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1934. Hyperparasitism in protozoa. Quart. Rev. Biol., vol. 9, pp. 215-224.

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1909. Ueber Vermehrung bei _Pleistophora periplanetae_ Lutz und Splendore. Zool. Anz., vol. 34, pp. 647-654.

ZIMMERMAN, E. C.

1944. New cockroach egg parasite from Honolulu. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 12, p. 20.

1948. Insects of Hawaii. Vol. 2, Apterygota to Thysanoptera, inclusive. 475 pp. Honolulu.

ZMEEV, G. I.

1936. Les insectes synanthropes comme hôtes intermédiaires et hôtes vecteurs des helminthes au Tadjikistan. (In Russian, French summary.) Trudy Tadzhiksk. Bazy Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 6, pp. 241-248. [Russian text translated by M. Ycas.]

1940. Certain points in the epidemiology of dysentery and its endemic foci in Central Asia connected with the cockroach _Shelfordella tartara_ Sauss. (In Russian.) Second conference on Parasitological problems. November 1940, Leningrad, p. 35. Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow. [From Rev. App. Ent., 1946, ser. B., vol. 34, p. 110.]

ZULUETA, A. DE.

1916. Sobre la estructura y bipartición de _Nyctotherus ovalis_ Leidy. Trab. Mus. Nac. Cienc. Nat., Madrid, ser. Zool., No. 26, pp. 1-16.

PLATES

INDEX

Plate and page numbers in boldface type indicate illustrations. In general, entries are placed in the index as unmodified substantives except where a modifier contributes significantly to the identification of the item (e.g., blue heads, prairie dog). This index should be used in conjunction with the indexed check list of natural associations (pages 290 to 310) because these are not repeated here. All experimental associations are indexed below except those involving _Blatta orientalis_, _Blattella germanica_, and _Periplaneta americana_ that are cited on pages that also contain references to the natural associations of these three species.

_Abies_ sp., 257

Acacia, 56, 69

_Acacia farnesiana_, 155, 164 _harpophylla_, 55 sp., 155

_Acanthinevania princeps_, 235

Acanthocephala, 203

_Acanthogyna deplanata_, 7

Acaridae, 217

Acarina, 210, 216

_Acheta domestica_, 320

_Achromobacter hyalinum_, 110 sp., 110

Achromobacteriaceae, 110

_Acridotheres tristis_, 281

_Acrocomia aculeata_, 142

_Acromyrmex lobicornis_, 312, 313 _lundi_, 312 _niger_, 312 _octospinosus_, 312 _silvestrii_, 312

_Acropyga acutinventris_, 317

Actinocephalidae, 184

Actinomycetaceae, 124

Actinomycetales, 123

Adeleidae, 184

_Adelina cryptocerci_, 184-185

_Aechmaea porteoides_, 144

_Aerobacter aerogenes_, 111 _cloacae_, 112 sp., 112

Aeschnidae, 224

_Agamerion metallica_, 243

Agamidae, 275

_Agamospirura parahormeticae_, 205

_Agaricus_, 164

Agave, 43, 57

_Agelaius xanthomus_, 282

_Agis orientalis_, 7, 27

_Aglaopteryx absimilis_, 7, 35, 156, 317 _devia_, 7 _diaphana_, 7, 35, 36, 145, 146, 290, 339 _facies_, 7, 35, 156, 290, 317, 318 _gemma_, 7, 36, 140, 143, 144, 153, 158, 159, 339 _vegeta_, 7, 146 _ypsilon_, 7, 75

Aircraft, 87-90

_Alcaligenes faecalis_, 111 _recti_, 111 _viscosus_, 111

Algaroba, 45, 156, 164

_Allacta similis_, 7, 36, 75, 276, 290

_Allothereua maculata_, 223

_Alluaudellina cavernicola_, 7, 17

_Alluaudella cavernicola_, 7

_Alpinia_, 163

_Alsophila_ sp., 139

Alsophilas, 164

_Amazonina emarginata_, 7, 36, 146, 158

_Ameiva exsul_, 275 sp., 275

_Amitermes_, 102

_Amoeba blattae_, 177 _coli_, 178 undetermined sp., 181

Amoebidae, 177

Amoebina, 177

Amphibia, 269-272

Amphibians, 3, 353

_Amphibolurus barbatus_, 275

_Amphoromorpha blattina_, 139 sp., 139

_Ampulex_, 2, 256 _amoena_, 256-257 _assimilis_, 257 _canaliculata_, 94, 257-258, 352 _compressa_, 258-259, 352; =pl. 35= _compressiventris_, 260 _fasciata_, 259 _novarae_, 256 _ruficornis_, 259 _siberica_, 260 _sibirica_, 259 _sonnerati_, 260

Ampulicidae, 256

Anacardiaceae, 157

_Ananas comosus_, 144

_Anaphothrips_ sp., 317

_Anaplecta asema_, 7, 36 _azteca_, 7, 145 _decipiens_, 7, 36 _fallax_, 7, 36 _hemiscotia_, 7, 36 _lateralis_, 7, 36 _mexicana_, 7, 145 spp., 88, 145, 290

_Anastatus blattidarum_, 246 _blattidifurax_, 245 _floridanus_, 94, 245, 255, 319; =pl. 34= _tenuipes_, 94, 246, 255, 350

Anatidae, 277

_Anax strenuus_, 224

_Ancylostoma caninum_, 209 _ceylanicum_, 209 _duodenale_, 209

Ancylostomidae, 209

_Androctonus australis_, 211

_Aneurina tahuata_, 7, 160 _viridis_, 7, 155, 160, 161

_Anguillula macrura_, 195

_Anisogamia_, 26

Annato, 159

_Annetta_, Steamship, 149

Anoetidae, 217

_Anolis carolinensis_, 273, 346 _cristatellus_, 273 _equestris_, 273, 345, 346 _grahami_, 274 _leachi_, 274 _pulchellus_, 273 _sagrei_, 274 sp., 274 _stratulus_, 274

Anseriformes, 277

Antagonism, interspecies, 341-343

Antbird, 280

Antibiotics, 97-98, 346

Ants, 57, 266-268, 316, 317, 350 Argentine, 268, 319 army, 228, 267, 268, 280, 350 big-headed, 268 carpenter, 267 hosts of cockroaches, 311-314 predaceous, 266 safari, 267 wood, 317

_Aorurus_ (_Thelastoma_) _appendiculatus_, 196 _diesingi_, 195 _philippinensis_, 193 _sphaerolaima_, 194

_Aotes zonalis_, 284

_Aotus_, 284

_Aphaenogaster picea_, 267

_Aphelocoma coerulesens_, 280

Aphids, 62

_Aphlebia maculata_, 10 _punctata_, 10

Apocynaceae, 161

_Apolyta_, 9

_Apotrogia angolensis_, 7, 17

Apple, 166

_Aptera cingulata_, 7 _fusca_, 7, 290, 329

_Apteroblatta perplexa_, 7, 18

Aquifoliaceae, 158

Arachnida, 211

Arachnids, 34

Araceae, 143

_Aranea_, 214

Araneida, 214

Arbor vitae, 44

Archiacanthocephala, 203

_Archiblatta hoevenii_, 7, 329

_Archimandrita marmorata_, 7, 147 _tessellata_, 7, 147

_Arenivaga apacha_, 7, 23, 26, 27 _bolliana_, 7, 23, 26, 27, 37, 290 _erratica_, 7, 23, 26, 27 _floridensis_, 7, 24, 37 _grata_, 7, 17, 18, 37 _roseni_, 7, 24, 26, 27, 291 _tonkawa_, 7, 24

_Aristida pennata_, 65, 141

_Aristiger histrio_, 7, 37, 159, 316

Armadillo, 287

Army transports, 84

_Arthroleptis variabilis_, 270

Arthromitaceae, 124

_Arthromitus intestinalis_, 124

Arthropoda, 210-268

_Arum_ sp., 143

Ascalaphidae, 227

Ascaridae, 209

_Ascaris lumbricoides_, 209 sp., 209 _suum_, 209

Ascaroidea, 209

Aschelminthes, 192, 204, 209

Ascomycetes, 133

_Asmorrhiza longistylis_, 240

_Asparagus officinalis_, 235

Aspen, 46, 152, 164

Aspergillaceae, 129

_Aspergillus flavus_, 130 _fumigatus_, 130 _niger_, 130 sp., 130, 131 _sydowi_, 130 _tamarii_, 130

_Aspiduchus borinquen_, 7, 18, 37, 333-334 _cavernicola_, 8, 18, 334 _deplanatus_, 7, 8, 37

_Asplenium nidus_, 44

Assembling of cockroaches, 331-334

Associations, 6, 15, 91-96 among cockroaches, 324-343 biotic, 2, 91, 94-96 classification of, 91, 95-96 ecological, 14-90, 324-343 facultative, 95-96 familial, 325-330 gregarious, 330-336 interspecies, 337-343 intraspecies, 336-337 mutualism, 96-102 number of, 3, 5 obligate, 95 obscure, 96, 316-319 with man, 70-90

_Astata_, 255

_Ateles dariensis_, 284

Athel, 39

_Atta cephalotes_, 313 _fervens_, 313 _lundi_, 312 _nigra_, 312 _octospinosa_, 313 _sexdens_, 313 _texana_, 313

_Attacus atlas_, 320

_Attaphila aptera_, 8, 313 _bergi_, 8, 312, 313 _flava_, 8, 314 _fungicola_, 8, 313 _schuppi_, 8, 312 _sexdentis_, 8, 313 sp., 313

_Atticola mortoni_, 8, 312

Attraction, intraspecies, 328-334 to decaying material, 53, 59-63 to honeydew, 62 to lights, 52, 61, 64, 66, 79, 81

_Audreia bromeliadarum_, 8, 31, 37, 145 _jamaicana_, 8, 37 _marginata_, 11

Aves, 276-282

_Avicularia avicularia_, 214 sp., 214

"B. aerobia del pseudoedema maligno," 125

_B. alcaligenes beckeri_, 125 _faecalis_, 111 _recti_, 111

"B. del pseudoedema maligno," 125

_B. violaceus_, 106

Baboon, 286

Bacillaceae, 120

Bacilli, colon, 126 paracolon, 113

"Bacillo del barbone dei bufali," 126 "proteisimile," 126 "similcarbonchio," 126 "similtifo," 126 "tifosimile," 126

"Bacillus," 126 "subtilis group," 122

_Bacillus acidi lactici_, 112 _albolactis_, 120 _alcaligenes faecalis_, 111 _anthracis_, 120 _bütschlii_, 120 _cereus_, 120 _circulans_, 120 _cloacae_, 112 _faecalis alkaligenes_, 111 _flacheriae_, 121 _lactis aerogenes_, 111 _megaterium_, 121 _monachae_, 121 _periplanetae_, 121 _prodigiosus_, 117 _radiciformis_, 121 _stellatus_, 121 _subtilis_, 121 _tritus_, 122

Bacteria, 2-3, 100-101, 104-127, 346 "spirochaetoid," 127

Bacteriaceae, 119

"Bacterium," 126

_Bacterium alkaligenes_, 119 _delendae-muscae_, 120 _haemophosphoreum_, 120 _monache_, 121 _prodigiosum_, 117

_Bacteroides uncatus_, 119

Bacteroids, 96-100; =pl. 26=

Badger, 289

_Balantidium_, 101 _blattarum_, 187 _coli_, 187 _ovatum_, 187 _praenucleatum_, 187 sp., 187

_Ballota nigra_, 38

_Balta godeffroyi_, 8, 37 _patula_, 8, 291 _platysoma_, 8, 317 _quadricaudata_, 8, 37, 141 _scripta_, 8, 37, 141, 326 _torresiana_, 8, 38, 141 _verticalis_, 8, 38, 141

Bamboo, 44, 141

_Bambusicola thoracica_, 277

Banana, 36, 40, 53, 54, 58, 66, 82, 146-151, 163, 165, 215 blossoms, 36, 41, 56, 57, 146-148

_Bantua stigmosa_, 8, 99

"Barata selvagem," 194, 199, 200 "sylvestre," 188, 189

"Baratas de pau podre," 200

_Barbulanympha_, 102 _coahoma_, 173 _estaboga_, 173 _laurabuda_, 174 sp., 175 _ufalula_, 174 _wenyoni_, 174

Bark, 36-38, 42, 43, 45-65, 141, 152, 153, 160, 164, 165

Bass, large-mouth black, 269

_Bassariscus astutus_, 288

Bat, 77, 283 caves, 17-18, 21-23

Batrachians, unidentified, 272

Bayberry, 43, 44, 152

_Beauveria bassiana_, 131

Bedbug, 321-322

Beech, 47, 61, 62

Bees, 314, 318

Beetles, 26, 34, 57, 63, 91, 229-234, 318, 347, 348 black (see _Blatta orientalis_) black larder, 234 rhinocerus, 317

_Bertramia blatellae_, 185

_Beta maritima_, 47, 153 _vulgaris cicla_, 153

_Binema mirsaia_, 193

Birds, 3, 4, 276-282, 353 nests, 35, 318

Bites, cockroach, 83, 322, 336-337 mite, 220 spider, 215

_Bixa_ sp., 159

Bixaceae, 159

_Blabera fusca_, 8, 322

_Blaberus atropos_, 8, 18, 38, 125, 147, 203, 204, 291, 322, 344 _boliviensis_, 8, 147 _clarazianus_, 8 _craniifer_ 8, 18, 75, 97, 99, 116-118, 132, 138, 291, 322, 330, 333, 336, 339, 344; pls. 1, 2, 28 =_cubensis_, 8= _discoidalis_, 8, 38, 75, 85, 147, 151, 163, 291, 318, 330, 334, 339 _giganteus_, 8, 18, 38, 99, 291; =pl. 3= "_maderae_," 11, 248 spp., 38, 290, 291

Blackbird, 282 Puerto Rican, 282 yellow-shouldered, 282

_Blaptica dubia_, 8, 292

Blastocystidaceae, 133

_Blastocystis hominis_, 133 sp., 133

"_Blatella americana_," 108, 110, 119, 121, 122

_Blatta aegyptiaca_, 13 _aethiopica_, 13 _americana_, 12 _caraibea_, 79 _concinna_, 10 _humbertiana_, 8 (_Shelfordella_) _lateralis_, 8, 18, 38, 71, 75, 292 _melanocephala_, 13 _notulata_, 10 _orientalis_, 8, 18, 38, 70-72, 75-76, 84, 85, 88, 96, 99, 100, 118, 123, 128, 129, 131, 151, 153, 162, 163, 190, 204, 205, 212, 219, 222, 224-226, 232, 235, 237, 245, 255, 269, 275, 276, 292-293, 320-323, 325-327, 331, 332, 334-336, 338, 341, 342, 346, 347, 352; =pls. 4, 27= sp., 292

Blattaria, 3, 224

_Blattarum alatarum_, 83

_Blattelicola blattelicola_, 193

_Blattella bisignata_, 8 _brunneriana_, 11 _chichimeca_, 10 _delicatula_, 8 _germanica_, 8, 17, 18, 39, 70-72, 76, 83-85, 87, 88, 96-101, 103-105, 114, 118, 119, 124, 126, 131, 143, 171, 192, 204, 205, 211, 212, 219, 222, 225-227, 234-236, 240, 241, 255, 272, 276, 277, 283, 293-294, 320, 321, 323, 324, 328, 331, 332, 334, 335, 337-342, 347-349; =pls. 5, 26, 31= _humbertiana_, 8, 39, 142, 144, 294, 336 _lituricollis_, 8, 263, 295 _nahua_, 11 _schubotzi_, 8, 76 spp. 88, 145, 295 _vaga_, 8, 27, 39, 77, 135, 141, 166, 255, 293, 320, 328; =pl. 5=

_Blatticida ashmeadi_, 243 _pulchra_, 243

_Blatticidella ashmeadi_, 243 _Blatticola_, 199 _aegyptiaca_, 195 _blattae_, 193-194 _blatticola_, 193

"Blattidae sylvestres," 200

_Blattilaelaps nauphoetae_, 216

_Blattina concinna_, 10

_Blattisocius tineivorus_, 216 _triodons_, 216

_Blattophila sphaerolaima_, 194 _sphaerolaima_ var. _javanica_, 194 _supellaima_, 194

_Blattotetrastichus hagenowii_, 249

Bluegills, 269

Blue heads, 269

Blue jay, 280, 346

Bobolink, 282

_Bodo Blattae_, 167 sp., 167

Bodonidae, 167

Bog, peat, 46

Boraginaceae, 161

_Bounty_, H. M. S., 83

_Brachygaster_, 350 _minutus_, 235-236, 351

Bracken, 45, 47

Brambles, 51, 155

Breadfruit, 162

Bream, 269

Bromeliaceae, 144

Bromeliads, 31, 36, 37, 41, 42, 45, 49, 50, 54, 56, 57, 68, 144-146, 320

_Brucella abortus_, 119

_Buboblatta armata_, 8, 145

Bucerotidae, 279

_Bufo funereus_, 270 _ictericus_, 270 _marinus_, 270, 345, 346, 353 _valliceps_, 270

Bufonidae, 270

_Bulhõesia bulhõesi_, 200 _icemi_, 200 _magalhãesi_, 194 _severianoi_, 200

Bullfrog, 271

Burrows, 27 cockroach, 55, 58, 67, 68, 328, 344 relative humidity in, 26 vertebrate, 23-24, 26, 27, 29

_Bursera simaruba_, 157

Burseraceae, 157

_Busaria blattarum_, 188

Busariidae, 187

Buthidae, 211

_Buthus australis_, 211-212

Butterfly nests, 66, 156, 317

_Byrsotria cabrerae_, 8, 40 _fumigata_, 8, 19, 40, 225, 333, 354; =pl. 6=

Cacao, 43, 52, 53, 55

Cacomistle, 288

Cafards, 207

_Cahita borero_, 8, 40 _nahua_, 8, 40

Caladium, 66, 143

Callithricidae, 285 _Callithrix chrysoleucos_, 285 _chrysolevea_, 285 _jacchus_, 285

_Callitris_ sp., 55

_Calluna vulgaris_, 160

_Calodexia venteris_, 228 spp., 228

_Caloglyphus spinitarsus_, 217 sp., 218

_Calyptracordia alba_, 161

Camouflage, 344

_Camponotus femoratus_, 311, 314 _maccooki_, 316 _maculatus_, 312 _pennsylvanicus_, 267 _rufipes_, 312

_Candida zeylanoides_, 129

Canidae, 288

_Canis familiaris_, 288 _latrans_, 288

_Canna_, 151, 163

Cannaceae, 151

Cannibalism, 322-324

_Cantao ocellatus_, 320

_Canthium barbatum_, 161

Capá blanco, 66

_Capillaria hepatica_, 210

_Capucinella delicatula_, 147

Carabidae, 229

Carboniferous, 14

Care, maternal, 325-330

_Cariblatta antiguensis_, 8, 40, 158, 161 _cuprea_, 8, 40 _delicatula_, 8, 40, 143, 147, 295 _hylaea_, 8, 40, 147, 153 _imitans_, 8, 41 _insularis_, 8, 41, 145, 147, 339 _landalei_, 8, 41, 147 _lutea_, 23 _lutea lutea_, 8, 41, 153, 158, 295 _lutea minima_, 8, 42, 143; =pl. 7= _nebulicola_, 8, 42, 145, 340 _orestera_, 8, 151 _punctipennis_, 8, 147 _punctulata_, 8, 143 _reticulosa_, 8, 42 spp., 42, 88 _stenophrys_, 8, 42, 142, 156

_Cariblattoides instigator_, 8, 43 _suave_, 8, 43

_Carica papaya_, 159

Caricaceae, 159

Carnations, 163

Carnivora, 288

_Carpinus orientalis_, 38

Caryophanales, 124

_Casuarina_, 152, 164

Casuarinaceae, 152

Cat, 4, 289 ring-tailed, 288

Caterpillars, 319

_Catopsis fulgens_, 144

_Cattleya_, 151, 162-163

Caudata, 269

Caves, 16-17

_Cavia_ sp., 288

Caviidae, 288

Cebidae, 284

_Cebus apella_, 284 _capucinus_, 284

_Cecropia_ sp., 40, 153

Cedar, Japanese, 164

Centipedes, 3, 222-224, 319 house, 222

_Centruroides gracilis_, 212 _hentzi_, 212 _vitattus_, 212

_Cephalobellus brevicaudatum_, 194 _magalhãesi_, 194

_Cephalosporium_ sp., 131

_Ceratinoptera diaphana_, 7 _picta_, 8, 43, 159

_Ceratonia siliqua_, 156

Cercopithecidae, 286

_Cercopithecus_ sp., 286, 343

Cestoda, 208

Chactidae, 212

_Chaetochloa verticillata_, 142

_Chaetodactylus_ sp., 218

_Chalceus macrolepidotos_, 269

_Challenger_, H. M. S., 83

_Chamaeleon chamaeleon_, 275 _oustaleti_, 275

Chamaeleontidae, 275

Chameleon, 275

Channel cat, 269

Characidae, 269

_Cheiloneurus viridiscutum_, 244

Chelonia, 272

Chemotaxis, 331

Chenopodiaceae, 153

Chestnut, 44, 60-61

Chicken, 68, 82, 276, 278

Chilicabra, 281

Chilomastigidae, 169

_Chilomastix mesnili_, 169

Chilopoda, 222

Chimpanzee, 286

Chiroptera, 283

_Chlamydosaurus kingii_, 275

_Chlorion compressum_, 258

_Chloris gayana_, 141

_Chordodes morgani_, 201 _pilosus_, 202 _puerilis_, 201

Chordodidae, 201

_"Chordotes" puerilis_, 201

_Chorisoneura barbadensis_, 8, 147 _flavipennis_, 8, 43 _formosella_, 8, 43, 160 _parishi_, 8, 43 _plocea_, 8 sp., 295 _specilliger_, 8, 43 _texensis_, 8, 43, 152, 153, 157, 161, 316 _translucida_, 8, 44

_Choristima_ sp., 9, 295

_Choristimodes_ sp., 9, 295

_Chromatonotus infuscatus_, 9, 44 _notatus_, 9, 44, 77

_Chromobacterium violaceum_, 106

Chrysanthemums, 165

_Chrysemys picta_, 272

Cicadas, 257

Ciliata, 186

Ciliate, unidentified, 190

_Cimex lectularius_, 321

_Cinchona pubescens_, 162, 163

_Ciniflo_, 214

_Citharexylum villosum_, 43, 161

_Citrus aurantifolia_, 157 _maxima_, 157 _sinensis_, 157 sp., 157, 164

Cleonymidae, 243

_Clepsidrina blattarum_, 181

_Clerada apicicornis_, 226

_Clerodendron trichotomum_, 256-257

_Clevelandella constricta_, 189 _contorta_, 189 _elongata_, 189 _hastula_, 189 _nipponensis_, 189 _panesthiae_, 189 _parapanesthiae_, 189

Clevelandellidae, 102, 189

_Clevelandia_, 189

Clevelandiidae, 189

_Clostridium feseri_, 122 _lentoputrescens_, 122 _novyi_, 122 _perfringens_, 122 _sporogenes_, 122 spp., 122 _tetani_, 122

_Clubiona_, 214

_Cnemidophorus_ sp., 275

Coati, 288

Coccidia, 184

_Coccidioides periplanetae_, 133

Coccinellidae, 348

"Coccobacillus," 126

_Coccobacillus cajae_, 120

Cockroach, American (see _Periplaneta americana_) amphibious, 30-33, 48 aposymbiotic, 97-99 Australian (see _Periplaneta australasiae_) beetle (see _Diploptera punctata_) brown (see _Periplaneta brunnea_) brown-banded (see _Supella supellectilium_) burrowing, 27, 29, 30, 55, 58, 67, 68, 328, 344 carnivorous, 6, 14, 319-324, 336 cavernicolous, 16-25, 37 checklists of, 290-310, 315 cinereous (see _Nauphoeta cinerea_) colonies, 75, 327-334 commensal, 310-315 control, 1, 6, 84, 162, 331, 348 Cuban (see _Panchlora nivea_) cypress (see _Diploptera punctata_) dendricolous, 51 defenses, 343-348 desert, 25-30 disease relations, 1, 3, 74 domiciliary, 51, 70-90, 322, 331, 338, 349 enemies, 2-4, 91, 95-96 field (see _Blattella vaga_) Florida (see _Eurycotis floridana_) German (see _Blattella germanica_) harlequin (see _Neostylopyga rhombifolia_) Key West (see _Blaberus craniifer_) Madeira (see _Leucophaea maderae_) myrmecophilous, 310, 311-314 odor, 6, 84, 280, 344-347 oriental (see _Blatta orientalis_) oviparous, 325-327 phytophagous, 68, 162-166 predaceous, 319-324 predators, escape from, 343 ship, 82-87 smoky brown (see _Periplanet fuliginosa_) species, list of, 7-14 number of known, iii, 5 spotted Mediterranean (see _Ectobius pallidus_) structural habitats of, 70-90 Surinam (see _Pycnoscelus surinamensis_) undetermined, 308-310 viviparous, 31, 326, 328-330 "wood" (except here, usually _Parcoblatta_ spp.), 214, 266, 274

Coconut, 35, 38, 49, 143

_Cocos nucifera_, 143

_Coelosporidium blattellae_, 185 _periplanetae_, 168, 176, 177, 185

_Coenosia basalis_, 229

_Coffea_ sp., 162

Coffee, 66, 67

_Coleolaelaps_ sp., 216; =pl. 12=

Coleoptera, 229-234, 348

"Colon bacilli," 126

Colonies, cockroach, 75, 327-334

Colubridae, 276

Columbidae, 278

Columbiformes, 278

Combretaceae, 159

Commensalism, 92

Commensals, 2-3, 95, 173, 310-314 cockroach, check list of, 315

Compatibility, interspecies, 337-341

_Comperia merceti_, 244, 255, 351, 355; =pl. 34= _merceti_ var. _falsicornis_, 244

Compositae, 162

_Compsodes schwarzi_, 9, 27, 316

_Compsolampra_, 9

_Comptolampra liturata_, 9, 44, 140, 141

_Conocarpus erectus_, 159

Conopidae, 228

Control, biological, 1, 6, 348-354

Convolvulaceae, 161

_Coptotermes ceylonicus_, 310

Coraciformes, 279

_Cordaites_, 14

_Cordia dentata_, 161

_Cordyceps amazonica_, 134 _blattae_, 134

Corn, 42, 48, 57, 58

_Cornus mas_, 38

Corvidae, 280

_Corydia nuptialis_, 14

Corynebacteriaceae, 110

_Corynebacterium diphtheriae_, 110

_Cosmozosteria lateralis_, 9, 345

_Costus_ sp., 316

Cotton, 66, 67, 158, 163

_Coturnix coturnix japonica_, 277

Coxsackie viruses, 103-104

Coyote, 288

Crappies, 269

_Crataegus_ sp., 155

Crickets, 320-321 stone, 226

_Crinum_, 163

_Cristatithorax_, 244

_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, 9, 44, 62, 67, 100-103, 175-229, 295, 317, 326, 328, 339, 354; =pl. 8= _relictus_, 9, 44 spp., 6, 34

_Cryptomeria_, 45, 140, 164

Cucarachero, 281

Cucumber, 164

Cunoniaceae, 155

Cupressaceae, 141

_Cupressus_, 164 _macrocarpa_, 141, 164

_Cutilia nitida_, 9, 345 _soror_, 9, 45, 77, 296 sp. near _sedilloti_, 9; =pl. 9= spp., 45, 296, 319

_Cyanocitta cristata_, 280, 346

Cyatheaceae, 139

Cycads, 166

_Cynopotamus essequibensis_, 269

Cyperaceae, 142

_Cyperus_ sp., 142

Cypress, 45, 63, 164

Cypress pine, 55

_Cyrilla_, 42

_Cyrtandra_ sp., 161

_Cyrtocharax magdalenae essequibensis_, 269

_Cyrtotria capucina_, 9, 27

Dasypodidae, 287

_Dasypus novemcinctus_, 287

Dates, 39

DDT, 278

Defenses, cockroach, 343-348

Dematiaceae, 132

_Dendroblatta sobrina_, 9, 45, 316, 330

_Dendrocopus mahrattensis_, 279

Dermaptera, 226

_Dermestes ater_, 234 sp., 234

Dermestidae, 234

Dermestids, 320

_Derocalymma cruralis_, 9, 100 _lampyrina_, 9, 27 _porcellio_, 9, 28 _stigmosa_, 8

_Deropeltis autraniana_, 9, 28 _erythropeza_, 9, 19 _melanophila_, 9, 28 _nigrita_, 9, 28

Deserts, 25-30

_Dicarnosis alfierii_, 245

_Dictamnus fraxinella_, 38

Didelphidae, 283

_Diestrammena apicalis_, 226 _japonica_, 226

Digenea, 208

Dinenymphidae, 170

"Diphtheroid I and II," 127

"Diplococci," 127

_Diplococcus pneumoniae_, 109

Diplocystidae, 181

_Diplocystis schneideri_, =168=, 181 sp., 181; =pl. 28=

_Diplogaster_, 192

Diplogasteridae, 192

Diplogyniidae, 217

Diplogyniid, undetermined, 217

_Diploptera dytiscoides_, 9 _punctata_, 9, 45, 140-142, 152, 155-157,159, 164, 216, 224-226, 259, 273, 280, 287, 296, 324, 334, 339, 347; =pls. 10, 36=

_Dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis_, =23=

Diptera, 227

Disease organisms transmitted by cockroaches, 3

_Dobellina_, 177

Dog, 288

_Dolichonyx oryzivorus_, 282

_Dolichurus bicolor_, 260 _corniculus_, 260-261 _gilberti_, 261 _greenei_, 261 _haemorrhous_, 260 _ignitus_, 261-262 _stantoni_, 262, 263, 352 sp., 262

_Dorylaea rhombifolia_, 11

_Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans_ subsp. _sjostedi_, 267 sp., 267 _wilverthi_, 267

Dove, Chinese, 278

Dragonfly, giant Hawaiian, 224

Drake (Francis), 83

_Drassodes_, 214

_Drassus_ sp., 318

_Dryadoblatta scotti_, 9, 31, 45, 144, 145

_Drymaplaneta_, 319

Ducks, domestic, 277, 343

_Duguay-Trouin_, Cruiser, =232=

_Dyscologamia capensis_, 9 _chopardi_, 10 _pilosa_, 9 _wollastoni_, 9

Dytiscidae, 230

Earthworms, 319

Earwigs, undetermined, 226

_Eberthella oedematiens_, 112

_Echinococcus granulosis_, 208

_Eciton burchelli_, 268, 280 sp., 228

Ecology, 14-96, 324-343

"_Ectobia_" spp., 135

_Ectobia livida_, 232

_Ectobius africanus_, 9, 45 _albicinctus_, 9, 46 _duskei_, 9, 46, 77 _ericetorum_, 9 _germanicus_, 8 _lapponicus_, 9, 46, 83, 100, 152, 160, 164, 296, 340 _livens_, 9 _lividus_, 9 _lucidus_, 9, 340 _nicaeensis_, 9, 46 _nigripes_, 256 _pallidus_, 9, 19, 47, 77, 100, 140, 153, 161, 296, 340; =pls. 7, 29= _panzeri_, 9, 47, 153, 160, 296 _panzeri_ var. _nigripes_, 9 _perspicillaris_, 9 _semenovi_, 9, 47, 152 spp., 19, 214, 297 _sylvester_, 9, 47, 326, 340 _sylvestris_, 9 _tadzihicus_, 9, 48 _vittiventer_, 9, 19, 48 _vittiventris_, 9

Edentata, 287

_Eleagnus_, 48

_Eleutheroda dytiscoides_, 9

_Ellipsidion affine_, 9, 48, 297, 327 _aurantium_, 9 _australe_, 9, 48, 155, 160, 297, 327 _bicolor_, 9, 48, 142 _pellucidum_, 9 _simulans_, 9, 48, 141 spp., 35, 48 _variegatum_, 9, 329

Elm, 38

_Embadomonas blattae_, 167

Embryophyta siphonogama, 140

Emydidae, 272

Encephalomyelitis virus, mouse, 104

Encyrtidae, 94, 243, 245

_Endamoeba blattae_, 101, 102, 168, 177-178 _coli_, 178 _javanica_, 178 _philippinensis_, 178 _thomsoni_, 179 versus _Entamoeba_, 177

Endamoebidae, 177

_Endolimax blattae_, 101, 180 _nana_, 180 sp., 180

Endomycetales, 133

_Entamoeba blattae_, 177 _blattarum_, 177 _coli_, 178, 179 _histolytica_, 179 _nana_, 180 _pitheci_, 179 sp., 179-180 _thomsoni_, 179

_Entedon hagenowii_, 236, 249

Enterobacteriaceae, 111

_Enterobius vermicularis_, 209

_Enterococcus_, 109

Entomophthorales, 133

_Ephestia kühniella_, 99

_Epilampra abdomen-nigrum_, 9, 31, 48, 77, 141, 147, 160, 164, 297 _annandalei_, 9, 31-32 _azteca_, 9, 48 _conferta_, 9, 297 _conspersa_, 9, 145 _grisea_, 9, 100 _maya_, 9, 85, 145, 147 _mexicana_, 9, 147 _mona_, 9, 48, 144 _notabilis_, 9, 319 _sodalis_, 9, 145 spp., 9, 32, 85, 89, 145-147, 263, 297, 326, 344 _tainana_, 9, 49 _wheeleri_, 9, 49, 297

Epilamprinae, 30, 326, 348 unidentified, 33

_Epimys norvegicus_, 287

Epiphytes, 34, 44 (see also Bromeliads)

_Epomphaloides ischnopterae_, 249

_Eremoblatta subdiaphana_, 9, 28, 316

_Ergaula capensis_, 9, 49, 77, 311 scarabaeoides, 9, 19

Ericaceae, 160

Erinaceidae, 283

_Erinaceus europaeus_, 283 sp., 283

_Erythrina glauca_, 35, 156

_Erythrocebus patas patas_, 180

_Escala circumducta_, 13 _longiuscula_, 13 sp., 10, 297

_Escherichia coli_, 112 _coli_ var. _acidilactici_, 112 _coli_ var. _communior_, 113 _freundii_, 113 _intermedium_, 113

"Espino rubial," 66, 155

_Estrildine_ sp., 318

_Euandroblatta palpalis_, 10, 28

Eubacteriales, 104

_Eublaberus posticus_, 10, 77, 89

Eucalyptus, 48, 231

_Eucalyptus_ sp., 160

_Eucharis_, 163

_Eucomonympha_, 102 _imla_, 175, 176

Eucomonymphidae, 176

_Eudromiella bicolorata_, 10, 49 _calcarata_, 10, 147

_Eugenia aromatica_, 160

_Euglena_ sp., 166

Euglenidae, 166

Euglenoidina, 166

Eulophidae, 94, 248

_Eulophus_, 250, 351

Eupelmidae, 94, 210, 245

_Eupelmus atriflagellum_, 247 sp., 247

Euphorbiaceae, 157

_Euphyllodromia angustata_, 10, 147 _liturifera_, 10, 49 _decastigmata_, 10

_Euryconema paradisa_, 194

_Eurycotis bananae_, 10, 47 _biolleyi_, 10, 49, 145, 158 _caraibea_, 10, 147 _carbonaria_, 10 _decipiens_, 10, 49, 346 _dimidiata_, 10, 49, 147 _ferrum-equinum_, 10, 49 _floridana_, 6, 10, 49-50, 77, 100, 140, 143, 144, 152, 162, 166, 171, 224, 255, 280, 297, 319, 326, 333, 334, 338, 339, 341, 345, 346; pls. 11, 29, 34 _galeoides_, 10, 50 _improcera_, 10, 297 _kevani_, 10, 50, 158 _lixa_, 10, 147 _manni_, 10, 298 _opaca_, 10, 50 _sabalianus_, 10

_Euscorpius carpathicus_, 212 _germanus_, 212 _italicus italicus_, 213

_Euthlastoblatta abortiva_, 10, 24, 50, 143

_Euthyrrhapha nigra_, 10, 19 _pacifica_, 10, 77

_Eutrichomastix_ sp., 169

_Eutrichosomella blattophaga_, 245

_Evania_, 237, 350 _abyssinica_, 239 _appendigaster_, 235, 236-237, =238=, 239, 350-352 _desjardinsii_, 236 _dimidiata_, 239 _impressa_, 242 _laevigata_, 236 _minuta_, 235 _princeps_, 235 _punctata_, 240 _sericea_, 242 sp., 237, 251 _subspinosa_, 239

Evaniidae, 93, 234-243

_Exothea paniculata_, 36, 158

Eyeworm, chicken, 68, 164, 204-205, 277, 278, 343

Fagaceae, 152

Felidae, 289

_Felis catus_, 289 _pardalis mearnsi_, 290

Fennel, 237

Fern, 44, 140, 164

Fig, 344

Fighting, intraspecies, 323, 336-337

Filarien, 202

Fir, Scotch, 140

Fish, 3, 268-269

Flacourtiaceae, 159

Flagellate, unidentified, 176

Flies, conopid, 228 ichneumon, 236 muscid, 229 phorid, 227 sand, 322 sarcophagid, 229 tachinid, 228

_Foeniculum vulgare_, 237

_Fondia_ sp., 318

Food, cockroaches as human, 286-287 contamination of, 83 of cockroaches, 16, 21, 31, 32, 45, 68, 72, 77, 83, 87, 162-166, 314, 318, 319-324

Forficulid, 339

Forficulidae, 226

_Formica_, 267 _omnivora_, 268 _rufa_, 316 _rufibarbis_, 312 sp., 316 _subcyanea_, 312

Formicariidae, 280

Formicas, 316

Formicidae, 267, 311

Formicinae, 311

Fossils, 14

Fowl, guinea, 343 jungle, 277

Fox, 288

_Freycinetia_ sp., 141

Fringillidae, 282

Frogs, 4, 270-272 tree, 270, 353

Fungi, 3, 127-139 hyperparasitic in protozoa, 178, 188 Imperfecti, 129

Fungus gardens, 313

_Fusiformis lophomonadis_, 119, 173

_Galebia aegyptiaca_, 195

_Galerita janus_, 347

Galliformes, 277

_Gallus_ sp., 277

_Gamocystis tenax_, 168, 184

Geckos, 273, 354

_Gekko gecko_, 272

Gekkonidae, 272

_Geomys_ sp., =24=

_Geoscapheus robustus_, 10, 319, 344

_Geotrichum candidum_, 131

Geraniaceae, 156

Geraniums, 156, 164

Gesneriaceae, 161

_Giardia intestinalis_, 171 sp., 172

Ginger, wild, 151

Glands, secretory, 345-347

_Glomeropitcairnia erectiflora_, 31, 144

Glyciphagidae, 218

Goat, 319

Goldenrod, 162

_Gongylonema ingluvicola_, 205 _neoplasticum_, 191, 206, 287 _pulchrum_, 192, 206 sp., 206

Gopher, pocket, 24

Gordiaceo, 202

Gordian worms, undetermined, 202; =pl. 29=

Gordiidae, 201

Gordioidea, 201

_Gordius_, 192 _aquaticus_, 201-202 _blattae orientalis_, 202 _orientalis_, 202 _pilosus_, 202 _raphaelis_, 202 sp., 202

_Gossypium_ spp., 158

"Gram positive rods," 127

Gramineae, 141

Grapefruit, 66, 67

_Graptoblatta notulata_, 10, 50-51, 141, 147, 151, 158-161, 163, 298, 339

Grass, 37, 40, 42-53, 55, 59-62, 64-66, 69, 141-142 bunch, 64 desert, 27-30 feather, 46 marram, 47 Rhodes, 39, 141 saw, 42, 50 wire, 41, 52

Grassquit, Carib, 282

Greenhouses, 68, 80, 81, 155, 157, 162-165, 342

_Gregarina blaberae_, 184 _blattae orientalis_, 181 _blattarum_, 168, 181-182 _fastidiosa_, 182 _gibbsi_, 182 _illinensis_, 183 _impetuosa_, 183 _légeri_, 183 _neo-brasiliensis_, 183 _ohioensis_, 183 _panchlorae_, 183 _parcoblattae_, 183 _rhyparobiae_, =168=, 183 _sandoni_, 183 _serpentula_, 184 _thomasi_, 184

Gregarine, 181; =pl. 28=

Gregarinida, 181 unidentified, 184

Gregarinidae, 181

Gregariousness, 328, 330-336 physiological effects, 334-335

_Grevisia_, 144

_Gromphadorhina laevigata_, 10, 330 _portentosa_, 10, 298, 330, 354; =pl. 12=

Gru-gru, 142

Grubs, 317, 319

Gryllacrididae, 226

Guano, 16, 18-23

Guanobies, 16-17, 19

Guava, 54, 63, 67

Guêpe ichneumon, 258

Guinea pigs, 288

Gum tree, 36, 53, 59, 61, 63, 155

Gumbo limbo, 43, 44, 157

_Gymnasio nudipes_, 279

_Gymnopithys leucaspis_, 280

_Gyna kazungulana_, 10, 19 _maculipennis_, 10, 19 sp., 298 _tristis_, 10, 20 _vetula_, 10

Habitats, 15 aquatic, 30-33, 48 beach, 36, 42, 47, 52, 53, 58, 63, 69 cave, 16-17 cultivated areas, 38, 39, 53, 58 desert, 25-30, 39, 59, 65, 67, 69 dumps and rubbish, 38-40, 50, 53, 55, 67, 69 flatwoods, 37, 41, 42, 53, 60 forest, 36-38, 40-47, 49-57, 59-66 grassland, 41, 42, 52, 53, 64 hammock, 41-43, 50, 52, 53, 59, 60, 68 marsh, 42, 50 outdoor, 33-70 rotten wood, 34, 35, 38, 44, 45, 47, 49-52, 56-63 sand dune, 47, 61 sandhills, 36, 41, 42, 47, 50, 52, 60 scrub, 36, 37, 40-42, 48, 50, 52, 55, 57-60, 62, 66, 67 soil, 37, 39, 49, 53, 55, 58, 60, 67, 68, 344 steppe, 46, 47 stones and rock, 29, 31-33, 36-40, 43, 45-57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 67-70 structures, 70-90 aircraft, 87-90, 232 land-based, 73-82 ships, 82-87, 232-233 swamp, 41, 42, 46, 51, 53, 58, 61, 63, 66, 68 winter, 38-39, 61, 71

Hackberry, 50

_Hadrurus arizonensis_, 213

Hamamelidaceae, 155

_Hammerschmidtiella diesingi_, 124, 190, 191, 195-196 _neyrae_, 196 _neyrai_, 196

Haplosporidia, 185

_Haplosporidium periplanetae_, 185

_Harpalus pennsylvanicus_, 229

_Hartmannella blattae_, 177

Heather, 46, 47, 160

_Hebardina concinna_, 10, 278

Hedgehog, 4, 283, 354

_Hedychium_, 163

_Helianthus_ sp., 162

_Heliconia_, =40=

Helminths, 2-3, 190-210 cockroaches as intermediate hosts, 203-207 cockroaches as primary hosts, 192-202 ova carried by cockroaches, 208-210

_Hemiblabera brunneri_, 10, 51, 156

_Hemidactylus frenatus_, 272

Hemiptera, 226, 348

_Hemithyrsocera histrio_, 7

Hemlock, 44

_Henicotyle antillarum_, 10, 51

_Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus_, 289 sp., 289

_Herpetomonas periplanetae_, 167

_Herpomyces_, 93, 127-129 _amazonicus_, 134 _anaplectae_, 134 _appendiculatus_, 134 _arietinus_, 128, 134-135; =pl. 27= _chaetophilus_, 135 _chilensis_, 135 _diplopterae_, 135 _ectobiae_, 135 _forficularis_, 135 _gracilis_, 135 _grenadinus_, 136 _leurolestis_, 136 _lobopterae_, 136 _macropus_, 136 _nyctoborae_, 136 _panchlorae_, 136 _panesthiae_, 136 _paranensis_, 136 _periplanetae_, 137, 138 _phyllodromiae_, 137 _platyzosteriae_, 137 _stylopygae_, 128, 137-138; =pl. 27= _supellae_, 138 _tricuspidatus_, 138 _zanzibarinus_, 138

_Heterodon contortrix_, 276 _platyrhinos_, 276

_Heterogamia aegyptiaca_, 13

_Heterogamodes krügeri_, 10, 20 _roseni_, 7 _rugosa_, 10, 28

_Heterometrus longemanus_, 211, 213

_Heteropoda regia_, 215 _venatoria_, 215; =pl. 30=

Heteroptera, 318

_Hexamita_, 102 _cryptocerci_, 171 _periplanetae_, 171 sp., 171

Hexamitidae, 171

2-hexenal, 6, 280, 345-346

Hibiscus, 36, 40, 68, 158

_Hibiscus rosa-sinensis_, 68, 158

Hickory, 53, 60, 61, 63

_Hierodula tenuidentata_, 224-225, 355; =pl. 32=

_Histiostoma feroniarum_, 217

_Holocompsa azteca_, 10, 77 _cyanea_, 10, 78 _fulva_, 10, 298 _metallica_, 10, 51 _nitidula_, 10, 78, 148, 339 _zapoteca_, 10, 20

_Hololampra bivittata_, 10, 51 _chavesi_, 10, 51, 155 _maculata_, 10, 51 _marginata_, 10, 51 _punctata_, 10, 298 sp., 51

_Hololeptoblatta_ sp., 51, 141

Holomastigotidae, 172

_Holoquiscalus brachypterus_, 282

Holotricha, 186

_Homalodemas cruralis_, 9

_Homalopteryx laminata_, 10, 52, 151 _scotti_, 9

Hominidae, 286

_Homo sapiens_, 286

Honeydew, 237, 242

Hookworm, ova, 210

Hoplonymphidae, 173

_Hoplosphoropyga babaulti_, 10, 20

_Hormetica apolinari_, 10, 51 _laevigata_, 10, 52, 143, 145, 148 spp., 148 _ventralis_, 10, 148

_Hormurus caudicula_, 213

Hornbill, gray, 279

Huckleberry, 43, 57

Humidity reactions, 35, 72, 129

_Hygrocrocis intestinalis_, 124

Hygroreceptors, 72

Hygrotaxis, 72, 331

_Hyla cinerea_, 270

Hylidae, 270

Hymenolepididae, 208

_Hymenolepis diminuta_, 203 sp., 208

Hymenoptera, 2, 234, 311 cockroach-hunting wasps, 255-266 host selection by egg parasites, 254-255 hosts of commensal cockroaches, 311-314 predators and parasites of cockroach eggs, 234-254

Hypermastigina, 172

_Hyperolius picturatus_, 271

_Hypoaspis_ sp., 217

Hypocreaceae, 134

Hypocreales, 134

_Hyporhicnoda_, 146

_Hyptia dorsalis_, 239 _harpyoides_, 239; =pl. 33= _reticulata_, 239, 240 sp., 240 _thoracica_, 239, 240

Icteridae, 282

_Icterus portoricensis_, 280

_Idionympha perissa_, 174

_Ignabolivaria bilobata_, 10, 52

Iguanidae, 273

_Ilex cassine_, 66, 158 _coriacea_, 41, 158 _lucida_, 41, 158 _rotunda_, 257

Incertae sedis, fungi, 139 protozoa, 176

_Inermicapsifer madagascariensis_, 203

Infestations of cockroaches, 331

_Inga laurina_, 35, 156 _vera_, 35, 66, 67, 156, 317

Insecta, 224-268

Insectivora, 283

_Inuus sylvanus_, 286

Invertebrates in biological control, 349-352

_Iodamoeba_ sp., 180

_Iolina nana_, 219

Iolinidae, 219

_Ipomoea tiliasea_, 66, 161

_Iridomyrmex humilis_, 268, 319

Ironwood, 164

_Ischnomyrmex_ sp., 316

_Ischnoptera_, 134-135, 319 _borealis_, 12 _cavernicola_, 14 _couloniana_, 12 _deropeltiformis_, 10, 52, 142, 164, 298, 316, 336, 355; =pl. 12A= _divisa_, 12 _insolita_, 12 _major_, 12 _panamae_, 10, 53 _pennsylvanica_, 12 _podoces_, 10, 53, 340 _remyi_, 14 _rufa occidentalis_, 10, 78, 145 _rufa rufa_, 10, 53, 78, 89, 148, 161, 298 _rufescens_, 82 _schenklingi_, 10, 142 spp., 85, 89, 267, 298, 316 _uhleriana_, 12 _uhleriana fulvescens_, 12

Ischnuridae, 213

Isoptera, 310

_Isotricha caulleryi_, 187

Isotrichidae, 187

Jasmine, 45

_Jasminum pubescens_, 45

Jay, blue, 280 Florida, 280

Júcaro, 66

Juniper, 59

_Juniperus_ sp., 65, 141

_Jussiaea natans_, 160, 164

_Kakerlac schaefferi_, 12

Kakkerlac, 260

_Karnyia discoidalis_, 10, 298

Kiawe tree, 164

Kingbird, grey, 35, 318

_Klebsiella pneumoniae_, 113

Kojukei, 277

_Kuchinga hemerobina_, 10, 298 _remota_, 10, 141, 148

Küchenschaben, 100, 169, 171-173, 188

Laboulbeniaceae, 127, 134

Laboulbeniales, 134

_Lactobacillus fermenti_, 109

Lactobacteriaceae, 109

Laelaptidae, 216

_Lamproblatta albipalpus_, 10, 53, 148 _meridionalis_, 10, 53

Lampyrid, undetermined, 230; =pl. 33=

Lampyridae, 230

Laniidae, 281

_Lanius ludovicianus_, 281

Larvaevoridae, 228

_Lasius alienus_, 268

_Lastrea aristata_, 163

_Latiblattella chichimeca_, 10, 54, 145 _lucifrons_, 11, 54, 146, 255 _rehni_, 11, 54, 140, 144, 339 spp., 85, 148 _vitrea_, 11, 143 _zapoteca_, 11, 54

_Latindia armata_, 8

_Latrodectus indistinctus_, 215-216 _mactans_, 216

Lauraceae, 153

Leafhoppers, 320

Legumes, 165

Leguminosae, 155

_Leidynema appendiculata_, 124, 190, 191, 196-198 _appendiculata_ var. _americana_, 197 _appendiculata_ var. _hispana_, 197 _appendiculata_ var. _indiana_, 197 _cranifera_, 198 _delatorrei_, 198 _nocalum_, 198

_Leidynemella fusiformis_, 198 _panesthiae_, 198 _paracranifera_, 198

_Leiolopisma laterale_, 274

_Lemur coronatus_, 283 _fulvus_, 283 _tardigradus_, 284

Lemuridae, 283

_Leontocebus oedipus_, 285 _rosalia_, 285 _ursulus_, 285

Lepidoptera, 316-318

_Lepomis pallidus_, 269

_Leptodactylus albilabris_, 271 _pentadactylus_, 271

_Leptomonas blaberae_, 167 sp., 167

_Leptopelis calcaratus_, 271 _rufus_, 271

_Leptospironympha_, 102 _eupora_, 172 _rudis_, 172 _wachula_, 172

Lesser apple worm, 65

_Leucophaea maderae_, 11, 54, 70, 71, 78, 86, 89, 119, 148, 162, 168, 171, 203, 204, 213, 224, 236, 247, 299, 322, 329, 330, 333, 335, 339, 342, 347; =pls. 13, 28= sp., 299 _striata_, 13 _surinamensis_, 13

_Leurolestes circumvagans_, 11, 78 _pallidus_, 11, 71, 78, 299, 339

Lice, plant, 320

Lichens, 47, 51, 56, 64, 153

Liliaceae, 146

_Lily_, Brig, 84

Lily, Easter, 146, 164

Lime, 45, 66, 157, 164

_Liopicus mahrattensis_, 279

_Liquidambar styraciflua_, 155

_Lissoblatta fulgida_, 13, 157

Litopeltis biolleyi, 11, 54, 145 _bispinosa_, 11, 54, 58, 145, 148 _deianira_, 11, 54 _musarum_, 11, 54, 148 spp., 334

Lizards, 272-276, 353-354

_Lobogynioides_, 217

_Lobolampra subaptera_, 11, 55

_Loboptera decipiens_, 11, 55, 100, 299, 326, 350 _dimidiatipes_, 11 _extranea_, 11 _sakalava_, 11 sp., 299 _thaxteri_, 11, 55

_Lobopterella dimidiatipes_, 11, 55, 299, 338

_Locustacarus_ sp., 219

_Lophoblatta arawaka_, 11, 55, 142

_Lophocerus birostris_, 279

Lophomonadidae, 172

_Lophomonas_, 101 _blattarum_, 101, 168, 172-173 _striata_, 101, 119, 168, 173 _sulcata_, 173

_Loris tardigradus_, 284

Lorisidae, 284

_Lycolaimus_, 192

_Lycosa avida_, 216 _helluo_, 216, 347 sp., 216; =pl. 30=

Lycosidae, 216

Lygaeidae, 226

_Lymantria monacha_, 121

_Macaca cyclopis_, 179 _mulatta_, 286 _rhesus_, 286 _sylvanus_, 286

Macaque, 286

_Macropanesthia rhinocerus_, 11, 55, 344

_Macrospironympha_, 102 _xylopletha_, 172

_Macrotermes barneyi_, 311 _bellicosus_, 311 _malaccensis_, 311 _natalensis_, 311

Maize, 55, 64, 142

_Malleomyces mallei_, 119

Malojillo, 31, 48, 141

Malpighian tubules, parasites in, 177, 185, 186

Malvaceae, 158

_Mamestra oleracea_, 120

Mammalia, 283, 354

Mammals, 3, 283

_Mangifera indica_, 157

Mangoes, 45, 157, 164

Mangrove, 36, 42, 53, 66

Mantidae, 224

Mantis, Carolina, 225 Chinese, 226 European, 225

_Mantis religiosa_, 225

Maple, 61-63

_Marava arachidis_, 339

_Mareta acutiventris_, 11, 317

_Maretina uahuka_, 11, 142, 155

_Margattea sp._, 317

Marsupialia, 283

Mastigophora, 166

_Mastigoproctus giganteus_, 211 sp., 211

Maze, 335

Mediterranean fruitfly, 252

Megachilidae, 314

_Megalixalus fornasinii_, 271

_Megaloblatta blaberoides_, 11, 55 _rufipes_, 11

_Megalopyge krugii_, 35, 317

_Megamareta verticalis_, 11, 56, 141

_Megaselia_ sp., 227

_Melanerpes portoricensis_, 280

_Melanosilpha capensis_, 11, 299

Meleagrididae, 278

_Meleagris gallopavo_, 278

_Meles_ sp., 289

_Melipona nigra_, 314

_Melittobia chalybii_, 248

_Memnoniella echinata_, 132

_Mermis_, 192, 202

Mermithidae, 192

Mermithids, undetermined, 192; =pl. 29=

Mermithoidea, 192

Mesquite, 37, 58, 156

_Mestocharomyia oophaga_, 248

_Metallyticus semiaeneus_, 225

_Metarrhizium anisopliae_, 131

_Metrosideros collina_, 160

_Methana canae_, 11, 56, 326 _curvigera_, 11, 56, 155, 326 _marginalis_, 11, 56, 79, 326

Methionine, 101

Micrococcaceae, 106

_Micrococcus aurantiacus_, 106 _citreus_, 106 _epidermidis_, 106 _nigrofaciens_, 106 _pyogenes_ var. _albus_, 106-107 _pyogenes_ var. _aureus_, 107 spp., 107, 108 _ureae_, 107

Microhabitats, 16-17, 25-26, 30-31, 33-35, 70-74

Microsporidia, 185

_Microtetrameres helix_, 206

_Midas rosalia_, 285

Mimicry, 6, 347-348

Mimosa, 57

Mines, 16, 19-21, 23

_Miroblatta silphoides_, 10

_Mirotermes_, 102

Mites, 2, 3, 211, 216-222, 318, 320 cheese, 222 cockroach, 219, 221 control, 222 mushroom, 218 unidentified, 220

Molossidae, 283

_Molossus_ sp., 283

_Moluchia (?) dahli_, 11, 56

Monadidae, 167

_Monas_ sp., 167

_Monastria biguttata_, 11, 344 sp., 299

Mongoose, 289, 354

Monilaceae, 130

Moniliales, 129

Moniliformidae, 203

_Moniliformis dubius_, 203, 270, 271, 276 _kalahariensis_, 203 _moniliformis_, 191, 204

Monkey, 4, 284-286, 343 Canal Zone night, 284 Darien black spider, 284 white-faced, 284

_Monocercomonas orthopterorum_, 169

_Monocercomonoides_, 102 _globus_, 169 _melolonthae_, 168, 169 _orthopterorum_, 169-170 _panesthiae_, 170

_Monodelphis_ sp., 283

_Mononychoblatta_, 26

Moraceae, 153

Mosquitoes, 322

Moss, 46, 47, 56, 64 Spanish, 54, 144

"Mouche bleue, La," 260

Mouse, 103-104 sand, 24 white-footed, 24, 205

_Mucor guilliermondii_, 132 sp., 132

Mucoraceae, 132

Mucorales, 132

Muridae, 287

Murorinae, 129

_Mus decumanus_, 287 _musculus_, 287

_Musa_ (see banana)

Musaceae, 146

Muscidae, 229

Mustelidae, 289

Mutant, white-eyed, 21

Mutualism, 92, 96-102

Mutuals, 95

_Muzoa madida_, 11, 56

Mycetozoa, 176

Mycobacteriaceae, 123

_Mycobacterium avium_, 123 _friedmannii_, 123 _lacticola_, 123 _leprae_, 123 _lepraemurium_, 123 _phlei_, 123 _piscium_, 124 spp., 124 _tuberculosis_, 124

Myna (mynah), 281

_Myrica cerifera_, 43, 152

Myricaceae, 152

_Myrmeblattina longipes_, 11, 314

_Myrmecoblatta rehni_, 11, 312 _wheeleri_, 11, 314

Myrmecophiles, 311-314, 316

_Myrmicaria natalensis_, 316

Myrmicinae, 312

Myrtaceae, 160

_Namablatta bitaeniata_, 11, 28

_Nasua narica_, 288 _nasua_, 288 sp., 289

_Nasutitermes costalis_, 317

_Nauclidas nigra_, 11, 56, 148, 326, 327

_Nauphoeta bivittata_, 11 _brazzae_, 11 _cinerea_, 11, 70, 79, 86, 89, 100, 115, 116, 123, 162, 163, 192, 224-226, 259, 299, 324, 330, 335, 337, 339; =pl. 14= _flexivitta_, 11, 148, 163 _punctipennis_, 11, 28

_Necator americanus_, 210

_Nectandra coriacea_, 43, 153

_Neisseria meningitidis_, 109

Neisseriaceae, 109

_Nelipophygus ramsdeni_, 11, 56

Nematoda, 192, 204, 209

Nematodes, 2-3, 190-192, 204, 209 undetermined, 201

Nematomorpha, 201

_Neoaplectana chresima_, 192-193 sp., 192

_Neoblattella brunneriana_, 11, 145 _carcinus_, 11, 148 _celeripes_, 11, 148, 324 _detersa_, 11, 56, 148 _dryas_, 11, 56, 145, 160, 340 _eurydice_, 11, 57, 145, 340 _fratercula_, 11, 86, 145, 148 _fraterna_, 11, 86 _grossbecki_, 11, 57, 145 _laodamia_, 11, 148 _nahua_, 11, 86, 145 _proserpina_, 11, 57, 145, 160, 339 _semota_, 11, 57, 148 spp., 79, 86, 89, 148, 149, 324 _tridens_, 11, 148 _vatia_, 11, 148

_Neonephrites partiniger_, 230

_Neorhipidius neoxenus_, 230

_Neostylopyga rhombifolia_, 11, 70, 77, 79, 86, 138, 209, 210, 224, 255, 259, 272, 273, 280, 300, 346; =pl. 15=

_Neotoma_ sp., 23-25, 37, 50

Nepenthaceae, 154

_Nepenthes ampularia_, 154 _gracilis_, 154 sp., 154

_Nephrites australis_, 231 _nitidus_ Riek not Shuckard, 231 sp., 231

Nepidae, 227

_Nesomylacris cubensis_, 11, 57 _relica_, 11, 57, 145

Nests, ant, 27, 311-314, 316 bird, 35, 318 insect, 35, 43, 66, 67, 69, 156, 317, 318 rodent, 23-25, 37, 50 spider, 215-216, 317

Neuroptera, 227

_Nicotiana_ sp., 161

_Nocardia_ sp., 124

"_Nocticola" azteca_, 149

_Nocticola_, 17, 149 _bolivari_, 11, 17, 57 _caeca_, 11, 20 _decaryi_, 11, 20 _simoni_, 12, 20 _sinensis_, 12, 311 _termitophila_, 12, 311

_Nosema periplanetae_, 185, 186

Nosematidae, 185

_Nothoblatta wasmanni_, 12, 312

_Notila proteus_, 170

_Notolampra antillarum_, 12, 144, 159

_Nucleophaga_ sp., 178

_Nyctibora azteca_, 12, 149 _brunnea_, 12, 145 _holosericea_, 12, 149 _laevigata_, 12, 57, 145, 149, 339 _latipennis_, 12 _lutzi_, 12, 57, 145, 317 _mexicana_, 12, 149 _noctivaga_, 12, 86, 100, 145, 149 _obscura_, 12, 57, 149, 300 _sericea_, 12, 149 spp., 86, 149, 300 _stygia_, 12, 58, 156 _tomentosa_, 12, 300

_Nyctotherus_, 92, 101, 102 _buissoni_, 188 _ovalis_, 101, 102, 168, 188 _uichanci_, 188 _viannai_, 189

_Nymphytria_, 26

Oak, 36-38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 52, 53, 59-66, 152-153

Oats, wild, 52, 142

Ocelot, 290

_Ocneria dispar_, 126

_Ocotea catesbyana_, 43, 153

_Octomitus periplanetae_, 171

Odonata, 224

_Odontomachus affinis_, 314 _clarus_, 316 _haematodes insularis_ var. _pallens_, 316

_Odontotermes_ sp., 311

Oikomonadidae, 166

_Oikomonas blattarum_, 166 sp., 166, 167

Oligacanthorhynchidae, 203

Onagraceae, 160

_Oniscosoma granicollis_, 12, 300 spp., 58, 344

Oöthecae, concealment of, 47, 61, 63, 325-327

_Ophion luteus_, 261

_Opisthoplatia maculata_, 12, 30, 32-33 _orientalis_, 12, 33, 58

Orange, 45, 157, 164

Orangutan, 70

Orchidaceae, 151

Orchids, 151, 162-163, 164, 237

Origins of domiciliary cockroaches, 70-71

Oriole, Puerto Rican, 280

Oriolidae, 280

Orthoptera, 2, 15, 16, 25, 34, 85, 88, 224

_Oulopteryx meliponarum_, 12, 314

Ovipositor, cockroach, 15

Owls, 276, 353 bare-legged, 279

_Oxyhaloa buprestoides_, 12, 70, 79, 86 _deusta_, 12, 149

Oxymonadidae, 170

_Oxymonas_, 102 _doroaxostylus_, 170 _nana_, 170

_Oxyspirura mansoni_, 68, 191, 204-205, 278

Oxyuridae, 209

_Oxyuris aegyptiaca_, 195 _australasiae_, 199 _blattae_, 193, 196 _blattae orientalis_, 195, 196 _blatticola_, 193 _bulhõesi_, 200 _diesingi_, 195 (?) _heterogamiae_, 199 _künckeli_, 199 _macrura_, 195 _panesthiae_, 198

Oxyuroidea, 193, 204, 209

_Palamnaeus_, 211

_Palissota_, 34

_Paliurus aculeatus_, 38

_Pallasiomys meridionalis pennicilliger_, 24

Palmae, 141

Palmetto, 37, 49, 50, 57, 62, 64, 67, 166

Palms, 45, 50, 52, 58, 64, 143, 150, 164 coconut, 36, 40, 42, 50, 53, 56, 58, 64, 68, 143 date, 143 royal, 54, 143 sago, 166

_Pan_ sp., 286

_Panchlora antillarum_, 12, 58, 143, 149 _cubensis_, 12 _exoleta_, 12, 150, 300 _fraterna_, 12, 150 _maderae_, 11 _nivea_, 12, 58, 79, 86, 89, 142, 150, 300; =pl. 16= _peruana_, 12, 150 _sagax_, 12, 58, 150 spp., 150, 324 _virescens_, 12, 150

Panchlorinae, 231

Pandanaceae, 141

_Pandanus_, 51, 141, 150

_Panesthia_, 102 _angustipennis_, 12, 100, 300 _australis_, 12, 58, 301, 327, 354; =pl. 8= "_brevicollis_," 194 _javanica_, 12 _laevicollis_, 12, 58, 301, 327 _lobipennis_, 12, 301 spp., 301, 328 _spadica_, 12, 301

_Panicum barbinode_, 141 _purpurascens_, 141

Papayas, 45, 159, 164

_Papio papio_, 286

_Parabuthus capensis_, 212

_Parachordodes raphaelis_, 202

_Paraclevelandia brevis_, 190 _simplex_, 190

_Paracolobactrum aerogenoides_, 113 _coliforme_, 113 spp., 113

_Paradisea papuana_, 280

_Parahormetica bilobata_, 12, 301

Parameciidae, 186

_Paramecium_ sp., 186-187

_Paranephrites xenus_, 230

_Parapolyphaga erectipilis_, 9-10

Parasites, 91, 95-96; =pls. 16, 27, 29, 35= cockroach egg, 2, 234-254, 350-352; =pls. 33, 34= host selection by, 254-255

Parasitism, 91-94

_Parcoblatta_, 350 _americana_, 12, 267 _bolliana_, 12, 59, 338 _caudelli_, 12, 59 _desertae_, 12, 25, 29, 59, 316 _divisa_, 12, 59, 140, 152, 153, 155 _fulvescens_, 12, 24, 59-60, 79, 140 _lata_, 12, 60, 79, 100, 140, 152, 301, 333, 339 _notha_, 12, 80 _pensylvanica_, 12, 15, 61, 80, 100, 152, 153, 257, 302, 318, 319, 327, 333, 339; =pl. 17= spp., 17, 20, 63, 144, 206, 302, 316, 333, 336 _uhleriana_, 12, 15, 61-62, 100, 302, 339; =pls. 18, 33= _virginica_, 12, 15, 62-63, 100, 230, 255, 257, 258, 302, 316, 323, 333; =pls. 17, 27, 33= _zebra_, 12, 63, 140, 155

_Parinarium_, 34

Parsley, 237

Parsnip, 240

Partridge, 278

Parvobacteriaceae, 119

_Passer domesticus_, 282

Passeriformes, 280

_Passiflora_ sp., 37, 159

Passifloraceae, 159

_Pasteurella multocida_, 119 _pestis_, 119

_Pastinaca sativa_, 240

_Paxylomma buccata_, 255

_p_-benzoquinone, 216, 347

p-chlorophenyl, p-chlorobenzene sulfonate, 222

Pedipalpida, 211

_Pelmatosilpha coriacea_, 12, 63, 142, 150, 151, 160 _kevani_, 12, 63 _marginalis_, 12, 150, 326 _purpurascens_, 12, 63, 150, 326 _rotundata_, 12, 145 _vagabunda_, 12, 150

_Peltomyces blattellae_, 176 _periplanetae_, 176-177

_Penicillium sp._, 131

_Periplaneta americana_, 12, 17, 20, 63-64, 70, 71, 80, 83, 84, 87, 89, 98-101, 103, 104, 106, 126, 129, 143, 150, 151, 56, 162, 163, 166, 190, 191, 205, 211-213, 223, 225, 226, 229, 245, 255, 271, 272, 276, 280, 302-304, 318, 320, 321, 323-327, 332, 334-336, 338-340, 342, 346-348, 350-352, 354; =pls. 19, 33, 34, 35= _australasiae_, 12, 21, 55, 64, 70, 71, 80, 87, 89, 100, 105, 115, 117, 123, 143, 150, 151, 153, 158, 159, 163, 209, 210, 214, 225, 304-305, 318-320, 323, 326, 327, 333, 335, 338, 339, 341, 342, 348, 350, 351, 354; =pls. 20, 32= _brunnea_, 12, 64, 70, 80, 150, 153, 171, 305, 323, 325-326, 340, 346; =pl. 21= _cavernicola_, 12, 16, 21 _fortipes_, 13 _fuliginosa_, 12, 64, 81, 158, 164, 251, 277, 305, 327, 335, 338; =pl. 22= _ignota_, 12, 81, 115, 327 _lata_, 12, 21 _orientalis_, 8 _picea_, 12 spp., 21, 90, 305-306, 317, 352 _tartara_, 8

_Periplaneticola mirzaia_, 193

_Perisphaerus armadillo_, 12, 329 _glomeriformis_, 12, 329, 347 sp., 21, 329

Periwinkle, 47

Permian, 14

_Perodicticus potto_, 284

_Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis_, 205 _polionotus rhoadsi_, 24

_Petitia domingensis_, 66, 317

_Petroselium crispum_, 237

_Phaetalia pallida_, 12, 81

Phasianidae, 277

_Phasianus calchicus karpowi_, 277 sp., 277

Pheasants, 277

_Pheidole megacephala_, 268

_Phidon (?) dubius_, 13, 64

_Phileciton longipes_, 314

_Philip_, Ship, 83

_Philodromus pernix_, 318

_Phlebonotus pallens_, 13, 329

_Phlebotomus papatasii_, 322

_Phoenix dactylifera_, 143

_Pholadoblatta inusitata_, 13, 316

Phoraspidinae, 329

_Phoraspis_ sp., 64, 142

Phoridae, 227

_Phormictopus cancerides_, 214

_Phorticolea boliviae_, 13, 311, 314 _testacea_, 13, 312

_Phryganoporus_, 317

Phycomycetes, 132

_Phyllodromia germanica_, 8 _hemerobina_, 10 _hieroglyphica_, 10 _humbertiana_, 8 _nigrocincta_, 14 _obtusata_, 7 _parenthesis_, 14 spp., 306, 352 _supellectilium_, 13-14 _treitliana_, 13, 245

_Phyllodromica brevipennis_, 13, 64 _graeca_, 13, 65 _irinae_, 13, 65 _maculata_, 13, 65 _megerlei_, 13, 65, 153 _polita_, 13, 65 _pygmaea_, 13, 65, 141 _tartara_, 13, 65 _tartara nigrescens_, 13, 65, 141, 162

_Physaloptera hispida_, 191, 207 _maxillaris_, 191, 207, 288, 289 _praeputialis_, 207 _rara_, 191, 207, 288, 289 _turgida_, 191, 207

Physalopteridae, 207

_Physignathus lesueurii_, 275

Phytoseiidae, 216

Picidae, 279

Piciformes, 279

Pigeon, 279, 343

_Pileocephalus blaberae_, 184

_Pilocrocis secernalis_, 66, 317

_Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus_, 219-221, 320

Pimelodidae, 268

Pinaceae, 140

Pine, 36, 41-44, 46, 47, 49-54, 57, 59-67, 140

Pineapple, 39, 45, 68, 144, 165

_Pinus australis_, 140 _caribaea_, 50, 52, 53, 59, 64, 140 _clausa_, 53, 140 _echinata_, 140 spp., 40 _sylvestris_, 140

Pisces, 268

_Plagiotoma blattarum_, 188

Plants, carnivorous, 154 damage to, by cockroaches, 162-166 higher, 139-162 pitcher, 154

Platyhelminthes, 208

_Platyzosteria analis_, 13, 306 _armata_, 13, 100 _bifida_, 13, 151 _castanea_, 13, 65, 306, 345 _ingens_, 10 _novae seelandiae_, 13, 65, 306, 321, 346; =pl. 23= _novae-zealandiae_, 13 _sabalianus_, 10 _scabra_, 13, 306 sp., 306

_Plectoptera dominicae_, 13, 66, 157 _dorsalis_, 13, 66, 67, 81, 142, 143, 151, 155-158, 160, 161, 317 _floridana_, 13 _infulata_, 13, 66, 142, 155, 156-158, 317 _lacerna_, 13, 66, 140, 153 _perscita_, 13, 66, 157 _poeyi_, 13, 66, 158, 159 _porcellana_, 13, 66, 157, 162 _pygmaea_, 13, 66 _rhabdota_, 13, 66, 67, 142, 155-158, 160, 317 sp., 306 _vermiculata_, 13, 67, 140

_Pleistophora periplanetae_, 186

_Plethodon glutinosus_, 269

Plethodontidae, 269

_Plistophora kudoi_, 185-186 _periplanetae_, 177, 185, 186 sp., 186

Ploceinae, 318

_Ploceus_ sp., 318

_Plumiger histrio_, 7

Plumilla, 35

_Pneumococcus_, 109

_Podapolipodidae_, 219

_Podium abdominale_, 265 _carolina_, 265 _dubium_, 265 _flavipenne_, 265-266 _haematogastrum_, 263, 266, 352 _luctuosum_, 266 _rufipes_, 266 sp., 266

_Podocarpus_, 42

_Pogonomyrmex badius_, 346, 347; =pl. 36=

_Poinsettia_ sp., 157

Poinsettias, 164

Polecat, 4

Poliomyelitis viruses, 3, 103

_Polistes_, 318, 319

_Polybia pygmaea_, 314

_"Polygamia" aegyptiaca_, 13 _roseni_, 7

Polymastigidae, 169

Polymastigina, 169

_Polymastix_, 101

_Polyphaga aegyptiaca_, 13, 21, 24, 25, 29, 67, 81, 100, 190, 306 _indica_, 13, 24, 29, 317 _pellucida_, 13 _saussurei_, 13, 24, 29, 67, 71, 81, 114, 115, 117-119, 306 sp., =21=

Polyphagids, 344

Polyphaginae, 25

Polypodiaceae, 140

_Polystichum aristatum_, 163

_Polyzosteria analis_, 13 _limbata_, 13, 67 _melanaria_, 13, 306

Pomarrosa, 160

Pompilidae, 256

_Pompilus bracatus_, 256 sp., 256

Ponerinae, 314

Pongidae, 286

Ponies, pit (mine), 16, 23

_Populus diversifolia_, 152 _euphratica_, 47, 152 sp., 152

_Poroblatta nigra_, 11 spp., 67

_Potamotrygon humboldti_, 268 _hystrix_, 268

Potamotrygontidae, 268

Potato, 165

Potto, 284

Poultry, 276-278, 353

Prairie dog, 24

Predation, interspecies, 92, 319-322 intraspecies, 92, 322-324

Predatism, 91-95

Predators, 91, 96, 319 defense against, 343-348 of cockroach eggs, 234

Prey, experimental, 4 natural, 4

Primates, 283

_Pritchardia_, 64, 163

Privies (latrines), cockroaches in, 74, 80, 81, 178, 340

Procyonidae, 288

_Prodenia litula_, 320

_Prolabia_, 339

_Prolophomonas tocopola_, 173

_Prosevania punctata_, 240-242, 254-255, 351; =pl. 33=

_Prosoplecta_, 348

_Prosthenorchis elegans_, 203, 283, 285, 286, 288-290 _spirula_, 203, 283, 286, 288-290

_Proteus mirabilis_, 114 _morganii_, 114 _rettgeri_, 114 spp., 114 _vulgaris_, 114

_Protomagalhaesia serpentula_, 168, 184

_Protomonadina_, 166

_Protospirura bonnei_, 206 _columbiana_, 206 _muricola_, 191, 206, 284

Protozoa, 2, 92, 101-103, 166-190 cultured in vitro, 170, 178, 179, 188

_Protrelleta floridana_, 199

_Protrellina_, 199 _aurifluus_, 199 _australasiae_, 199 _galebi_, 199 _künckeli_, 199 _manni_, 200 _phyllodromi_, 200

_Protrelloides paradoxa_, 200

_Protrellus aureus_, 199 _aurifluus_, 199 _australasiae_, 199 _galebi_, 199 _künckeli_, 199 _manni_, 200 _phyllodromi_, 200

_Pseudoderopeltis aethiopica_, 13, 100

Pseudomonadaceae, 104

_Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, 104 _eisenbergii_, 105 _fluorescens_, 105

Pseudomopinae, 60, 230, 231

_Pseudomops cincta_, 13, 319 _laticornis_, 13, 145 _septentrionalis_, 13, 67, 162

_Pseudophoraspis nebulosa_, 13, 81, 328

Pseudosaccharomycetaceae, 129

_Psidium guajava_, 67, 160

Psocoptera, 318

Pteridophyta, 139

Pteromalidae, 247

_Pteromalus_ sp., 247, 248

_Pterygosomidae_, 219

_Pycnosceloides aporus_, 12, 58

_Pycnoscelus niger_, 13, 22 _striatus_, 13, 22 _surinamensis_, 2, 13, 22, 25, 67-68, 70, 71, 81, 87, 90, 100, 138, 139, 142-146, 151, 152, 155-157, 161-165, 191, 212, 229, 259, 279, 280, 282, 306-307, 324, 330, 333, 335, 338, 341-343, 350, 353; =pl. 24=

_Pyrus_ sp., 62

Quail, Japanese, 277

_Quercus alba_, 152 _pubescens_, 38 _rubra_, 152 spp., 153 _virginiana_, 152

Quinones, 347

_Rana catesbeiana_, 271 _mascareniensis_, 271 _pipiens_, 271, 345

_Ranatra_ sp., 227

Ranidae, 270

Rats, 4, 287 kangaroo, 23, 26 Norway, 287 wood, 23, 26

_Rattus norvegicus_, 287 _rattus_, 287 spp., 287

Reduviidae, 227

Reduviids, undetermined, 227

_Reduvius christophi_, 227 _fedtschenkianus_, 227

_Renealmia_ sp., 151

Repellents, 345-347

Reptiles, 3, 272-276, 353 eggs of, 320

Reptilia, 272-276

_Reticulitermes_ sp., 317

_Retortamonas blattae_, 167, 168 _orthopterorum_, 169 sp., 167

Rhabditoidea, 192

_Rhamdia sebae_, 268

_Rhantus pacificus_, 230

_Rhicnoda natatrix_, 13, 33 sp., 146

_Rhinopsis caniculatus_, 257

Rhinotermitidae, 310

_Rhipidioides ableptus_, 230 _adynatus_, 230 _fuscatus_, 230 _helenae_, 230 _mollis_, 231 _rubricatus_, 231

_Rhipidius_, 230

Rhipiphoridae, 230

Rhizobiaceae, 106

_Rhizoglyphus tarsalus_, 218

_Rhizophora mangle_, 36, 159

Rhizophoracea, 159

_Rhizopus nigricans_, 133 sp., 133

_Rhombomys opimus_, 24

_Rhynchonympha_, 102 _tarda_, 174, 175

_Rhyparobia maderae_, 11

Rhythms, diurnal, 335

_Rhytidometopum dissimile_, 13, 68, 158

_Riatia fulgida_, 13, 157 _orientis_, 13, 68, 158

Riboflavin, 101

_Rictularia coloradensis_, 192, 205

_Riekella australis_, 231 _nitidioides_, 231 sp., 231

Ripidiini, biology of Australian, 231

_Ripidius_, 230 _boissyi_, 231-232 _denisi_, 232 _pectinicornis_, 84, 232-233 _scutellaris_, 233 sp., 232

Ripiphoridae, 230

Roach (see cockroach)

_Robshelfordia circumducta_, 13, 307 _longiuscula_, 13, 307

Rodentia, 287

_Rosa_ sp., 155

Rosaceae, 155

Rose, 155, 163-165

Roundworms, 2 (see Helminths)

_Roystonea regia_, 143

Rubiaceae, 161

_Rubus_ spp., 155

Rushes, 46

Rutaceae, 157

_Sabal palmetto_, 50

_Saccharomyces cerevisiae_, 133 sp., 133

Saccharomycetaceae, 133

Saccharomycetes, 129

_Saccharum officinarum_, 141-142

_Saccinobaculus_, 102 _ambloaxostylus_, 170 _doroaxostylus_, 170 _lata_, 170 _minor_, 170 undescribed spp., 170

_Saimiri sciurea_, 285

Salamander, 269

_Salganea morio_, 13, 334

Salicaceae, 152

Salientia, 270

_Salius verticalis_, 256

_Salix sp._, 152

_Salmonella anatis_, 114 _choleraesuis_, 114 _enteritidus_, 114 _morbificans_, 115 _paratyphi_, 115 _schottmuelleri_, 115 _typhimurium_, 116 _typhosa_, 117

_Salmonella_ sp. (Type Adelaide), 115 (Type Bareilly), 115 (Type Bredeny), 115 (Type Derby), 115 (Type Kentucky), 115 (Type Kottbus), 115 (Type Meleagris), 116 (Type Montevideo), 116 (Type Newport), 116 (Type Oranienburg), 116 (Type Panama), 116 (Type Rubislaw), 116 (Type Tennessee), 116

_Salsola kali_, 65

_Samanea saman_, 35, 156

_Samui_, Steamship, 232

Sapindaceae, 158

Sapotaceae, 160

_Sarcina alba_, 108 _aurantiaca_, 108 _lutea_, 108 spp., 108-109 _symbiotica_, 108 _ventriculi_, 108

Sarcodina, 176

_Sarcophaga lambens_, 2, 229 _omani_, 229 _sternodontis_, 229 spp., 229

Sarcophagidae, 229

_Sarracenia flava_, 154 _minor_, 154 _purpurea_, 154 _variolaris_, 154

Sarraceniaceae, 154

Sauria, 272

Scale, diaspine, 237

_Sceliphron caementarium_, 248

_Schistosoma haematobium_, 208

Schistosomatidae, 208

Schizomycetes, 104

Schizophyta, 104

_Schwenkiella icemi_, 200

Scincidae, 274

_Scolopendra_, 222 _cingulata_, 223 _morsitans_, 223 _subspinipes_, 224 sp., 224

Scolopendridae, 223

Scolopendromorpha, 223

Scorpionida, 211

Scorpionidae, 213

Scorpions, 3, 211, 349

_Scorzonera acanthoclada_, 65, 162

_Scutigera coleoptrata_, 222-223; =pl. 31= _forceps_, 222 _maculata_, 223

Scutigeridae, 222

Scutigeromorpha, 222

Sea grape, 43, 69

Seaweed, 47, 55

Secretions, repellent, 6, 216, 225 sexual, 235

Sedge, 66

Serpentes, 276

_Serratia marcescens_, 117-118; =pl. 16=

_Setaria verticillata_, 142

_Seurocyrnea colini_, 207

_Severianoia magna_, 200 _severianoi_, 200

Sewers, cockroaches in, 74, 332, 338

_Shelfordella tartara_, 8

_Shigella alkalescens_, 118 _dysenteriae_, 118 _paradysenteriae_, 119

Ships, 82-84 cockroaches on, 79, 82-87 slave, 79, 86, 87

Shrike, 281

_Sibylloblatta panesthoides_, 13, 151

_Sida_, 64, 159, 163

_Sideroxylon foetidissimum_, 63, 160

Silkworm, bacterium from, 126 "disease bacillus," 127

_Simblerastes jamaicanus_, 13, 69, 317, 334

_Simia jacchus_, 285

Sinanthropes, 71, 81

Skinks, 274, 354

Snakes, 276

Sodium fluoride, 278

Solanaceae, 161

_Solanum tuberosum_, 161

_Solenopsis geminata_, 314

_Solindenia picticornis_, 246, 247

Sound, cockroach, 330

Sow bugs, 347

Sparassidae, 215

Sparrow, 282 English, 282

_Spartan_, Ship, 84

Spartina marsh, 42

_Spelaeoblatta caeca_, 14 _gestroi_, 13, 22

_Spermophilopsis leptodactylus_, 24

_Sphaerita_, 189

_Sphaerodactylus_ sp., 273

Sphagnum, 52

Sphecidae, 264

_Sphecophila polybiarum_, 13, 314 _ravana_, 13, 310-311 _termitium_, 13, 311

_Sphodromantis bioculata_, 225 _viridis_, 225

_Spicaria prasina_, 130

Spiders, 3, 211, 214-216, 317, 318, 347, 349; =pl. 30= banana, 215 big, brown house, 215 bird-eating, 214 black widow, 216 button, 215 huntsman, 215 nests, 215-216

_Spiniger domesticus_, 227

_Spirillochaeta blattae_, 127

_Spirillum_ α, β, and γ, 105 _periplaneticum_, 105, 127 sp., 105

_Spirocerca sanguinolenta_, 203

_Spirochaeta blattae_, 125 _blattarum_, 125 _periplanetae_, 125 _stylopygae_, 125

Spirochaetaceae, 125

Spirochaetales, 125

Spirochaetes, unidentified, 125

"Spirochaetoid bacteria," 127

_Spirorbis pusillus_, 14

_Spirostomidae_, 188

Spirotricha, 187

_Spirura gastrophila_, 207

Spiruridae, 205

Spiruroidea, 204

_Spondias_, 67 _mombin_, 158 _purpurea_, 158

Sporozoa, 181

Spruce, 44

Squirrel, ground, 23, 24, 26

_Stagmomantis carolina_, 225-226

Staphylococci, 107

_Staphylococcus albus_, 107

Staurojoeninidae, 174

_Stegobium paniceum_, 99

Steinernematidae, 192

_Steleopyga sinensis_, 13, 307

_Stenamma andrei_, 316

_Stenobothrus vagans_, 46

_Stenophora_ sp., 181

Stenophoridae, 181

Sterculiaceae, 159

_Stictolampra buqueti concinula_, 14, 33

_Stigmatomyces_ sp., 129, 138

_Stilpnoblatta minuta_, 316

_Stipa lessingiana_, 46

Strepsiptera, 234

_Streptococcus faecalis_, 109 _liquefaciens_, 110 _microapoika_, 110 _non-hemolyticus_, 110 _pyogenes_, 110 spp., 110

_Streptomyces leidynematis_, 124, 196, 197

Streptomycetaceae, 124

_Streptopelia chinensis_, 278

_Streptostomum gracile_, 195

Strigidae, 279

Strigiformes, 279

Strongyloidea, 209

Sturnidae, 281

_Stylogaster_ spp., 228 _stylata_, 228

_Stylopyga americana_, 12

_Styphon bakeri_, 14, 69, 344

_Subulura jacchi_, 204

Subuluridae, 204

Sugarcane, 37-39, 45, 48, 51, 53-56, 58, 64, 66-69, 141-142

_Suifunema caudelli_, 200

Sulfur, flowers of, 222

Sunfish, 269

Sunflower, 67

_Supella hottentotta_, 14, 29 _supellectilium_, 14, 69, 70, 71, 76, 82, 87, 89, 100, 115, 117, 142, 161, 165, 205, 216, 223, 232, 255, 307, 327, 333, 335, 339, 342, 349-351; =pls. 25, 30, 31, 34= sp., 90

Swift, edible-nest, 318

Swiss chard, 47, 153

Symbiosis, 25-26, 92

_Symbius blattarum_, 232

_Symploce bicolor_, 14, 82 _bilabiata_, 14 _breviramis_, 14, 22 _cavernicola_, 14, 21, 22, 318, 333 _curta_, 14, 22 _flagellata_, 14, 69, 307 _hospes_, 14, 82, 161, 339 _jamaicana_, 14, 69 _kevani_, 14, 29 _lita_, 14 _parenthesis_, 14, 307 _remyi_, 14, 22 _ruficollis_, 14, 69, 142, 161, 307 sp., =90=

_Syncephalastrum_ sp., 133

Synonyms, 5

_Syntomosphyrum blattae_, 248 _glossinae_, 250 _ischnopterae_, =249=

_Systellogaster ovivora_, 248

_Syzygium aromaticum_, 160

_Szepligetella sericea_, 242

Tachinid, undetermined, 228

_Tachysphex blatticidus_, 264 _coriaceus_, 264 _fanuiensis_, 264 _lativalvis_, 264-265

_Taenia echinococcus_, 208 _saginata_, 208

Taeniidae, 208

Taenioidea, 208

Tamarind, 51

_Tamarindus indica_, 156

Tapeworm, undetermined, 208

_Tarachodes maurus_, 226

Tarantula, 214

_Tarantula_, 214

Tarsiidae, 284

_Tarsius_, 284

_Tartaroblatta karatavica_, 14, 70

_Tatu novemcinctum_, 287

Taxodiaceae, 140

_Tegenaria_, 214

Teiidae, 275

_Temnopteryx_, 134-135 _deropeltiformis_, 10 _obliquetruncata_, 14, 317 _phalerata_, 14, 307 _platysoma_, 8

Temperature preference, 25, 71

_Tenadores_, Steamship

_Tenodera aridifolia sinensis_, 226

_Termes bellicosus_, 311 _flavipes_, 316 _malaccensis_, 311 sp., =311=

Termites, 57, 69, 102, 310-311, 317, 320 comején, 317

Termitidae, 311

_Termopsis_ sp., 317

_Testudo horsfieldi_, 24

_Tetragenous_ sp., 127

_Tetralopha scabridella_, 35, 66, 67, 317

_Tetrameres americana,_ 207 _pattersoni_, 207

_Tetrastichodes asthenogmus_, 249

_Tetrastichus australasiae_, 249 _hagenowii_, 94, 249-253, 255, 349-351; =pl. 34= _periplanetae_, 253 sp., 249, 254, 351

_Tetratrichomastix blattidarum_, 170

_Tettix kraussi_, 46

Thallophyta, 129

_Thecadactylus_ sp., 273

_Theganopteryx straminea_, 14, 30

_Thelastoma aligarhica_, 200 _brevicaudatum_, 194 _bulhõesi_, 201 _heterogamiae_, 199 _icemi_, 200 _indiana_, 194 _magalhãesi_, 194 _pachyjuli_, 200-201 _palmettum_, 201 _panesthiae_, 198 _riveroi_, 201

Thelastomatidae, 190, 193

Thelaziidae, 204

Thelyphonidae, 211

_Thelyphonus giganteus_, 211

_Theobroma cacao_, 159

Theraphosidae, 214

_Therea nuptialis_, 14, 344

Theridiidae, 215

Thistle, 60 giant, 51

_Thyrsocera cincta_, 13

_Tiaris bicolor omissa_, 282

_Tillandsia fasciculata_, 144 _usneoides_, 144 _uttriculata_, 50, 144 sp., 31, 36, 144

_Timulla eriphyla_, 264

_Tivia australica_, 14, 316 _brunnea_, 14, 30 _fulva_, 14, 28, 30 _macracantha_, 14, 23 _obscura_, 14, 30 sp., 23

Toads, 270, 353

Tobacco, 165

_Tockus birostris_, 279

Todidae, 279

_Todus mexicanus_, 279

Tody, 279

_Torula acidophila_, 132 _gropengiesseri_, 132 _rosea_, 132

_Torulopsis_, 130

_Toxoplasma gondii_, 190

Trapping, 53, 59-63

Treeferns, 36, 42, 50, 56, 57, 139

Trees (see under common or scientific name) in general, 35-68

Trematoda, 208

_Treponema parvum_, 125 _stylopygae_, 125

Treponemataceae, 125

_Triatoma arthurneivai_, 227

_Tribulus_ sp., 63, 156, 163, 165

_Trichomastic orthopterum_, 169

_Trichomastix_, 169

Trichomonadidae, 171

_Trichomonas hominis_, 171 _orthopterorum_, 169 sp., 171

_Trichonympha_, 102 _acuta_, 174 _algoa_, 174, 175 _chula_, 176 _grandis_, 176 _lata_, 176 _okolona_, 175, 176 _parva_, 176

Trichonymphidae, 174

Trichostrongylidae, 210

_Trichostrongylus_ sp., 210

_Trichotarsus_, 218

Trichuridae, 210

_Trichuris trichiura_, 210

Trichuroidea, 210

_Trigonopsis abdominalis_, 265

_Trirhogma caerulea_, 262 sp., 264

Troglobies, 17, 20

_Troglodytes aedon_, 281 _audax_, 281

Troglodytidae, 281

Troglophiles, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23

Trogloxenes, 16

_Tropidophorus grayi_, 274

Trypanosomatidae, 167

Tulip tree, 53

Turkey, 278

Turtle, desert, 24, 26 painted, 272

_Typhloblatta caeca_, 14, 23

_Typhloblattodes madecassus_, 14, 23

_Tyrophagus lintneri_, 218 _noxius_, 218

_Urinympha_, 102 _talea_, 174, 175

_Urodacus novaehollandiae_, 213

_Uropoda_ sp., 217

Uropodidae, 217

_Vaccinium meridionale_, 43, 160

_Vanda_, 151, 163

_Veillonella parvula_, 109

Vejovidae, 213

Verbenaceae, 161

_Veromessor andrei_, 316

Vertebrata, 268-290

Vertebrates, 3, 268 in biological control, 353-354

_Vespa maculata_, 318

Vespidae, 314

_Vespula maculata_, 61, 318

_Vibrio comma_, 105 Deneke's, 105 _metschnikovii_, 105 sp., 106 types I and II, 106 _tyrogenus_, 105

_Vinca minor_, 161

_Vireo latimeri_, 281

Vireonidae, 281

Viruses, 103-104 Coxsackie, 103-104 encephalomyelitis, mouse, 104 poliomyelitis, 3, 103 Brunhilde type, 103 Columbia SK, 103 Lansing strain, 103 unspecified strains, 103 yellow-fever, 104

Viverridae, 289

_Vulpes_ sp., 288

Wasps, 91, 94, 314, 318, 348 cockroach-egg parasites, 234-254, 350, 352 cockroach-hunting, 255-266, 352

Water, balance, 72 drinking, 72 need for, 71

Water bug, 349

Wattle, 49

Webworm, 316

_Weinmannia_ sp., 155

Whipscorpion, 211

_William Kieth_, Steamship, 84

Willow, 47, 63, 152

Woodpeckers, 279-280

Wren, 281

Xerophiles, 25

_Xestoblatta festae_, 14, 87 _immaculata_, 14, 23

_Xylosma suaveolens_, 159

_Xysticus_, 214

Yeasts, 3, 127, 129, 132

Yellow-fever virus, 104

_Yucca elata_, 54, 146

_Zanthoxylum caribaeum_, 66, 157

_Zea mays_, 142, 165

_Zelotes_, 314

_Zeuxevania splendidula_, 93, 243, 249, 350

Zingiberaceae, 151

_Zootermopsis_, 103

Zygophyllaceae, 156

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Part of the cost of publication of this monograph was borne by the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy (through the American Institute of Biological Sciences), and by the Quartermaster Research and Engineering Center, Department of the Army.

[2] Present address of both authors, Central Research Laboratories, United Fruit Co., Upland Road, Norwood, Mass.

[3] Names of organisms preceded by an asterisk (*) are known or suspected pathogens of vertebrates. These records were presented with annotations in our 1957a paper on the medical and veterinary importance of cockroaches. For that reason the annotations have not been repeated herein, although the records have been included to make the listing of the biotic associates of cockroaches substantially complete.

[4] The following helminths also have been stated in the literature to pass their intermediate stages in cockroaches: _Hymenolepis diminuta_ (Rudolphi, 1819) [Blanchard (1891)]; _Inermicapsifer madagascariensis_ (Davaine in Grenet, 1870) [Baer (1956)]; _Spirocerca sanguinolenta_ (Rudolphi, 1819) [Seurat (1913)]. These doubtful records are discussed in Roth and Willis (1957a).

[5] Barber (1939) has shown that the correct spelling of the name of the type genus is _Ripidius_ and not _Rhipidius_, as it is frequently written, and that, consequently, the family should be Ripiphoridae and not Rhipiphoridae.

[6] Page 11 of Marlatt (1902) has been cited erroneously so many times in support of host records for _T. hagenowii_ and _Evania appendigaster_ that we are quoting the pertinent section below. In the section preceding the quoted material Marlatt discusses the American, Australian, oriental, and German cockroaches. There is nothing in the paper to connect any of these cockroaches specifically with the parasites mentioned below:

NATURAL ENEMIES AND PARASITES

"In Europe the egg capsules of the cockroach are often parasitized by an ichneumon fly (_Evania appendigaster_). This insect has become widely distributed over the world following its host insect, and has been redescribed under a great many different names. It was found in Cuba as early as 1829, and has been several times collected in the United States. Unfortunately, its usefulness as a means of keeping the roach in check by destroying the egg capsules is greatly impaired by the occurrence of another ichneumon fly (_Entedon hagenowi_), which is parasitic upon the first. This is also a European species which has been brought over with its host parasite. If the true egg capsule parasite of the roach could have been introduced into this country without this secondary parasite, its usefulness would doubtless have been very much greater. The secondary parasite, however, seems to have been introduced early, and has been found in Cuba and Florida, and probably occurs as widely as its host and prevents the latter from multiplying very greatly."

[7] Brues et al. (1954) include this family in the Encyrtidae.

[8] archy (Marquis, 1931) was living in a dream world when he typed:

"there is always something to be thankful for you would not think that a cockroach had much ground for optimism but as the fishing season opens up i grow more and more cheerful at the thought that nobody ever got the notion of using cockroaches for bait"

[9] Classification of Amphibia and Reptilia follows Hegner (1936).

[10] Classification of Amphibia and Reptilia follows Hegner (1936).

[11] Classification of Mammalia follows Simpson (1945).

[12] The West Indian "_Blabera fusca_ Brunner" of Saupe (1928) is obviously _Blaberus craniifer_ as can readily be seen from a comparison of Saupe's figures of the pronotal shields of his species with the descriptions by Hebard (1917) of _B. craniifer_ and _Blaberus atropos_ (Stoll). The Chilean _B. fusca_ Brunner is a junior synonym of _B. atropos_ (Stoll), a South American insect (Hebard, 1917).

[13] The species was recorded by these authors as _Blaberus atropos_. (Hebard, 1917 p. 204, footnote 327.)

Transcriber's Notes:

- symbol for: female indiv. replaced by [F] - symbol for: male indiv. replaced by [M] - symbol for: 'dagger' replaced by [cross] - Different languages (English, French, German, Danish, Latin, etc.) have different spellings for example in titles of books, etc. These remain as in the original. - Several blank lines inserted to enhance readability of text(!) - Several page numbers in 'table of contents' corrected, according to real page numbers. - caret used for superscripted characters; eg.: abc^{...} - underscore used for subscripted characters; eg.: abc_{...}