Chapter 31

757. BICKNELL'S THRUSH. _Hylocichla aliciæ bicknelli._

Range.--Breeds in the Catskills, White Mountains and Nova Scotia.

These birds, which are practically identical with the preceding, build their nests at low elevations in trees, usually evergreens when present, making them of twigs, moss and rootlets, lined with fine grasses. The eggs, which are laid during May or June, are pale greenish blue, spotted and blotched with pale brown or russet. Size .88 × .64. Data.--Seal Island, Nova Scotia, June 3, 1901. Nest of green moss and rootlets, in a spruce, 5 feet from the ground.

758. RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH. _Hylocichla ustulata ustulata._

Range.--Pacific coast, breeding in Oregon and Alaska; winters in Central America.

This species is very abundant in moist thickets throughout its range, nesting in bushes and low trees, and making them of weed

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stalks, bark strips, grasses and moss, lined with fine black rootlets. They are found at elevations of from two to ten feet above the ground. Like the Wood Thrush the birds are tame while sitting on the nest and will allow a very close approach, without taking alarm; nests are frequently found which are made almost entirely out of green moss and are very handsome structures. Their three to five eggs are laid in May or June; they are greenish blue, spotted with brown of varying shades. Size .92 × .65. Data.--Eureka, California, July 6, 1899. Nest in a fir tree, 5 feet from the ground; made of moss and strips of redwood bark. 4 eggs.

758a. OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. _Hylocichla swainsoni._

Range.--Eastern North America, breeding chiefly north of the United States, but locally in the northern parts, and abundantly in mountain ranges.

The nesting habits and eggs of this eastern representative of the last species are like those of that bird in all respects and the eggs cannot be distinguished from those of _ustulatus_.

758b. OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. _Hylocichla œdica_.

Range.--California and southern Oregon.

Nesting habits and eggs identical with those of _ustulatus._

759. ALASKA HERMIT THRUSH. _Hylocichla guttata guttata._

Range.--Pacific coast from British Columbia to Alaska. Winters in Mexico.

The Hermit Thrushes can readily be identified from any other by the reddish brown tail which is in marked contrast to the color of the back. The nesting habits and eggs of this species are precisely like those of the eastern Hermit Thrush, which is a sub-species of this.

759a. AUDUBON'S HERMIT THRUSH. _Hylocichla guttata auduboni._

Range.--Rocky Mountain region of the United States. Winters in Central America.

The nesting habits of this bird are like those of the next except that it more frequently nests in bushes above the ground. The eggs are not distinctive.

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759b. HERMIT THRUSH. _Hylocichla guttata pallasi._

Range.--Eastern North America, breeding in northern United States and north to Labrador; winters in southern United States.

This species, which is noted for its sweet and musical song, frequents damp swamps and thickets where it builds its nest either on the ground or near it, like that of the Wilson Thrush; it is made of shreds of bark, grasses, leaves and rootlets, lined with fine rootlets; the three or four eggs, which are deposited in May or June, are bluish green and cannot, with certainty, be distinguished from those of the Veery; size .85 × .65.

759c. DWARF HERMIT THRUSH. _Hylocichla guttata nanus._

Range.--Pacific coast of United States, from Washington, southward.

The nesting habits and eggs of this slightly smaller and duller colored variety are like those of the other Hermit Thrushes.

760. RED-WINGED THRUSH. _Turdus musicus._

Range.--An Old World species, accidentally straying to Greenland.

This common European bird nests at low elevations in bushes or trees, laying four or five bluish green eggs, spotted with reddish brown; size 1.05 × .75.

761. ROBIN. _Planesticus migratorius migratorius._

Range.--North America east of the Rockies, breeding from the middle portions of the United States, north to the Arctic Ocean.

These common birds nest in trees about houses, in orchards, open woods, in corners of fences, on blinds on houses, and in fact almost every conceivable position. Their nests are made of grasses, firmly cemented together with mud and lined with finer grasses; when placed in trees they are generally firmly saddled in crotches and may be found at any height, from on the ground to sixty feet above it. Their eggs are greenish blue; size 1.15 × .80. Eggs may be found at any time from May until July or August as they raise several broods a season.

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761b. SOUTHERN ROBIN. _Planesticus migratorius achrusterus._

Range.--The Carolinas and Georgia.

The eggs of this bird, which is said to be smaller and duller colored than the northern variety, show no differences in any respect.

762. SAN LUCAS ROBIN. _Planesticus confinis._

Range.--Southern Lower California.

This is a very much paler form of the American Robin; its eggs probably will not differ from those of the others.

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763. VARIED THRUSH. _Ixoreus nævius nævius._

Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to Alaska; south to Mexico in winter.

These handsome birds breed abundantly in Alaska and locally in mountain ranges south to northern California. They nest at low elevations in trees, making them of moss, twigs, weeds and grasses, forming a flat shallow structure. Their eggs are greenish blue sharply but sparingly spotted with dark brown; size 1.12 × .80. Data.--Delta of Kowak River, Alaska, June 11, 1899. Four eggs. Nest 12 feet from the ground, against the trunk of a slender spruce and supported by a clump of stiff twigs.

763a. NORTHERN VARIED THRUSH. _Ixoreus nævius meruloides._

Range.--Interior of western North America, breeding from British Columbia to Alaska. Its habits and eggs do not differ from those of the last.

764. SIBERIAN RED-SPOTTED BLUETHROAT. _Cyanosylvia suecica robusta._

Range.--Northern Asia; casually to Alaska.

This beautiful foreigner nests on the ground and lays four to six greenish blue eggs, spotted with reddish brown; size .75 × .50.

765. WHEATEAR. _Saxicola œnanthe œnanthe._

Range.--Asia; casual in Alaska in summer; nesting habits and eggs like the next.

765a. GREENLAND WHEATEAR. _Saxicola œnanthe leucorhoa._

Range.--Europe and Greenland; casual on the Atlantic coast of North America.

This very abundant Old World species is a common breeding bird in Greenland and probably also in Labrador. They nest in crevices of quarries, holes in the ground, or stone walls, making a rude nest of weeds, moss or grasses, lined with hair or feathers, and during May lay from four to six pale greenish blue eggs; size .90 × .60.

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766. BLUEBIRD. _Sialia sialis sialis._

Range.--Eastern United States, breeding from the Gulf to southern Canada. Winters in the southern half of the United States.

These familiar birds build in cavities in trees, usually below 20 feet from the ground, crevices among ledges, bird boxes and in any suitable nook they may discover about buildings, providing that English Sparrows do not molest them. They raise several broods a year, commencing in April when they lay from three to six pale bluish white eggs (rarely pure white); size .80 × .60. The cavities of their nesting sites are lined with grasses and feathers usually, although I have found the eggs on the unlined bottom of cavities in trees.

766a. AZURE BLUEBIRD. _Sialia sialis fulva._

Range.--This pale variety is found in southern Arizona and southward.

Its nesting habits are the same and the eggs are indistinguishable from the last.

767. WESTERN BLUEBIRD. _Sialia mexicana occidentalis._

Range.--Pacific coast from Lower California to British Columbia.

The Western Bluebird is as common and familiar in its range as the common Bluebird is in the east. It nests in similar locations and its eggs are scarcely distinguishable, although averaging a trifle darker in shade; size .80 × .60.

767a. CHESTNUT-BACKED BLUEBIRD. _Sialia mexicana bairdi._

Range.--Rocky Mountain region from Mexico to Wyoming.

The nesting habits or eggs of this brighter colored bird do not differ from those of the last species.

767b. SAN PEDRO BLUEBIRD. _Sialia mexicana anabelæ._

Range.--San Pedro Martir Mountains in Lower California.

The eggs of this variety will not in all probability be any different from those of the preceding Bluebirds.

768. MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD. _Sialia currucoides._

Range.--Rocky Mountain region, breeding from New Mexico north to Great Slave Lake; winters in southwestern United States and Mexico.

This azure blue species is common in the greater part of its range and is found west to the Sierra Nevadas in California. Like the eastern Bluebird they nest in holes in trees or anywhere that they can find a suitable cavity or crevice. Their eggs are slightly larger than those of the other Bluebirds and have a slight greenish tint; size .85 × .64.

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INDEX

Acanthis hornemanni, 328 " exilipes, 328 linaria, 329 " holbœli, 329 " rostrata, 329

Acanthopneuste borealis, 430

Accipiter cooperi, 205 velox, 204

Actitis macularia, 158

Æchmophorus occidentalis, 11

Æegialitis dubia, 166 hiaticula, 166 meloda, 166 mongola, 167 nivosa, 167 semipalmata, 165

Aeronautes melanoleucus, 270

Æstrelata fisheri, 67 hasitata, 67 scalaris, 67

Aethia cristatella, 25 " pygmaea, 25 " pusilla, 26

Agelaius gubernator californicus, 317 phœniceus, 316 " bryanti, 316 " caurinus, 316 " floridanus, 316 " fortis, 316 " neutralis, 316 " sonoriensis, 316 tricolor, 317

Aimophila carpalis, 353 ruficeps, 353 " eremœca, 353 " scotti, 353 " sororia, 353

Aix sponsa, 95

Ajaja ajaja, 115

Alauda arvensis, 297

Alaudidæ, 297

Albatross, Black-footed, 59 Laysan, 60 Short-tailed, 59 Sooty, 60 Yellow-nosed, 60

Alca torda, 31

Alcedinidæ, 247

Alcidæ, 21

Alle alle, 34

Aluconidæ, 227

Alucopratincola, 227

Amzillis cerviniventris chalconota, 279 tzacatl, 278

Ammodramus bairdi, 338 savannarum australis, 338 " bimaculatus, 338 " floridanus, 340

Amphispiza belli, 351 nevadensis cinerea, 352 " nevadensis, 352 bilineata bilineata, 351 " deserticola, 351

Anas platyrhynchos, 88 fulvigula fulvigula, 90 " maculosa, 91 rubripes, 90

Anatidæ, 87

Anhinga, 77 anhinga, 77

Anhingidæ, 77

Ani, 241 Grove-billed, 243

Anous stolidus, 57

Anser albifrons albifrons, 108 " gambeli, 108 fabalis, 108

Anseres, 87

Anthus cervinus, 419 pratensis, 418 rubescens, 418 spraguei, 419

Antrostomus carolinensis, 263 vociferus vociferus, 263 " macromystax, 264

Aphelocoma californica californica, 307

Aphelocoma californica hypoleuca, 307 " obscura, 307 cyanea, 306 cyanotis, 307 insularis, 307 sieberi arizonæ, 307 " couchi, 308 texana, 307 woodhousei, 306

Aphriza virgata, 169

Aphrizidæ, 169

Aquila chrysætos, 215

Aramidæ, 129

Aramus vociferus, 129

Archibuteo ferrugineus, 215 lagopus sancti-johannis, 214

Archilochus alexandri, 273 " colubris, 273

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Arctonetta fischeri, 102

Ardea cinerea, 122 " herodias, 121 " fannini, 121 " wardi, 122 " occidentalis, 121

Ardeidæ, 119

Arenaria interpres interpres, 169 melanocephala, 170 morinella, 169

Arquatella maritima couesi, 146 ptilocnemis, 147 maritima maritima, 146

Arremonops rufivirgatus, 357

Asio accipitrinus, 229 " flammeus, 229 " wilsonianus, 227

Astragalinus lawrencei, 331 psaltria psaltria, 331 tristis tristis, 329 " pallidus, 331 " salicamans, 331

Astur atricapillus atricapillus, 205 " striatulus, 207

Asturina plagiata, 214

Asyndesmus lewisi, 257

Atthis morcomi, 278

Auk, Great, 33-32 Razor-billed, 31

Auklet, Cassin's, 24 Crested, 26 Least, 27 Paroquet, 26 Rhinoceros, 23 Whiskered, 26

Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps, 439 " lamprocephalus, 439

Avocet, 139

Bæolophus atricristatus atricristatus, 433 bicolor, 433 inornatus inornatus, 434 " cineraceus, 434 " griseus, 434 wollweberi, 434

Baldpate, 92

Bartramia longicauda, 156

Basilinna leucotis, 279 xantusi, 279

Becard, Xantus's, 280

Bittern, 119 Cory's Least, 120 Least, 120

Blackbird, Bicolored, 317 Brewer's, 322 Red-winged, 316 Rusty, 322 Tricolored, 317 Yellow-headed, 315

Bluebird, 448 Azure, 448 Chestnut-backed, 450 Mountain, 450 San Pedro, 450 Western, 450

Bluethroat Siberian Red-spotted, 448

Bobolink, 314

Bob-white, 175 Florida, 175 Masked, 175 Texan, 175

Bombycilla cedrorum, 375 garrula, 375

Bombycillidæ, 375

Bonasa umbellus umbellus, 180 " sabini, 182 " togata, 182 " umbelloides, 182

Booby, 75 Blue-faced, 74 Blue-footed, 74 Brewster's, 75 Red-footed, 75

Botaurus lentiginosus, 119

Brachyramphus brevirostris, 27 craveri's, 28 hypoleucus, 27 marmoratus, 27

Brant, 111 Black, 111

Branta bernicla glaucogastra, 111 canadensis canadensis, 109 " hutchinsi, 109 " minima, 109 " occidentalis, 109 leucopsis, 112

Branta nigricans, 111

Bubo virginianus virginianus, 235 " elachistus, 237 " pacificus, 235 " pallescens, 235 " saturatus, 235 " subarticus, 235

Budytes flavus alascensis, 418

Buffle-head, 100

Bullfinch, Cassin's, 325

Bulweria bulweri, 67

Bunting, Beautiful, 367 Indigo, 366 Lark, 369 Lazuli, 366 McKay's Snow, 333 Painted, 367 Pribilof Snow, 332

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Snow, 332 Varied, 367

Bush-Tit, 437 California, 438 Grinda's, 438 Lead-colored, 438 Lloyd's, 438

Buteo abbreviatus, 211 albicaudatus sennetti, 212 borealis borealis, 208 " calurus, 208 " harlani, 209 " krideri, 208 brachyurus, 213 lineatus lineatus, 209 " alleni, 209 " elegans, 211 platypterus, 213 swainsoni, 212

Buteonidæ, 201

Butorides virescens virescens, 124 " anthonyi, 125 " frazari, 125

Buzzard, Turkey, 199

Calamospiza melanocorys, 369

Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus, 333 " alascensis, 333 ornatus, 334 pictus, 334

Calidris leucophæa, 151

Callichelidon cyaneoviridis, 374

Callothrus robustus.

Callipepla squamata squamata, 176 " castanogastris, 177

Calothorax lucifer, 278

Calypte anna, 275 costæ, 275

Campephilus principalis, 249 labradorius, 101

Camptostoma imberbe, 296

Canachites canadensis canadensis, 179 " canace, 179 " osgoodi, 179 franklini, 180

Canvas-back, 97

Caprimulgidæ, 263

Caracara, Audubon, 224 Guadalupe, 224

Cardellina rubrifrons, 417

Cardinal, 363 Arizona, 363 Florida, 364 Gray-tailed, 364 San Lucas, 363

Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis, 363 " canicaudus, 364 " floridanus, 364

Cardinalis igneus, 363 " superbus, 363

Carpodacus amplus, 326 cassini, 326 mcgregori, 326 mexicanus clementis, 326 " frontalis, 326 " ruberrimus, 326 purpureus purpureus, 325 " californicus, 325

Casarca ferruginea, 93

Catbird, 420

Catharista urubu, 199

Cathartes aura septentrionalis, 199

Cathartidæ, 198

Catherpes mexicanus albifrons, 424 " conspersus, 425 " punctulatus, 425

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus, 155 semipalmatus inornatus, 156

Centrocercus urophasianus, 188

Centurus aurifrons, 258 carolinus, 257 uropygialis, 258

Cepphus columba, 29 grylle, 28 mandti, 29

Cerorhinca monocerata, 23

Certhia familiaris albescens, 430 " americana, 430 " montana, 430

Certhia familiaris occidentalis, 430 " zelotes, 430

Certhiidæ, 430

Ceryle alcyon, 247 americana septentrionalis, 249 torquata, 247

Chachalaca, 191

Chæmepelia passerina terrestris, 195 " pallescens, 195 " bermudiana, 195

Chætura pelagica, 269 vauxi, 270

Chamæa fasciata fasciata, 437 " henshawi, 437

Chamæthlypis poliocephala, 413

Charadriidæ, 161

Charadrius apricarius, 163 dominicus dominicus, 163 " fulvus, 163

Charitonetta albeola, 100

Chat, Long-tailed, 413 Yellow-breasted, 413

Chaulelasmus streperus, 91

Chen cærulescens, 107 hyperboreus hyperboreus, 107

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Chen hyperboreus Nivalis, 107 rossi, 108

Chewink, 358

Chickadee, 434 Acadian, 436 Alaska, 436 Barlow's, 437 California, 437 Carolina, 435 Chestnut-backed, 437 Hudsonian, 436 Long-tailed, 435 Mexican, 435 Mountain, 435 Oregon, 435 Plumbeous, 435

Chondestes grammacus grammacus, 342 strigatus, 342

Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, 268 virginianus virginianus, 266 " chapmani, 266 " henryi, 266 " sennetti, 268

Chuck-will's widow, 263

Ciconiidæ, 118

Cinclidæ, 419

Cinclus mexicanus unicolor, 419

Circus hudsonius, 204

Cistothorus stellaris, 428

Clangula clangula americana, 99 islandica, 99

Coccyges, 241

Coccyzus americanus americanus, 244 " occidentalis, 246 erythrophthalmus, 246

Cœreba bahamensis, 385

Cœrebidæ, 385 minor minor, 244 " maynardi, 244

Colaptes auratus auratus, 258 " luteus, 259 cafer collaris, 259

Colaptes cafer saturatior, 259 chrysoides, 262 rufipileus, 262

Colinus ridgwayi, 175 virginianus, 175 " floridanus, 175 " texanus, 175

Columba fasciata fasciata, 192 " vioscæ, 192 flavirostris, 192 leucocephala, 192 squamosa, 192

Columba, 192

Columbæ, 192

Columbidæ, 192

Colymbidæ, 11

Colymbus auritus, 13 dominicus brachypterus, 15 holbœlli, 11 nigricollis californicus, 13

Compsothlypis americana americana, 390 americana usneæ, 390 nigrilora, 391

Conuropsis carolinensis, 241

Coot, 136 European, 136

Cormorant, 79 Baird's, 82 Brandt's, 82 Double-crested, 79 Farallon, 81 Florida, 81 Mexican, 81 Pelagic, 82 Red-faced, 82 Violet-green, 82 White-crested, 81

Corvidæ, 300

Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos, 312 brachyrhynchos pascuus, 312 corax principalis, 311 " sinuatus, 311 cryptoleucus, 311 ossifragus, 312

Cotingidæ, 280

Cowbird, 314 Dwarf, 315 Red-eyed, 315

Cracidæ, 191

Crake, Corn, 135 Spotted, 133

Crane, Little Brown, 127 Sandhill, 129 Whooping, 127

Creciscus jamaicensis, 134 coturniculus, 134

Creeper, Brown, 430 California, 430 Mexican, 430 Rocky Mountain, 430 Sierra, 430

Crex Crex, 135

Crossbill, 327 Mexican, 327 White-winged, 327

Crotophaga ani, 241 sulcirostris, 243

Crow, 312 Carrion, 199 Fish, 312

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Florida, 312

Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni, 232 acadica acadica, 232 " scotæa, 232

Cuckoo, Black-billed, 246 California, 246 Kamchatka, 246 Mangrove, 244 Maynard's, 244 Yellow-billed, 244

Cuculidæ, 241

Cuculus canorus telephonus, 246

Curlew, Bristle-thighed, 160 Eskimo, 160 Hudsonian, 159 Long-billed, 159

Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, 313

Cyanolæmus clemenciæ, 271

Cyanocitta cristata cristata, 303 " florincola, 303 stelleri stelleri, 303 " annectens, 306 " carlottæ, 306 " diademata, 303 " frontalis, 303

Cyanosylvia suecica robusta, 448

Cyanthus latirostris, 279

Cypseloides niger borealis, 268

Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi, 178

Dafila acuta, 94

Daption capense, 67

Darters, 77

Dendragapus obscurus obscurus, 178 " fuliginosus, 178 " richardsoni, 179

Dendrocygna autumnalis, 113 bicolor, 113

Dendroica æstiva æstiva, 392 " rubiginosa, 392 " sonorana, 292 auduboni auduboni, 395 " nigrifrons, 395 bryanti castaneiceps, 394 castanea, 398 cærulea, 396 cærulescens cærulescens, 394 " cairnsi, 394 chrysoparia, 402 coronata, 395 discolor, 407 dominica albilora, 401 dominica dominica, 401 fusca, 399 graciæ, 401 kirtlandi, 404 magnolia, 396 nigrescens, 402 occidentalis, 404 palmarum palmarum, 405 " hypochrysea, 405 pensylvanica, 398 striata, 399 tigrina, 391 townsendi, 403 vigorsi, 405 virens, 403

Dichromanassa rufescens, 123

Dickcissel, 368

Diomedea albatrus, 59 immutabilis, 60 nigripes, 59

Diomedeidæ 59

Dipper, 419

Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 314

Dotterel, 161

Dove, Bermuda Ground, 195 Blue-headed Quail, 196 Ground, 195 Inca, 196 Key West Quail, 196 Mexican Ground, 195 Mourning, 193 Ruddy Quail, 196 White-fronted, 195 White-winged, 195 Zenaida, 194

Dovekie, 34

Dowitcher, 144 Long-billed, 145

Dryobates arizonæ, 252 borealis, 252 nuttalli, 252 pubescens pubescens, 251 " gairdneri, 251 " homorus, 251 " medianus, 251 " nelsoni, 251 " turati, 251 scalaris bairdi, 252 " lucasanus, 252 villosus villosus, 250 " auduboni, 250 " harrisi, 250 " hyloscopus, 250 " leucomelas, 250 " monticola, 250 " picoideus, 250

Duck, Black, 90 Florida, 90 Harlequin, 101 Labrador, 101 Lesser Scaup, 98 Masked, 106 Mottled, 91

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Ring-necked, 98 Ruddy, 106 Rufous-crested, 95 Scaup, 97 Wood, 95

Dumetella carolinensis, 420

Dunlin, 149

Eagle, Bald, 217 Golden, 215 Gray Sea, 217 Northern Bald, 217

Ectopistes migratorius, 193

Egret, 122 Reddish, 123 Snowy, 122

Egretta candidissima candidissima 122

Eider, 103 King, 104 Northern, 102 Pacific, 103 Spectacled, 102 Steller's, 102

Elanoides forficatus, 201

Elanus leucurus, 201

Empidonax difficilis cineritius, 294 difficilis difficilis, 293 flaviventris, 293 fulvifrons pygmæus, 296 griseus, 296 hammondi, 295 minimus, 295 trailli trailli, 294 " alnorum, 295 virescens, 294 wrighti, 295

Ereunetes mauri, 151 pusillus, 150

Erismatura jamaicensis, 106

Erolia ferruginea, 149

Eudromias morinellus, 161

Eugenes fulgens, 271

Euphagus carolinus, 322 cyanocephalus, 322

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, 150

Falco æsalon, 221 columbarius columbarius, 220 " suckleyi, 220 fusco-cærulescens, 221 islandus, 218 mexicanus, 219 peregrinus anatum, 220 " pealei, 220 " peregrinus, 219 richardsoni, 220 rusticolus rusticolus, 218 " gyrfalco, 218 " obsoletus, 219 sparverius sparverius, 222 " peninsularis, 222 " phalœna, 221 sparveroides, 222 " tinnunculus, 221

Falcon Aplomado, 221 Peale's, 220 Peregrine, 219 Prairie, 219

Finch, Aleutian Rosy, 327 Black Rosy, 328 Brown-capped Rosy, 328 California Purple, 325 Cassin's Purple, 326 Gray-crowned Rosy, 328 Guadalupe House, 326 Hepburn's Rosy, 328 House, 326 McGregor's House, 326 Purple, 325 San Clemente House, 326 San Lucas House, 326

Flamingo, 115

Flicker, 258 Gilded, 262 Guadalupe, 262 Northern, 259 Northwestern, 259 Red-shafted, 259

Florida Cœrulea, 124