Part 21

A Description of the Country from Thirty to Forty Miles round Manchester, by Dr. Aikin. Quoted by R. W. Cooke-Taylor, The Factory System and the Factory Acts, p. 17.

Footnote 91:

Cooke-Taylor, _op. cit._, gives the real name of “Alfred” as Samuel Kydd, a barrister-at-law.

Footnote 92:

Memoirs of Robert Blincoe, N.D.

Cooke-Taylor, Modern Factory System, pp. 189–198.

Annals of Toil, by J. Morrison Davidson, p. 262.

Industrial History of England, H. de B. Gibbins.

Footnote 93:

H. de B. Gibbins, _op. cit._, pp. 178–181.

Footnote 94:

Life of Robert Owen, Written by Himself, vol. i, xxvi, pp. 57 _et seq._

Footnote 95:

H. de B. Gibbins, _op. cit._, p. 181.

Footnote 96:

Cooke-Taylor, The Factory System and the Factory Acts, p. 55.

Footnote 97:

_Idem._

Footnote 98:

H. de B. Gibbins, _op. cit._, p. 181.

Footnote 99:

Hansard, 1832.

Footnote 100:

The whole poem is given in Mr. H. S. Salt’s little anthology, Songs of Freedom, p. 81.

Footnote 101:

Report on the Ten Hours Bill. J. Morrison Davidson, _op. cit._, p. 268.

Footnote 102:

Robert Hunter, Child Labor in New York, Being a Report to the Governor of New York.

Footnote 103:

Child Labor Legislation—A Requisite for Industrial Efficiency, by Jane Addams, in the Annals of the American Academy, May, 1905, p. 131.

Footnote 104:

Problems of the Present South, by Edgar Gardner Murphy, p. 313.

Footnote 105:

Quoted in _Charities_, August 26, 1905.

Footnote 106:

Illiteracy Promoted by Perjury. A pamphlet issued by the Pennsylvania Child Labor Committee.

Footnote 107:

U. S. Census, vol. ii.

Footnote 108:

Illiteracy Promoted by Perjury, p. 3.

Footnote 109:

U. S. Census, Occupations.

Footnote 110:

E. G. Murphy, _op. cit._, p. 110.

Footnote 111:

Annals of the American Academy, May, 1905, p. 21.

Footnote 112:

Jane Addams, _op. cit._, p. 131.

Footnote 113:

E. G. Murphy, _op. cit._, p. 143.

Footnote 114:

_Idem._, p. 103.

Footnote 115:

An address to the Manufacturers of Cotton, delivered at Glasgow, by Robert Owen, 1815.

Footnote 116:

U. S. Census, vol. ix.

Footnote 117:

_Idem._

Footnote 118:

Report (unpublished) to the Child Labor Committee, by Owen R. Lovejoy.

Footnote 119:

Child Labor Legislation. Schedules of Existing Legislation. Handbook of National Consumers’ League, compiled by J. C. Goldmark and Madeline Wallin Sikes.

Footnote 120:

The Needless Destruction of Boys, by Florence Kelley, _Charities_, June 3, 1905.

Footnote 121:

Boys in the Glass Industry, by Harriet M. Van Der Vaart, the _Churchman_, May 6, 1905.

Footnote 122:

Owen R. Lovejoy, report quoted.

Footnote 123:

Florence Kelley, _op. cit._

Footnote 124:

The Anthracite Coal Communities, by Peter Roberts, Ph.D., p. 177.

Poverty, by Robert Hunter, p. 237.

Footnote 125:

Working Children in Pennsylvania—Pamphlet issued by the Child Labor Committee of Pennsylvania.

Footnote 126:

Child Labor in New York, by Robert Hunter, p. 5.

Footnote 127:

_Idem._

Footnote 128:

U. S. Census, vol. viii, Manufactures, Part II.

Footnote 129:

From a press report of a lecture at Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N.Y., by Margaret Dreier (Mrs. Raymond Robins).

Footnote 130:

From an address by Mrs. Florence Kelley, delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Consumers’ League, January, 1904. Published in the Report of the Consumers’ League of New York for the year ending December, 1903.

Footnote 131:

Transactions Illinois Child Study Association, vol. i, No. 1.

Footnote 132:

Labor Problems, by Thomas Sewall Adams, Ph.D., and Helen L. Sumner, A.B., pp. 62 _et seq._

Footnote 133:

“In a recent investigation made by the Minnesota Bureau of Labor, it was found that, of the few wage-earners considered, the boys under sixteen had twice as many accidents as the adults, and the girls under sixteen thirty-three times as many accidents as the women.”—Adams and Sumner, _op. cit._, p. 63.

Footnote 134:

The Cost of Child Labor—pamphlet issued by the Child Labor Committee of Pennsylvania, p. 31.

Footnote 135:

Children in American Street Trades, by Myron E. Adams, in the Annals of the American Academy, May, 1905.

Footnote 136:

Child Labor—The Street, by Ernest Poole.

Child Labor—Factories and Stores, by Ernest Poole.

Myron E. Adams, _op. cit._

Footnote 137:

Ernest Poole, _op. cit._

Footnote 138:

_Idem._

Footnote 139:

Unprotected Children—pamphlet issued by the Child Labor Committee of Pennsylvania.

Footnote 140:

See also Child Labor in New Jersey, by Hugh F. Fox, in Annals of the American Academy, July, 1902.

Footnote 141:

Jane Addams, _op. cit._, p. 131.

Footnote 142:

The Minotola Strike, by the Hon. John W. Westcott, in _Wilshire’s Magazine_, September, 1903.

Footnote 143:

Hannah R. Sewall, _op. cit._, p. 491.

Footnote 144:

Child Labor in Southern Industry, by A. J. McKelway, in Annals of the American Academy, May, 1905, p. 433.

Footnote 145:

The Economics of Socialism, by Henry M. Hyndman, p. 80.

Footnote 146:

See, for instance, Poverty, by Robert Hunter, p. 244; Mrs. Sidney Webb, in The Case for the Factory Acts, etc.

Footnote 147:

History of Coöperation, by George Jacob Holyoake, vol. i, p. 213.

Footnote 148:

Mrs. Sidney Webb, _op. cit._

Footnote 149:

Report of the Consumers’ League of the City of New York, 1903, p. 21.

Footnote 150:

The Children of the Coal Shadow, _McClure’s Magazine_, 1902.

Footnote 151:

_The Churchman_, August 5, 1905.

Footnote 152:

The Operation of the New Child Labor Law in New Jersey, by Hugh F. Fox, in Annals of the American Academy, May, 1905.

Other works consulted include:—

Report of the Royal Commission on Labor (England); Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration.

Hull House Maps and Papers.

Reports of the Industrial Commission (especially vol. xix).

Dangerous Trades, edited by Professor T. Oliver.

The Effects of the Factory System, by Allen Clarke.

Various Reports of the Different Bureaus of Labor, etc.

IV. REMEDIAL MEASURES

Footnote 153:

The Diseases of Children, by Henry Ashby, M.D., and G. A. Wright, B.A., pp. 14 _et seq._

Footnote 154:

_Idem._

See also the article on The Shameful Misuse of Wealth, by Cleveland Moffett, in _Success_, March, 1905.

Footnote 155:

See, _e.g._, the letters from several leading physicians on this subject in _Success_, April, 1905 (Appendix C).

Footnote 156:

Cleveland Moffett, _op. cit._

Footnote 157:

_Idem._

Footnote 158:

Hygiène de la Femme Enceinte. De la Puericulture Intrauterine, par Dr. A. Pinard. X^e Congrès International d’Hygiène, etc., Paris, 1900, p. 417.

Factory Employment and Childbirth, by Adelaide M. Anderson, in Dangerous Trades, edited by Professor Thomas Oliver.

Is the High Infantile Death-rate due to the Occupation of Married Women? by Mrs. F. J. Greenwood, Sanitary Inspector for Sheffield. Reprinted from the _Englishwoman’s Review_, 1901.

In Germany, it is worth remembering, the working woman who is compelled to cease work owing to the birth of a child receives a sum equal to half her weekly wage.—See Infant Mortality and Factory Labor, by Dr. George Reid, in Dangerous Trades, p. 89.

Footnote 159:

Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration.

Footnote 160:

The Social Unrest, by John Graham Brooks, p. 292.

Footnote 161:

_Vide_ leaflet issued by the Child Labor Committee of New York.

Footnote 162:

How to Save the Babies of the Tenements, by Virginia M. Walker, in _Charities_, August 5, 1905.

Footnote 163:

Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, vol. ii, pp. 442–450.

The Nutrition of the Infant, by Ralph M. Vincent, M.D.

The Problem of the Milk Supply, by F. Lawson Dodd, M.R.C.S.

Infantile Mortality and Infants’ Milk Depots, by G. F. McCleary, M.D.

Footnote 164:

Projet pour le Contrôle Hygiènique de l’Approvisionnement du Lait Municipal, by George W. Goler, M.D.

But a Thousand a Year, by George W. Goler, M.D., reprinted from _Charities_.

Footnote 165:

The School Child, the School Nurse, and the Local School Board, by Elsie Clews Parsons, _Charities_, September 23, 1905.

Footnote 166:

Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, vol. i, p. 47.

Footnote 167:

_Idem._

Footnote 168:

The figures are quoted from a speech by Mr. Homer Folks, at the first annual meeting of the Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, held at Washington, D.C., May 18–19, 1905.

Footnote 169:

Virginia M. Walker, _op. cit._

Footnote 170:

_Idem._

Footnote 171:

Ralph M. Vincent, M.D., _op. cit._, also evidence given before the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration.

Virginia M. Walker, _op. cit._

Footnote 172:

This paragraph is taken, with slight changes, from my paper on The Problem of the Underfed Children in our Public Schools, in the _Independent_, May 11, 1905.

Footnote 173:

See the Official Report of the National Labor Conference on the State Maintenance of Children, Held at the Guildhall, London, etc.

Footnote 174:

See, for instance, the evidence given by Mr. John Tweedy, F.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P., President of the Royal College of Surgeons and of the Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom, before the Interdepartmental Committee.

Footnote 175:

Physical Efficiency in Children, by Sir James Crichton Browne, in the Report of the International Congress for the Welfare and Protection of Children, London, 1902.

See also the Reports of the Interdepartmental Committee and the Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland), for descriptions of the systems adopted in various European cities.

The Medical Inspection of School Children, by W. L. Mackenzie, M.A., M.D.

For a very suggestive, but technical, account of a system of medical inspection adopted in Dundee, Scotland, see the Report of Investigation into Social Conditions, published by the Dundee Social Union,—Part I, The Medical Inspection of School Children.

Footnote 176:

The Heritage of the Hungry, by Robert Hunter.

Footnote 177:

Special Reports on Educational Subjects, issued by the (English) Board of Education.

Footnote 178:

Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland), Report.

Footnote 179:

_Idem._

Footnote 180:

Poverty, by Robert Hunter, p. 259.

Footnote 181:

The importance of attending to the teeth of school children has been sadly overlooked in the United States. In some of our cities, notably Rochester, N.Y., the attention of the medical inspectors of the schools has been specially directed to the teeth, with important results. See, for instance, the paper by Dr. Goler on Some General Tuberculosis Problems, in the _New York State Journal of Medicine_, August, 1905.

Footnote 182:

Bulletin of the U. S. Bureau of Labor, No. 59, p. 309.

Footnote 183:

The Field before the National Child Labor Committee, by Homer Folks, in _Charities_, October 1, 1904.

Child Labor and the Schools, by Florence Lucas Sanville, in _Charities_, August 26, 1905.

Illiterate Children in the Great Industrial States, by Florence Kelley, reprinted from _Charities_.

Footnote 184:

Child Labor.—The Street, by Ernest Poole.

Children in American Street Trades, by Myron E. Adams, in the Annals of the American Academy, May, 1905.

The Employment of Children, with Special Reference to Street Trading, by Robert Peacock, Chief Constable of Manchester (England). A Paper read at the Third International Congress for the Welfare and Protection of Children, London, 1902.—Report, pp. 191–202.

See also the evidence given by various witnesses before the Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland).

Footnote 185:

Education and the Larger Life, by C. Hanford Henderson, p. 142.

INDEX

A Aberdeen, underfed school children in, 272. Addams, Jane, 148, 196. Adenoids, 107, 296. Adulteration of Food, 85. Aikin, Dr., 130. Airy, Dr., H.M.I., 112, 113. ALABAMA: Child Labor Committee, 142. Child Labor in, 148, 149. _Alcoholzehntel_ (Switzerland), 254. “Alfred,” History of the Factory Movement, 131. Allentown, Pennsylvania, 183, 184. Anæmia, 5, 83, 294. _Annual Register_, 1792, 135. Apprentices, pauper, 131–140. Aristotle, 100, 125, 126, 127. Artificial flower making, 146, 172, 173, 177. Ashby, Dr. Henry, 18. Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, 233. Asthma, 164. ASYLUMS: New York Foundling, 22. New York Juvenile, 187. Furnishing Child Labor, 198. Atrophy, 21. Augusta, Georgia, 150. AUSTRALIA: Death-rate reduced in, 245, 247. Women nurse inspectors in, 244.

B Back Bay, Boston, 7. BACKWARD CHILDREN: Become child laborers, 103. Condition traceable to poor nutrition, 108, 278 Experiments in feeding, 115–116. Improvement of, when properly fed, 276. Injurious influence of, on other children, 102. Investigation of, in California, 101–102. Number of, in United States, estimated, 102. Poor physique of, 100–101. Results of feeding in England, 111, 273. Results of feeding in France, 115. Results of feeding in Norway, 115, 276. Special classes for, 101. Tend to become criminals and paupers, 104, 105. Baillestre, Dr., 21 _n._ Ballantyne, Dr., 9 _n._ Beach, Dr. Fletcher, 108. Beading slippers, 172. BELGIUM: Meals for school children in, 276. Medical inspection in schools, 253, 276, 277. (_See also_ Brussels.) Belgravia, London, 5. BERLIN: Infant death-rate reduced in, 247. School meals in, 274. School sanatoria in, 255. Still-births registered in, 52. Bethnal Green, London, 5. Beyer, Professor, 100. Biddeford, Maine, 153. BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND: Board of Education, 112. Feeding of school children in, 112, 113, 272, 273. Infant mortality in, 26. Blincoe, Robert, quoted, 132. Blood poisoning, 223. Board of Charities, New York, 83. Board of Education, Birmingham, England, 112, 113. Board of Education, New York, 65, 66, 73. Board of Education, Sheffield, England, 110. BOARD OF HEALTH: As educational agency, 244. Lawrence, Massachusetts, 39. New York City, 299. Rochester, New York, 28. Board of Regents, 225. Bootblacks, 184. BOSTON: Child-labor legislation in, 259. Death-rate in, 7. Physical condition of poor children in, 98. Underfed school children in, 85, 89. Bowditch, Dr., 98. Bowel disorders caused by malnutrition, 82. Brassey, Thomas, 201. British Anthropometric Committee, 96. BRITISH INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE: Continuation classes recommended by, 241. Dr. Airy’s evidence before, 112–133. Dr. Vincent’s evidence before, 235. Heredity considered, 291–294. Obstetrical statistics, 8–9. Regulations concerning the employment of married women, 230. British Medical Association, 108. BRONCHITIS: Candy making predisposing to, 179. Infant mortality from, 21. Rachitis predisposing to, 15, 17, 298. Browning, Mrs., 57. BRUSSELS: Medical examination of school children, 253, 254, 277. School dinners in, 276. BUFFALO, NEW YORK: Child-labor legislation in, 259. Underfed school children in, 83, 84, 85. Bumbledom, British, 131, 134, 150.

C _Caisse des écoles_, 278–286. California, backward school children in, 101, 102. CANNING FACTORIES: In Maine, 170. Maryland, 169, 170. New York, 169. _Cantines Scolaires_, 115, 249, 277–280, 282–287. Cartwright’s invention, 126. _Charities_, 234 _n._ CHARITY: Dangers arising from, 236. Failure of, 54. Important experimental work done by, 234. CHICAGO: Child-labor investigation in, 208. Comparative death-rates, 5. Physical condition of working children, 175. School meals in, 273. Still-births in, non-registration of, 12. Stock yards, child labor in, 189. Studies of Smedley and Christopher in, 100. Underfed school children in, 84, 85, 89, 273–274. CHILD LABOR: Backward children and, 103. Census figures of, inadequate, 144. Cheap goods and, 261. Cost to society of, 194. Dangerous conditions surrounding, 168, 175–181. Domestic industry and, 127–129. German legislation on, 257. Immigration and, 214. In Alabama, 142, 149. In canning factories, 168, 169, 170. In cigar and tobacco factories, 167. In England and Scotland, 130–140. In Georgia, 150. In glass factories, 154–162. In Illinois, 208. In Indiana, 154, 155, 161. In laundries, 168. In Maine, 153. In Maryland, 169–170. In Massachusetts, 153. In mines and quarries, 163, 167. In New Hampshire, 153. In New Jersey, 152, 154, 198. In New Lanark, 134–135. In New York, 141, 144. In Ohio, 154, 159, 160, 162. In Pennsylvania, 143, 144, 151, 154, 155, 163–164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 183. In restaurants and hotels, 168. In South Carolina, 148, 149. In Southern states, 141, 142, 148, 149, 150, 151, 199. In stores, 168. In textile industries, 148–154. In United States, 142, 143, 145. In West Virginia, 166. In wood-working industries, 168. Industrial revolution and, 130–140. Introduction of machinery retarded by, 203. Machine age and, 129. Machinery and, 202. Moral ills of, 181–190. Parental responsibility for, 205, 206. Reasons for, 195–217, 305–306. Synonymous with slavery, 127. Unions opposed to, 193. Unnecessary, 200. Wages of adults affected by, 192, 194. CHILD LABOR COMMITTEE: Alabama Child Labor Committee, 142. National Child Labor Committee, 163. New York Child Labor Committee, 169. Pennsylvania Child Labor Committee, 144. Cholera infantum, 21. Cholera morbus, 21. Christiania, school meals in, 115, 275. Christopher, Professor, 100. Cleveland, Ohio, underfed school children in, 85, 89. Coe, Dr. Henry C., 300. _Colonies Scolaires_, 254, 255. Columbia University, 116. Committee of House of Commons, 139. Competition of children with elders, 192. Consumers’ League of New York, 208. CONSUMPTION: Among children, 175. Infantile mortality from, 21. Leather work predisposing to, 178. Miners’, 164. (See _also_ Tuberculosis.) Continuation classes, 241, 242. CONVULSIONS: Infantile mortality from, 19, 21. Rachitis predisposing to, 17, 298. Cotton manufacture, see Textile industries. _Crèches_, 50, 55, 221, 231–233, 242. Crichton-Browne, Dr., 108. Cronin, Dr. John, 109, 253. Croup, infant mortality from, 21.

D Dale, David, 134. Dangerous occupations, 175–181. Daniel, Dr. Annie S., quoted, 34. Danton, quoted, 247. Darlington, Dr. Thomas, quoted, 299. Dawson, Professor, 195. DEATH-RATES: Among English pauper apprentices, 134. Birmingham, England, 26. Comparative general, 6, 7. Comparative infantile, 7. England and Wales, 10, 11, 12, 13. France, infantile, 21 n. In Foundling Asylums, 232. Of infants from specified causes, 21. Of infants in Metropolitan Free Hospital, London, 7. Of United States compared with England and Wales, 11–13. Poverty’s effect upon, 5–7, 14–21. Debility, infant mortality from, 21. Defective children, 101, 111. Defective hearing among school children, 107, 253. Defective vision among school children, 107, 251–253, 281. DEMOCRACY: Education as safeguard of, 58. Of birth and death, 8, 293, 294, 295, 296. Dental examination of school children, 253, 255, 277. Dependence of families on children’s wages, 207–210. DIARRHŒA: Infant mortality from, 21. Infant mortality from, among rachitic children, 17, 298. Dixon, George, 112. Doble, Mr. Roscoe, quoted, 39. Dodd, Dr. F. Lawson, quoted, 303. Dolphus, Jean, 50. Domestic industry, children in, 127, 174. Downe, Jonathan, quoted, 139. Drysdale, Dr. Charles R., 7. Dundee, underfed children in, 272. Durland, Kellogg, 210. Duruy, M., Minister of Public Instruction, Paris, 278. Dyspepsia among glass workers, 60.

E Eastport, Maine, 170. EDUCATION: Compulsory, 58, 280. Improvement in, means of, 59. Of backward children in special classes, 101, 102. Of girls in continuation classes, 241, 242. Of idiots and feeble-minded children, 101. Of mothers by literature, 243, 245. Of mothers by literature, cost of, 243. Of mothers by school nurses, 242. Of physically defective children, 101, 111. Poor material for, 59–60, 276, 294. Eichholz, Dr., 272, 291, 295. Ellis, Mrs. Havelock, 30. Elysée, Paris, 5. ENGLAND: Alarm caused by infant mortality in, 9–10. Comparison of physical development of children in, 96–98. Feeding of children in schools, 109, 117, 272. Infant mortality in, 9–10. Laws regulating employment of married women in, 45. Pasteurization of milk introduced in, 235. Problem of poverty in, 63–64. Regulation of midwives in, 224. Underfeeding in, 297. Epilepsy, 17. Erfurt, vital statistics of, 7. Etzler, J. A., 203.

F Factory Act, first English, 136. (_See also_ Legislation.) Fall River, Massachusetts, child labor in, 153. Fancy-box making, 172, 174. Fancy-slipper making, 172. Felt-hat manufacture, dangers from, 176, 177. Folks, Homer, 231, 306. Fourier, Charles, 64. Fox, Charles H., and Fox Bros., 50, 51. FRANCE: _Caisse des écoles_ and their use, 278–285. _Cantines Scolaires_, 115, 249. Cost of school meals in, 283–286. _Crèches_, 50, 55, 221, 231–233, 242. Fresh-air outings in, 94. _Gouttes de Lait_, 55, 235. Infant death-rate in, 21 _n._ Medical inspection in schools, 253, 256, 281. Pensions to mothers, 229. School colonies, 280, 281. School funds, see _Caisse des écoles_. School meals in, 277–280, 282–286.

G GERMANY: Child-labor legislation in, 257. Death certificates in, 245. Medical inspection in schools, 253, 255. Midwives, regulation of, in, 224, 300. School meals in, 274. Gillette, Dr., 21 _n._ Gladstone, Herbert, M.P., 271. Glasgow, Scotland, underfed children in, 272. Glassborough, New Jersey, 161. GLASS MANUFACTURE: Child labor unnecessary in, 200. Children employed in, 154–162. In United States, 154. In Venice and Murano, seventeenth century, 128. Machinery used in, 204. Goler, Dr. George W., 22, 235, 304. Gorst, Sir John, 27. _Gouttes de Lait_, 55, 235. Groszmann, Dr., 101.

H Hall, Professor G. Stanley, 101. _Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates_, 138. Henderson, C. Hanford, 229. Heredity, 8, 9, 291–296. History of the Factory Movement, 131. Holiday Colonies (Switzerland), 254. Holt, Dr. L. Emmet, 296–297. Home employment of mothers, 33. Home industries, children employed in, 171–174. Hood, Thomas, 156. Hornbaker, William, principal Chicago school, 84. HOSPITALS: Bellevue, New York City, 300. Death-rate in Foundling, 232. Filled by victims of childhood poverty, 24. General Memorial, New York City, 300. Infants’, Randall’s Island, New York City, 232. Metropolitan Free, London, 7. New York Babies’, inquiry in, 27. New York Lying-in, 224. HOUSING: Among Italians, 78. Among Jews, 25. Infantile death-rate not lowered by improvement in, 26. Relation of, to tuberculosis, 26. Hrdlicka, Dr., 98. Huddersfield, England, campaign of education in, 30. Hungarians in carpet works, 178. Hunter, Robert, 61, 62, 63, 65, 277, 286. Huxley, Professor T. H., 77. Hyndman, H. M., 271.