Part 11

Ticonderoga, familiar as the name of the historic fortress at Lake George, was written by Sir William Johnson, in 1756, Tionderogue and Ticonderoro, and in grant of lands in 1760, “near the fort at Ticonderoga.” Gov. Colden wrote Ticontarogen, and an Iroquoian sachem is credited with Decariaderoga. Interpretations are almost as numerous as orthographies. The most generally quoted is from Spofford’s Gazetter: “Ticonderoga, from Tsindrosie, or Cheonderoga, signifying ‘brawling water,’ and the French name, Carillon, signifying ‘a chime of bells,’ were both suggested by the rapids upon the outlet of Lake George.” The French name may have been so suggested, but neither Tsindrosie or Cheonderoga means “brawling water.” The latter is probably an orthography of Teonderoga. Ticonderoga as now written, is from Te or Ti, “dual,” two; Kaniatare, “lake,” and -ogen, “intervallum, divisionem” (Bruyas), the combination meaning, literally “Between two lakes.” Horatio Hale wrote me of one of the forms “Dekariaderage, in modern orthography, Tekaniataroken, from which Ticonderoga, means, simple ‘Between two lakes.’ It is derived from Tioken, ‘between,’ and Kaniatara, ‘lake.’ Its composition illustrates a peculiar idiom of the Iroquoian language. Tioken when combined with a noun, is split in two, so to speak, and the noun inserted. Thus in combining Tioken with Oneonte, ‘mountain,’ we have Ti-ononte-oken, ‘Between two mountains,’ which was the name of one of the Mohawk castles--sometimes written Theonondioga. In like manner, Kaniatare, ‘lake,’ thus compounded, yields Te-kaniatare-oken, ‘Between two lakes.’ In the Huron dialect Kiniatare is contracted to Yontare or Ontare, from which, with io or iyo, ‘great,’ we get Ontario (pronounced Ontareeyo), ‘Great lake,’ which combined with Tioken, becomes Tionteroken, which would seem to be the original of Colden’s Ticonderoga.”

(“Indian Geographical Names,” by E. M. Ruttenber, page 71 Vol. VI, New York State Historical Association).

R

TESTIMONIALS TO THE BLACK WATCH.

The Virginia Gazette, July 30, 1767, published an article from which the following extracts have been taken:

“Last Sunday evening, the Royal Highland Regiment embarked from Philadelphia for Ireland, which regiment, since its arrival in America, had been distinguished for having undergone most amazing fatigues, made long and frequent marches through an unhospitable country, bearing excessive heat and severe cold with alacrity and cheerfulness, frequently encamping in deep snow, such as those who inhabit the interior parts of this province do not see, and which only those who inhabit the most northern parts of Europe can have any idea of, continually exposed in camp and on their marches to the alarms of a savage enemy, who, in all their attempts, were forced to fly. * * * And, in a particular manner, the free-men of this and the neighboring provinces have most sincerely to thank them for that resolution and bravery with which they, under Colonel Boquet, and a small number of Royal Americans, defeated the enemy, and ensured to us peace and security from a savage foe; and, along with our blessings for these benefits, they have our thanks for that decorum in behavior which they maintained during their stay in this city, giving an example that the most amiable behavior in civil life is no way inconsistent with the character of the good soldier; and for their loyalty, fidelity, and orderly behavior, they have every wish of the people for health, honor, and a pleasant voyage.”

* * * * *

Extract from speech by the elder Pitt in vindication of the employment of Highland Regiments of which the Black Watch was the first raised of the eighty-six during the four wars between 1739 and 1815.

“I sought for merit wherever it was to be found; it is my boast that I was the first Minister who looked for it and found it in the mountains of the North. I called it forth and drew into your service a hardy and intrepid race of men, who, when left by your jealousy, became a prey to the artifice of your enemies, and had gone nigh to have overturned the State in the war before the last. These men in the last war were brought to combat on your side, they served with fidelity as they fought with valour, and conquered for you in every part of the world.”

S

COPY OF ALL REFERENCES TO THE BLACK WATCH OF THE TICONDEROGA PERIOD TO BE FOUND IN THE ARCHIVES OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA AT OTTAWA.

_I am indebted for this Memorandum to Arthur Doughty Litt.D., Archivist of the Dominion of Canada._

[Sidenote: 1758. March 29, New York.]

Abercrombie to Haldimand (?) Plan of operations settled at Home. Southern Operations.

Corps, Blakeney’s, Lord John Murray’s &c.

B.6 p. 35

[Sidenote: 1756. New York.]

M.204-2 p. 397 Shirley to Fox

Just arrived from Albany Major Abercrombie and General Webb arrived one on the 25th of June and the other the next morning with great part of Otway’s Regiment and with all the Highland Regiments, &c.

In a letter from Abercrombie to London dated Albany, 3d August, 1756.

Col. Schuyler’s New Jersey Regiment and four North Carolina Companies are barely sufficient to Garrison Oswego and keep the communication open to Schenectady and there remains the 48th Regiment together with Otway’s and the Highlanders to Garrison Fort William Henry, &c., &c.

M.205-1 p.

[Sidenote: 1756. June 21. New York.]

James Abercrombie to ----. On the 15th of April sailed from Plymouth and arrived here on the 16th June with General Otway’s and Lord John Murray’s Regiments, &c.

B.205-1 p. 8

[Sidenote: 1756. Aug. 29, Albany.]

Loudon to Fox.

Though I was informed that the whole Transports with the Highland Recruits were arrived, I heard this morning that there were still five missing, and that those that are come were very short of Provisions, they were victualled only for two months, &c., &c.

M.205-1 p. 240

[Sidenote: 1756. Sept. 4. Boston.]

Shirley to Loudon.

Upon this I beg leave to observe to your Lordship, that it appearing from Col. Webb’s letter to me dated from New York the 9th June, that Otway’s and the Highland Regiments might be daily expected there (Oswego).

What confirms me in the matter is, that your Lordship told me, when I had the honour to wait on you, when the day you set from New York, being the 26th July that the Garrison at Oswego was so weak, that the 44th Regiment was to be sent to strengthen it and at the same time your Lordship mentioned, that you thought 900 men, by which I suppose your Lordship meant Otway’s and the Highland Regiments were but a few to cover the country.

M.205-2 p. 306

[Sidenote: 1756. Nov. 22, Albany.]

Loudon to Fox.

The 42nd Regiment, I quarter at Schenectady, from whence they take the posts, on the Mohawk river, &c.

M.207-1 p. 2

[Sidenote: 1757. April 25. New York.]

Loudon to Pitt.

As the Garrison (Fort Henry) had been troubled with the scurvy I had ordered Lieutenant General Otway’s Regiment to relieve them, and Colonel Monro met the account of the attack being made on the Fort on his march; he immediately left his baggage, and made all possible dispatch to Fort Edward, where he received the account of their being retired. Colonel Gage and Burton followed him directly with the remains of the 44th and 46th Regiments and the Highlanders were set in motion from Schenectady. They all marched without Tents, and lay in the woods, &c.

We have on that river (Mohawk), at Schenectady, and up to the German Flats, the Highland Regiment, upwards of a thousand men. &c.

M.207-1 p. 174

[Sidenote: 1758. Feb’y 14. New York.]

Loudon to Pitt.

... ... ... storming of Fort Herkemer and I threw in part of the 42nd Regiment of Highlanders into Schenectady, that there might be no want of numbers for this service.

M.208. p. 2

Divisions of Manuscripts, February 22, 1911.

T

THE BLACK WATCH MEMORIAL AT TICONDEROGA.

The genesis of this memorial was an address made by the late Joseph Cook at the services held in front of the boulder erected to the heroes of Ticonderoga, Academy Park, Ticonderoga, N. Y. July 31, 1899, in which he made this remark: “There ought to be a memorial to the Black Watch composed largely of Scotch Highlanders who, with the Colonials charged Montcalm’s entrenchments for eight consecutive hours.”

The writer, who was secretary of the Ticonderoga Historical Society at that time, had the honor of being the medium through which this chance remark became an enduring memorial of brick and stone. He was unsuccessful, however, until Mr. David Williams, the publisher of “The Iron Age,” a summer resident of Ticonderoga at Rogers Rock, came to his assistance. Mr. Andrew Carnegie was the generous donor of the funds to build this memorial. The grants were in two amounts, the first gift for a public library with the usual provisions, and the second gift, with no limitations, with which to build an historical addition to the library, thus making it both a public library and historical building.

The laying of the corner stone, Oct. 4. 1905, was made the occasion for one of the greatest celebrations Ticonderoga has ever seen. The pipe band of the 5th Royal Scots of Canada, Highlanders, now the 5th Royal Highlanders of Canada, from Montreal, and the Regimental band and a Battalion of the 5th Infantry, U. S. A., from Plattsburgh, were the principal features of the parade. It was particularly appropriate that the Royal Scots should be present, as they are allied to the Black Watch and wear the same uniform. It was also an education to the thousands of spectators, few, if any of whom had ever seen Highlanders in full regimentals marching to the music of bagpipes. After the exercises of the day, the Royal Scots visited the ruins of old Fort Ticonderoga, about two miles from the village and the picture of a body of Highlanders with their scarlet coats and tartan kilts marching up the green slopes of the old ramparts, with the setting sun behind them, was one never to be forgotten and which probably had not occurred since the Revolution.

The officers of the present Black Watch Regiment, then stationed at Fort George Scotland, being advised of the Memorial sent the following letter to the secretary of the Ticonderoga Historical Society:

“Dear Sir: Your letter 9th Sept., 1905, on the subject of a Black Watch Memorial, has been perused by the Commanding Officer and the Officers of the 1st battalion of The Black Watch, formerly called the 42nd Royal Highland Regiment, and it was also submitted and discussed at the Annual Gathering of Black Watch Officers--past and present--recently held in Edinburgh. I am authorized to inform you that all Ranks of the Regiment are proud to know that the Ticonderoga Historical Society had decided to appropriate an alcove in the Ticonderoga Free Public Library as a memorial to the 42nd Regiment, to commemorate their services in the engagement before Fort Ticonderoga on July 8, 1758. The suggestion contained in your letter, to the effect that Officers of the Regiment might be disposed to erect a tablet on a wall of the Alcove to the memory of the officers and men of the 42nd who were killed or wounded in the action has met with the unanimous approval of those to whose notice it has been brought, and I am to inform you that such a Tablet will gladly be provided and that the work of executing the Tablet will be entrusted to a London firm as soon as a suitable design has been decided upon. In order to assist us in choosing a suitable form of tablet I shall be much obliged if you can favor me with a rough plan of the alcove, the dimensions of the actual wall on which the Tablet will rest, and an idea of the general style of the building.

I shall be glad to hear from you as soon as you can conveniently supply the information for which I have asked.

I am, Sir, yours truly,

D. L. Wilson Farquharson. Major The Black Watch.”

The exercises for the unveiling of the memorial tablet July 4, 1906, was made the occasion for another grand celebration at which the full bag pipe band of the 5th Royal Highlanders of Canada and a company of 50 men from the same regiment, making a total of 75 Highlanders, were a feature of the parade. Major D. L. Wilson Farquharson of the Black Watch, came over from Scotland to unveil the tablet in behalf of the Regiment. It was accepted by Frank B. Wickes of Ticonderoga for the Ticonderoga Historical Society. The address of the day was delivered by Senator Edgar T. Brackett of Saratoga Springs.

_List of Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers and Partial List of Men Composing Ticonderoga Detachment, 5th Royal Highlanders of Canada, July 4th, 1906._

Capt. A. F. Gault. Capt. V. C. Buchanan. Capt. C. M. Monsarrat. Capt. J. Muir, Quartermaster. Sergt. Major D. A. Bethune. Q. M. Sergt. B. Howard. Col. Sergt. J. H. A. Mackay. Staff Sergt. T. A. Gardiner. Staff Sergt. J. Phillips. Sergt. C. Denman. Sergt. P. Forde. Sergt. T. Mitchell. Bugle Sergt. P. Broadhurst. Drum Sergt. F. W. Flood. Drum Major, G. Foley. Pipe Major, D. Manson. Sergt. J. MacLean. Corp. P. W. MacFarlane. Corp. H. Massey. Corp. N. Manson. Corp. P. Sutton.

_Privates._

J. Bayley. F. H. Benson. Walsh. A. E. Smith. S. Tapster. Scobie. P. Roache. J. Cockburn. A. Bishop. J. A. McLean. Jeffries. W. Marsh. J. Ferguson. J. Corbett. J. Palmer. C. Myers. C. Black. J. Stuart. J. Roney. Dean. A. Reid. A. Williams. A. Betts. D. Reid. L. Pickering.

_Pipers._

R. Morrison. M. McLeod. J. Ferrier. D. McArthur. D. Brash. J. Husband. B. Milligan.

_Drummers._

J. Ryan. Gore. Kemp. Jones.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] A Military History of Perthshire, Page 28.

[2] The most complete account of the independent companies may be found in “A Military History of Perthshire.”

[3] See Appendix for list of officers.

[4] See Appendix for the regimental names of the Black Watch at different periods.

[5] Stewart of Garth, Page 246, Vol. I.

[6] Capt. I. H Mackay Scobie claims that this tartan was probably evolved from a Campbell Sett and was a Government pattern for Government service, worn by the independent companies of the Black Watch before embodied in 1739 and also by other Scottish regiments “The Government or Black Watch Tartan” Army Historical Research, Vol. I, Page 154.

[7] Stewart of Garth, Page 247, Vol. I.

[8] 3 additional Companies Black Watch and 3 for Montgomery’s and 3 for Fraser’s, stationed at Halifax.

[9] The only reference to the Black Watch that I could find in the unpublished Colonial Manuscripts in the N. Y. State Library was the report of the receipt at New York, 8th July, 1757, from the ship Free Mason, of 22 Bales, 10 Casks and 1 Box for Lord John Murray’s Regiment. Colonial Mss., 1757, Vol. 84, Page 126.

[10] Col. John Glen, born July 2, 1735, died Sept. 23, 1828, was quartermaster during the French and Indian and also the Revolutionary wars and was a man of great prominence in this locality. His brother, Col. Henry Glen, born July 13, 1739, died January 6, 1814, was deputy quartermaster under his brother and was member of Congress from Albany District from 1794 to 1802. Schenectady at that time was in Albany District. It was Col. John Glen who gave the name to Glens Falls, changing it from Wing’s Falls, it is said as the result of a wine supper.

[11] After this article had gone to press I received through the kindness of Arthur Doughty Litt, D. Archivist of the Dominion of Canada, a copy of the references to the Black Watch in the archives at Ottawa and one reference proves that the 42nd was stationed at Schenectady the winter of 1756-7, as follows: Nov. 22, 1756, Loudon to Fox, the 42nd Regiment I quartered at Schenectady from whence they take the posts, on the Mohawk River, etc. See Appendix.

[12] Atholl Records, page 428, Vol. III.

[13] Atholl Records, p 433, Vol. III.

[14] Public Record Office W. O. 1.-1.

[15] Public record office W:O:1.-1.

[16] His last letter had been written from New York, April 28th. If this were an earlier date it might indicate the winter quarters, but at this time the army was assembling at Albany for the seasons campaign. It will be noted as illustration that the Highlanders quartered at Stamford left there March 30.

[17] For further information in regard to Halfway Brook, which is just north of the city of Glens Falls, see the “Halfway Brook in History”, by James A. Holden in Vol. VI. of N. Y. State Hist. Assn. proceedings.

[18] Atholl Records page, 444 Vo. III.

[19] Abercromby’s full report to Pitt, under date of July 12, 1758, will be found in Mr. Holden’s article on Lord Howe.

[20] This General James Abercrombie must not be confused with Sir Ralph Abercrombie who led the Black Watch to victory in Egypt in 1801.

[21] Translation by Bell, Page 539, Vol. I.

[22] Lossing’s Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution. Page 119, Vol. 1.

[23] Some of the names in the two preceding letters from Capt. Campbell are interesting because they illustrate the Scottish custom of using name of estate rather than the family or given name. This was often necessary to distinguish between several of same name.

Captain Stratchur is Captain John Campbell of Stratchur, there are also John Campbells of Duneavis, and of Glendaruel. Archie Sherreff is Lieut. Archibald Campbell, son of the Sheriff of Argyle. Duchra is Capt. Thomas Graeme of Duchray. George and “the Major” are sons of John Campbell of Barcaldine--George Campbell was appointed Ensign in the 42d in 1756, promoted Lieut, in Gage’s Regiment 1757, and killed at Havana 1762. “The Major” was Alexander Campbell, Major in the 77th (Montgomery Highlanders). Unkle Corries is John Campbell of Corries and his son Colin was evidently at the massacre at Fort William Henry in August 1757. Fort du Quesne was the French fort at what is now Pittsburgh.

[24] Atholl Records. Page 438, Vol. 3.

[25] This name is given in various places as MILL, MILLS, MILLER and MILNE. The Duke of Atholl is authority for the statement that MILNE is correct.

[26] Atholl Records, p. 444, Vol. III.

[27] Atholl Records, p. 443, Vol. III.

[28] Montcalm and Wolfe, p. 435, Vol. II.

[29] Public Record Office, C.O. 5. 50.

[30] Translation by Bell, page 539, Vol. I.

[31] N. Y. Col. manuscript O’Callaghan’s, p. 827, Vol. 10.

[32] Public Record Office C.O. 5. 50.

[33] See Appendix for extracts from Commissary Wilsons Orderly Book for record of daily service of Black Watch in Ticonderoga and Crown Point campaign.

[34] Atholl Record, p. 452, Vol. III.

[35] The oath of the Campbells of Inverawe was by Ben Cruachan.

[36] Bibliography of the Legend of Duncan Campbell of Inverawe.

A. P. Stanley, “Inverawe and Ticonderoga,” Fraser’s Magazine, Oct. 1880.

Robert Louis Stevenson, poem on “Ticonderoga,” Scribner’s Magazine, December, 1887.

Francis Parkman, Appendix G. “Montcalm and Wolfe,” and “Historical Handbook of the Northern Tour,” Boston, 1885.

Robert O. Bascom, New York State Historical Proceedings, Vol. II., “Fort Edward Book,” pages 80-88.

C. F. Gordon Cumming in the Atlantic Monthly, September, 1884.

W. Max Reid, “Lake George and Lake Champlain.”

Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, “Tales of the Highlands.”

Winsor’s Critical and Narrative History of the United States.

Lord Archibald Campbell, “Records of Argyle,” William Blackwood & Sons, 1885.

“The Magazine of History,” July, 1906.

“Book of Dreams and Ghosts,” Longman’s, 1897

[37] More probably Fort Carrillon.

[38] Inver means “the mouth of,” therefore the mouth of the River Awe.

[39] Major Sir Duncan Campbell of Bacaldine says should be “of Glendaruel” and that younger of Glenlyon went to the Marines in 1755.

[40] Lieut. Sir James Cockburn transferred to 48th Foot. Ensign Patrick Balneavis made Lieut., commission dated 1st April, 1758, and Mr. Elbert Hering succeeded to the Ensigncy, commission dated April 3d, 1758. (See extract from letter Jas. Abercrombie to Lord Viscount Barrington. Albany, May 27, 1758.)

[41] See Foot Note at bottom of preceding page.

[42] Miss Ethel Lomas, copyist at Public Record Office, London, is authority for the statement that this should be Peter (not Patrick) Stewart.

[43] This name is given as David Mills in the Army List, but the Duke of Atholl is authority for the statement that Milne is correct.

[44] Stewart of Garth calls him Dougal Campbell, but he appears as James in his commission.

[45] It is not stated to which companies Lieutenant Malcolm Fraser and Francis Grant belonged. No other lieutenants are mentioned for Balliemore and Newmore; they have therefore been assigned respectively to them.

[46] i. e. Drynie. A younger son of the Laird.

[47] See note to Lieutenant Malcolm Fraser.

[48] Garth gives the adjutant as being Gilbert Stewart (presumably the ensign to the Colonel’s Company.) He probably acted in this capacity until John Lindsay was gazetted to the regiment.

PRESS OF THE GLENS FALLS PUBLISHING COMPANY

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Missing anchor for Footnote [23] was inserted after ‘Allan Campbell.’ on page 22. Missing anchor for Footnote [29] was inserted after ‘soon thereafter.’ on page 26.

Nine paragraph breaks were introduced to better indicate a quotation block, for example after ‘Lossing writes,’ on page 20.

The original blank cells in the table in Appendix F have been given a dash (-) in this etext for clarity.

In Appendix P information about the ‘2nd Batt.’ of a regiment was sometimes on a separate line. For consistency all regimental info is in one paragraph in this etext.

The original text used three asterisks (* * *) to indicate missing or skipped words, but sometimes used two or four or five. For consistency the etext always uses three. On page 80 an ellipsis is used (twice) instead of asterisks in both the original and the etext.

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.