σαυνίων[961]) of other nations, and the points of their Saunions are bigger than those of their Swords.’ Strabo[962] also makes the Gauls wear their long Swords hanging to the right. Procopius,[963] on the other hand, notices that the Gallic auxiliaries of Rome wore the Sword on the left.[964] According to Poseidonius,[965] the Gauls also carried a dagger which served the purpose of a knife, and this may have caused some confusion in the descriptions.

Q. Claudius Quadrigarius in Aulus Gellius,[966] noticing the ‘monomachy’ of Manlius Torquatus with the Gaul, declares that the latter was armed with two gladii. Livy describes the same duel in his best style. The Roman, of middling stature and unostentatious bearing, takes a footman’s shield and girds on a Spanish Spatha—arms fit for ready use rather than show. The big Gaul, another Goliah, glittering in a vest of many colours, and in armour stained and inlaid with gold, shows barbarous exultation, and thrusts out his tongue in childish mockery. The friends retire and leave the two in the middle space, ‘more after the manner of a theatrical show than according to the law of combat.’ The enormous Northerner, like a huge mass threatening to crush what was beneath it, stretched forth his shield with his left hand and planted an ineffectual cut of the Sword with loud noise upon the armour of the advancing foe. The Southron, raising his Sword-point, after pushing aside the lower part of the enemy’s shield with his own, closed in, insinuating his whole body between the trunk and arms of his adversary, and by two thrusts, delivered almost simultaneously at belly and groin, threw his opponent, who when prostrate covered a vast extent of ground. The gallant victor offered no indignity to the corpse beyond despoiling it of the _torques_, which, though smeared with blood, he cast around his neck.

Polybius,[967] recounting the battle at Pisæ, where Aneroestes, king of the Gæsatæ,[968] aided by the Boii, the Insubres, and the Taurisci (Noricans, Styrians), was defeated by C. Atilius (A.U.C. 529 = B.C. 225), shows the superiority of the Roman weapons. He describes the Machairæ of the Gauls ‘as merely cutting blades ... altogether pointless, and fit only to slash from a distance downwards: these weapons by their construction soon wax blunt, and are bent and bowed; so that a second blow cannot be delivered until they are straightened by the foot.’ The same excellent author,[969] when describing the battle of Cannæ (B.C. 216), tells us that Hannibal and his Africans were armed like Romans, with the spoils of the preceding actions; while the Spanish and Gaulish auxiliaries had the same kind of shield, but their Swords were wholly unequal and dissimilar. While the Spanish Xiphos was excellent both for cutting and thrusting, the long and pointless Gallic Machæra could only slash from afar. Livy[970] also notices the want of point and the bending of the soft and ill-tempered Keltic blades.

When Lucius Manlius attacked the Gauls, B.C. 181, the latter carried long flat shields, too narrow to protect the body.[971] They were soon left without other weapons but their Swords, and these they had no opportunity of using, as the enemy did not come to close quarters. Phrensied with the smart of missiles raining upon their large persons, the wounds appearing the more terrible from the black blood contrasting with the white skin; and furious with shame at being put _hors de combat_ by hurts apparently so small, they lost many by the Swords of the Velites. These ‘light bobs’ in those days were well armed; they had shields three feet long, _pila_ for skirmishing, and the _Gladius Hispanus_, which they drew after shifting the javelins to the left hand. With these handy blades they rushed in and wounded faces and breasts, whilst the Gallic Swords could not be wielded without space.

Passing from books to monuments, we see on an Urban medal of Rimini, dating from the domination of the Senones, a long-haired and moustachio’d Gaul, and on the reverse a broad Spatha, with scabbard and chain. This is repeated on another coin of the same series, where a naked Gaul, protected by an oblong shield, assails with the same kind of Sword. A third shows the Gaul with two _gladii_, one shorter than the other.[972] The scabbards and chains were of bronze or iron.

According to Diodorus,[973] the Gauls advanced to battle in war-chariots (_carpentum_, _covinus_, _essedum_). They also had cavalry;[974] but during their invasions of Italy they mostly fought on foot. They had various kinds of missiles, javelins, and the Cateia or Caia (boomerang, or throwing-club), slings, and bows and arrows, poisoned as well as unpoisoned. They then rushed to the attack with unhelm’d heads, and their long locks knotted on the head-top. In many fights they stripped themselves, probably for bravado, preserving only the waistcloth and ornaments, torques, leglets, and armlets. They cut off the heads of the fallen foes; slung them to their shields or saddlebows, and kept them at home as trophies, still the practice of the Dark Continent. Their girls and women fought as bravely as the men; especially with the _contus_ or wooden pike, sharpened and fire-hardened. The waggons ranged in the rear formed a highly efficient ‘lager.’ The large Keltic stature, their terrible war-cries, and their long Swords wielded by doughty arms and backed by stout hearts, enabled them more than once to triumph over civilised armies.

Divus Cæsar, who is severe upon Gallic _nobilitas_, _levitas_, and _infirmitas animi_, employed nine years in subduing Gaul (B.C. 59–50). Before a century elapsed, the people had given up their old barbarous habits and costume, their fur-coats, like the Slav and Afghan _postín_, with sleeves opening in front; their saga-cloaks or tartan-plaids[975] which were probably imitations of the primæval tattoo;[976] their copper torques and their rude chains and armlets. Gallia Comata shore her limed and flowing locks, and Gallia Bracchata (Provincia, Provence) doffed the ‘_truis_’ (trews or trowsers) which were strapped at the waist and tied in at the ankles.[977] Their women adopted Roman fashions, and forgot all that Ammianus Marcellinus had said of them: ‘A whole troop of foreigners could not withstand a single Gaul, if he called to aid his wife, who is usually very strong and blue-eyed, especially when, swelling her neck, gnashing her teeth, and whirling her sallow arms of enormous bulk, she begins to strike blows, mingled with kicks, as if they were so many missiles sent from the string of a catapult.’ Of their old and rugged virtue we may judge by the tale of Ortiagon’s gallant wife and the caitiff centurion.[978] Thus Gaul was thoroughly subdued by Roman civilisation and the Latin tongue; she contributed to literature her quotum of poets and rhetoricians; her cities established schools of philosophy, and she saw nothing to envy in Gallia Togata—Upper Italy.[979]

[Heading: _THE OLD GERMAN SWORD._]

The Alemanni or Germans (Germani) cast of the Rhine inhabited, at the time of the Roman conquests, a dismal land of swamps and _silvæ_: even in the present day a run from Hamburg to Berlin explains the ancient exodus of tribes bent upon conquering the ‘promised lands’ of the south, and the modern wholesale emigration to America. These ‘warmen’ were formerly surpassed by the Gauls in bravery,[980] but they had none of the Keltic levity or instability. The national characteristic was and is the steadfast purpose. Till lately the German Empire was a shadowy tradition; yet the Germans managed to occupy every throne in Europe save two. They never yet made a colony, yet cuckoo-like they hold the best of those made by others; and their sound physical constitution, strengthened by gymnastics, enables them to resist tropical and extreme climates better than any European people save the Slavs and the Jews. In the great cities of the world they occupy the first commercial place, the result of an education carefully adapted to its end and object; and their progress in late years seems to promise ‘Germanism’ an immense future based upon the ruins of the neo-Latin races.

We have the authority of Tacitus for the fact that the Germans of his day did not (like the Kelts)[981] affect the short straight sword: ‘rari ... gladiis utuntur.’[982] The national weapon was the spear[983] of a peculiar kind; ‘hastas vel ipsorum vocabulo frameas gerunt angusto et brevi ferro.’ The derivation of the word and the nature of the weapon are still undetermined.[984] Modern authorities hold the oldest _framée_ to have been a long spear, with a head of stone, copper, bronze, or iron, shaped like a Palstab or an expanding ‘Celt;’ and Demmin[985] shows the same broad shovel-shaped base in the Abyssinian lance. It was either thrown or thrust, and the weapon must not be confounded with the enormous _hastæ_ of Tacitus,[986] in whose day the Roman spear was fourteen feet long. It was a formidable weapon; those who knew it spoke with awe of ‘illam cruentam victricemque frameam’; and the Germans long preserved the saying ‘one spear is worth two Swords.’ Yet, strange to say, it is rarely found in graves, where the throwing-axe of stone and bronze, pierced or unpierced, one-edged or two-headed (πέλεκυς ἀμφιστόμος, bipennis), is so common.

In time the word _framea_ was apparently applied to wholly different weapons. Thus Augustinus makes it an equivalent of _spatha_ or _rhomphaia_; and Johannes de Janua (‘Glossary’) explains it as ‘glaive aigu d’une part, et d’autre espée.’

Iron, according to Tacitus,[987] was known to the Germans, but was not common. His statement is supported by ‘finds’ in the old tumuli and stone rings, known as Riesenmauer, Hünnenringe,[988] Teufelsgraben, Burgwälle, and others. The myths of giants, dwarfs, and serpents suggest an Eastern origin for the metal. Bronze blades, on the other hand, are common. A typical specimen from the Elbe valley in the Klemm collection is thus described by Jähns.[989] The whole weapon is 23·25 centimètres long, the blade being 18·5, with a maximum breadth of 1·625. The shape is conical, tapering to the point; a high and rounded mid-rib is subtended on either side by a deepened line which runs to the end. Between shoulders and blade the front view shows on either side a crescent-shaped notch. The grip is narrower at the middle, where there is a long oval slit for making fast the handle; and there are two rivet holes on either side of the shoulders, whence the mid-rib springs. It shows no pommel, the place being taken by a shallow crutch.

Iron Swords are rare: even in the second century B.C., when the Romans had given up the softer metal, the Gauls and Germans preserved it. This is especially noticed when Germanicus marched against Arminius, B.C. 15;[990] and as late as the days of Tacitus, Germany could not work the raw metal.[991] Remains of iron _Spathæ_ have mostly been found in very bad condition; the material also is poor and badly made. The Held or champion used two kinds of blades; and the mètre-long two-edged German Sword is not to be distinguished from that of the Kelts. The Spatha was especially affected by three tribes: the Suardones (Sworders?), the Saxones (Daggermen)[992] and the Cherusci; in process of time it reached the Goths,[993] and at last _wafan_ (weapon) applied only to the Sword. The blade (_blat_, _blan_, in Mid. Germ. _valz_), with its two edges (_ecke_, _egge_), was often leaf-shaped, as if copied directly from the bronze Sword. Others were smaller in the middle than at heft or point, for facility of unsheathing. The tang reached the pommel end, and the grip or hilt[994] was lined with wood (birch or beech), bone, and other material, covered with leather, fishskin, and cloth. There was no cross-bar, but the crescent extending over the shoulders, and serving to contain the rivets, was sometimes supplied with a guard-plate (_die Leiste_).[995] The weapon had a solid scabbard, often of iron, even when the blade was bronze, and was hung by riems or leathern straps to the warrior’s left.

The other German blade was single-edged and curved: it was a semi-Spatha, half the size of the Spatha, and it hung to the warrior’s right side. This weapon was probably the Sahs,[996] Seax, Sax, the favourite of the Saxons; also called Breitsachs and Knief (knife), and at later times, _scramasaxus_, Scramasax.[997] A large iron knife, with a yataghan curve, it was used either as a dirk or a missile. Some of these throw-Swords had a hook by way of pommel for better securing the hilt. The Schwertstab (Sword-staff) or Prachtaxt is described and figured by Jähns[998] as a kind of _dolch_[999] or dagger, attached to a long hollow metal haft, like that of a Persian war-axe. It is a rare article, and its rarity leads him to believe it was symbolic of the Saxnot (Sword-god) Zio, Tui, or Tuisco. Dr. Evans[1000] considers the weapon ‘a kind of halberd or battle-axe;’ others, a commander’s staff or _bâton_ of honour; but the article is too widely used to be so explained. A fine specimen of the Schwertstab with handle and blade of bronze, was found at Årup in Scania, and an analogous form is shown in a Chinese blade.

History, even written by their enemies, shows that the Ancient Germans were an eminently military and martial people. The bridal present consisted of a caparisoned horse, a shield, a spear, and a Sword. At their festivals, youths danced naked before the Sword-god, amidst drawn blades and couched spears. Their lives were spent in hunting and warfare. Despite their barbarism, a thorough topographical knowledge of their bogs and bushes, mountains and forests, enabled them to inflict more than one crushing defeat upon the civilised Romans.

The highly-developed Teutonic brain also invented a form of attack which suited them thoroughly. It was theirs, as the Phalanx, borrowed from the Egyptians, became Greek, and its legitimate outcome, the Legion, was Roman; and, subsequently, the Crescent, adopted by the Kafirs, was Moslem. ‘Acies,’ says Tacitus,[1001] ‘per cuneos componitur.’ The Keil or Wedge was not unknown to the Greeks and Romans;[1002] but they used it subordinately, whilst with the Germans the ‘Schweinskopf,’ the ‘Svinfylking’ of the Scandinavians, was national: they attributed its invention to Odin, the country god. The apex was composed of a single file,[1003] and the numbers doubled in each line to the base; while families and tribesmen, ranged side by side, added moral cohesion to the tactical formation.[1004] It lasted a thousand years; and it played a conspicuous part in the Battle of Hastings, where the Normans attacked in wedge, and finally at Swiss Sempach. During its long life it underwent sundry modifications, especially the furnishing of the flanks with skirmishers; evidently the Wedge was admirable for the general advance against line or even column; but it was equally ill-calculated for a retreat.

Most writers now consider the Cimbri a Keltic people, and possibly congeners of the Cymry or Welsh. Yet in the second century B.C. we find them uniting, as Pliny tells us,[1005] with the German Teutones or Teutoni (Thiudiskô, Teutsh, Deutsch). The ‘Kimpers’ of Italian Recoaro, the supposed descendants of the invaders who escaped the Sword of Marius (B.C. 102), undoubtedly spoke German.

Plutarch[1006] describes the Cimbrian Sword as a large heavy knife-blade (μεγάλαις ἐχρώντο καὶ βαρείαις μαχαίραις), They had also battle-axes, and sharp, bright _degans_ or daggers: the latter were highly prized, and their cuneiform shape caused them to be considered symbols of the deity,[1007] As usual amongst barbarians, the weapons of the chiefs had terrible names, so as to strike even the hearer with fear.[1008] Their defensive weapons were iron helmets, mail coats, and white glittering shields. Eccart holds that these arms and armour must have been taken from the foe: their barrows, in Holstein and elsewhere, having produced only stone-celts and spear-heads with a few copper Sword-blades, but no iron.

The Scandinavian Goths (Getæ) and Vandals were held by the ancients to have been originally one and the same people.[1009] Their Bronze Age is supposed to have begun about B.C. 1000, and to have ended in Sweden at the opening of the Christian era. They used short Sword-blades, which made them, unlike the Kelts, formidable in close combat, and the Goths claimed to have introduced the spear[1010] to cavalrymen. Identical weapons were used by the Lemovii of Pomerania and their kinsmen the Rugii. The latter lived on the southern shores of the Baltic about Rugenwald, and this place, one of the focuses of the Stone Age,[1011] preserves, like the Isle of Rugen, the old barbaric name. The Danes mostly affected the long-handed _securis Danica_ (_hasche Danoise_). The Fenni (Finns) of Tacitus had neither Swords nor iron: they used only bows and stone-tipped arrows.[1012] The bronze Sword from Finland ‘with flanged hilt-plate and eight rivet-holes,’[1013] must have found its way there.[1014]

[Heading: _THE OLD BRITISH SWORD._]

We now proceed to the Keltic population of the ‘Home Islands of Great Britain,’ and find there evident offshoots of the Gauls. We have no metal remains of the pre-Keltic ‘aborigines’ (Iberians? Basques? Finns?) except their palæoliths; and the history of our finds commences with the two distinct Keltic immigrations advocated by Professor Rhys, the Goidels (Gauls) who named Calyddon or Caledonia (_Gael doine_ or _Gael dun_ = forest district) and the Brythons.

The authentic annals of England, says Mr. Elton[1015] begin with the days of Alexander the Great, that is, in the fourth century B.C.; the next historical station being the invasion of the Anglo-Saxons[1016] in the middle of the fifth century A.D. He does not trace any continuity of race in Kelt or Saxon with the palæolithic men of the Quaternary Age, or with the short dark-skinned neolithics who succeeded them. The two were followed by a big-boned, round-headed, fair-haired family which brought with them a knowledge of bronze and with it the Sword.

Colonel A. Lane-Fox has summarised the four principal theories[1017] concerning the source of bronze in Great Britain. Dr. Evans[1018] prudently finds ‘a certain amount of truth embodied in each of those opinions’; but he also concludes that No. 4 must commend itself to all archæologists. I quite agree with this view, provided that the common centre be Egypt, and that Western Asia be held only a line of transit. We have full proof of the immense antiquity of bronze in the Nile region, whence the art would radiate through the world. But the almost identical proportions of the alloy (nine copper to one tin) and the persistent forms suggest that a wandering race of metal-workers, somewhat like the Gypsies of a later age, are the originators of the _Stations_, the _Fonderies_, and the _Trésors_. The first step from Egypt would be to Khita-land and Phœnicia; and these ‘Englishmen of Antiquity’ would carry the art far and wide. Sir J. Lubbock opines that the Phœnicians were acquainted with the mineral fields of Cornwall between B.C. 1500–1200; somewhat niggard measure, for the Bronze Age in Switzerland is dated from B.C. 3000. On the other hand, Professor Rhys absolutely denies that there are any traces of Phœnician art in England.

Dr. Evans[1019] assumes the total duration of the Bronze Period in Britain at between eight and ten centuries. He would divide this sum into three several stages,[1020] and to the last, which produced the bronze Sword, he assigns a minimum duration of four hundred to five hundred years. This was followed by the Early Iron Age, or later Keltic Period. The metal may have been used in southern Britain, peopled long before Cæsar’s time by immigrant Belgii, not later than the fourth or fifth century B.C., the approximate date of the earliest iron Swords in Gaul.[1021] Lastly, by the second or third century B.C. the exclusive use of bronze for cutting implements had practically ceased in Belgic Britain; the Roman historians do not lead us to suppose that the weapons, even of the northern Britons, were anything but iron.

It has been suggested that the bronze Swords found in Britain were either Roman, or at all events of Roman date. The discussion began as early as 1751,[1022] on the occasion of some bronze blades, a spear-head, and other objects being discovered near Gannat, in the Bourbonnais. It opened with greater vigour between the German and Scandinavian antiquaries in 1860, and the late Thomas Wright was an ardent advocate of the ‘Italian view.’[1023] Dr. Evans, who has carefully considered the question, concludes:[1024] ‘The whole weight of the argument is in favour of a pre-Roman origin for these swords in western and northern Europe.’ And he notices, apparently with scant respect, the three provinces to which the bronze antiques of Europe have been assigned. These are the Mediterranean with Græco-Italic and Helveto-Gallic subdivisions; the Danubian, including Hungary, Scandinavia, Germany, and Britain; and the Uralian, comprising the Russian, Siberian, and Finn regions. Finally he quotes the bronze socketed sickle, the tanged razor, the two forms of Sword, the shield with numerous concentric rings, with sundry other articles specially British, to show that Britain was one of the great centres of the bronze industry.

Lead-bronze, well known in ancient Egypt, is found extensively in Ireland, where some specimens of ‘Dowris metal’ have as much as 9·11 parts in 99·32.[1025] The Phœnicians would certainly teach the use of an article which takes a fine golden lustre. Dr. Evans[1026] notes the remarkable prevalence of lead in the small (votive) socketed celts supplied by Brittany. Professor Pelligot found some of them containing 28·50 per cent. and even 32·50 per cent. of lead, with only 1·5 per cent., or a smaller proportion, of tin. In others, with a large percentage of tin there was from eight to sixteen per cent. of lead. Some of the bronze ornaments of the opening Iron Period also contain a considerable proportion of lead; in the early Roman _As_ and its parts the figures are from twenty to thirty per cent. A socketed celt from Yorkshire gives, copper 81·15, tin 12·30, and lead 2·63 per cent. In this case, Mr. J. A. Phillips expresses an opinion that ‘the lead is, no doubt, an intentional ingredient.’[1027]

Apparently the Roman invaders unduly depreciated the ancient Britons. Strabo[1028] declares them to be cannibals; yet he includes amongst their produce gold, silver, iron, and corn. Cæsar[1029] makes them use the ring money of Egypt, but Dr. Evans[1030] has proved that England had a gold coinage in the first century B.C. It is an old remark that a people can hardly be savages when they employ the _currus falcatus_ or scythe war-car, the ᵹꞃıom carbad or ‘Carbad scarrda’ of the Irish, the Welsh _kerbyd_, borrowed from the Gallic Kelts.[1031] Pomponius Mela also assures us that they had cavalry, besides _bigæ_ and _currus_.[1032] Their works in glass, ivory, and jet, and their incense cups suggest extensive intercourse, commercial and social, with the Continent. During the ninety years which separated Julius Cæsar and Claudius, the Britons had made progress in letters, and had built important towns. The amount of Latin blood introduced into England has, perhaps, been undervalued by our writers; but the discovery of Roman ruins, which rapidly proceeds and succeeds, will draw the attention of the statistician, and that ‘new man, the anthropologist,’ to a highly interesting subject.[1033]

The bronze Swords of the ancient Britons are of two kinds: the leaf-blade and the Rapier, both well cast. The total length of the former is about two feet, the extremes being sixteen inches to thirty, and in rare cases more. The blades are uniformly rounded, but with the part next the edge slightly drawn down so as to form a shallow fluting. The breadth appears greatest at the third near the point, and this would add to the facility of unsheathing. In almost all cases they are strengthened by a rounded mid-rib more or less bold; or they show ridges, with and without beading, or parallel lines that run along the whole blade or the greater part near the edges. Some combine mid-rib and ridges. The shoulders are either plain, notched, or flanged. In rare instances the outer part of the hilt is of bronze: Dr. Evans engraves[1034] a specimen of this kind. The total length of the weapon is twenty-one inches, of which the globular pommel and the grip, made for a large hand, occupy five. The hilt has the appearance of being cast upon the blade: it seems to have been formed of bronze of the same character, and there are no rivets by which the two castings could be attached. The shallow crescent, whose hollow faces the mid-rib (fig. 293), is a characteristic feature, and endures for ages in the northern bronzes.

The handle of the leaf-blade usually consisted of plates of horn, bone, or wood, riveted on either side of the hilt plate. The latter differs considerably in form, and in the number and arrangement of the rivets, by which the covering material was attached. Some have as many as thirteen piercings; they seldom, however, exceed seven. The apertures are either round holes or longitudinal slots of greater or lesser extent. There is a pronounced swelling in the grip when the tang is of full length. At the end it expands, evidently for the purpose of receiving a pommel formed by the material of the hilt. This tang end is a fish-tail more or less pronounced. One illustrated by Dr. Evans[1035] has two spirals attached to the base of the hilt, a rare form in England, but common in Scandinavia. Another[1036] pommel-end has a distinct casting, ‘and is very remarkable on account of the two curved horns extending from it, which are somewhat trumpet-mouthed, with a projecting cone in the centre of each.’ This manilla-end appears to me Irish.

We have seen the rapier in Mycenæ and Etruria.[1037] It reappears in northern Europe, England, and France, perfectly shaped; and, though of rare occurrence in hoards, it seems to belong to the period when socketed celts were in use. There is no difficulty in tracing the intermediate steps between the leaf-shaped dagger and the rapier. The latter measures from twenty to twenty-three and a half, and even thirty and a quarter inches, with a breadth of five-eighths inch, widening at the base to two and three-eighths to two and nine-sixteenths inches. The largest have a strong projecting mid-rib, while their weight is diminished by flutings along either side. Another form of blade is more like a bayonet, showing a section nearly square; while a third has a flat surface where the mid-rib would be, a form not yet obsolete. Few are tanged;[1038] mostly we find the base or shoulders of the blade provided with drill-holes or with notches, to admit the nails; and in some the wings are broadened for this purpose.[1039]

During the Late Celtic Period the Britons, like the Gauls, were armed with _gladii sine mucrone_, which Tacitus[1040] calls _ingentes_ and _enormes_, These Spathæ must have grown out of the bronze rapier. A monument found in London and preserved at Oxford shows the blade to have been between three and four feet long.[1041]

All history declares the Ancient Britons to have been of right warlike race; and Solinus[1042] relates of them a characteristic trait. ‘When a woman is delivered of a male child, she places its first food upon the father’s Sword, and gently puts it to the little one’s mouth, praying to her country gods that its death may be, in like manner, amidst arms.’

The ancient Irish seem to have been rather savages than barbarians, amongst whom the wild non-Celts long prevailed over the Goidels or Gaels. Ptolemy calls the former _Ivernii_, and it has been lately suggested[1043] that this may have been the racial name throughout the British Islands. The same savage element, which is still persistent, was noticed by Tasso, when speaking of the Hibernian crusaders:

Questi dall’ alte selve irsuti manda La divisa del mondo ultima Irlanda.[1044]

The modern Irish, who in historical falsification certainly rival, if they do not excel, the Hindús, claim for their ancestry an exalted grade of culture. They found their pretensions upon illuminated manuscripts and similar works of high art; but it is far easier to account for these triumphs as the exceptional labours of students who wandered to the classic regions about the Mediterranean. If ancient Ireland ever was anything but savage, where, let us ask, are the ruins that show any sign of civilisation? A people of artists does not pig in wooden shanties, surrounded by a rude vallum of earth-work.

Ireland, like modern Central Africa, would receive all her civilised weapons from her neighbours. The Picts of Scotland would transmit a knowledge of iron-working and of the Sword to the Scotti or Picts of the north-east of Hibernia.[1045] This is made evident by the names of the articles. Claiꝺeam or claiꝺim, the Welsh _kledyv_, is simply _gladius_; and ꞇuca is ‘tuck’ or a clerk’s Sword. So lann, the lance head, derives from the Gaulish spear (_lanskei_) which Diodorus Siculus terms λαγκία, a congener of the Greek λόγχη and of the low Latin _lancea_ or _lanscea_, meaning either spear (_hasta_) or Sword.

CONCLUSION.

We have now assisted at the birth of the Sword in the shape of a bit of wood, charred and sharpened. We have seen its several stages of youth and growth to bone and stone, to copper and bronze, to iron and steel. When it had sufficiently developed itself Egypt gave it a name, SFET; and this name, at least fifty centuries old, still clings to it and will cling to it. In the hands of the old Nilotes the Sword spread culture and civilisation throughout adjoining Africa and Western Asia. The Phœnicians carried it wide and side over the world then known to man. The Greeks won with it their liberty and developed with it their citizenship. Wielded by the Romans, it enthroned the Reign of Law, and laid the foundation for the Brotherhood of Mankind. Thus, though it soaked earth with the blood of her sons, the Sword has ever been true to its mission—the Progress of Society.

In Part II. we shall see the Sword attain the prime of life, when no genius, no work of art was too precious to adorn it; and when, from a weapon of offence, it developed exceptional defensive powers. Here begins the Romance of the Sword.

INDEX.

Abderites, 212

Abella, sword and shield of the people of, 264 _n_

Abraham and the Egyptians, 103; his origin, 150 _n_

Abyssinia, native copper from, 63 _n_

Abyssinian lance, 270

— Sword, 163 _sq._, 237

_Acacia detinens_ (‘Wait-a-bit’), 6

_Acanthurus_ (‘surgeon’ or lancet-fish), 10

Accad inscription (Babylonia), 199

Accensi Velati (Roman soldiers), 245

Achæans of the Caucasus, 195 _n_

Achæmenes, 208

Achilles’ shield, 212, 223

— spear pointed with chalcos, 55 _n_

‘Acies instructa’ and ‘sinuata’ (Roman army), 245

Acies (of a weapon), 107 _n_

Acinaces, not a scymitar, 227 _n_

Acinaces, Persian, 210; with golden ornaments, 212

Aclys (archaic weapon), 35 _n_

‘Adaga’ of mediæval writers, 12

Adam Kadmon, 2

Adam primus, 2 _n_

Adam, the Hebrew, 149

Adámas (steel), 221

Adargue (Moorish), 12 _n_

Adder-pike or sting-fish (_Trachinus vipera_), 11

Adonis (= Tammuz), 187

Adscriptii (Roman soldiers), 245 _n_

Adze, 20 _n_; of copper, 67

— blades of shells and pinna, 47

Æs corinthiacum, 85 _n_; ægineticum, 87; demonnesium, _ib._; nigrum, _ib._; deliacum, _ib._; caldarium, 88; græcanicum, _ib._

Ægyptus (meaning of the word in Homer), 145 _n_

Æolipylæ (αἰόλου πύλαι), 31 _n_

Ærugo (or verdigris) from a spear (Achilles’), 60

_Æs_ and _Æris metalla_ (their meaning in Pliny), 58 _n_

Afghan Charay, 212

— language, 210 _n_

Africa (its mineral wealth unexplored), 63

— the Sword in, 162

African antelopes, 9

— bellows, 120 _sq._

— Telak (arm-knife), 162

Africo-Arab weapons, 163

‘Afterthought,’ 1

Afzal Khan (Moslem General of Aurangzeb), 8

Agate splinter (for wooden Swords), 47

Agave (American), 6; used for paper-making, 50 _n_

‘Age of Wood’, 31

‘Ages’, 22 _n_

Agesilaus, army of, 241

Ἀγκύλη (Greek throw-stick), 34

‘Agmen pilatum’ and ‘quadratum’ (Roman army), 245

Agreutic (age of primitive Archæology), 5 _n_

Agriculture in Ancient Egypt, 148

Ahasuerus (= Xerxes), 210

Airain (derivation), 84

Aji (black stone), Japanese use of, for weapons, 52

Aka, Akhu (Ancient Egyptian axe), 89, 158

Akkad (= Upper Babylonia), 104 _n_

Ἀκινάκης, 90 _n_

Alabaster pommels at Mycenæ, 231, 233

Albanian castes, 241 _n_

— yataghan, 265

Alemanni (Germani), weapons of the, 270

Alexander the Great, 209

Alfânge (Iberian; El-Khanjar), 29

Algebra in Assyria, 202 _n_

Alipes (Mercury), 1

Alkinde (Ondanique), 110

Alle-barde (Teutonic weapon), 92

Allophyllian or Agglutinative Turanian, 146

Alloy (derivation of the word), 74 _n_

Alloys of copper, 53, 57

— proportions of, 83; table of alloys in common use, 83 _sq._

Aloe (Socotrine), 6

Alorus, king of Babylonia, 199

Aluminium, 81 _n_

Alyattes, tomb of, 194

Alphabet (whence it came), 51 _n_, 147

— Hindú, 219 _n_

— of Troy, 193

Amber, 48, 87

Ambidexter Swordsmen, 185

Ambrum (= amber), 87

American broad-axe, 128

Amestris (= Esther), 210 _n_

Amphictyony of the Ionians, 194

Amukta (class of weapons: Hindú), 214

Amun Ra, 149 _n_

Amygdaloid greenstone (‘toad-stone’), 103 _n_

Analysis of a copper knife-blade, 69; of so-called ‘bronzes,’ 70; of Assyrian bronze, 81

Anchor, the original, 119 _n_

Ancient Britain, centre of bronze industry, 276

— Britons, account of the, 277

— Cypriote characters, 225

— German method of warfare, 273

— Greece, extent of, 242 _n_

— Hellas, metallurgy of, 220

— Indians, 213

— Indian anthropology, 213

— Irish, character of the, 279

— Roman army (its constitution), 245

— Rome (her _rôle_ in history), 244

Ancile (sacred shield) of _æs_, 56

Andahualas valley (meaning of the name), 67 _n_

Andamanese (unable to kindle fire), 2 _n_

Andanicum (Ondanique), 110

Andena (ductile and malleable iron: Avicenna), 107

Andes (derivation of the name), 67

Andromeda legend, the, 180 _n_

Andro-Sphinx (Egypt), 190 _n_

Anelace, 263

Angels, the weapon of the, 237

Angle of cutting instruments, 131 _sq._

— of resistance, 132

Anglo-Saxon invasion of England, 275

‘Anguimanus’ (the elephant), 3 _n_

Animals in Assyrian bas-reliefs, 203

— (lower) born armed, 2

Anjan (iron-wood), 112

Anlas, 263

‘Annæus’ monument, 258 _n_

Annals of Babylon, 200

Anta (copper: Quichua), 67

Antelope (Indian) horns used for daggers, 11

Antelopes’ horns used in fishing, 27; as lance-points, 28

Antepilani (Roman soldiers), 247 _sq._

Antesignani (Roman soldiers), 247

Anthropology, Ancient Indian, 213

— of the pagans, 21 _sq._

Antimonial bronze, 81 _n_

Antiquity of bronze in the Nile region, 275

— of iron and steel, 98

Antiseptic charcoal, 250 _n_

Antler of red deer as a thrusting-weapon, 28

Anvils, 120

Aor (= Sword, in Homer), 222; etymology of the word, 224 _n_

Apes, 2

Aphrodite or Venus, account of, 187 _n_

Apis-tombs of Memphis, 190 _n_

Apollo and Python, 180

Apophis (serpent: Egypt), 183

Arabian weapons, 185

Arabic name for sabre, 123

Arab scymitar belonging to King of Kishakkha, 162

Arabs and Egyptians, contrast of, 144

Aram wine, 173 _n_

Ararat of Noah’s ark, the, 202

Arbotana, 14 _n_

Arblast (enlarged _arcus_), 19

Arch, Egyptian, 201

Archæology, primitive, 5 _n_

Archaic names of metals, table of, 122

— tools from Wari Gaon, 110

Archal (= _aurichalcum_), 85 _n_

Archangels (whence borrowed), 149

Archer (fish: _Toxotes_), 7

Archers (Ancient Egyptian army), 154

— Assyrian, 206

— in Homer, 222

Archery, Scythian, 19 _n_

Architects, Ancient Roman, 245

Architecture, Assyrian, 201

— in Ancient Egypt, 148

— in Hellas, 241

— origin of, 15

Arcubalista (crossbow), 19

Argentiferous copper (liquation of, in Japan), 83

— galena, 88

Argus-pheasant (Indian bird), 9

Aries (sea-ram; _Delphinus orca_), 7

Aries-shaped Sword, 141

Ariminium, coins cast in, 265

Arithmetic in Ancient Egypt, 148

Arjuna’s Sword, 217

Arka (_Calatropis gigantea_), 218

Arme blanche, 6

Armes d’hast, 6, 246 _n_

Armenia, 209 _n_

Armenian inscriptions, 200

Armidoctores, 249 _n_

Armilla of bronze, Etruscan, 196

Armlets of bronze (Etruscan), 30

Armorial badges (= rank), 141 _sq._

Armour (derivation of the word), 244

— made in Cyprus, 188

— of Ancient Egyptian soldiers, 152 _sqq._

Armour of elephants, 216

— of Goliath, 186

Arms among the Ancient Romans, 244 _sq._

— and Armour of Ancient Roman soldiers, 246 _sqq._

— manufactory in Etruria, 198

— of Hannibal and his troops, 268

— of the Keltic Gauls, 266 _sq._

— of Persian troops, 210

Army of the Ancient Egyptians, 152 _sqq._

Ἅρπη (sharp sickle), 180

Arrows, 11, 154

— made of reed, 28

Arrow-heads in Ancient Gallic and German graves, 274 _n_

— of deer-horn, 24; of bone, 25; of bamboo, 26; of flint-flakes, _ib._; of pinna and shells, 47

Arrow-piles of copper, 65

Arrow-throwers (epithet of the Argives), 222

Art and science in Ancient Egypt, 147

Art of the Hittites, 176

‘Artemis’ (Diana) of the Ephesians, 192 _n_

Articulate language (origin of), 74 _n_

Artificial calamine, 86

— malachite, 72

Aryan (language), 146 _n_

Aryans, 76

_Asclepias gigantea_, 111

Asclepius (Berytus), 75

Ashanti Sword-knife, 167

Ashur (Assyrian), 200, 207

Ashuth (fused or cast metal; Hebrew), 103

Asia, ancient mines of copper and lead in, 63

Asidhenu (dagger: Hindú), 215

Asidevatá (Sword-god produced by Brahma), 214

Askelon (site of), 186 _n_

Asp (Cobra di capello; _Coluber Haja_), 33 _n_

Ass (its method of defence), 7

Assegai used as a razor by the Amazulu, 14

Assyria (etymology of the word), 177

Assyrian architecture, 201

— bas-reliefs, 176, 201

— books, 201 _n_

— bronzes, 104 _n_

— daggers, 159, 205

— executioner, 207

— fashion of wearing the Sword, 206, 239

— fortifications, 203

— hand-daggers, 185

— inscriptions (Bayrut), 200 _n_

— invasion of Egypt, 200

— magic, 202 _n_

— metallurgy, 81, 202; bronze, 81

— names for the Sword, 123

— robe, 175

— skill in arts, 202

— soldiers, 206

— Sphinx, 190 _n_

Assyrians of Xerxes’ army (their weapons), 105

Astrolabe in Assyria, 202 _n_

Astronomy in Ancient Egypt, 148

— of Mesopotamia, 200 _n_

Asuras (mighty demons: Hindú), 213

Atacamite (submuriate of copper), 68

Athenæus on the Sword, 242 _sq._

Athletics, Ancient Roman, 249

Athor or Hathor (‘goddess of copper’), 62, 69

Atlantis, 85 _n_

Attábo, King Blay of, 142

Auctoramentum (pay of the Bestiarii), 253

Augustin’s rendering of ‘framea,’ 271

Aurichalcum, 85

Aurochs, 30 _n_

Australian club (development), 39

Authentic annals of England, beginning of the, 275

Autochthones of Cyprus, 187

Avicenna’s description of iron, 106

Axe (as a weapon), 20, 90 _sq._; of copper and stone, 67

— (derivation of the word), 91 _n_

Axe-heads of pure copper, 57

Ayri (cutting instruments; Peru), 67

‘Azagay’ (in Spanish and Portuguese), 42 _n_

Azure (in heraldry; derivation), 140 _n_

Baal Suteckh (Hittite War-god), 173

Baal-Zephon, site of, 175 _n_

Babanga (Sword; Gaboon), 165

Babel, Tower of, 55

Baboons, 2

Babylon, conquest of, 209

Babylonia, account of, 199 _sq._; civilisation in, 200

Babylonian chronology, 199 _n_

Backsword, 123; Chinese, 64

Bagpipe, origin of the, 120

Báhuyuddha (class of weapons, Hindú), 214

Baïonette Gras, 94, 134

_Balanitis Aegyptiaca_ (= Persea; Egyptian ‘Tree of Life’), 202 _n_

Balawat, bronze gates of, 202

Baldur the Beautiful, 178

Baleares (‘Slinging-Isles’), 19 _n_

Balestarius (= crossbow-man), 185

Balistæ (Roman artillery), 19, 249

_Batistes capriscus_ (‘file-fish’), 9

Ballistics, 16

Balloons, 31 _n_

Ball-steel (Chinese), 114

Bamboo (blades made of), 12, 14 _n_; arrow-heads, 26

‘Bamboo-grass,’ 12

‘Bantu’ (Folk), 3 _n_

Ban Umha (white copper: Keltic), 65

‘Barbarian,’ history of the word, 261 _n_

Barbarism of the ancient Germans, 273

Bards of Greece, the age of the, 220

Barylithic (glacial Drift) age, 5 _n_

Barrows, Cimbrian (finds in), 274

Barzil (iron: Hebrew), 103

Basalt-splinters for wooden Swords, 47

Basket-hilt of a Sword, 124, 126 _n_

Bas-reliefs of Assyria, 176, 201

— of Khorsabad, 209

— of Persepolis, 209

Baswa knife (Upper Congo), 170

Bâton ferré, 20

Battering-ram, Assyrian, 203

Battle-axe of pure copper, 70

Battle-gear of gold, 212

Battle-scene in sculpture (Cuttack), 216

Bauldric, 206

Beaked axe, 95

Bears, polar, 3

Bechwana club-axe, 93

Bedstead of iron (of Og, King of Bashan), 103

Beheading fallen foes (Gallic custom), 269

Beheading Sword, Cutch, 168

Behistun Inscription, the, 209 _n_, 226

Belagerungs-balister, 19

Belemnites (‘thunder-stone’), 21 _n_

Bel and the Dragon, 180, 183

‘Bell-metal,’ 84

Bellows, invention of, 119

Bellows of bullock’s hide, 111

Bellows-nozzles of copper, 68

Bells on a Sword-sheath, 169

Βέλος, 6

Benipe (meaning of the word), 99, 101

Bent Swords, Javanese, 218

_Beny Adam meshood_, 2

Bergbarthe (mine-picks; German), 91

Berytus (Asclepius), 75

Bestiarii (gladiators), 251, 253

Bhawáni (Sívají’s Sword), 8 _n_

Bibasis (gymnastic dance), 239

Bíchwa (weapon used by Sívají), 8 _n_

Bilbilis (river: Lusitania), 266 _n_

Bil-Kan (Assyrian god), 182

Bill (derivation of the word), 94 _n_

Bill-hooks of copper, 67

Birds (their methods of attack and defence), 9

Bird’s-head-shaped missiles, 37

Birth of literature in Greece, 202 _n_

Bisarme or Guisarme, 95

‘Biscayan’ shape (of Swords), 135

Bitumen used to fix flint-chips in wooden weapons, 49

‘Black chalcos,’ 77

Black Pagoda (Madras), wrought iron in, 109

Black sand, 102

Blade of a Sword, 124

Blasrohr (blow-tube), 14 _n_

Blende (sulphuret of zinc), 84; derivation of the word, 84 _n_

Bloma ferri, 114 _n_

Bloom (of iron), 114 _n_

Bloomary (= bloomery), 114 _n_

Bloomeries (ancient furnaces), 114 _n_

Blow-pipe, 14; of copper, 67

Blue basalt, 100

Blue-stone (sulphate of copper, blue copperas), 60

Boars’-hoofs used as armour, 29 _n_

Boar, wild (its method of attack), 12

Boians (Etruria), 196

Bolas (slings), 19

Bombola (birthplace of Martial), 266 _n_

‘Bone Age,’ 23

‘Bone-and-stone-using people,’ 23

Bone as a base to carry trenchant substances, 27

Bone-club of Nootka Sound Indians, 25

Bone-handles for Swords and daggers, 27

Bone-knives, 26; -daggers, 26, 27

Bone-points to weapons, 23

Boomerang, 19; derivation of the word, 33 _n_; Indian specimens, 35; its movement explained, 35 _sq._

Boomerang-sword, 39; in Ancient Egypt, 155

Boot (derivation of the word), 175

Borax used for soldering, 85 _n_

Boundaries demarked by the axe, 91

Bouterolles of a Sword, 124 _n_

Bowie-knife bayonet, 134 _n_

Bow (derivation of the word), 19 _n_

— of a Sword, 125

— of Vishnu, the, 213

— the, in Ancient Gaul and Germany, 274 _n_

— and arrow among the Ancient Hindús, 215

Bows and arrows used by the Ancient Romans, 245

Bows, ancient Egyptian, 154

Boxing, 7

‘Boycotting’ St. Paul, 185

Bracchæ (breeches), 269 _n_

Bracelet of copper, 73 _n_

‘Brave Master Shoe-tye, the great traveller’ 3 _n_

Brande or Bronde (Sword), 123

Braquemart, 123

Brass early in Christian era, 84; derivation of the word, 85

‘Brass’ guns, 56

‘Brass’ in the A. V. of the Bible, 56

Breast-belt, gladiatorial, 253

Breastplates of copper, 68

Breeches (etymology of the word), 269 _n_

Breitsachs (Ancient German weapon), 272

Brennus, 267

Bridal presents of Ancient Germans, 273

Bridle of gold, 212

Brise-épées, 138

Britain (‘Ynis Prydhain’ Island), 77 _n_

British Sword in the Tower, 263

Broad-axe (American squatters’), 128

Broadsword, various forms of, 96, 123

Bronze, 22 _n_, 74 _sqq._

‘Bronze Age,’ 22 _n_, 23 _n_

— Age in Britain, 275

— Age in Switzerland, 275

— Age of Scandinavian Goths, 274

— armlets, Etruscan, 30

— armour, 80

— armour-suit (Roman cavalry), 248

— arms of the Gauls, 267

— arrow-heads, Carthaginian, 181

— casting in, 80

— chisels, 79

— daggers, 78 _n_, 80

— defensive armour (Roman), 254

— derivation of the word, 77

— door-sockets, Assyrian, 202

— hardening of, 53

— hatchets in wooden handles, 154

— in Great Britain, source of, 275

— knives, 80

— lancehead at Mycenæ, 230

— nails, 82

— parazonium, 239

— quadriga, 80

— rapier in Ireland, 279 _n_

— sabres, 80

— socketed sickle (British), 276

— statues (Etruscan), 80

— Swords, 45, 78 _n_, 80; found in Britain, 276 _sq._; Gallic, 266; found at Hallstadt, 262 _sq._; of Italy, 264; at Mycenæ, 229 _sq._

— Sword-hilt (Etruscan), 197

— supplied from Phœnicia to Europe, 78 _n_

— tablet, Hittite, 176

— work, Assyrian, 202

Buccinatores (musicians: Roman), 248

‘Buccularius clypeus’ (= buckler), 246 _n_

Buckler (etymology of the word), 246 _n_

— of ox-hide, Roman, 248

Bucklers of osier (for recruits: Roman), 249

Buckles of a Sword, 124 _n_

Buddhism, 213

Budil, King of Assyria, 208

Buffalo, its manner of attack, 9; arrows made of buffalo-horn, 28

Bull-fights, Spanish, 253

Bull (wild), its manner of attack, 9

Bulwark (portable bridge for sieges), 154

Burbur inscriptions (Babylonia), 199

Burgwälle, 271

Burial as a method of making steel, 265

Burmese Dalwel (Sword), 219

Burying of iron, 107 _n_, 112

Buttons of gold in Troas, 193

Byzantine (?) finds at Mycenæ, 106

Cabiri (Kabeiroi), 74 _sq._

Cadmeian (old Phœnician) characters, 225

_Cadmia fossilis_ (natural calamine), 86

Cadmian stone, 86

Cadmus (_El-Kadim_, or _El-Kadmi_), 60

Cæsar’s treatment of his soldiers, 260

Caillouteurs (flint-knappers), 45 _n_

Calamine (carbonate of zinc), 71, 84; derivation of the word, 84

Calasiri (Egyptian bowmen), 152

Caledonia (etymology of the word), 275

Calisthenics, Greek, 239

Callua (paddle), 42

Calones (camp-followers: Roman), 249

Caltrops (bamboo splints of Gaboon-land), 14

Camel (the kick of the), 7

Cambyses, 209, 211

Camp-followers (Roman), 249

Campidoctores, 249 _n_

Canaanite (meaning of the word), 175 _n_

Canaanites, 182

Cane bows and arrows, Ancient Indian, 211

Canes used as bellows, 68

Canna (κάννα; whence ‘cannon’), 14 _n_

Cannelure (of a Sword), 132

Cannon (derivation of the word), 14 _n_

— of iron first cast, 117 _n_

Cannons of gold (Baroda), 162 _n_

Canticles of Solomon, the, 147

Capoeira (Brazilian fashion of fighting), 254

Capulus (Sword-pommel: Roman), 257 _n_

‘Carbad scarrda’ (Irish war-car), 277

_Carcharias vulpes_ (fox-shark), 7; derivation of _Carcharias_, 7 _n_

Carchemish inscription, 177

Carian weapons, 211; (?) at Mycenæ, 231 _n_

— words, 231 _n_

Carpenter’s tools of copper, 67

Carpentras Inscription, the, 209 _n_

Carpentry in Ancient Egypt, 148

Carpentum (war-chariot), 269

Carpicanna, 14 _n_

Carthaginian mining operations, 107

— names, 181

— Sword-blades, 181

_Caryota urens_ (_Nibong_; sago-wood), 6, 23

Cartouche (_cartuccia_; meaning of the word), 40 _n_

Cast-copper axe, 69

Caspians, 210

_Cassia auriculata_, 111

Cassiterides, 78 _sq._

Cassowary (its method of attack), 12

Casting (of metal) among the Ancient Greeks, 221

Cast-iron slab in Sussex (14th century), 117 _n_

— steel, 114 _n_

Catalan forge, 102 _n_, 111; furnace, 107

Catamaran (Tasmania), 40

Catapults (of Roman army), 248 _sq._

Cateia (boomerang club), 35, 269

— meaning of the word, 35 _n_

_Catoblepas Gnu_, 9

Cats (domestic, among the Nile-dwellers), 3 _n_

Cavalier and Roundhead, 277 _n_

Cavalry, Hittite, 176

— in Ancient Egypt, 154

— Roman, 246 _n_, 248

Caverns (as dwellings, storehouses, sepulchres), 15 _n_

— French and Belgian, 1 _n_

Cave-temples (Indian), the Sword in, 216

Celestial Empire, the annals of the, 112 _sq._ _n_

Celt, of gold, 212; expanding, 270; transition from, to paddle-spear and Sword forms, 41

Celte (in Job), 20 _n_

Celtiberian iron Swords, 107; weapons, 265

Celtis (or _celtes_ = a chisel), 20 _n_

Celts (the proper orthography), 20 _n_; celts of copper, 57; of stone, 154

Census, Hebrew, 185

Centre of percussion, 129

Centurion’s cuirass, 248

Ceramics in Ancient Egypt, 148

Cerbotana, 14 _n_

Ceretolo, sepulchre at, 196

Cestus (knuckle-duster of the classics), 7

Cestus-play, 254

Cetian or Keteian (in Homer), 172

Cetra (Roman shield), 246

Chætodon (archer fish of Japan), 7

Chakarini (war-quoit), 39 _n_

Chakrá (war-quoit), 39

Chalcitic (copper and bronze) Age, 5 _n_

Chalcedony dagger-blade, 46; splinters for wooden Swords, 47

Chalcolibanon, 85

Chalcos (= Sword, in Homer), 222

Chaldæan gods, 207

Χαλκός (meaning of the word), 58

Χάλκεος οὐδός (‘copper threshold’), 55

Chalybes (iron-workers), 76

‘Chalybian stranger’ (= the Sword), 97

Chalybs (river), 97 _n_

Chalyps (steel), 221

Character of Ancient Gauls, 269 _sq._

Charay (Afghan Sword), 212

Charms (Chinese) of copper, 64

Chape of a Sword, 124; of a dagger, 124 _n_

Charay (one-edged knife: Afghan), 161 _n_

Charcoal in iron-smelting, 107

Chariot-corps (Ancient Egypt), 154

Chariots of iron, 103

Chairs in Ancient Egypt, 148

Charonion of Antioch, 241 _n_

Chasing (of metals), 81

Chayantanka (tin: Peruvian), 83

Chelidonian sabre (χελιδόνιος ξίφος), 141

Chemosh (Moabite god), 192 _n_

Chereb (Hebrew weapon), 180, 183, 184

Chert arrow-heads, 25

Chert-splinters for wooden Swords, 47

Cherubim (etymology of the word), 183

Cherusci (ancient German tribe), 271

Chess (showing Hindú form of attack), 218, 273 _n_

Chess in Ancient Egypt, 148

‘Chevaucher,’ meaning of, and Greek equivalents, 242 _n_

Chevaux-de-frise, 14

Chile copper the toughest, 68

Chinese (ancient) arms of metal, 63

— form of Sword-staff, 273

— iron-works, 115

— language, 113

— methods of working iron, 114

— sabre-knife, 139

— steel for Swords and knives, 115

— Sword of copper (afterwards of iron), 64

— words for iron, 112 _sq._

Chisels of chalcos, 63; of stone and copper, 67

— of iron (Etruscan), 197

Chittim (= Cyprus: Hebrew), 187

Chlorite splinters for wooden Swords, 47

Chonta wood (_Guilielma speciosa_), 42

Chopper-blade (Roman), 257

— knife, Hittite, 176

Choppers, Egyptian, 161

Chopper-shaped blade at Mycenæ, 229

Christianity in the Indian Peninsula, 219 _n_

Chrysaor, 180

Chrysochalcos (‘the king of metals’), 86 _n_

Chrysocolla (derivation of the word), 85 _n_

Cidaris or tiara, Persian, 209

Cimbri, a Keltic people, 273

Cinctorium (Roman general’s Sword), 257

Cingulum (waist-belt: Roman), 258

Cinyras (legendary Tyrio-Cyprian king), 188

Circumcision an African practice, 150

— stone knives used in, 46, 69

City of Priam (Troas), 190

Cladibas (claidab), 266 _n_

Claidab (= Spatha), 196

Classes of Hindú weapons, 214

Claymore, 123, 130

Cleaver of the Habshi people, 170

‘Close-Sword,’ Roman, 258

Clothes-pins in the Troas, 191

Club, 20, 32

— development into the Sword, 39 _sq._

Club-Swords, 32 _n_; Queensland, 44

Clubs of copper, 67

Cluden (juggler’s Sword), 258

Clypeus (Roman shield), 246 _n_

Cobalt (in Ireland), 65

Cock-fighting in the Canary Islands, 254 _n_

Codicilli (tablets), 225

Coffins of granite, 81

Cohorts (of Roman army), 246 _n_

Coin of copper and zinc, 84

Colchians, 210

Cold-wrought (hammered) copper weapons, 65

Colichemarde blade, 135

‘Collery’ (throwing-stick), 38

Colophonium (resin used for soldering), 85 _n_

Colossal Greek statues, 241 _n_

_Coluber Haja_ (Cobra di Capello; asp), 33 _n_

Combats of various animals, 9

Comb found in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Combinations (earliest) of metals, 74 _sqq._

Comitialis morbus, 260 _n_

Comparison of Man and the lower animals, 5

Confederacy of Etruscan cities, 194

Cong copper mines, 169

Congo Sword, 165

Contus (Roman cavalry spear), 246, 248

Contus (wooden pike), Gallic, 269

_Convolvulus lanifolius_, 111

Coot (its method of attack), 12

Copenhagen scramsahs, 272 _n_

Copper, 22 _n_, 30; alloys, 53, 57; the art of hardening it, 53 _sq._; cutting instruments of, 54 _n_; copper prior to iron, 55

Copper Age (of weapons), 53; anterior to bronze, 72

— and brass (alloy), 84

— and gold (alloy), 83

— and tin (alloy), 81

— arms and armour, Ancient Hellenic, 222

— arrow-piles, 65

— bracelet, 72 _n_

— celts, 57, 72

— coinage (Chinese), 64; of the Hindus, 70

— hatchets, 65; rakes and hammers, _ib._; vases, 68

— in Europe, 64; in America, 65 _sqq._

— knives, Trojan, 191

— mines, Chile, 68; Midian, 102; of South-Eastern Africa, 170 _n_

— nails (Greenland, &c.), 65

— placed in a corpse’s mouth, 68

— sheets for flooring (ancient), 55

— statuettes (coated with precious metals), 67

— Swords, 70; in Troas, 192

— tools in Egyptian hieroglyphs, 69

— trumpets, 221

Copper-trade of Cyprus, 188

‘Cops’ (of metal), 111

Coptic language, 146

Coquimbite (Pampua or white copperas), 68

Core-casting (of metal), 221

Cornicines, 248

Cornu (musical instrument: Roman), 248

Cornwall, mineral fields of, 275

Coronarium (copper coated with ox-gall), 87

Corrugated iron blades, 119 _n_

Corrugated Sword of Africa, 171

Corsican forge, 102 _n_

Corundum in Midian, 171 _n_

Corybantes, 74 _sq._

Cosmogony, Hebrew, 148 _sq._

Cotton dresses, Ancient Indian, 211

_Cottus diceraus_, 10

Counterfeit pearls in Ancient Egypt, 148

Counterguard of a Sword, 125, 138

Coupe-choux Sword, 134, 164

Coustilliers, 185

Coustrils or Custrils, 185

Couteau-de-chasse, 210

Covinus (war-chariot), 269

Cow (its method of defence), 7

Crane, white (American bird), 9

Crannog (its derivation), 27

Crease (= Krís, Malay weapon), 137, 166

Creation, Hebrew idea of, 148 _sq._

Cremation in the Early Bronze Age, 96

— (of bodies) at Mycenæ, 234

Crepitaculum (sacred rattle), 151

Crests (in heraldry), 40 _n_

Cretans (ἀεὶ ψεῦσται), 97 _n_

Crickets (_cicadæ_) as ornaments at Mycenæ, 233

Crimea, Scythian graves in the, 227

Cross of the Coptic Christians, 192 _n_

Crossbow, 19 _n_, 165

— rat-trap, 37 _n_

Cross guard of a Sword, 125

Crucibles (at Schliemann’s Troy), 82

— four-footed, in the Troas, 191

Crucifixion (Assyrian punishment), 203

Cruelties of the Assyrians, 203

Cruithing (= Picts; origin of the name), 279 _n_

Crusade, the First, 218

Crutch and dagger (combined) of antelope horn, 12

Crux ansata (Egyptian Cross), 192 _n_

Crystal chips on spears, 51

— lens (Nineveh), 202

Crystal-cutting in Cyprus, 188

Cuchillo (Spanish clasp-knife), 39

Cuirass, Roman centurion’s, 248

Cultellarii, 185

Culture in Troy, 193

Cuneiform inscriptions (Bayrut), 200 _n_

— syllabarium, 200 _n_

— symbol for iron, 104

Cuneus (tactical formation), 273 _n_

Cupel (crucible; derivation of the word), 111 _n_

Cupriferous sandstones, 67

Cup-sling, 19

Curetes, 74 _sq._

Curium treasure, the, 189

Currus falcatus (scythe war-car: Ancient Britain), 276

Curtle-axe (= cutlass), 140

Curved broadsword, 96

— type of Sword, 127 _sq._

‘Curved thrust,’ 133 _sq._

Cushito-Asiatic (Ethiopian) tribes, 188

Cuspis (point of a Sword: Roman), 255 _n_

Customs of the Ancient Germans, 273

Cut-and-thrust weapons, 123

Cutlass, 123, 140, 211

Cutting edge of a Sword, 129

— or trenchant weapons (origin of), 12

Cyanus (steel), 221; Dr. Schliemann’s translation of, 222 _n_; of Pliny (lapis lazuli), _ib._

Cybele (Dea Multimamma), 192 _n_

Cyclopes, 75 _sq._

‘Cyclopean Wall’ (in the Argolid), 76

Cylinder of gold at Mycenæ, 229

Cymbals at the feast of Rhea (in Varro), 58

Cymbals of tin and copper, 81 _n_

Cynocephali, 2

Cyprian dagger, 173

— Venus (worship of), 188 _n_

Cypriote (Ancient) characters, 225

— art, 187

— contingent of Xerxes’ army, 188

— manufacture of arms and armour, 188

— names of places, 188

— syllabary, 188 _sq._

Cyprus, its epithet _ærosa_, 58; derivation of the name, 59; account of, 186 _sq._

Cyrus, 209

Dacians on Trajan’s column, 262

Dacian Sword, 262

Dagger (derivation of the word), 215 _n_

Dagger-formed knives, 169 _n_

Dagger-forms from Persepolis, 211

Dagger-Swords, 166; Assyrian, 204

Daggers, Assyrian, 205

— of bone, 26

— of bronze, 78 _n_

— of copper, 79

— of iron (Egyptian), 100

— used by the Persians, 210

— with rapier-blade (Theban), 195 _n_

Dagon (etymology of the word), 181

Dah (= Dáo: Burmah), 140

Dahome, Swords of the King of, 167

Dalwel (Burmese Sword), 219

Damascened steel, Cypriote, 188

Damask-work (on weapons), 83, 110 _n_, 112, 151 _n_

‘Damascus blade,’ 132, 142

Damascus (Persian) scymitar, 265

Damnameneus, 75

Danish Scramasax, 263

— Swords, 236

‘Danisko’ (African weapon), 163, 237

Dankali Sword, 165

Dáo (weapon of the Nága tribe, Assam), 140

Darius the Mede, 209

Dark Continent, chief weapons of the, 162

Darts and stones (ancient Lybian weapons), 16

David’s sling, 19; his copper helmet, 70

Deadbook, the, 147

Dearg Umha (red copper; Keltic), 65

Decalogue derived from the Dead-book, 150

Decimal and duodecimal systems in Assyria, 202 _n_

Deer-horn arrow-heads, 24

Defensive armour of bronze, Roman, 254

Defensive weapons (of Animals and Savages), 6

— of the Cimbri, 274

Degan (dagger: Cimbrian), 274

Degen (kind of dagger: German), 215 _n_

Degeneration of Roman soldiers, 261

Deinotherium, 4

Deities standing on animals, 176

Denderah Zodiac, 155 _n_

Densare (meaning of the term), 107

Description of bronze Swords of Ancient Britons, 277 _sq._

— of the Ancient Britons, 275, 277

Devanagari alphabet, 189

Development of Man, 5 _sq._

— of the celt, 88 _n_

Devil, the, 181

Dha or Dhow (Indian knife), 219

Dhanu (personification of the bow: Hindú), 214

Dhanurvidya (Bow-Science: Indian), 213

Dies Alliensis, 267

Dimacheri (gladiators), 252

_Diodon_, 44

Diorite axe bored by means of a bow, 191 _n_

Diorite (? basalt) implements at Mycenæ, 53 _n_

— in Ancient Egypt, 171 _n_

Dioscuri, 75

‘Distaff-side’ relationship, 188 _n_

Divination in Assyria, 202

‘Doctored’ bullets, 26 _n_

Dolche (daggers), 30, 273

Dolls in Ancient Egypt, 148

Dolphins in the Nile, 9

Door-hinges in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Door-sockets of bronze, Assyrian, 202

Double balteus (Roman), 258 _n_

Double-edged Sword blades (Wahumla tribe), 169

Double-headed eagle (at Eyub), 176

Double-sided comb in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Dowris bronze, 87

— copper, 53

‘Dowris metal,’ 181, 276

Dragon’s blood, 87 _n_

Dress-pins (women’s) of copper, 67

Draughts (game of) in Ancient Egypt, 148

‘Drawing-cut,’ 131

Duel of Manlius Torquatus and the Gaul, 267

— origin of, 267 _n_

Duelling weapons, 135

Dumb-bells, 250

‘Dunner-Saxen’ (Lower Saxony), 272 _n_

Düsack (weapon), 123

Eagle, imperial, 246 _n_

Early Iron Age in Britain, 276

— — — of weapons, 97

Ears of a Sword, 124

Eastern heraldry, 140

Edge of a Sword, 124

EGYPT (Ancient), geography of, 145

— architecture in, 148

— art and science in, 147 _sq._

— heraldry in, 147 _sq._

— its military system, 152 _sqq._

— its monotheism, 149

— law code of, 147

— music, painting, and sculpture in, 148

— the cradle land of language, 146

— the fountain head of knowledge, 147

Egyptian arch, 201

— choppers, 161

— cutlasses, 211

— daggers, 157

— flag (five-rayed star on), 147 _n_

— gilding (on bronze), 81

— metallurgy, 80

— names for the Sword, 123, 155 _sq._

— phalanx, 155

— Sphinx, 190 _n_

— Swords, 157; in Cyprus, 189

— word-roots, 146 _n_

Egyptians (Ancient), their origin, 143 _sq._

El-darakah (Arabic shield), 12 _n_

Electricity, the marvellous displays of in Central Africa, 119

Electrum (derivation of the word), 86 _n_

Elephants armed with Swords, 216

— Indian and African, 3 _n_

Elephant-Sword, 216

Elephant-trunk ornaments, 67 _n_

Elephant (use of a weapon by), 3; its stroke or blow, 7

El-Khauf maksum, 6

El-Khizr (the Green Prophet), 179

Emblems of the Egyptian nomes, 147

Emu, 4

Enamel, Assyrian, 202

Enfield Sword-bayonet, 134 _n_

‘Englishmen of Antiquity,’ 275

English gladiatorism, 253

Engraving on copper plates, 55 _n_

Ensigns in Ancient Roman army, 246 _n_

Ensis, 247; etymology of the word, 254

Entering angle, 132

Enthytonon, 19

Epitaph of Eshmunazar, 179

‘Epos of Peutaur,’ 101, 147

Erin (etymology of the name), 192 _n_

Ἐριόκομοι, 144 _n_

‘Erythræans,’ the original, 182 _n_

Escrime (fencing: derivation of the word), 272 _n_

Essedum (war chariot), 269, 277 _n_

Eshmunazar (King of the Sidonians), 179

Eskimos, 3

Espadon, 123, 161

‘Esquimaux’ (origin of the word), 3 _n_

Estain (= stannum: Gall.), 65

Esther (= Amestris), 210 _n_

Ἑστία, 1 _n_

Ethiopian stone-tipped arrows, 154 _n_

Etruscan and Latin affinities with Lydian, 194

— armilla of bronze, 196

‘Etruscan Bologna,’ 196

Etruscan commerce, 197

— inscriptions, 197

— iron lance-point, 196

— œnochoe, 196

— razors, 202 _n_

Etruscans (account of the people), 195

Eucalyptus-wood sabres, 44

Eunuchs, 206, 207 _n_

Exchange of war-prisoners, Roman, 241

Executioner, Assyrian, 207

Executioner’s Sword, 139

Exodus of tribes from Ancient Germany, 270

Expanding celt, 270

Experiments in alloys, 83

Fabri (Sappers: Roman army), 249

Face-guard of iron, 258

Facon or Cuchillo (Spanish clasp-knife, as a missile), 18

Falchion of Ashanti, &c., 139; of Ancient Egypt, 155 _sq._

— of Cilicia, 182

— of gold, 212

Falchion-shaped weapons, 32

Falconry in Ancient Egypt, 148

‘Falling on the Sword,’ 184 _sq._

Falx (origin of the falchion), 253 _n_

Famagosta (etymology of the name), 190

Famous Swordsmen of old, 240 _n_

Fancy Swords, Roman, 258; weapons, 204

‘Fans’ (= Mpangwe negros, Gaboon River), 37 _n_

Feathers as military decorations, 247 _n_

Fecial College, the, 244 _sq._

Felidæ (their strokes or blows), 7

Fencing-foil, 123

Fencing-schools, Roman, 249, 251

Fenni (Finns), 274

Ferentarii (Roman soldiers), 245

Ferro-manganese, 108

Ferrum (= Sword; Roman), 254

— candidum, 108

— indicum, 107, 109, 110

— sericum, 109

Fenekh (= Phœnicians), 178

Fibrolite-splinters for wooden Swords, 47

Fibulæ of copper, 72

Field-marshal’s bâton, 33

Figg (English prize-fighter), 253

Fighting-cocks in Ancient Greece, 254 _n_

Fil (of a Sword), 137

Fil et pointe (cut-and-thrust weapons), 123

Finds in Cimbrian barrows, 274

— in old tumuli, 271

— of Cyprian weapons, 188 _sqq._

— of Dr. Schliemann in the Troas, 190 _sq._

Fingal’s war-cars (Ossian), 277 _n_

Fir-bolgs (bag-men, Belgæ?), 64

Fir-cone, the, as an architectural ornament, 201

Fire, 1, 2 _n_, 20

Firearms among the Ancient Hindus (?), 214 _n_

‘First Highlander,’ the, 217

Fist-sword (stiletto), 215

First lesson in iron, 99

Fishes (their means of attack or defence), 9 _sq._

Five-rayed star (on Egyptian flag), 147 _n_

Flagellum (gladiatorial scourge), 253

Flail, 20

Flails used as weapons, 95

Flamberg, Flammberg, Flamberge, 123, 136

‘Flaming Sword’ (of the Cherubim: Eden), 183

‘Fleam-money’ (among the Fans), 118

Flint-ateliers (ancient), 102

Flint-flakes, 13; knives, 20; ‘Swords,’ 45

Flint-knappers (_caillouteurs_), 45

Flint poniards, 46; hatchet-sabre, _ib._

Flissa (weapon: North Africa), 123, 163, 237, 265

‘Flood,’ the, 149

Fluxing (method of treating ores), 65

Foil with French guard, 133

Foining weapon, 123

‘Fonderia di Bologna,’ 196 _n_

‘Forethought,’ 1

Forges, 102

Forked blade, 141

Forked Sword (Assyria), 141

Fortifications, Assyrian, 203

Fox-shark (Thresher; _Carcharias vulpes_), 7

Framea (derivation of the word), 270 _n_

Framée, the oldest, 270

Francisque or taper axe, 94

Frankish Italians, 270 _n_

— spear-blade, 171

Franks (meaning of the name), 271

French fencing-foil, 124

Fronstetten scramsahs, 272 _n_

Fuel used in iron-smelting, 121

Funda (sling of the Etruscans), 245

Funeral urns of copper, 69

Fur-coats, Gallic, 269

Furnace-calamine (impure oxide of zinc), 86

Furnaces (Indian) for iron-smelting, 111 _n_

Fuscina (gladiatorial weapon), 253

Fusil Gras, 134

Fussängel, 1

Fustanella (kilt), 247 _n_

‘Fustibale’ (fustibulus), 19

Future state, Egyptian ideas of a, 150

Fylfot (crutched cross: North of Europe), 202 _n_

Gabbro-Splinters for wooden Swords, 47

Gæsum (Roman weapon), 246 _n_, 268

Gæsatæ (= hastati), 268 _n_

Galatæ (= Roman term _Galli_), 238 _n_

Γαλάται (etymology of the word), 266 _n_

Galla Sword, 163

Gallia Comata, 269; Bracchata, _ib._; Togata, 270

Gallic daggers, 267

— Italians, 270 _n_

— javelins, 268

— machairæ-blades, 266

— manner of battle, 269

‘Gallic Sword,’ 254, 266

Gallic women in battle, 269

Gallo-Greek (= Galatians, Keltic Gauls), 238 _n_

— Swords, 238

Ga-ne-u-ga-o-dus-ha (Iroquois deer-horn war-club), 28

Gardening in Ancient Egypt, 148

Gasterosteus (‘stickleback’), 10

Gastrapheta, 19

Gath (its site), 186

Gaulish element in Etruria (?), 196 _sq._

Gaza (site of), 186

Gem-engraving, Assyrian, 202

— in Cyprus, 188

General ‘No Importa’ (Spanish), 261

Generals, first duty of, 260 _n_

Genii of Death (Egyptian), 149

Geography of Ancient Egypt, 145

Geometry in Ancient Egypt, 148

— in Assyria, 202 _n_

Georgic (age of primitive Archæology), 5 _n_

German Empire, 270

— main-gauche, 136

— silver (_packfong_; of China), 64 _n_

Germani (Alemanni), weapons of the, 270

Germania, Ancient (its land and people), 270

Germanism, 270

Gessum (meaning of the word), 268 _n_

Getæ (Scandinavian Goths), 274

Gharapuri (cave-town; Bay of Bombay), 217

Gilding bronze, 81

Giraffe (its kick), 7

Girding on the Sword, 185

‘Giving point,’ 127

Gizzin (Assyrian weapon), 204 _n_

Glacial Drift Age, 5 _n_

Gladius, 247; etymology of the word, 254

— Hispanus, 256, 268

Gladiatorial shows, 249, 251 _sq._

Gladiatorism, 249 _sq._

Glaive (origin of the weapon), 89 _n_, 123; leaf-shaped, 165

Glaives edged with sharks’ teeth, 49

Glass (derivation of the word), 48 _n_; used on spears, 48; the fable of its discovery by the Sidonians, 54

Glass-cutting in Cyprus, 188

Glass-making in Ancient Egypt, 148

Gleditschia, 6

Globe-fish, spines of, 24

Glove, Hittite, 176

Gnu (its method of defence), 9

Goat standing on the top of a pin (figure at Mycenæ), 233

Goat’s horns as volutes, 201

Goddesses with mural crowns, 176

God kings (= ‘Dynasty of the Gods’: Egypt), 145

‘God save the King,’ of Egyptian origin, 149 _n_

Goidels (Gauls), 275

Gold and silver ornaments in Cyprus, 188

Gold Coast Swords, 167

— coined by the Lydians, 194

— dust at Mycenæ, 229

— Egyptian words for, 151

— esteemed (by the ancients) less valuable than copper, 56

— its representation in Egyptian hieroglyphs, 69

‘Golden axe’ of Ashanti, 167 _n_

Golden bridle, 212

— calf, the, 183

— cannons (Baroda), 162

— celt, 212

— falchion, 212

— hatchet, 89

— plated wooden Sword-handle (Mycenæ), 228

— scymitar, 212

— shoulder-belts (Mycenæ), 228, 231

— Sword-belt, 212

— tiara, 212

Goldsmith’s work at Mycenæ, 233

Goliath of Gath (his armour of copper), 70

Golîyo (weapon: Baghirmi), 163, 237

Gonfanon (its etymology), 246 _n_

Gorillas, 2

Goths, Scandinavian, 274

‘Græcia mendax,’ 226

Græco-Italic race, the, 186, 270 _n_

Granite coffins, 81

Γράφειν (its original meaning), 225

Graver (pick?) in rock tablets (Wady Magharah), 61

Graving-points, 171 _n_

‘Great Armenia,’ 209 _n_

Great Pyramid, the, 147

Greaves, 247; of copper, 70

Grecian Sphinx, 190 _n_

Greek accents, 220 _n_

— bronzes (analysis of), 82

— cavalry Swords, 248

— combatants, 240

— epigraphs at Mycenæ, 225

— fashion of carrying the Sword, 239, 248

— infantry Sword, 237

— metallurgy came from Egypt, 105

— statues, colossal, 241 _n_

— tactics, 241

— warfare, 241

Greeks, the, as soldiers, 242

‘Green copper’ (= bronze: Chinese), 64

Greenstone- (diorite-) splinters for wooden Swords, 47

Greenwood fuel used in iron-smelting, 112

Grey copper ore (in Ireland), 65

Grip of a Sword, 124

Γροσφὸς (= throw-stick), 34

Guanaco, 7

Guanches (Wánshi; origin of the word), 16 _n_

Guard plates (Sword), in Gaul, 257 _n_

Guards of a Sword, 124

_Guilielma speciosa_ (chonta-wood), 42

Guilloche-scroll (architectural ornament), 202

Guillons, 51

Guisarme (Gisarme or Bisarme), 95

Guitar (etymology of the word), 187 _n_

Gules (in heraldry; derivation), 140 _n_

Gunnar’s bill, 95

Gunpowder age (of weapons), 20 _n_; use of gunpowder, 31 _n_

Gymnasia, Hellenic, 239

Gymnastics of the Spartans, 240

Gyno-Sphinx (Egypt), 190 _n_

Hâches votives, 89

Hades (derivation of the word), 221

Hæmatite-splinters for wooden Swords, 47

Haft-Júsh (‘seven boilings’ of metal: Persian), 221

Hair-dyes in Ancient Egypt, 148

Hairpins of bronze, 30

Hair-shears (Roman) of _æs_, 56

Halberts of copper, 67

Hall-bard (Icelandic weapon), 91

Hallstadt, finds of ancient weapons at, 262

Halteres (dumb-bells: Roman), 250

Hamasti (Sword-blade: Assyrian), 204 _n_

Hamata (Roman armour), 248 _n_

Hamathite Inscriptions, the, 177

Hamatum (barb-head spear), 181

Hammered iron-work in Mesopotamia, 104

Hammers of copper, 67

Hammer-wrought plating, 81

_Hamus ferreus_, 14 _n_

Hand-celts, 20

Hand-hatchet, 88

Hand-stones, 2; among the Hottentots, 17; among modern Syrians and Arab Bedawin, _ib._

Hand-thrusting instruments, 133

Hanger, 123

Hankow-steel, 115

Harbah (a dart: Arabic), 184

Harness (derivation of the word),] 97

Harpé (Ἅρπη: etymology of the word), 180

— of Cronos (Perseus’ weapon), 180

Harpoon-heads of reindeer-horn, 29 _n_

Hastarii (Roman soldiers), 246

Hastati (Roman soldiers), 246

Hastile (Roman javelin: Virgil), 246 _n_

Hatchet-boomerang, 38; -sabre, 46

Hatchet of gold, 89

Hatchets of iron in the ‘Odyssey,’ 225

‘Hathi’ (‘the handed’: Hindoo epithet for the elephant), 3

Hauberks, Assyrian, 203

Hauranic stone doors, 264 _n_

Hawk-beaded Horus, 181

Haye (military term), 245

Heads of fallen foes kept as trophies (Gallic custom), 269

Headsman’s weapon, 139

Hebrew arms and armour, 183

— Iron Age, 103

— lepers in Ancient Egypt, 174 _n_

— metallurgy, 183

— tenets borrowed from Egypt, 148 _sq._

Heft of a Sword, 124

Hegesias or Stasinus: his ‘Kypria,’ 221 _n_

Held (champion: German), 271

Heliolatry of the Andes, 67 _n_

Hellenes, their character, manners and customs, 239 _sq._

Hellenic gymnasia and palæstræ, 239

— reading of the Bards, 220 _n_

Helmet of iron, in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Helmets, Roman, 246

Henna-shrub (of Cyprus; _Lawsonia inermis_), 49

Hephæstus (derivation of the word), 62 _n_

Heraldry, Eastern, 140 _n_

— in Ancient Egypt, 147

Hercules, 75

Hercules’ shield and Sword, 222

Hereba (Phœnician weapon: = Harpé), 180

Hermotybians (Egyptian soldiers), 152

Hern (its method of defence), 9

Herodotus (character of his work), 225 _sq._

— on the age of Homer and Hesiod, 220

Heroes of Greece, the age of the, 220

‘Hero’s arm,’ the (Virgil), 254

Herse (military term), 245

Hesiod, age of, 220

Hide-scabbard, 160

Hierarchy, Jewish (whence borrowed), 150

Hieroglyphic signs for iron, 99

Hilt of a Sword, 124

Hilts of Ancient German Swords, 272

Hilt-guards of a Sword, 124

Hilt-plate of a Sword, 124

Hindiah or Hindiyáneh (= ferrum indicum), 107

Hindú alphabet, 219 _n_

— copper coinage, 70

— metaphysics, 214

— mythology, 219 _n_

— names for steel, 110 _n_

— sabre, 215

— trial of Sword-metal, 110 _n_

— warriors, 215

Hippopotamus, its method of attack, 9; home of the, 205 _n_

Hiram of Tyre, 182

Hisárlik, the finds at, 106, 190 _sqq._, 227

History of Ancient Egypt, 144 _sq._

Hithism, 176

Hittites, 172 _sqq._

Hittite boots, 176

— bronze tablet, 176

— hieroglyphs, 176 _sq._

— language, 177 _n_

— phalanx, 175

— representation of the human figure, 176

— seals, 176

— syllabary, 176

Hoang-ta-tie (the Chinese ‘literary blacksmith’), 115

Holosphyraton (hammer-work), 221

‘Holy City’ of Miletus, 242 _n_

‘Holy-water sprinkler,’ 20

Homa (Assyrian ‘Tree of Life’), 202

Homer, age of, 220

Homeric names for the Sword, 222

Homo Darwiniensis, 5

— sapiens, 5

Honeysuckle as an architectural ornament, 202

Hoofs of animals used as armour, 29 _n_

Hooked-edge (of a Sword), 138

Hoplites (heavy-armed Greek soldier), 240

Hoplology, 1; orders of, 6

Hoplomachi (gladiators), 252

Hoplotherium, 4

Hor-Apollo (= Harpocrates), 191 _n_

Hormuzd and Ahriman, 180

Horn-helmet, 29 _n_

Horn war-clubs, 24; other instruments, 27; horn-arm in Homer, 27; various implements, 29

Horse, its method of defence, 7; known to the Ancient Egyptians, 152 _n_

Horse-hoofs used as armour, 29 _n_

Horus (Egyptian god), 178

Hottentots, 3 _n_; origin of the word, 17

House-furniture in Ancient Egypt, 148

Human-headed bull, Assyrian, 203 _n_

Human sacrifices in Ancient Egypt, 156 _n_

‘Hunga munga’ (weapon: Lake Chad), 37

Hünnenringe, 271

Hunting among the Ancient Germans, 273

— Assyrian, 203

Hunting-dresses in Ancient Egypt, 148

Hurud (iron; Chaldæan), 104

Hydraulic pressure (an ancient form of), 54

— — for hardening bronze, 81

Hydraulics in Ancient Egypt, 148

Hyksos (Shepherd-kings), 103, 173, 186 _n_

Iapetus, legend of, 1

Iberian Alfânge (El-Khanjar), 29

— blade (Spatha), 256

Iberic blade in Rome, 197

Icelandic Hall-bard, 91

Ida (derivation of), 106 _n_

Idæi Dactyli, 74 _sq._, 106

‘Iliad,’ metal-working tools in the, 221

Ili (hand-sword: Hindú), 215

Imbricated armour, Assyrian, 203

Imitation and Progress, 5

Impedimenta (baggage: Roman army), 249

Indian architecture, 219 _n_

— gold coinage (?), 214 _n_

— legendary myths, 213

— sabres, 137

— steel, 109, 218 _sq._

— weapons, 185

‘Indo-European’ (applied to a language), 193 _n_

‘Ineffable Name,’ the (its origin), 149

Infantry ‘regulation’ sword, 129

Inflated skins (as floats for soldiers: Assyrian), 203

Ingots of tin (Mexican), 82

Inlaid iron saucer, 106 _n_

‘Inner Sea,’ 179

Innuit, 3 _n_

Inscription (Assyrian) on a Sword at Nardin, 207

Inscriptions (rock) traced with flint flakes, 49 _n_

‘Inside-edge’ weapons, 235, 237

Intaglio’d gold at Mycenæ, 229 _sqq._

Invasion of England by Anglo-Saxons, 275

Iphicrates’ improvement of Greek arms and armour, 237

Iranian (language), 146 _n_

Irish copper swords, 57

Irish race (their origin), 65 _n_

‘Iron Age,’ 22 _n_, 23 _n_

Iron among the Aryans, 108

Iron among the Romans, 107

‘Iron-built’ cities of the Ancient Hindús, 219 _n_

Iron cannon first cast, 117 _n_

— chain-armour, Assyrian, 203

— chisels (Etruscan), 197

— dirk worshipped by the Scythians, 226

— face-guard, 258

Iron-flakes, surface (Cape of Good Hope), 119

Iron glance (specular iron, oligiste), 107

— hasps and nails, 100

— in Africa, 117

— in Assyria, 105

— in China, 112 _sq._

— in Egypt, 100

— in German myths, 271

— in Homer, 108

— in India, 108 _sq._

— in Madagascar, 116

— in the Pentateuch, 103

— in Tacitus, 225

— introduction of in Greece, 69, 97; derivation of the word, 97 _n_

— keys at Mycenæ, 106

— knives, 100, 106

— known to Homer and Hesiod, 221

— on the American continent, 116

— rare in ancient Germany, 271

— sheaths for Swords, 222

— sickle, 100

— sling-bullet, 191

Iron-smelting on the Libanus, 103

Ironstone in ancient Bashan, 103

— weapons, 52

Iron Swords, Etruscan, 195

— — of Italian tribes, 265

— treated of by Aristotle, 106

Iron-wood, 40

Iron-working Age of India, 109

— in Japan, 115 _sq._

Italian foil, 124

— poison daggers, 51

Italy (modern), its two races, 270 _n_

Iverapema (‘Iwarapema’), 42

Ivernii (Irish non-Celts: Ptolemy), 279

Ivory-carving, Assyrian, 202

Jacaná (_Parra_; American bird), 9

Jaculum (Roman javelin), 246 _n_

Jade Pattu-Pattus, 25, 47; derivation of ‘jade,’ 47 _n_

Jadite (and jade) splinters for wooden swords, 47

Janghiz Khan, 227

Japanese blade, 139

— copper, 64

— ingots, 64

— iron, 116

— liquation of argentiferous copper, 83

— stone-chopper, 52

Jauhar (‘jewel’ or ribboning of a ‘Damascus’ blade), 112

Javanese blade, 215

— sculptures, 218

Javelineers, Roman, 248

Javelins, 20, 66, 90; Ancient Roman, 246 _n_

— for recruits, Roman, 249

Javelin of the Samnites, 266 _n_

Jáyá (mother of all weapons: Hindú), 214

Jeanne d’Arc’s Sword, 184 _n_

Jehovah (Yahveh), its etymology and mystic meaning, 149 _n_

Jewish coinage of copper, 70

‘Jewish face,’ the, 150 _n_

Jewish manner of wearing the Sword, 184

Jízeh Pyramid, 100

Joseph’s position in Egypt, 103

Judgment after death, Egyptian ideas of, 150

Julian the Apostate (his armour), 258

Julius Cæsar as a general, 260

Jumbiyah (crooked dagger of the Arabs), 29

Jumbul-wood, 112

Jutland, celts, &c., of, 274 _n_

Kabeiroi (Cabiri), 74 _sq._

Kabyle Flissa, 265

Kachhá (pig-iron), 111

Kadesh, site of, 174 _n_

Kakhi (brass), 87

Kakku (Assyrian weapon), 204 _n_

Káma-Shastra (_Ars amoris_: Hindú), 215

Kanaruc, Temple of, 109

Kangaroo (its method of defence), 12

Κάννα (Lat. _canna_; whence ‘cannon’), 14 _n_

Kan-top, Indian, 204

Kasabet (brass), 87

Kasios (Zeus), 1 _n_

Kaskara (Swords: Baghirmi), 162

‘Kassiteros,’ in Homer, 227

Katuriyeh (? = Cateia: Gujarát), 38

‘Kawas’ (hand-stone), 18

Keil (wedge: cuneus) form of attack, 273

Kelan (Hittite slingers), 175

Kelmis, 75

Κέλται (etymology of the word), 266 _n_

Keltic aborigines of the British Isles, 275

— (?) finds at Mycenæ, 106

— Gauls, weapons of, 266

— miners’ tools, 107 _n_

Κελτικὸν θράσος, 266 _n_

Kelto-Scandinavian swords (miscalled Anglo-Saxon), 139

Kemi (meaning of the word), 145 _n_

Kemite copper mines (in Midian), 102

Keteian or Cetian (in Homer), 172

Ketos (_Canis Carcharias_), 180

Kettles of copper, 69

Key-pattern (architectural ornament), 202

Keys of iron at Mycenæ, 106

Khadga (Hindú Sword), 214 _sqq._

Khanjar, 266

Khanjar-dagger, 212

Khanjar (Georgian weapon), 159

— of Persia and India, 29

Khesbet (metal connected with tin), 87

Kheten (war-axes; Egyptian), 154, 158

Khita (Hittites), 200

— people, description of, 175; their armour, weapons, &c., _ib._

Khita-land, the Sword in, 172 _sq._

Khoi-Khoi, 3 _n_, 17

Khnemu (gnomes), 75

Khopsh (kopis; Egyptian Sword), 156, 266

Khorasáni blades, 114 _n_

Kilt, ancient, 247 _n_

King Blay of Attábo, Sword made by, 142 _n_, 168

King-crab (_Limulus_), 24

King Koffee’s umbrella, 167 _n_

Kinnúr (Hebrew lyre), 187 _n_

Kinyá (arm-knife: Baghirmi), 162

Kirab-sar (Hittite writer of books), 173

Kiry (Kerry: Kafir weapon), 28

Kitár (Hindú weapon), 140

Kleydv (Welsh Sword), 279

Klingenthal Sword-manufactory, 132

Κνήστεις (Athenian weapons), 237

Knief (ancient German weapon), 272

Knife-Sword (Ancient Egyptian), 155

Knife, the (preceded the saw), 13; as a missile, 18

Knights of Malta: their Swords, 162

Knives edged with sharks’ teeth, 49

— of iron at Mycenæ, 106

Knobkerries, 32 _n_

Knob-stick (development into the Sword), 44

Knuckle-duster (cestus of the classics), 7

Kobongs (Australian tribal ‘crests’), 40 _n_

Κοπίς, not mentioned in Homer, 224; = Egyptian ‘Khopsh,’ 235; the weapon of the Giants, and of the Amazons, 235 _sq._; peculiarity of the weapon, 236

Kopis of the Gauls, 266 _n_

— Spanish, 265

Korah (Nepaul weapon), 265

Koran-reading, 220 _n_

Kordofan, rude kind of bellows in, 120

Krís (= crease: Malay weapon), 137, 166, 212

Kukkri blade of Ghurkas, 236

Kukkri or Gurkha Sword-knife, 39, 217 _n_, 265

Kulbeda (weapon of the Nyam-Nyams), 37

Κύων, 1 _n_

Κύπρος (meaning of the word), 58

‘Kurs’ (bloom: of metal), 112

Kurush (= Κῦρος, Cyrus), 209 _n_

‘Kypria’ of Stasinus, the, 221 _n_

Labarum (Roman standard), 246 _n_

Λάβρα (= πέλεκυς: Lydian), 89

Labrandian Jove, 89

‘La boxe Française,’ 254

Lacquer or varnish (on metals), 84

Lance, Assyrian, 202

Lances of sago-wood, 23

Lancehead of bronze at Mycenæ, 230

— of fish-bone, 23

— of pure copper, 57

Language, articulate (three periods of), 74 _n_

Lanista (Roman _maître d’armes_), 249

Lapis lazuli (= cyanus in Pliny), 222 _n_

Laqueatores (Roman gladiators), 210 _n_

Larissa (lance, Middle Ages), 182

Larnaca (etymology of the name), 187

Lasso, the, in Ancient Egypt, 210 _n_

— of the Roman gladiators, 210 _n_

— South American, 210 _n_

Lassos of plaited thongs (Persian), 210

Lát (iron pillar of Delhi), 109

‘Latchen’-blade, 135

Lateral blades (of a Sword) moved by a spring, 136

Laterite, 118

Latin blood in English race, 277

Latrunculi (Roman game), 218

Latten (derivation of the word), 85

Laufi or Laf (Sword), 123

Lava-splinters for wooden Swords, 47

_Lawsonia inermis_ (‘kopher,’ henna-shrub), 59

Laws of the Visigoths, weapons in the, 272 _n_

Lead, scoriæ of, 82

— and silver in Spain, 107

Lead-bronze in Ireland, 276

Leaf-shaped dagger and the rapier, connection of, 278

Leather sheath (for Swords), 160

Lebes-chauldron, 192

Legion of the ancient Roman army, 245 _sq._

Leiste (guard-plate: German), 272

Lemovii (Pomerania), 274

Length of Ancient Greek Swords, 238

— of Ancient Indian Sword, 216 _n_

— of Egyptian Swords, 159

— of Roman spear (Tacitus), 271

Leowel (pick), 37

Lepers, Hebrew, in Ancient Egypt, 174 _n_

Leptolithic age, 5 _n_

Libyan (Ancient) weapons, 162

‘Life,’ 261 _n_

Ligaunians (Etruria), 196

Lignarii (Sappers: Roman army), 249

Limulus (king-crab), 24

Linen at Mycenæ, 232

‘Line of direction’ in a Sword, 129

Lingua di bove (Sword shape: Italian), 166, 239

Lion (its stroke or blow), 7

Liquation of argentiferous copper (in Japan), 83

Lisán (‘tongue’-weapon), 32, 154

Λισσότριχοι, 144 _n_

Litholatry, 1 _n_

‘Live iron’ (= loadstone), 102

Livy’s Phalanx, 246 _n_; Legion, _ib._

Lixæ (camp-followers: Roman), 249

Llama, 7

Loadstone in the Troas, 191

Long-handed Danish Sword, 274

Long-hefted axe (Norman), 90

Longobards, 271

Long-straight Sword, 158

Long-Sword, 161

Lord High Treasurer’s white rod, 33 _n_

— Marshal of England’s gold truncheon, 33 _n_

— Steward of the Household’s white staff, 33 _n_

‘Lords of Asia’ (the Persians), 209

‘Lost Tribes,’ the, 151 _n_

Lotus, the, as an architectural ornament, 201

Lucky and unlucky marks on Eastern horses, 216

Ludus gladiatorius, 249

Lusitania, abundance of metal in, 265 _sq._

Lusitanian weapons, 266

Lycian weapons, 182, 211

— tongue, the, 187 _n_

Lydians, account of the, 194

Lydian stone splinters for wooden Swords, 47

Macaná, 42

Macedonian phalanx, weapons of the, 237

Mace in rock tablets (Wady Magharah), 61

Machabees (etymology of the word), 185 _n_

Machæra (= Sword, in Homer), 224

Machairæ-blades, Gallic, 266, 268

Μάχαιραι (Angl. Sax. Meche), 161

_Machairodus latidens_ (sabre-toothed tiger), 9

Madagascar iron, 116

Mádu or Máru (horn dagger), 11

Mahquahuith set with obsidian teeth, 67

Magic in Assyria, 202 _n_

— mirror of Perseus, 180

Magnet (loadstone), 102

Mail-coat on the Trajan column, 258

Mail-coats of iron in the Rig Veda, 108

Main-gauche, German, 136

Malachite (derivation of the word), 62 _n_

Malay krís (weapon), 137

Malga war pick, 37, 38

Mall (weapon), 88

Mallet in rock tablets (Wady Magharah), 61

Malleable bronze, 57; copper, 66; iron, 98

Maltese cross, 192 _n_

Manchette, 12 _n_

Maniples (of Roman army), 246 _n_

Mantis (the fights of), 13

Mantramukta (class of weapons: Hindú), 214

Manufacture of arms and armour in Cyprus, 188

Manyuema Swordlet, 169

Maracá (sacred rattle: Brazilian Tupis), 151

Marave iron-smelting furnace, 118

‘Mar Jiryús’ (Cappadocian saint), 181

Mars worshipped by the Scythians, 227

Martel-de-fer, 28

_Martinezia ciliata_, 42

Máru or Mádu (horn dagger), 11

Maruduk (= Mars: Assyrian God), 207

Marzabotto blade, the (Etruscan), 195

Masks (papier-mâché) in Ancient Egypt, 148

‘Master Shoe-tye,’ 3 _n_

Materialism, 261 _n_

Mathematics in Ancient Egypt, 148

Maushtika (fist-sword; stiletto: Hindú), 215

Mawingo-wings (_Pennisetum Benthami_), 12

Mayence blade, 238

Media, 209 _n_

Mediæval sabres, 136

— split Swords, 142

Medicine in Ancient Egypt, 148

Medinah Habu, temple of, 175

_Melaleuca_ (swamp tea-tree), 40

Melkarth (Phœnician god), 179

Μελίη (ash-tree = a bow), 254 _n_

Memnonium, the, 175

Meri (New Zealand weapon), 26, 47

Merodach (Babylonian god), 183

Mesopotamia, iron work in, 104

Mesopotamian astronomy, 200 _n_

Metal in the Hissarlik remains, 106

— replaces bone and stone in weapons, 50

— scabbards, 222 _n_

Metal-workers, a wandering race of, 275

Metal-working (discovery of), 51

— in China, 115

Metallic value of Dr. Schliemann’s finds, 233

Metallo-lithic Age, 22 _n_

Metallurgic δαίμονες, 74

Metallurgy, Assyrian, 202

— developed by ancient Egyptians, 151

— extension of from Egypt, 63

— of the Exodists, 56 _n_; origin of, 74

Metals, archaic names of, 122

— in Ancient Cyprus, 186

— in Ancient Hellas, 220

— in the Troas finds, 191

Metamorphosis, 2

Meteoric-iron chips for wooden weapons, 51

Meteoric iron, 99

Meteorolites, 99 _n_

Method of warfare, Ancient German, 273

Mica-schist dagger (natural formation), 47

Mica-schist, mould of, 82, 191

Midas-myth, the, 187 _n_

Midian copper mines, 102

Mihhili Mezzir (= Sahs), 272 _n_

Milanese (modern), 270 _n_

Milesians (origin of the name), 65 _n_

Miletus, ‘Holy City’ of, 242 _n_

Militarism of the Ancient Romans, 252

Military discipline under the Roman Empire, 249

— mining (Ancient Egypt), 154

— tactics of Ancient Hindús, 218

Milites (etymology of the word), 245

Mimosa, 6, 32

Mineral fields of Cornwall, 275

‘Miners’ hammers (= stone-pounders; Ireland), 65

Miölner (hammer of Thor), 35

Mirmillones, 251

Mirrors (polished) of copper, 67

Missile fishes, 7

— weapons, 2, 6

Missiles in the _Iliad_, 222

‘Mixing bloods,’ 227 _n_

Modern Irish, character of, 279 _n_

Mohammed’s Sword, 141

Mokume (ornamental alloys), 83

‘Money swords’ (Chinese talismans), 64

Mongol, a special race, 227 _n_

Monkeys, (use of missiles by), 2

Monomachia (intaglio of gold) at Mycenæ, 234

_Monodon monoceros_ (Narwhal or sea-unicorn), 11

Monotheism of Egypt, 149

‘Morning star,’ 20

Morra (the game) in Ancient Egypt, 148

Moses’ cradle, 149

Moslem two-headed eagle (heraldry), 176 _n_

Mosul (the original Ararat), 202

‘Mound-builders,’ 66, 116

‘Mountain copper’ (ὀρειχάλκον), 85

Movable tower (for sieges), 154

Mucro (edge of a Sword: Roman), 255 _n_

Mud bricks, Assyrian, 201

Muffle (crucible), 111 _n_

Muktámukta (class of weapons: Hindú), 214

Muktasandhárita (class of weapons: Hindú), 214

Mulciber (= Malik Kabir: Phœnician), 179

Multibarbed or serrated weapons, 13

Mummies, Quichuan, 67 _n_

Mummy bodies at Mycenæ, 228

— skulls, 144

Music connected with Lydia, 194

— origin of, 15

— in Ancient Egypt, 148

Mussel-shell (the original spoon), 47 _n_; and as a tip to a (thrusting) wooden Sword, 48

Muzak (wrought metal: Hebrew), 103

Mycenæ, the discoveries at, 73, 82, 106, 227 _sq._

‘Mycenæ spiral,’ 233 _sq._

Mycenian goldsmiths, 85 _n_

Mythological degradation on of Egyptian mysteries, 151

Naharayn (Mesopotamia), 104, 172

Nails of copper, 65

‘Naki-ka-kausti’ (a _spectaculum_ at Baroda), 8 _n_

Names become by-words, 65 _n_

Napoleon Buonparte and the Arabs, 186 _n_

Naphtuhim (Thuhi = ‘the fair people’), 102 _n_

Narwhal or sea-unicorn (_Monodon monoceros_), 11

_Naseus fronticornis_, 10

National weapon of ancient Germans, 270

‘Native brass’ opposed to ‘yellow copper’ (English) 56

Native iron, 99; steel, _ib._

Natural alloys, 66, 69

Náyin (Mpangwe crossbow), 37 _n_

Nebo (Mercury), 207

Necklace-beads (Mycenæ), 228

Necropolis at Marzabotto (Bologna), 195 _sq._

— in Valdichiana, 197

Neo-Latin names for the Sword, 123

— races, the, 270

Neolithic age, 5 _n_

Nephrite meri, 47; nephrite a cure for kidney disease, 47 _n_

Nero, character of, 252 _n_

Nickeliferous iron, 99

Niello (_nigellum_), 83, 152

Nile-dwellers, 3 _n_

Nilotes, characteristics of the, 144 _n_

Nimrúd, Palaces of, 202 _sq._

Nineveh, 200; discoveries at, 201

Ninus, date of, 199 _n_, 200

Nippers of copper, 68

Njiga (weapon: Baghirmi), 163, 237

Noah (original of the name), 149

Noah’s ark, 149

Noahitic Deluge, the, 144 _n_, 149 _n_

North beats South, 261

North-European Sword not of Roman origin, 264

Northumberland stone, the, 267

Novacula, Cyprian, 189

Nuggets (copper) as bell-clappers, 67

Nuggets of iron, in Africa, 119

Nuguit (Greenland weapon), 25

Obelisks (method of forming them), 54

Obsidian daggers, 46; splinters for wooden Swords, 47; black obsidian spear-head, 50

Ocreæ (greaves or leggings), 247

Odysseus (etymology of the word), 224

‘Odyssey,’ the, wrought iron in, 224

Œnochoe, Etruscan, 196

Offensive weapons (of animals and savages), 6

Old Coptic language, 146

Old Persian Sword, 139

Old Spanish Swords, 265

Oligiste (iron glance, specular iron), 107

Ollaria (pot copper), 88

‘Omphalos of the earth,’ 192 _n_

Onager, 4; origin of the name, 20 _n_

Ondanique (= ferrum indicum), 107

One-handed Swords (Mexican), 67

Onomatopœia, 4

‘Oran-Banua’ (men of the woods: Malaccan negrito aborigines), 14 _n_

Ὀρειχάλκον, 85

Ore smelting (discovery of), 51

Orichalcum, 85

Orientation of corpses, 234 _n_

Oriflamme, 246 _n_

Original alphabet, the, 146 _sq._

Origin of the Ancient Egyptians, 143 _sq._

— (suggested) of the smelting-process, 118

Orissa Sword (two-bladed), 141

Or molu, 87

Ornamental alloys (applied to Swords), 83

Ornamentation, Greek, 221

Ornaments in sepulchres at Mycenæ, 234

— set in bone, 29

Osier-bucklers (for recruits: Roman), 249

Osiris and Typhon, 180

Osiris’ ark, 149

Ostrich-feather head-gear, 158 _n_

Ostrich throwing stones, 3

Οὐλότριχοι, 144 _n_

Ourshol (= Melkarth), 179

Pacho (club: South Sea Islanders), 48

Pack-fong, 68

Pactyans, 210

Paddle (or original oar), 32, 40; paddle and spear combined, _ib._; development into the Sword, 42

Paddle-sword (Peruvian), 66, 68

Pagaya (sharpened paddle), 42

Painting in Ancient Egpyt, 148

— (origin of) 15

Pakká (crude steel), 111

‘Palace of the Atreidæ’ at Mycenæ, 233

Palace of the Forty Columns, 211

Palaces of Nimrúd, finds in, 202 _sq._

‘Palace of Priam’ (Troas), 191 _sq._

Palæolithic flints, 45 _n_

Palæoliths of Kelts of the British Isles, 275

Palæstræ, Hellenic, 239

_Palameda_ (Horned Screamer), 9

Palestine (etymology of the word), 177

Palintonon, 19

Palladium of Troy, 1 _n_

Palm-wood Swords, 43

Palstab, 270

Palstave, 20; derivation, 30 _n_

Paludamentum (Roman officer’s cloak), 245 _n_

Palus, 250

Πάμφαινον (explanation of the epithet), 223

Panimukta (class of weapons: Hindú), 214

Papacha (Quichuan god), 67 _n_

Paphlagonians, 210

Παρὰ μηροῦ (meaning of the expression), 239

Parazonia (weapons), 161

‘Parazonium’ dagger, 239, 246

Parazonium of bronze, 239

Parchment, Assyrian, 201 _n_

Parian (Arundelian) Chronicle, 105

Parma (Roman shield), 246 _sq._

Parmularians, 252

Parrying-shields, 38

Parrying stick (Africa and Australia), 12

Partisan (mediæval weapon), 183 _n_

Pas d’âne, 125 _n_, 166

‘Paternoster’ blade, 136

Pathros (meaning of the word), 145 _n_

Pattisha (two-bladed battle-axe: Hindú), 215

Patrick, St., 180

Pattu-Pattus, 25, 47

Pavoise (in sieges: Ancient Egypt), 154

Pea-shooter, 14 _n_

Pedila, 1

Pelasgo-Hellenic race, the, 186

Πέλεκυς, 89, 90

— ἀμφιστόμος (_bipennis_), 271

Pelusium (etymology of the word), 177

Pennations (in sabres: Eastern and mediæval), 136

_Pennisetum Benthami_ (Mawingo-wingo), 12

Pennons, Assyrian, 203

Pentaur (scribe of Ramses II.), 101, 147

Percussion, centre of, 129

Persea (Egyptian ‘Tree of Life,’) 202 _n_

Perseus, 179 _sq._

Persia, 209

Persian cidaris or tiara, 209

— akinakes, 210

— archer, 209

— cuneiform, 201, 203

— headdress, 209

— helmet, 209

— origin of heraldry, 140 _n_

— sculpture, 209

— shield, 209

— Sword (old), 139

— war-axe, 273

— warrior, 209

Persepolis sculptures, 208

Persians of Herodotus, the, 226

Peruvian army, 66; nation, 66 _n_; derivation of ‘Peru,’ _ib._

Peshawar sculptures, 218

Phalangæ, 32

Phalanx of the Hittites, 175

— Ancient Egyptian, 154

— in Livy, 246 _n_

Phalarica (fire-missile: Roman), 248

Phaleræ (military decorations), 248

Phallic theories, 114

Pharaoh (meaning of the word), 145

Pharsalia, Cæsar at, 260

Phásganon (= Sword, in Homer), 222, 230; etymology of the word, 223

Philistia, plain of, 186

Philistine (modern use of the word), 185 _n_

— weapons, 185

Phœnicia (etymology of the word), 178

Phœnician art in England, 275

Phœnicians, 178

Phosphor-bronze, 53, 80

Phosphorus mixed with copper, 81 _n_

Phrygian tongue (a congener of Greek), 76 _n_

Phrygian-type cap, 175

Picks made of reindeer-antlers, 29 _n_

Picrous Day (a Cornish festival), 79

Picts (origin of the name), 279 _n_

Pierced blade and sheath (Sword), 136

‘Piercing-stone’ (Babylonian Inscriptions), 171 _n_

Piedmontese (modern), 270 _n_

Pigeon-shooting, 253 _n_

Pilani (Roman javelineers), 248

Pile (arrow-head; derivation), 25 _n_

Pile-dwellings of Olmütz, 24; of Laibach, 29

Pilum (Roman weapon), 248 _n_

Pilus (division of Roman army), 247

Pinna used as arrow-heads and adze-blades, 47

Pirhua (the first Ynka deified to a Creator), 66 _n_

Piromis (meaning of the word), 144 _n_

Pir (sun-heat), 1 _n_

Pisoliths, 102

Pivot-theatres, 250

Plating (or sheeting) on wood or stone, 55

Ploughshare (Roman) of _æs_, 56

Plover of Central Africa (carries weapons in its wings), 9

Plumbiferous scoriæ in Spain, 108

Plumbum argentarium (tin and lead), 88

‘Plummets’ in the Western Mounds, 116

Point of a Sword, 139

Poison daggers, 51

— trees, 6

Poisoned arrows, 26; bullets, 26 _n_; weapons, 9, 11

Pokwé or Poucue (weapon: Lunda), 169

Poland (derivation of the name), 92

Pole-axes, 92; Egyptian, 154

— of silver, copper, gold, 67

Pole, discovery of the, 200 _n_

— (pillar: etymology of the word), 114 _n_

Poles of war-cars armed, 277 _n_

Polished mirrors of copper, 67

Polyænus on Julius Cæsar, 260

Polybius (his character as a writer), 245 _n_

Pommel of a Sword, 123, 140, 159, 165

Poniards of flint, 46

Popular sports, 253

Porcelain in Ancient Egypt, 148

Porcupines ‘shooting their quills,’ 3 _n_

Pork, Jewish hatred of, 150

Portable African bellows, 121

— bridge (for sieges; Ancient Egypt), 154

— shrines of Ancient Egypt, 150

Postín (Slav and Afghan dress), 269

Pot-copper, 88

Pottery, in the Maydúm Pyramid, 61; of the Quichuans, 67 _n_

Potter’s wheel, invention of the, 119

Poucue (weapon; Lunda), 169

Prachtaxt (ancient German weapon), 273

Prahiunamif (son of Ramses II.), 174

Pramantha, 1 _n_, 202

Prasa (spear: Hindú), 215

Prasine faction, 252

Pre-Adamites (Moslem), 2 _n_

Precious stones on Swords, 258

Predatory fishes, 4, 7

Prehistoric Ilium, 194

Prester John, 163 _n_

Primæval language (Egyptian), 146 _sq._

Primitive man, 3 _sqq._

Primordial shipbuilders (the Cabiri), 75

Principes (Roman soldiers), 247

Prisse Papyrus, the, 147

_Pristis_ (Saw-fish), 13

Processes of making steel, 117 _n_

Processional axe (German), 91

Proci (Roman soldiers), 248

Produce of Ancient Britain, 277

Promachoi (Greek soldiers), 248

Prometheus, 1

‘Promised Land,’ the, 178

Prong-edge (of a Sword), 138

Proportions of alloys, 83

Proportion in length of blade and hilt-blade, 264

— of man to animals, 5 _n_

Proto-chalcitic Age (of weapons), 53

Proto-sideric Age, 5 _n_

— or Early Iron Age of weapons, 97

Provinces of the bronze antiques of Europe, 276

Prydhain (god worshipped in Britain), 77 _n_

Pteropedilos (Mercury), 1

Ptolemies, the, 209

Ψευδάργυρος, 85

Pucuna, 14 _n_

Pugio (Ancient Roman weapon), 210, 256; derivation of the word, 257 _n_

Pukhtu or Pushtu (Afghan language), 210 _n_

Punctured wounds, danger of, 127

‘Pundonor,’ 267

Punishing prisoners by torture (Assyrian), 203

Πῦρ, 1 _n_

‘Purple copper’ (Chinese), 64

Pygmalion in Cyprus, 187

Pyracmon (the Cyclop), 75

Pyramid of Copan (Yucatan), 67 _n_

— the Great, 147

Pyrites, 1 _n_

Pyropus (copper and gold alloy), 86 _n_

Pyrodes, 1 _n_

Pyrrhic dance, 239

Quadrangular thrusting-blade, 136

Quadriga of bronze, 80

Quagga (its kick), 7

‘Quarrel’ (bolt of a crossbow), 25 _n_

Quarter-staff among the Ancient Hindús, 215

Quartz (and quartzite) splinters for wooden Swords, 47

Quaternary Age in England, 275

Quella (Khellay, iron: Peru), 67 _n_

Quenching (of metal) with water, 165; with oil, 165 _n_

Quichua language, 67 _n_; characteristics of the people, _ib._; mummies, _ib._

Quillons of a Sword, 125, 164

Quincussis (bronze coin), 264

Quiris (= Hasta: Ancient Roman weapon), 246 _n_

Races, changes in the conditions of, 243

Racial names, 194

_Raia trygon_ and _R. histrix_ (sting-rays), 11

Rakes of copper, 67

Rakshasas (demons: Hindú), 213

Ram (in sieges: Ancient Egypt), 154

Ramayana Epic, 190

‘Ramrod-back’ Sword, 133

Ramses II., tablets of (Bayrut), 200 _n_

‘Rank,’ man of (derivation of ‘rank’), 140

Ranseur or Ronçeur, 95

Rapier, 123

Rapier-blades, Etrurian, 195, 278

Rapier in Ancient Britain, 278

Rat-trap, crossbow, 37 _n_

Razors, Assyrian, 202 _sq._

‘Razor-women’ of King Gezo (Dahome), 168

Recruit-drill, Roman, 249

‘Red bronze,’ 72

Reed arrows, 28

Regnum Noricum, 256

‘Regulation’ Sword (infantry), 129, 133

Regulus (of metal), 107 _n_, 111

Reindeer-antlers used as picks, 29 _n_

— period, 27, 29

Relief in gold and silver on Swords, 258

Religion in Ancient Egypt, 148

Repoussée work at Mycenæ, 233

— work on Swords, 258

Respect for the dead, 5 _n_

Retiarii (Roman gladiators), 210 _n_, 251

Rhinoceros-horn used for weapons, 28

Rhinoceros (its armature), 9

Riesenmauer, 271

Riding practised by Ancient Romans, 249

Rig Veda, mention of iron in the, 108

Ring-money, 151 _n_

Ritual of the Dead, Egyptian, 184

Rock-inscriptions at Ibriz, 176

Rock-inscriptions traced with flint-flakes, 49 _n_

— tablets at Wady Magharah, 61

Roman alloys, 84

— fashion of wearing the Sword, 258

— fashions adopted by Gauls, 269

— helmets, 246

— iron, 107

— jurisprudence, 244

— lacquered or varnished brass, 84

— method of hardening and tempering tools, &c., 107

— mining operations, 107

— names for the Sword, 254

— shield bordered with brass, 266

Romans smelted copper in England, 71

Roman soldiers, 259 _sqq._

— Swords in England, 259

Ῥομφαία (Thracian weapon), 237

Ronçeur or Ranseur, 95

Rorarii (Roman soldiers), 245

‘Rosa mystica’ (of Byzantine art), 202

Rosette, the, as an architectural ornament, 201

‘Royal Commentaries of the Ynkas,’ 67

Royal Swords, Assyrian, 205 _sq._

Rubbings of Pharaohnic stone, 102 _n_

Ruby copper, 85

Rudis (rod or wooden Sword: Roman), 250

Rugii (Baltic), 274

Rumpia (weapon mentioned by Gellius), 237

Runes engraved on a Scramasax, 272 _n_

Runic inscriptions on Cimbrian weapons, 274 _n_

‘Sabbatic River’ (Pliny, Josephus), 178 _n_

Sabbation (fabled river), 178 _n_

Sabbaths, Assyrian, 200 _n_

Sabine shields, 253 _n_

Sabre, ancient forms, Greek and barbarian, 12; its origin, 32

Sabres of eucalyptus-wood, 44

Sabre-toothed tiger (_Machairodus latidens_), 9

Sacæ (Shakas; Nomades: Scythians), 226

Sacrificial blades, 217 _n_

— knives of flint, 46

— knives of iron, 100

Σάγαρις, 90

Sagartian Nomades, 210

Sagina gladiatoria, 250

Sago-tree (_Nibong_; _Caryota urens_), 23

Sagum (Roman soldier’s cloak), 245 _n_

Sahs, Seax, Sax (Saxon), 272

Sailor’s cutlass, 140

Sakkarah pyramids, 144 _n_

Samians, casting and soldering among the, 221

Samnite weapons, 253

Samnites, javelin of the, 266 _n_

Samson’s weapon, 24; tomb, 186 _n_

Samurai (Japanese two-sworded man), 252 _n_

Sandal of Perseus, 179

Sanskritists and philology, 191 _n_

Sanskrit, terms for iron in, 108

Sappers of Ancient Roman army, 249

Sarbacane, 14 _n_

‘Sardian electrum,’ 87

Sardones (Shardona), 175

‘Sardonian linen,’ 175

Sarissa (spear), 182, 237

Sarpedon’s targe, 192

Satrap (etymology of the word), 226 _n_

Sattára (= Sát-istara, the Pleiades), 8 _n_

Satzuma copper (the best in the world), 64

Saucer, inlaid iron, 106 _n_

Saunion (Samnite javelin), 266 _n_

Sauromatæ (northern Medes and Slavs), 227

Savage worship of weapons, 162 _n_

Saw-bayonet, 51, 137

Saw, double-handed, of iron or steel, in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Saw-fish (its armature), 13; teeth of, 24

Saw-kerf, 29

Saws, Assyrian, 203

Saxnot Zio (German Sword-god), 273

Saxo (weapon of the Saxon or Sacæ), 90 _n_

Saxon blade, 135

Saxones (ancient German tribe), 271

Scabbard of pearl, 212

Scæan gates (Troas), 191

Scaling-ladder, Ancient Egypt, 154; Assyrian, 203

Scalping described by Herodotus, 227 _n_

Scandinavian Goths and Vandals, 274

— tactical formation, 273

Scarabæi of diorite (Egyptian), 53 _n_

‘Scatterer’ (Sanskrit Astara), 38

Sceptre-heads of copper, 68

Scheme of battle, Homeric, 241

Σχήνη ἱερὰ (portable tent of the Carthaginians), 150

Scherma (fencing: derivation of the word), 272 _n_

Schläger (German weapon), 135 _n_, 139

Schlegel on the ‘Brazen’ Age, 56

Schleswig, spatha of, 272

Schliemann’s excavations in the Troas, 190

‘Schweinskopf’ (Ancient German tactical formation), 273

Schwertstab (Sword-staff), 273

Science in Egypt, 147 _sq._

Scilly Islands (origin of the name), 78 _n_

Scipio’s fleet, arms supplied to, 198

Scissors (etymology of the word), 272

— of copper, 79

Sclepista (Roman sacrificial knife) of copper (or bronze?), 56

Scoriæ of lead (at Schliemann’s Troy), 82

Scorpion (or onager), 19, 20 _n_

— (whip-goad: Ancient Egypt), 157

Scourge, Assyrian, 206

Scramasax, Scramma Scax, 94, 223, 235; (derivation of the word), 272 _n_

— from Hallstadt, 263

Scramsahs, Copenhagen, 272 _n_

Sculpture in Egypt, 148

— (origin of), 15

Sculptures of Chehel Munar, 211

Scutum (Roman shield), 247, 253

Scymitar, 123, 130, 139; etymology of, 126 _n_

— among the Peruvians, 68

— of gold, 212

Scymitar-shaped Sword, 133

Scythe-shaped Swords, 72, 95

Scythes of copper, 72

— used as weapons, 95

Scythe war-car (of Ancient Britons), 276

Scythian weapons, 227

Scythians, 226

Seals, Hittite, 176

Sea-unicorn (Narwhal; _Monodon monoceros_), 11

Seax (weapon = Saxo), 90 _n_

Second chalcitic age of alloys, 74 _sqq._

Sections of Sword-blades, 131

— of thrusting Swords, 135

Securis, 90; Danica, 274

Semiramis, 207

Semitic (language), 146 _n_

Senonian Gauls, 267

Sentinum, war-cars of Gauls at the battle of, 277 _n_

Sepulchres at Mycenæ, 228 _sqq._

Sequence of metals—copper, bronze, brass, 57

Serpentine (stone), 47

Serrated or saw-edged instruments, 13

Set (Satan, the Evil Spirit of Egyptian religion), 149

Sesostris, weight of the statue of, 54; derivation of the name, 174 _n_; date of, 199 _n_

Seven-rayed star (on Turkish flag), 147 _n_

Shairetana (Syrian people), 179

Shah and Shahanshah (derivation of the word), 210 _n_

Shak-ari (‘foe to the Shakas’), 226

Sham-fights, Roman, 249

Shapes of Ancient Egyptian Sword-blades, 161

— of cutting instruments, 132

— of Sword blades, 126

Shardana (Sardones), 175

Sharks’ teeth used to edge Swords, 49

Sharpened stake, 21

‘Shave-grass,’ 12

Shear-steel, 114 _n_

Sheeting (or plating) on wood, 55

Sheet (or plate) iron-work, Assyrian, 105

Shell-lac, 87 _n_

Shell of a Sword, 124

Shells as arrow-heads and adze-blades, 47

Shepherd-kings (Hyksos), 103, 173

‘Shepherd’s plaid’ in Central Africa, 269 _n_

Shield, Australian, 20

Shield-handles, 105

Shield of Achilles, 223

— of Ajax, 222

— of Hercules, 222

— with concentric rings (British), 276

Shield-umbo, 248

Shields as heraldic badges, 40 _n_

— Hittite, 175

Shinar, Plain of, 199

Shotel (Abyssinian Sword), 163

Shoulder-belts of gold (Mycenæ), 228, 231

Shovel-shaped base of spear, 170

Sica (short Sword: Roman), 252

Sicarii, 185

Sicarius (‘assassin’), 252 _n_

Sicily (derivation of the name), 252 _n_

Sickle of chalcos, 55 _n_

Sickle-Sword (Ancient Egypt), 155, 161

Sickle-throwing (in the Roman Campagna), 19

Sickles used as weapons, 95; of iron, 100

Sicula (= English ‘sickle’), 252 _n_

Sideros indikos, 108

Siderite (loadstone), 101

Σιδηρίτις λίθος (magnet), 101

Σίδηρος (wrought iron), Hellenic, 221; etymology of the word, 221 _n_

— ἐργασμένος (worked iron of Aristotle), 107

Signa, in Ancient Roman army, 246 _n_

Signet-ring in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Sigurd’s Sword, 95

Silepe (Basuto weapon), 94

Sih-tárah (Persian lyre), 187 _n_

Silex, 1 _n_; Silex religiosa, _ib._

Silex arrow-heads, 102 _n_

Silex-flake knives, Hebrew, 184

Silex-flake ‘Swords,’ 45

Silk-spinning in Ancient Egypt, 148

Silver and lead in Spain, 107

— coinage at Ægina, 194 _n_

— dagger, Cyprian, 189

— in Ancient Egypt, 151

— in Midian, 151

— its representation in Egyptian hieroglyphs, 69

— lead, 88

— mines (ancient) of Peru, 67 _n_

_Siluri_ (Welsen), 29

Siljukian monsters, 176

Simiads (use of missiles by), 2

Sindi (Gypsies), 76

Singhauta (horn dagger), 11

Single-grooved claymore, 132

Single-stick among the Ancient Hindús, 215

Sinties (Sinti or Saii), 74, 76

Sion, iron Sword discovered at, 197

Sívají (Prince of Maráthá-land), 8

Skeyne (Irish _scjan_), 27

— (Sword), 123

Skull-cap (namms), Ancient Egyptian, 204

Slav (or German) Sword, 263

Sling-bullet of iron, 191

Slingers, Hittite, 175

— in Ancient Egyptian army, 154

Slings (various kinds), 19, 49

Small handles of bronze Swords, 264 _n_

Small-Sword, 123, 135

Smelting, 65, 88

Smith (derivation of the word), 77

Snake (sacred), 1 _n_

Socketed celt (Yorkshire), 276

Socotrine Aloe, 6

‘Solar myth,’ 191 _n_

Solder (ancient), 85 _n_

Soldered blades at Mycenæ, 233

Soldering among the Ancient Greeks, 221

Soldering in Ancient Egypt, 151

Soldiers’ headdresses, Assyrian, 203

Soldier’s position in Hellas, 241

Soleret (boot; 16th century), 175

Solid scabbard of metal (German), 272

Solomon Islands (nondescript weapon used in), 12 _n_

Solomon’s Temple, 182

— Temple (the ‘brass’ in), 56

Soma (_Asclepias gigantea_), 202 _n_

Somal, 259

Source of bronze in Great Britain, 275

South American lasso, 210 _n_

Southern Italians (modern), 270 _n_

Sow-metal, 107

Spade, 20

Spalling (method of treating ores), 65

Spanish (Ancient) Swords, 265

— bull-fights, 253

— Xiphos, 268

Spartan Sword-blade, 238

Sparth (= battle-axe: Chaucer), 235 _n_

Spata or Spatha, 123, 142, 156

Spatha of Schleswig, 272

— pennata, 267 _n_

— Roman, 258 _n_

Spathæ, Ancient British, 279

— of iron, German, 271

Spathe (= weaver’s lath), 235 _n_

Σπάτι (Romaic sabre: etymology of the word), 235 _n_

Spear, 20; origin of, 31; in Homer, 223

— and paddle combined, 40; spears armed with flints, 48

Spear, favourite weapon of the Dark Continent, 162

Spear-head, Assyrian, 203

Spear: its name in various languages, 274

Spear of the ancient Germans, 270

Spearmen, Roman, 247

— Hittite, 176

Spectacula, Roman, 251

Specular iron (iron glance, oligiste), 107

Σπέρμα πυρός, 1

Spelter (copper and zinc), 84

Spetum (Spieclo or Spit), 95

Sphinxes, 176

Sphyraton (plate work), 221

Spiculum (Roman javelin), 246 _n_

Split-bone implements, 29

Split Swords, 142

Spodium, 86 _n_

Spur-edge (of a Sword), 138

Spud, 20

_Squalus centrina_ or _Spinax_, Linn., 9, 23

Squamata (Roman armour), 248 _n_

Stabbing Swords of copper, 72

Stag-horn axes, 27; inserted in wooden truncheons, 49

‘Stahl-bronce’ = steel (_i.e._ hardened) bronze, 53 _n_

Stamped-clay literature (Assyrian), 201

Stan (Irish term for tin), 65

Standard-bearer (German), station of, 273

Standard-bearers, Assyrian, 203

Standards in Ancient Roman Army, 246 _n_

‘Standard Inscription,’ 55

Staple of Cyprus, 188

Star (derivation of the word), 221 _n_

Star-shaped weapon of copper, 68

Stasinus or Hegesias: his ‘Kypria,’ 221 _n_

Stater (gold coin) of Crœsus, 194 _n_

Staves of copper inlaid with figures, 68

Steam, motive power of, known to Ancient Egyptians, 148

‘Steel bronze,’ 53

Steel (Chinese) for Swords and knives, 115

— early known, 98

— in China, 113

— its representation in Egyptian hieroglyphs, 69

— processes of making, 117 _n_

— Swords, Roman, 256

— treated of by Aristotle, 106

— wheel (Chakrá; war-quoit), 39

St. George and the Dragon, 180 _sq._

‘Stickleback,’ (_Gasterosteus_), 10

Stick-sling, 19

Stiletto, 11

— Hindú, 215

— Italian (derivation of the word), 215 _n_

Stilettos, two-edged (Ancient Roman), 257

Sting-fish or adder-pike (_Trachinus vipera_), 11

Stoccado, 123

Stómoma (steel), 106, 109, 110

‘Stone Age,’ 22 _n_, 23 _n_

Stone anchors, 119 _n_

Stone-axe, 20 _n_

Stone-hatchets, 14 _n_

Stone spear-heads, 26; implements, 30

Stone-splinters in wooden Swords, 47

Stone-tipped arrows (Ethiopian), 154 _n_

Stone-throwing, 7

Stone-weapons of the Romans, 21 _n_

Stones as weapons, 16 _sq._

Stork’s-head-shaped weapon, 37

Storm-caps of iron, 102

St. Michael, weapon of, 237

St. Paul and the Sicarii, 185

Stratagems (of Animals and Savages), 6

‘Straw-death’ (Scandinavian), 185

Stream-gold, 54

Stream-tin, 59, 78

String-sling, 19

Strokes or blows of various animals, 7

Stylus or Stilus, 15 _n_

Suardones (ancient German tribe), 271

Subligaculum (gladiatorial apron), 253

Succinum (amber), 87

Suffetes (Carthaginian magistrates), 181

Suit of Cypriote armour, 188

Suits of iron armour, 102

Sumir (= lower Babylonia), 104

Sumpitan (Borneo), 14 _n_

Sun-dial, discovery of the, 200 _n_

Sun, the, in Egyptian religion, 149

Superimposed settlements of Troy, 193

Superiority of the curved blade, 129

Supernumerarii (Roman soldiers), 245 _n_

Surface ironstone of Africa, 117, 119

‘Surgeon’ or lancet-fish (_Acanthurus_), 10

Suvóroff and his soldiers, 260 _n_

Svasti (Hittite symbol), 202 _n_

‘Svinfylking’ (Scandinavian tactical formation), 273

Swallowing Swords (by jugglers of old), 238

Swallow-tailed blades, 141

Swallow-wort (_Calatrapis gigantea_), 218

Swimming (two ways of), 40 _n_

Swamp tea-tree (_Melaleuca_), 40

SWORD— Abyssinian Sword, 237 acinaces (Persian), 210 _sq._; with golden ornaments, 212 Afghan Charay, 212 ancient Greek infantry Sword, 237 among the Barbarians, 262 _sqq._ — — Scythians, 226 Arjuna’s Sword, 217 as a weapon for point, 133 Asidevatá (‘Sword-god’: Hindú), 214 Assyrian fashion of carrying the Sword, 239 — Swords, 199, 204 _sq._ as the instrument of punishment in Persia, 211 blades of gold given _honoris causâ_, 212 blades, shapes of, 126 bronze swords of Italy, 264 — — (Scythian) in the Crimea, 227 Burmese Dalwel (fighting-Sword), 219 Carthaginian blades, 181 Celtiberian and Old Spanish Swords, 265 Ceretolo, Etruscan Sword found at, 196 Cilician, 211 cinctorium (Roman general’s Sword), 257 club-Sword (Assyrian), 204 cluden (juggler’s sword: Roman), 258 Cypriote Swords, 188 dagger-Swords, 204 Danish Swords, 236 definition of the weapon, 123 derivation of the word, 123 _n_ description of Roman Sword, 254 _sq._ double-bladed, 141 double Sword (Assyrian), 204 ‘Dunner-Saxen’ (thunder-Sword), 272 _n_ edged with sharks’ teeth, 49 elephant-Sword, 216 ensis noricus, 263 ethnological view of Sword-distribution, 128 Etruscan Sword, 195 _sqq._ executioner’s, 139 ‘falx supina’ of the Thracians, 253 fancy Sword (Assyrian), 204 ‘ferrum,’ ‘gladius,’ ‘ensis,’ 254 _sq._ fist-Sword (stiletto: Hindú), 215 flesh-knife Sword (Egyptian), 212 forged by Hephaistos (in Aristophanes), 223 _n_ forked, 141 from Mithras group, 210 German or Slav Sword, 263 gladiators’ Swords, 252 _sq._ Greek fashion of carrying the Sword, 239 Hercules’ Sword, 222 hereba-blade, 181 Hittite, 175 in Ancient Rome, 247 _sqq._ in Britain, 275 _sqq._ in Greek literature, 242 in Homer, 222 in India, 213 _sqq._ in Moslem Africa, 162 in Persia, 209 _sqq._ in relief (Persepolis sculptures), 210 in the Dark Continent, 162, 166 in Troas, 193 its parts described, 124 _sq._ Khadga, As, or Asi (Hindú Sword), 214, 216 Keltic Sword, 272 length of Ancient Greek Swords, 237 Marzabotto blade, the, 195 Mayence Sword, 255 maushtika (fist-Sword; stiletto: Hindú), 215 Mohammed’s, 141 names for the Sword in Homer, 222 of Alexander the Great, 188 of Ancient Illyria, 262 of bronze, 78 _n_, 82 of copper, 57, 72; copper and zinc, 84 of copper (Cimbrian), 274 of Goliath, 184 of Greek cavalry, 248 of iron (of the Celtiberians), 107 of iron discovered at Sion, 197 of iron in Ancient Germany, 270 of iron-wood and obsidian, 49 of Isernia, 197 of Jeanne d’Arc, 184 _n_ of justice, 139 of Misanello, 195 _n_ of Perseus (Ἅρπη), 180 of Scandinavian Goths, 274 of scymitar shape, 133 of Sigurd, 95 of the Alanni, 262 _sq._ of the Alemanni (Germani), 270 _sq._ of the Ancient Egyptian army, 155 of the Ancient Hebrews, 182, 184 of the Bosnians, 262 of the Cherubim (Eden), 183 of the Cimbrians, 274 of the Dacians, 262 of the Danes, 274 of the Early Bronze Age, 96 of the Fenni, 274 of the Gold Coast, 167 of the Irish, 276 of the Keltic Gauls, 266 of the King of Dahome, 167 of the Lemovii (Pomerania), 274 of the Ligures, 265 of the Lycians, 182 of the Phœnicians, 179, 181 of the Rebo (Syria), 179 of the Rugii (Baltic), 274 of the Ruthens (Syria), 179 of the Scotti, 279 of the Shairetana (Syria), 179 of the Thracians, 262 of the Tokkari (Syria), 179 of the Welsh, 279 of Tiberius, 258 of Vandals, 274 of Victor Emmanuel, 257 _n_ of Vul-nirari I. (Assyrian), 208 of wood, 31; palm-wood, 43 of wood and stone combined, 47 of wood with stone edges, 49 on Italian (ancient) coins, 264, 268 ornamented with alloys, 83 Persian Swordlet (περσικὸν ξιφίδιον), 211 royal Swords (Assyrian), 205 _sq._ ‘rudis’ (rod or wooden Sword), 250 Samnite Sword, 253 Sa-pa-ra (Assyria), 204 Saul’s Sword, 185 scythe-shaped, 72, 95 sections of Sword-blades, 131 Spanish Xiphos, 268 swallowing Swords (by jugglers of old), 238 swallow-tailed or forked, 141 Sword and the Dove (Assyrian emblem), 184 Swords found at Mycenæ, 228 _sqq._ Swords found in ancient cemetery at Hallstadt, 262 ‘Sword of God’ (Jeremiah), 185 Thracian Swords, 222 _sq._ with blades like Aries (astronomical sign), 141 with iron blades (Roman), 258 with saw blade, 51 with wood- and horn-points, 49 women (Hindú) instructed in the use of the Sword, 215 wooden Swords in sham-fights (Roman), 249 zacco-Sword of Emperor Leo, 272 _n_

Sword and spear of copper or bronze (Theseus’), 105

Swords and Sword-handles in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Sword-bayonet, Enfield, 134 _n_

Sword-belt and scabbard of Darius, 212

Sword-belts, Assyrian, 206

Sword-blades of copper, 72

Sword-breakers, 138

Sword-cutlers, Hebrew, 185

Sword-dagger, two-edged, 184

Sword-daggers (Ancient Egyptian), 159, 161

Sword-dance, 163, 165

Sword-distribution, ethnological view of, 128

Sword-exercise among the Ancient Greeks, 240

Sword-fish (_Xyphias_), 11; its horn as a spear-head, 24

‘Sword-grass,’ 12

Sword-knife (Kukkri), 39; of Ashanti, 167

Sword-like weapon of Borneo, 112

Sword-play of North Africa, 163

Sword-makers, 77

Sword-metal, Hindú trial of, 110 _n_

Sword-pommels at Mycenæ, 231, 233

‘Sword-side’ relationship, 188 _n_

Swordsmen of old, famous, 240 _n_

Syenite (hieroglyphics engraved on), 53

Syllogistic puzzle of Eubulides, 97 _n_

Syphilis, traces of, in prehistoric bones, 150

Syria (etymology of the word), 177

Syrian terebinth, 257

Tabáshir (silicious bark of bamboo), 31

Tabernacle, the Jewish (whence imitated), 150

Table of alloys in common use, 83 _sq._

Table of archaic names of metals, 122

Tacapé (paddle), 42

Tac et taille (cut-and-thrust), 126

Tactical formation of Ancient Germans, 273

Tactics in Ancient Greece, 241

Talaria, 1

Talismans (Chinese) of copper, 64

Talwar (Hindustan sabre), 131 _sq._

Tamarana (paddle), 42

Tamarang (Australian parrying-shield), 38

Tammaraka (sacred rattle; Brazilian Tupis), 151

Tangapé (paddle), 42

Tang (tongue) of a Sword, 124

Tanged dagger, 278

— razor (British), 276

Taper-axe, 91, 94

‘Targe’ or ‘Target’ (derivation of), 12 _n_

Taru (Egyptian war-pike), 158

Tasso’s description of the Irish, 279

Tattooing (its origin), 269 _n_

Tax levied on iron in China, 114

‘Tears of the Heliades’ (= amber), 87

‘Tears of the sun,’ 67

Tectosages (Phrygia), war-cars of the, 277 _n_

Telak (African arm-knife), 162

‘Telamon,’ at Mycenæ, 231 _sq._

Telchines, 74, 76

Telluric iron, 99

Tempering (of iron) by cold immersion, 112, 165; by oil, &c., 165 _n_

Temple-caves of Elephanta (Bay of Bombay), 217

Temple of Baal at Marseille, 181 _n_

— of Belus (_vulgò_ Tower of Babel), 55

— of Kanaruc, 109

Temples of Babylonia, 199

Τενέδιος πέλεκυς (origin of the proverb), 90

Terebinth, Syrian (‘oak’ of Mamre), 257

Terra cottas in Cyprus, 190; in Troy, 193

Testudo (in sieges; Ancient Egypt), 154

Teufelsgraben, 271

Thane (derivation of the word), 215 _n_

Thapsus, Cæsar at the battle of, 260 _n_

The ‘First Highlander,’ 217

Thera (Grecian), bronze Sword from, 262

Thermutis (the princess who found Moses), 174 _n_

Thiudiskô (= Teutons), 274

Thong-sling, 19, 68

Thraces, 252

Thracian dance (in arms), 163 _n_

‘Thracian Magic,’ 238 _n_

Thracians, 210

Thracian Swords, 222 _sq._, 262

— weapons, 253

Three-sided blades, 66

Thresher (fox-shark: _Carcharias vulpes_), 7

Throw-spears of the Ancient Romans, 245

Throw-stick, 32, 40 _n_

Throw-Swords, German, 273

Thrusting blades, 134 _sq._

‘Thrusting cut,’ 134

Thrusting weapons (origin of), 12

Thuhi (= Naphtuhim), 102

Tiara of gold, 212

Tiger (its stroke or blow), 7; the sabre-toothed tiger, 9

Tin, 54; origin of the word, 77; mines (ancient), 78

Tinkal (borax: India), 85 _n_

Tin-ore of Peru, 83

‘Tin-stone’ (native peroxide of tin), 71

Tilaniferous ores, 102

Toadstone (= todstein: German), 103 _n_

Tokkari (Syria), 179

Toletum (Spanish tradition of its origin), 256 _n_

Toledo blade, 107, 132; rapier, 265

Tomahawk, 14 _n_, 36

Tombac (copper and gold alloy), 86, 87 _n_

Tombat (Australian weapon), 36 _n_, 38

Tomb of Alyattes, 194

— of Samson, 186 _n_

Tomb-stones at Mycenæ, 232

Tomeang (Malaccan weapon), 14 _n_

Tools of bronze, Assyrian, 202

Toothed-edge (of a Sword), 138

Topographical lists of Thut-mes III., 178

Tormenta (artillery: Roman), 248

Tormentum, 19, 20 _n_

Torques (Gallic ornament), 268

Tower of Babel, 55

‘Tower of Ilios’ (Troas), 191

Toxotes (Archer fish), 7

Toys in Ancient Egypt, 148

_Trachinus vipera_ (sting-fish or adder-pike), 11

Training for warfare, Roman, 239, 249

Transparent glass, Assyrian, 202

Transplanting full-grown trees (Ancient Egypt), 148

‘Treasury of Priam’ (Troas), 192

Treble-grooved claymore, 132

‘Tree-planting’ (= vivi-interment: Assyrian), 203

Trenchant or cutting weapons (origin of), 12, 13

Τρία κάππα κάκιστα, 97 _n_

Trialamellum, 135

Triangular small-Sword, 135 _n_

Triarii (Roman soldiers), 245 _n_

Tribulus, 15 _n_

Tribute-articles of Yu (Chinese), 112 _sq._

Tribute paid in copper, 68

Tridens (gladiatorial weapon), 253

Trident-like weapon in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Trilingual Behistun Inscription, the, 209 _n_

Trimarkisia (class of cavalry: Gaul), 269 _n_

_Triodon_, 24

Triumphal Arch of Orange, 268 _n_

Troas, site of, 190

Trojan alphabet, 193

— battle-axes of copper and tin, 82 _n_

— Sphinx, 190 _n_

— war, date of, 220

— weapons, 191

Trombash (Abyssinian weapon), 36

Trowel-form blade, 159

Trowels of copper, 68

Troy, the age of, 193

Trumpets of copper, 72, 221

Truncheons (wooden) with stag-horn inserted, 49

Truth-telling races, 209 _n_

Tuba (Etruscan trumpet), 248

Tubal-Cain (etymology of the name), 182

Tubicines, 248

Tuck (rapier), 32, 123, 279

Tuisco or Tyr (regent of Tuesday), 270 _n_

Tumuli, finds in, 271

‘Turanian’ blade, 140

Turanian (Chinese) element in Babylonia, 200

— language, 146

Turkish flag (seven-rayed star on), 147 _n_

— scymitar, 139, 161, 166

Turquoise, 62

‘Tuscan’ border (architectural ornament), 202

Tutenag (zinc from India), 84 _n_

Tutiya (oxide of zinc), 86

Twastu, 1 _n_

Tweezers of copper and stone, 67

Twelve Tables, the, 244

Two-bladed Sword, 141

Two-edged axe (at Schliemann’s Troy), 82

— bronze Swords at Mycenæ, 230 _sq._

— German Sword, 271

— knives (pokwé), 170

— Roman stilettos, 257

— Spanish Swords, 265

— Sword-dagger, 184

Two-handed espadon (mediæval), 161, 166

— Swords, 67, 138

Two-headed eagle (Moslem heraldry), 176 _n_

‘Two-river’-land (Naharayn: Mesopotamia), 172

Two-wheeled war-cars, 277 _n_

Typhon (in Egyptian religion), 149

Tyr or Tuisco (regent of Tuesday), 270 _n_

Πρᾶγμα (? corruption of _onager_), 20 _n_

Ὕδωρ, 1 _n_

Uma or Umha (copper: Keltic), 65

Umbrella, King Koffee’s, 168 _n_

Umbria, coins cast in, 264 _sq._

Unicorn (on the Royal Arms), 11 _n_

Unyoro dagger-Sword, 166

Urim and Thummim (whence derived), 149

_Ursus spelæus_ (remains of), 24

Uruckh (= ‘pater Orchamus’), 199 _n_

‘Usem’-metal, 87

Uses of the Sword, 128

Utensils of bronze, Assyrian, 202

— in sepulchres at Mycenæ, 234

Vagina (Sword-sheath: Roman), 256

‘Valai Tadi’ (Madura throwing-stick), 38

Valley of Caves (Wady Magharah), the most ancient mines in the world, 60

Vandals, Scandinavian, 274

Various forms of Swords found at Hallstadt, 262 _sq._

— names for Aphrodite, 187 _n_

— names for the Sword, 123

Vases of copper and of stone, 68

Velati (Roman soldiers), 245 _n_

Velites (Roman soldiers), 245

Venetian weapons at Famagosta, 190

Venus (of alchemy: = ♀), 57

Verdigris from a spear (Achilles’), 60

Vericulum (Roman javelin), 246 _n_

Verutum (Roman javelin), 246 _n_

Vexillarii (Roman soldiers), 249

Vexillum (Ancient Roman standard), 246 _n_

Viaticum (provisions for the dead), 234

Virtue of the Ancient Gauls, 269

Visigoths, weapons of the, 272 _n_

Vitriol (blue), 60

‘Vivisection,’ 225

Volcanic mud, 118

Voulge, 95

Waddy clubs (Australian), 38

Wady Magharah (Valley of Caves), the most ancient mines in the world, 60

Waggons, military, as a ‘lager’ (Gallic), 269

Wágh-nakh (Hindú weapon), 8

Wait-a-bit (_Acacia detinens_), 6

Wall-cramps, in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Walrus (how killed by polar bears), 3; its method of attack, 9; its tooth as a spear-point, 24

Wandering race of metal-workers, 275

Wánshi stone-throwers, 16

War-axes, 66, 154

War-clubs, 24, 32, 154

War-deities of Ancient Egypt, 152

Warfare (primitive), 4 _sq._

War-flails, 20 _n_, 154

War-hatchets (English), 91

Warlike character of Ancient Britons, 279

‘War-lions of the king’ (Ramses II.), 3 _n_

Warmen (Germani), 270

War-prisoners, treatment of, by Greeks and by Romans, 241, 249

War-quoit, 39

War-scythe, 95

Wasa or Wassaw (Sword), 168

Wattle and dab (huts of), 63

Wave-edged dagger, 137

Wave-pattern (architectural ornament), 202

‘Wayland Smith,’ the legend of, 121

WEAPONS— in the Laws of the Visigoths, 272 in sepulchres at Mycenæ, 234 of Ancient Rome, 245 _sqq._ of Animals and Savages, 6 of bronze, Assyrian, 202 of gold, as royal presents, 212 of the Alemanni (Germani), 270 of the Ancient Egyptian soldiers, 152 _n_ of the Ancient Hindús, 214 _sq._ of the Ancient Irish, 279 of the Ancient Picts, 279 of the Ancient Scots, 279 of the Ancient Welsh, 279 of the Arabians, 185 of the Assyrians, 203 of the Carthaginians, 181 of the Cherusci, 271 of the Cimbri, 273 of the East Indians, 185 of the Fenni (Finns), 274 of the Gauls, 266, 269 of the Goths, 274 of the Lemovii (Pomerania), 274 of the Philistines, 185 of the Phœnicians, 179 _sq._ of the Rugii (Baltic), 274 of the Samnites, 253 of the Saxones, 271 of the Suardones, 271 of the Syrians, 179 of the Thracians, 253 of the Vandals, 274 of the warriors of Mycenæ, 234 _sq._ St. Michael’s weapon, 237

Weapon-making, 1

Weapon-symbol of Merodach, 183

Weapon-throwing in Homer, 222

Wedge-form tactical formation (Ancient German), 273

Welsen (_Siluri_), 29

‘Welsh of the Horn,’ 78

West and East, Egyptian, 191 _n_

Whale (its method of attack), 7

Wheel-drill and emery for alt-reliefs, 81

Wheeled tower, Assyrian, 203

‘White copper’ (South African name for gold), 62

‘White lead’ (of Pliny), 78, 79 _n_

Whorl, combined forms of the, 233

Wigs (of the Nilotes), 158 _n_

Winged bulls, Assyrian, 201 _n_

— Celts (or palstave), 71

— circle, the, as an architectural ornament, 201

— sphinxes in Cyprus, 189 _n_

Wing-wader of Australia (carries weapons in its wings), 9

Women instructed in the use of the Sword, &c. (Hindú), 215

Women’s dress-pins of copper, 67

Wood, Age of, 31

Wooden blades with metal edges, 51

— clubs spiked with iron, 105

— handles to bronze hatchets, 154

— sabres, 44; chopper, _ib._; knife, _ib._; rapier-blade, 45

— Sword of Egypt, 39

— Sword-sheaths (Mycenæ), 228

— weapons with meteoric-iron chips, 51

Wootz or Wutz (‘natural Indian steel’), 110, 111

Word-compounding languages (Iranian), 146

Word-developing languages (Arabian), 146

Worked flints, 45 _n_

— hæmatite, 116

Worship offered to weapons, 162 _n_

Writing on leaden plates, 225 _n_

— on linen cloths, 225 _n_

Wrought iron in the ‘Odyssey,’ 224

Xerxes’ army, Cypriote contingent in, 188

— army of, 210

_Xiphias_ (Sword-fish), 11

Xiphos, Xiphidion (= Sword, in Homer), 222, 230

Xiphos-Gladius, 256

Xiphos, Spanish, 268

Ξυήλαι (Lacedæmonian weapons), 237

Ξυστοφόροι, 237

Yahveh (Jehovah), its etymology and mystic meaning, 149 _n_

Yantramukta (class of weapons: Hindú), 214

Yataghan-bayonet, 134 _n_, 164

Yataghan (weapon), 123, 134, 163, 166, 265

‘Yellow copper’ opposed to ‘native brass’ (English), 56

Yellow frankincense, 85 _n_

Ynka mines of iron, 116

Ynkas, ‘Royal Commentaries of’ the, 67

Yucatan (origin of the word), 65 _n_

Yunan (= Ionia), 209

Zanzibar Swords, 166

Zarabatana, 14 _n_

Zebra (its kick), 7

Zeno, the Stoic, in Cyprus, 187

Zeus-Jovi (= Jupiter), 183

Zeus Kasios, 1 _n_

Zinc, 57; alloy with copper, 84; derivation of the word, 84 _n_

Zinciferous ore imported from the East, 84

Zio (Saxnot: German Sword-god), 273

Zodiac, Denderah, 155 _n_

Ζωστήρ (meaning of the word), 239

Zú’l-Fikár (Mohammed’s Sword), 141

FOOTNOTES:

[1] I refer to a vivacious but one-sided article on ‘The Sword,’ in _Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine_, May 1881.

[2] _The Past in the Present_, &c. (Edinburgh: Douglas, 1880.)

[3] Frederick the Great declared that an army moves like a serpent, upon its belly. According to Plutarch, the snake was held sacred because it glides without limbs, like the stars. Fire, says Pliny (_Nat. Hist._ vii. 57, and xiii. 42), was first struck out of the stone by Pyrodes, son of Cilix—_silex_, or flint, the match of antiquity; and hence it was called πῦρ; and Vincent de Beauvais explains: ‘Silex est lapis durus, sic dictus eo quod ex eo ignis exiliat.’ It is the Sanskrit शिल (_shila_), a stone, both words evidently deriving from a common root, _shi_ or _si_. The ‘religiosa silex’ of Claudian (_Rapt. Proserp._ i. 201) was probably a block of stone like those representing Zeus Kasios, the Paphian Venus, not to mention the host of stones worshipped in Egyptian and Arab litholatry, and the old Palladium of Troy transported to Rome. ‘Prometheus,’ who taught man to preserve fire in the ferule, or stalk, of the giant fennel, was borrowed by the Hindus and converted into Pramantha. ‘Pramantha,’ however, is the upright fire-stick, first made by Twastu, the Divine Carpenter, who seems to have been a brother of Ἑστία, the Hearth; and hence it has been held to be the male symbol. According to Plato, πῦρ (whence pyrites = sulphuret of iron), ὕδωρ, and κύων are Phrygian words; and evidently they date from the remotest antiquity. _Pir_ (sun-heat) is found even in the Quichua of Peru, and enters into the royal name ‘Pirhua.’ The French and Belgian caverns prove that striking fire by means of pyrites was known to primitive man.

[4] There are still races which are unable to kindle fire. This is asserted of the modern Andamanese by an expert, Mr. H. Man, _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ Feb. 1882, p. 272. The same was the case with the quondam aborigines of Tasmania.

[5] This Adam Primus was of both sexes, the biune parent of Genesis (v. 3)—‘male and female created He them;’ hence the pre-Adamites of Moslem belief. The capital error of Biblical readers in our day is to assume all these myths and mysteries as mere historical details. Men had a better appreciation of the Hebrew _arcana_ in the days of Philo Judæus.

[6] I have noted his labours in the list of ‘Authorities.’

[7] Chap. iii. p. 43, translated for the Hakluyt Society by Clements R. Markham, C.B. (London, 1869). It is regretable that a senile Committee of exceeding ‘properness’ cut out so much of this highly-interesting volume. The Spaniard travelled in A.D. 1532–50, published the first part of his work in 1553, and died about 1560. Readers who would study the most valuable anthropological parts of the book are driven to the French translation quoted by Vicente Fidel Lopez (_Les Races Aryennes du Pérou_, p. 199. Paris, Franck, 1873).

[8] We need not go to the classics, Greek and Roman, for the idea of metamorphosis. It is common to mankind, doubtless arising from the resemblance of beast to man in appearance, habits, or disposition; and it may date from the days when the lower was all but equal to the higher animal.

[9] _Seven Years in South Africa_, 1872–79, vol. i. p. 245, and vol. ii. p. 199 (Sampson Low and Co., 1881). The Simiads were African baboons, which fear man less than those of other continents.

[10] Wilkinson, I. 1. Unruliness was punished by ‘stick and no supper.’ The old Nile-dwellers, like the Carthaginians and the mediæval Tartars, were famous for taming and training the wildest animals, the cat o’ mountain, leopards, crocodiles, and gazelles. The ‘war-lions of the king’ (Ramses II.) are famed in history. They also taught domestic cats to retrieve waterfowl, and decoy-ducks to cater for the table.

[11] Thus Lucretius (v. 1301) calls the elephant ‘anguimanus.’ As is well known, there is a quasi-specific difference between the Indian and the African animal. The latter is shorter, stouter, and more compactly built than the former; the shape of the frontal bones differ, the tusks are larger and heavier, and the ears are notably longer. The latter trait appears even in old coins. Judging from the illustrated papers, I should not hesitate to pronounce the far-famed Jumbo to be an Asiatic, and not, as usually held, an African.

[12] The word wrongly written ‘Esquimaux,’ which suggests a French origin, is derived from the Ojibwa _Askimeg_, or the Abenakin _Eskimantsic_, meaning ‘eaters of raw flesh.’ Old usage applies it to the races of extreme North America, and of the Asiatic shore immediately opposite. _Innuit_, a more modern term, signifies only ‘the people,’ like _Khoi-khoi_ (‘men of men’), the Hottentots, and like ‘Bantu’ (Folk), applied, or rather misapplied, to the great South African race. _Innuit_, moreover, is by no means universal. The Eskimos supply a valuable study; amongst other primæval peculiarities, they have little reverence for the dead, and scant attachment to place.

[13] ‘Brave Master Shoe-tye, the great traveller’ (_Measure for Measure_, iv. 3). The tale of porcupines ‘shooting their quills at the dogs, which get many a serious wound thereby,’ is in M. Polo (i. 28). Colonel Yule quotes Pliny, Ælian, and the Chinese. The animal drops its loose quills when running, and when at bay attempts, hedgehog-like, to hide and shield its head. It is, as the Gypsies know, excellent eating, equal to the most delicate pork; only somewhat dry without the aid of lard.

[14] Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiii. chap. 4), quoted in chap. 2.

[15] _Odyss._ xviii. 130, 131. ‘Qui multum peregrinatur, rarò sanctificatur,’ said the theologians. Hence the modern:—

Whoso wanders like Ulysses Soon shall lose his prejudices.

[16] Sir John Lubbock has calculated that among the North American savages the proportion of man to the animals which feed him is 1 to 750; and, as the hunter is at least four times as long-lived as his prey, the ratio might be increased, 1 to 3000. If this were so, and all the bones were preserved, there would be 3,000 bestial skeletons to one human. Without assuming with Mr. Evans (p. 584) that ‘respect for the dead may be regarded as almost instinctive in man,’ and that human remains would be buried, we here find one cause of the present insufficiency of the geologic record.

[17] M. Eduard Pietri distributes Prehistoric Archæology proper into two ages, the Agreutic and the Georgic. Under the former he classifies the Barylithic (glacial Drift age) and the Leptolithic. Under the Georgic are included the Neolithic, the Chalcitic (copper and bronze), and the Proto-sideric.

[18] _Essay on Man_, iii. 172–6.

[19] The sepia (squid, cuttle-fish, _Loligo vulgaris_) defends itself by discharging its ‘ink-bag’ embedded in the liver, and escapes in the blackened water. This is as true a defence as a shield.

[20] From the Greek τὸ τόξον, the bow (and arrow, _Iliad_, viii. 296), which seems to be a congener of the Latin _taxus_, the yew-tree, a favourite material for the weapon. Hence _taxus_, like the Scandinavian _îr_ or _ŷr_, the Keltic _jubar_, and the Slavonian _tisu_, all meaning the yew-tree, denote the bow as well. The Skalds called the bow also _almr_ (elm-tree), and _askr_, or mountain-ash, the μελία, which the Greeks applied to the spear. From τόξον came τοξικὸν, ‘arrow-poison,’ the Latin _toxicum_, whose use survives in our exaggerated term ‘intoxicating liquors.’

[21] This I know to my cost, having offended a Guanaco at Cordova, in the Argentine Republic; it straightway spat in my face with unpleasantly good aim.

[22] Strutt, _Sports and Pastimes_, ii. chap. 2.

[23] Not unlike the name of a certain Australian Wagga-Wagga which has been heard in the English law-courts.

[24] In _Land and Water_ doubts have been thrown upon these single combats of the whale and thresher. See the late Mr. Buckland’s papers (October 2, 1880); Lord Archibald Campbell’s sketch; and the same paper, February 26, 1881. Those on board the wrecked cruiser H.M.S. _Griffon_, myself included, witnessed a fight between whale and shark in the Bay of Biafra (1862?). The Carcharias family takes its name from the sharp and jagged teeth, ἀπὸ τῶν καρχαρῶν ὀδόντων.

[25] _Anthrop. Collection_, p. 180. Demmin, however, is additionally incorrect by making the article ‘two and a half feet in length’ (_Arms and Armour_, p. 413, Bell’s edition, London, 1877). In _Catalogue of Indian Art in the South Kensington Museum_, by Lieut. H. H. Cole, R.E. (p. 313), Sívají is made to murder the Moslem with the ‘bíchwa,’ or scorpion, a ‘curved double blade.’ This probably refers to the dagger which made ‘sicker.’

[26] P. 402, where he calls ‘Sívají’ _Sevaja_.

[27] Elphinstone’s _History_, ii. 468.

[28] It is, they say, adored at the old fortress and Maráthá capital, Sattára (= Sát-istara, the seven stars or Pleiades). Here, too, is Sívají’s Sword ‘Bhawáni,’ a Genoa blade of great length and fine temper. Mrs. Guthrie, who saw the latter, describes it (vol. i. p. 426) as a ‘fine Ferrara (?) blade, four feet in length, with a spike upon the hilt to thrust with.’ She also notices the smallness of the grip. The Indian Museum of South Kensington contains a bracelet of seven tiger’s-claws mounted in gold, with a claw clasp (No. 593, 1868). M. Rousselet, who visited Baroda in 1864, describes in his splendid