CHAPTER LVII.

Strange Trio—The Mulatto—The Peace-offering—Moors of Granada—Vive la Guadeloupe—The Moors—Pascual Fava—Blind Algerine—The Retreat.

Three men were seated in the _wustuddur_ of Joanna Correa, when I entered; singular-looking men they all were, though perhaps three were never gathered together more unlike to each other in all points. The first on whom I cast my eye was a man about sixty, dressed in a grey kerseymere coat with short lappets, yellow waistcoat, and wide coarse canvas trousers; upon his head was a very broad dirty straw hat, and in his hand he held a thick cane with ivory handle; his eyes were bleared and squinting, his face rubicund, and his nose much carbuncled. Beside him sat a good-looking black, who perhaps appeared more negro than he really was, from the circumstance of his being dressed in spotless white jean—jerkin, waistcoat, and pantaloons being all of that material: his head gear consisted of a blue _montero_ cap. His eyes sparkled like diamonds, and there was an indescribable expression of good humour and fun upon his countenance. The third man was a Mulatto, and by far the most remarkable personage of the group: he might be between thirty and forty; his body was very long, and, though uncouthly put together, exhibited every mark of strength and vigour; it was cased in a _ferioul_ of red wool, a kind of garment which descends below the hips. His long, muscular, and hairy arms were naked from the elbow, where the sleeves of the _ferioul_ terminate; his under limbs were short in comparison with his body and arms; his legs were bare, but he wore blue _kandrisa_ as far as the knee; every feature of his face was ugly, exceedingly and bitterly ugly, and one of his eyes was sightless, being covered with a white film. By his side on the ground was a large barrel, seemingly a water-cask, which he occasionally seized with a finger and thumb, and waved over his head as if it had been a quart pot. Such was the trio who now occupied the _wustuddur_ of Joanna Correa: and I had scarcely time to remark what I have just recorded, when that good lady entered from a back court with her handmaid Johár, or the pearl, an ugly fat Jewish girl with an immense mole on her cheek.

“_Que Dios remate tu nombre_,” exclaimed the Mulatto; “may Allah blot out your name, Joanna, and may he likewise blot out that of your maid Johár. It is more than fifteen minutes that I have been seated here, after having poured out into the _tinaja_ the water which I brought from the fountain, and during all that time I have waited in vain for one single word of civility from yourself or from Johár. _Usted no tiene modo_, you have no manner with you, nor more has Johár. This is the only house in Tangier where I am not received with fitting love and respect, and yet I have done more for you than for any other person. Have I not filled your _tinaja_ with water when other people have gone without a drop? When even the consul and the interpreter of the consul had no water to slake their thirst, have you not had enough to wash your _wustuddur_? And what is my return? When I arrive in the heat of the day, I have not one kind word spoken to me, nor so much as a glass of _makhiah_ offered to me; must I tell you all that I do for you, Joanna? Truly I must, for you have no manner with you. Do I not come every morning just at the third hour; and do I not knock at your door; and do you not arise and let me in, and then do I not knead your bread in your presence, whilst you lie in bed, and because I knead it is not yours the best bread in Tangier? For am I not the strongest man in Tangier, and the most noble also?” Here he brandished his barrel over his head, and his face looked almost demoniacal. “Hear me, Joanna,” he continued, “you know that I am the strongest man in Tangier, and I tell you again for the thousandth time, that I am the most noble. Who are the consuls? Who is the Pasha? They are Pashas and consuls now, but who were their fathers? I know not, nor do they. But do I not know who _my_ fathers; were? Were they not Moors of Garnata (_Granada_), {375} and is it not on that account that I am the strongest man in Tangier? Yes, I am of the old Moors of Garnata, and my family has lived here, as is well known, since Garnata was lost to the Nazarenes, and now I am the only one of my family of the blood of the old Moors in all this land, and on that account I am of nobler blood than the sultan, for the sultan is not of the blood of the Moors of Garnata. Do you laugh, Joanna? Does your maid Johár laugh? Am I not Hammin Widdir, _el hombre mas valido de Tanger_? {376a} And is it not true that I am of the blood of the Moors of Garnata? Deny it, and I will kill you both, you and your maid Johár.”

“You have been eating _hsheesh_ and _majoon_, Hammin,” said Joanna Correa, “and the _Shaitán_ has entered into you, as he but too frequently does. I have been busy, and so has Johár, or we should have spoken to you before; however, _ma ydoorshee_, {376b} I know how to pacify you now and at all times; will you take some gin-bitters, or a glass of common _makhiah_?”

“May you burst, O Joanna,” said the Mulatto, “and may Johár also burst; I mean, may you both live many years, and know neither pain nor sorrow. I will take the gin-bitters, O Joanna, because they are stronger than the _makhiah_, which always appears to me like water; and I like not water, though I carry it. Many thanks to you, Joanna; here is health to you, Joanna, and to this good company.”

She had handed him a large tumbler filled to the brim; he put it to his nostrils, snuffed in the flavour, and then, applying it to his mouth, removed it not whilst one drop of the fluid remained. His features gradually relaxed from their former angry expression, and looking particularly amiable at Joanna, he at last said—

“I hope that within a little time, O Joanna, you will be persuaded that I am the strongest man in Tangier, and that I am sprung from the blood of the Moors of Garnata, as then you will no longer refuse to take me for a husband, you and your maid Johár, and to become Moors. What a glory to you, after having been married to a _Genoui_, and given birth to _Genouillos_, to receive for husband a Moor like me, and to bear him children of the blood of Garnata! What a glory, too, for Johár!—how much better than to marry a vile Jew, even like Hayim Ben Attar, or your cook Sabia, both of whom I could strangle with two fingers, for am I not Hammin Widdir, _Moro de Garnata_, _el hombre mas valido de Tanger_?” He then shouldered his barrel and departed.

“Is that Mulatto really what he pretends to be?” said I to Joanna; “is he a descendant of the Moors of Granada?”

“He always talks about the Moors of Granada, when he is mad with _majoon_ or _aguardiente_,” interrupted, in bad French, the old man whom I have before described, and in the same croaking voice which I had heard chanting in the morning. “Nevertheless it may be true, and if he had not heard something of the kind from his parents, he would never have imagined such a thing, for he is too stupid. As I said before, it is by no means impossible: many of the families of Granada settled down here when their town was taken by the Christians, but the greater part went to Tunis. When I was there, I lodged in the house of a Moor who called himself Zegri, {378} and was always talking of Granada and the things which his forefathers had done there. He would moreover sit for hours singing romances of which I understood not one word, praised be the Mother of God, but which he said all related to his family: there were hundreds of that name in Tunis, therefore why should not this Hammin, this drunken water-carrier, be a Moor of Granada also? He is ugly enough to be emperor of all the Moors. Oh, the accursed _canaille_! I have lived amongst them for my sins these eight years, at Oran and here. _Monsieur_, do you not consider it to be a hard case for an old man like myself, who am a Christian, to live amongst a race who know not God, nor Christ, nor anything holy?”

“What do you mean?” said I, “by asserting that the Moors know not God? There is no people in the world who entertain sublimer notions of the uncreated eternal God than the Moors, and no people have ever shown themselves more zealous for His honour and glory: their very zeal for the glory of God has been and is the chief obstacle to their becoming Christians. They are afraid of compromising His dignity by supposing that He ever condescended to become man. And with respect to Christ, their ideas even of Him are much more just than those of the Papists; they say He is a mighty prophet, whilst, according to the others, He is either a piece of bread, or a helpless infant. In many points of religion the Moors are wrong, dreadfully wrong; but are the Papists less so? And one of their practices sets them immeasurably below the Moors in the eyes of any unprejudiced person: they bow down to idols, Christian idols if you like, but idols still, things graven of wood, and stone, and brass; and from these things, which can neither hear, nor speak, nor feel, they ask and expect to obtain favours.”

“_Vive la France_, _Vive la Guadeloupe_!” said the black, with a good French accent. “In France and in Guadeloupe there is no superstition, and they pay as much regard to the Bible as to the Koran; I am now learning to read, in order that I may understand the writings of Voltaire, who, as I am told, has proved that both the one and the other were written with the sole intention of deceiving mankind. _O_, _vive la France_! where will you find such an enlightened country as France; and where will you find such a plentiful country as France? Only one in the world, and that is Guadeloupe. Is it not so, Monsieur Pascual? Were you ever at Marseilles? _Ah quel bon pays est celui-là pour les vivres_, _pour les petits poulets_, _pour les poulardes_, _pour les perdrix_, _pour les perdreaux_, _pour les alouettes_, _pour les bécasses_, _pour les bécassines_, _enfin_, _pour tout_.”

“Pray, sir, are you a cook?” demanded I.

“_Monsieur_, _je le suis pour vous rendre service_, _mon nom c’est Gérard_, _et j’ai l’honneur d’être chef de cuisine chez monsieur le consul Hollandois_. _A present je prie permission de vous saluer_; _il faut que j’aille à la maison pour faire le diner de mon maître_.”

At four I went to dine with the British consul. Two other English gentlemen were present, who had arrived at Tangier from Gibraltar about ten days previously for a short excursion, and were now detained longer than they wished by the Levant wind. They had already visited the principal towns in Spain, and proposed spending the winter either at Cadiz or Seville. One of them, Mr. ---, struck me as being one of the most remarkable men I had ever conversed with: he travelled not for diversion nor instigated by curiosity, but merely with the hope of doing spiritual good, chiefly by conversation. The consul soon asked me what I thought of the Moors and their country. I told him that what I had hitherto seen of both highly pleased me. He said that were I to live amongst them ten years, as he had done, he believed I should entertain a very different opinion; that no people in the world were more false and cruel; that their government was one of the vilest description, with which it was next to an impossibility for any foreign power to hold amicable relations, as it invariably acted with bad faith, and set at nought the most solemn treaties. That British property and interests were every day subjected to ruin and spoliation, and British subjects exposed to unheard-of vexations, without the slightest hope of redress being offered, save recourse was had to force, the only argument to which the Moors were accessible. He added, that towards the end of the preceding year an atrocious murder had been perpetrated in Tangier: a Genoese family of three individuals had perished, all of whom were British subjects, and entitled to the protection of the British flag. The murderers were known, and the principal one was even now in prison for the fact; yet all attempts to bring him to condign punishment had hitherto proved abortive, as he was a Moor, and his victims Christians. Finally, he cautioned me not to take walks beyond the wall unaccompanied by a soldier, whom he offered to provide for me should I desire it, as otherwise I incurred great risk of being ill-treated by the Moors of the interior, whom I might meet, or perhaps murdered; and he instanced the case of a British officer who not long since had been murdered on the beach for no other reason than being a Nazarene, and appearing in a Nazarene dress. He at length introduced the subject of the Gospel, and I was pleased to learn that, during his residence in Tangier, he had distributed a considerable quantity of Bibles amongst the natives in the Arabic language, and that many of the learned men, or _talibs_, had read the holy volume with great interest, and that by this distribution, which, it is true, was effected with much caution, no angry or unpleasant feeling had been excited. He finally asked whether I had come with the intention of circulating the Scripture amongst the Moors.

I replied that I had no opportunity of doing so, as I had not one single copy either in the Arabic language or character. That the few Testaments which were in my possession were in the Spanish language, and were intended for circulation amongst the Christians of Tangier, to whom they might be serviceable, as they all understood the language.

It was night, and I was seated in the _wustuddur_ of Joanna Correa, in company with Pascual Fava, the Genoese. The old man’s favourite subject of discourse appeared to be religion, and he professed unbounded love for the Saviour, and the deepest sense of gratitude for his miraculous atonement for the sins of mankind. I should have listened to him with pleasure had he not smelt very strongly of liquor, and by certain incoherences of language and wildness of manner given indications of being in some degree the worse for it. Suddenly two figures appeared beneath the doorway; one was that of a bareheaded and bare-legged Moorish boy of about ten years of age, dressed in a _gelaba_. He guided by the hand an old man, whom I at once recognized as one of the Algerines, the good Moslems of whom the old _mahasni_ had spoken in terms of praise in the morning whilst we ascended the street of the Siarrin. He was very short of stature and dirty in his dress; the lower part of his face was covered with a stubbly white beard; before his eyes he wore a large pair of spectacles, from which he evidently received but little benefit, as he required the assistance of the guide at every step. The two advanced a little way into the _wustuddur_, and there stopped. Pascual Fava no sooner beheld them, than assuming a jovial air he started nimbly up, and leaning on his stick, for he had a bent leg, limped to a cupboard, out of which he took a bottle and poured out a glass of wine, singing in the broken kind of Spanish used by the Moors of the coast—

“Argelino, Moro fino, No beber vino, Ni comer tocino.” {382}

He then handed the wine to the old Moor, who drank it off, and then, led by the boy, made for the door without saying a word.

“_Hade mushe halal_,” {383a} said I to him with a loud voice.

“_Cul shee halal_,” {383b} said the old Moor, turning his sightless and spectacled eyes in the direction from which my voice reached him. “Of everything which God has given, it is lawful for the children of God to partake.”

“Who is that old man?” said I to Pascual Fava, after the blind and the leader of the blind had departed. “Who is he!” said Pascual; “who is he! He is a merchant now, and keeps a shop in the Siarrin, but there was a time when no bloodier pirate sailed out of Algier. That old blind wretch has cut more throats than he has hairs in his beard. Before the French took the place he was the _rais_ or captain of a frigate, and many was the poor Sardinian vessel which fell into his hands. After that affair he fled to Tangier, and it is said that he brought with him a great part of the booty which he had amassed in former times. Many other Algerines came hither also, or to Tetuan, but he is the strangest guest of them all. He keeps occasionally very extraordinary company for a Moor, and is rather over-intimate with the Jews. Well, that’s no business of mine; only let him look to himself. If the Moors should once suspect him, it were all over with him. Moors and Jews, Jews and Moors! Oh my poor sins, my poor sins, that brought me to live amongst them!—

“‘Ave maris stella, Dei Mater alma, Atque semper virgo, Felix cœli porta!’” {383c}

He was proceeding in this manner when I was startled by the sound of a musket.

“That is the retreat,” said Pascual Fava. “It is fired every night in the _soc_ at half-past eight, and it is the signal for suspending all business, and shutting up. I am now going to close the doors, and whosoever knocks, I shall not admit them till I know their voice. Since the murder of the poor Genoese last year, we have all been particularly cautious.”

Thus had passed Friday, the sacred day of the Moslems, and the first which I had spent in Tangier. I observed that the Moors followed their occupations as if the day had nothing particular in it. Between twelve and one, the hour of prayer in the mosque, the gates of the town were closed, and no one permitted either to enter or go out. There is a tradition current amongst them, that on this day, and at this hour, their eternal enemies, the Nazarenes, will arrive to take possession of their country; on which account they hold themselves prepared against a surprisal.

GLOSSARY.

In the following pages a translation only has been given, as a rule, of the Romany words, but references have been added which will enable _los del aficion_ to acquire fuller knowledge elsewhere. It is only right to state that for any philological theories advanced in this part of the Glossary the late Mr. Burke is not responsible.—H. W. G.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

A. Ascoli, Zigeunerisches. 1865. F. Francisque-Michel, Le Pays Basque. 1857. G. Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society. 1888–1892. Gr. Groome, In Gipsy Tents. 1880. H. Hidalgo, Romances de Germanía. 1779. J. Jimenez, Vocabulario del Dialecto Jitano. 1853. Lel. Leland, The Gypsies. LL. Borrow, Romano Lavo-Lil. 1888. M. Miklosich, Ueber die Mundarten und die Wanderungen der Zigeuner Europa’s. 1872–1880. McR. MacRitchie, The Gypsies of India. 1886. P. Pott, Die Zigeuner in Europa und Asien. 1844–5. Pp. Paspati, Etudes sur les Tchinghianés ou Bohémiens de l’Empire Ottoman. 1870. R. De Rochas, Les Parias de France et d’Espagne. 1876. S. Smith, Tent Life with English Gypsies in Norway. 1873. SC. Smart and Crofton, The Dialect of the English Gypsies. W. Wlislocki, Die Sprache der transsilvanischen Zigeuner. 1884. Z. Borrow, The Zincali, 3rd edit. 1843.

A. _Arab._ O! _A sidi_, “_O my lord_!”

Á. _Span._ and _Port._ To.

ABAJAR. _Span_. To descend.

ACÁNA. _Rom._ Now. P. ii. 124; A. 21; W. 70.

ADUANA. _Span._ The custom-house. Fr. _la douane_, from Arab. _diwán_; either as a council or as an account-book.

ADUN. _Hebr._ Lord; _Adon_.

AFICION. _Span._ Affection. _Los del aficion_, “those of the predilection,” persons addicted to the gypsies and their language. Z. ii. 58.

AFRANCESADO. _Span._ Frenchified.

AGOA. _Port._ Water. Span. _agua_.

AGUADOR. _Span._ A water-carrier.

AGUARDIENTE. _Span._ _Agua ardiente_, fire-water; coarse native spirit; Spanish brandy.

ALAMEDA. _Span._ A public promenade in or near a town, planted with trees. Lit. a place of poplars, from Span. _álamo_, a poplar.

ALCAHUETE. _Span._ A spy; a pimp. Arab. _al ḳawwād_.

ALCALÁ. _Span._ The fort. Arab, _al-ḳal‘ah_.

ALCALDE. _Span._ The mayor or chief magistrate of a town or village. Arab. _al ḳádi_, the judge.

ALCALDE MAYOR. The chief magistrate of a district.

ALCAYDE. _Span._ A governor of a castle or fortress. Arab. _al ḳáid_, the general. In more modern parlance, the governor of a prison, a jailer.

ALCAZAR. _Span._ A castle; palace; a fortress. Arab. _al ḳaṣr_.

ALCORNOQUE. _Span._ The cork tree, _Quercus suber_.

ALDEA. _Span_. and _Port._ A village.

ALECRIM. _Port._ Rosemary. A word said to be of Arabic origin, perhaps _al karím_, a precious thing. The Spanish _romero_, or pilgrim flower (see note, i. 47). The English word is said to be derived from _ros marinus_, dew of the sea.

ALEM. _Port._ Beyond. _Alemtejo_, the district beyond the Tagus.

ALFANDEGA. _Port._ Custom-house. The Arab. _funduḳ_, a large house.

ALFORJAS, LAS. _Span._ Saddle-bags. Arab. _al khurj_.

ALGIBE. _Span._ A vaulted subterranean cistern for storing water. Arab. _jubb_, a reservoir.

ALGUACIL or ALGUAZIL. _Span._ A constable, or peace-officer. Arab. _al wazir_, the vizier, governor, deputy, or minister.

ALHAJA. _Span._ Any precious article, a jewel. Probably from the Arab, _al-hadja_.

ALHAMA. Stated by Borrow (i. 394) to be a Moorish word, meaning “warm baths.” Apparently the Arab, _al ḥammām_.

ALKHEIR. _Arab._ Of good.

ALMA. _Span._ and _Port._ Soul.

ALMOCREVES. _Port._ Muleteers or carriers. A word of Arabic origin, _al mukāri_, like the Spanish _arriero._

ALQUILADOR. _Span. and Port._ A letter on hire of anything, especially of horses. _Alquilar_, in Spanish, signifies to give or lend on hire. _Alquiler_, to take or borrow for reward. The converse, _inquiler_.

ALTO. _Span._ and _Port._ High.

AMIGA. _Span._ and _Port._ A mistress, or concubine. Lit. a female friend.

AMIGO. _Span._ and _Port._ A friend.

ANCIÑA ANCIÑACO. _Basque_. The ancient of the ancient.

ANDALOU. _Rom._ An Andalusian.

ANDRÉ. _Rom._ In. P. ii. 56.

ANISE-BRANDY. _Eng._ A cordial, something like the French _anisette_. The anise (_Pimpinella anisum_) is largely cultivated in Spain, where it is known as _anis_. The seed is dried and exported, the aniseed of the English cake-makers.

AOUD. _Arab._ According to Borrow, a stallion. It is the Moorish ‘_aud_ = horse.

AQUEL. _Span._ That.

ARCO. _Span._ and _Port._ A bow, an arch.

ARDOA. Guipuzcoan and Biscayan for _arno_,_ arnoa_, wine, the final _a_ being the definite article.

ARGELINO. _Span._ A native of Algiers.

ARMADA. _Span._ and _Port._ A fleet, or navy.

AROMÁLI. _Rom._ Truly. _Arromales_ = _caramba_. J.

ARRIERO. _Span._ Muleteer; one who cries _arrhé_ or _harré_, Arabic “Gee up!” The older form of _Harriero_, given in the Dictionary of the Spanish Academy, more clearly preserves this etymology.

ARROBA. _Span._ and _Port._ A weight equal to about 25 lbs. English. Arab, _ar ruba_‘, a quarter.

ARROYO. _Span._ A brook, stream.

ARTESANO. _Span._ Artisan, workman.

ASHOR. _Hebr._ Jewish feast of the tenth (day), ‘_āsor_. It is really the Arabic ‘_ashūrā_.

ATAJO. _Span._ A short cut, material or moral; an expedient of any kind. Lit. a tying; _atar_, to tie.

ATALAYA. _Span._ A watch-tower. Port. _atalaia_. A word of Arabic origin; _aṭ-ṭalí‘ah_, a view.

ATTAR. _Arab._ Essence. More correctly, ‘_aṭar_. Frequently in combination. The Eng. _otto_.

AUSLANDRA. _Milan._ The meaning of this word is given by Borrow himself as “to roam about in a dissipated manner.” It is obviously the Germ. _Ausland_, “a foreign country,” made into an Italian verb. On the authority of the native of Como, whom Borrow met at Cerrig y Drudion, it was considered a vulgar word, even in the _gergo_ of the Milanese, and that it is so may be proved by a reference to Cherubini, _Vocabolario Milanese-Italiano_, s.v. _Slándra_, _Slandrà_.

AUTO DA FÉ. _Port._ Span. _auto de fé_. Execution of persons condemned by the Inquisition.

AVELLANA. _Span._ A filbert.

AYANA. _Arab._ According to Borrow, a locust. It is not an ordinary Arabic word, possibly of some North African dialect.

AZABACHE. _Span._ Jet. The Arab, _as-sabaj_.

AZABACHERIA. _Span._ Jet-market.

AZINHEIRA. _Port._ The holm-oak.

AZUMBRE. _Span._ A measure for liquids, the eighth of an _arroba_, equal to about half a gallon. From the Arab. _ath-thumn_ = the eighth.

* * * * *

BAB. _Arab._ Gate. _Bab del Faz_, gate of Fez.

BACALHÃO. _Port._ (In _Span._ BACALLAO or ABADEJO). Salt cod, commonly imported from the Newfoundland coast.

BAHAR. _Arab._ Sea.

BAHI or BAJI. _Rom._ Fortune. _Penar baji_, _decir la buena ventura_, to tell fortunes. According to Borrow, the Sanscrit and Persian _baḥkt_.

BAKH, BOK. _Rom._ Luck. _Kosko bakh_, “Good luck to you!” P. ii. 398; A. 47; M. vii. 14.

BALAD. _Arab._ Land. Also _beled_.

BALICHÓ. _Rom._ A hog. P. ii. 420; A. 54; M. vii. 15.

BAR. _Aram._ Son.

BAR. _Rom._ A stone. P. ii. 409; M. vii. 16.

BAR LACHÍ. _Rom._ The loadstone; a gypsy charm or talisman. Lit. “the good stone.” See LACHÓ.

BARIA. _Rom._ Used by Borrow in ch. x., and given in Z. ii. 147, as _Germanía_, or thieves’ slang, for a gold _onza_ (q.v.). Cf. _varia_ = weight. A. 12. It is also the plural of _bar_, used by English gypsies for a sovereign. The correct Gitano for _onza_ is _jara_.

BARIBÚ, BARIBUTRE, BARIBUSTRE. _Rom._ Plenty, much. P. ii. 400; M. vii. 17.

BARO. _Rom._ Great. _Len Baro_ = the great river, the Guadalquivir. _Hokkano Baro_ = the great trick. See HOK. P. ii. 411; A. 59; M. vii. 17.

BARRA. _Arab._ Outside; out of the town. See SOC.

BARRAGANERIA. _Span._ Concubinage. See note, i. 157.

BARRANCO, BARRANCA. _Span._ A fissure in a hill, a deep cleft, made by the action of water; a precipice.

BARRETE. _Span._ A helmet, cap.

BARRIO. _Span._ One of the quarters or districts into which a large town is divided. Fr. _quartier_.

BATU, BATO. _Rom._ Father. Perhaps from the Russ. _batuschca_, q.v. In thieves’ slang, a prison governor or jailer. P. ii. 430; F. 145; G. i. 61; J.

BATUSCHCA, BATUSHKA. _Russ._ Little father. A term of endearment or familiar address, something like the Span. _tio_, uncle.

BEBER. _Span._ and _Port._ To drink.

BECORESH. _Hebr._ I.e. _Epikores_ = Epicurus, selected by Jewish writers as a type of insolent atheism.

BEDEYA. _Arab._ An open waistcoat. More correctly, _bad‘iyya_.

BELAD. _Hebr._ In the power of.

BELED. _Arab._ Country. Also _balad_.

BELLOTA. _Span._ An acorn. The Portuguese _bolota_; Arab, _balūt_.

BEN, plur. BENI. _Hebr._ and _Arab._ Son.

BENDITO. _Span._ and _Port._ Blessed, praised.

BENG, BENGUE, BENGUI. _Rom._ The devil; also any demon, or evil spirit. P. ii. 407; M. vii. 19. As to the meaning, frog or toad, see G. i. 118.

BERAKA. _Hebr._ A blessing.

BESTI, BESTIS. _Rom._ A seat, chair, or saddle. P. ii. 428; M. vii. 20. Borrow, however, seems to use it as a slang form of the following.

BESTIA. _Span._ An animal. “You brute!”

BIRDOCHE. _Rom._ Used by Borrow in ch. ix. for a stage-coach or _galera_, q.v. It is probably connected with _bedo_, _berdo_, a cart. Z. ii. * 17. Eng. Rom. _vardo_. See P. ii. 80; A. 68; M. viii. 96.

BOCA. _Span._ and _Port._ Mouth.

BODA, BODAS. _Span._ and _Port._ Marriage, a wedding.

BOGAMANTE, BOGAVANTE. _Span._ The slang name for a large lobster; orig. the stroke-oar of a galley; _bogar_ = to row, _avante_ = in front.

BOHÉMIEN. _Fr._ A gypsy.

BOLOTA. _Port._ (_Span._ BELLOTA.) An acorn.

BOLSA. _Span._ and _Port._ (1) A purse. (2) The Exchange.

BOMBARDÓ. _Rom._ A lion. Used also of the gulf usually called the Gulf of Lyons, but in French La Golfe du Lion, or “Gulf of the Lion,” from its stormy water. Lyons on the Rhone may have given the English, but certainly not the French, name to the bay. P. ii. 432.

BONANZA. _Span._ Fair weather. See note, ii. 273.

BONITO. _Span._ and _Port._ Pretty.

BORRACHO. _Span._ and _Port._ A drunkard. _Borracha_ is a wine-skin, or leathern bottle. Hence Shakespeare’s _Borachio_.

BORRICO. _Span._ Dimin. of _Burro_, an ass.

BOTA. _Span._ A leather wine-bottle or bag; usually made of the skin of a pig for storing purposes, of goatskin for travelling. A glass bottle is called _frasco_ or _botella_.

BRASERO. _Span._ Brazier; brass or copper pan to hold live coals.

BRETIMA, BRETEMA, BRETOMA. _Gal._ A low-lying mist or fog. When thick and damp it is called—also in Galician—_mexona_.

BRIBON, BRIBONAZO. _Span._ A vagrant, vagabond, or impostor. The termination in _bribonazo_ does not express action, as in such words as _calmazo_, q.v., but augmentation.

BRIBONERIA. _Span._ Knavery, rascality.

BROA. _Port._ and _Gal._ BARONA. _Span._ and _Gal._ BRONA. _Gal._ A bread made of a mixture of maize (2 parts), rye (4), millet (1), and panic-grass (1).

BROTOBORO. _Rom._ First. Grk. πρῶτος. _Brotorbo_, J.

BRUJO or BRUXO. _Span._, _Port._, and _Gal._ A sorcerer, or wizard.

BUCKRA. _Arab._ _Bikr_, a virgin; used (ii. 357) for the Blessed Virgin Mary.

BUENO. _Span._ Good. _Buenas noches_, “good night.”

BUFA. _Rom._ A manger, crib. P. ii. 433.

BUL, BULLÁTI. _Rom._ The _anus_. P. ii. 422.

BURRA. _Span._ and _Port._ Jackass; she-ass.

BUSNÓ. _Rom._ A man who is not a gypsy, a Gentile. P. ii. 434; Pp. 172; M. vii. 26.

* * * * *

CA. _Span._ An abbreviated form of CARAJO, _q.v._

CABALGADURA. _Span._ A sumpter horse or mule; beast of burden.

CABALLEJO, or CABALLUELO. _Span._ Pony.

CABALLERIA. _Span._ Is used either of a single horse, mule, or ass used for riding, as the Fr. _monture_, or for a number of such beasts together. The word in the plural also signifies chivalry or knighthood.

CABALLERO. _Span._ Lit. a cavalier, but constantly used either as a mode of polite address, “Sir,” or in speaking of a gentleman, whether mounted or on foot.

CABAÑA. _Span._ (1) A shepherd’s hut or cabin. (2) A flock, or assemblage of flocks, of sheep, under the charge of a _mayoral_, driven to and from the wild pasture lands of Estremadura. See note, i. 146.

CACHARRO. _Span._ A coarse earthen pan or pot.

CACHAS. _Rom._ Shears, scissors. Z. i. 244; P. ii. 99; _cachais_, R. 295.

CACHIMANI. _Rom._ A wine-shop, or tavern. _Cachiman_, J. See P. ii. 117; M. i. 19.

CAES. _Port._ A wharf.

CAFILA, rather ḲĀFILAH. _Arab._ A caravan.

CALABOZO. _Span._ Dungeon or underground cell. _Calabozero_, the keeper thereof; turnkey.

CALASH. _Eng._ A two-wheeled carriage with a hood; a buggy. Span. _calesa_; Port. _caleça_; Fr. _calèche_.

CALDAS. _Span._ and _Port._ Warm Baths. Used most frequently in combination as a place name; e.g. Caldas de Reyes, called by Borrow (i. 394) Caldas de los Reyes, in Galicia.

CALÉS. _Rom._ Plur. of CALÓ, CALORÓ. A gypsy; lit. a black and dark man. See CALÓ.

CALESERO. _Span._ (1) The driver of a _calesa_. (2) The driver of any carriage or cart.

CALLAR. _Span._ To be silent. _Calla boca_, “Hold your tongue!”

CALLARDÓ, GALLARDÓ. _Rom._ A black man, mulatto. See CALÓ.

CALLE. _Span._ A street.

CALLEE, CALLÍ. _Rom._ Fem. of CALÓ, _q.v._

CALLICASTE. _Rom._ (1) Yesterday. (2) Tomorrow. So in English Rom. _cóllico_, _káliko_. P. ii. 107; LL. 7.

CALMAZO. _Span._ A calm at sea. Lit. an “attack” or “stroke” of calm, such being the force of the termination _azo_; as _puñal_, a poignard; _puñalazo_, the blow of a poignard.

CALÓ, CALORÓ. _Rom._ One of the _kalo rat_, or black blood; a gypsy. P. ii. 106; A. 44; M. vii. 71; G. i. 178.

CAMARERA. _Span._ A lady’s maid, chambermaid.

CAMPIÑA. _Span._ The open country, the fields. Dimin. of CAMPO.

CAMPO. _Span._ and _Port._ The country. In the mouths of English-speaking Argentines it has become “the camp,” conveying no idea whatever of the Anglo-Indian “camp,” or “marching” with tents, or “camping out.”

CAMPO SANTO. _Span._, _Port._, and _Ital._ A churchyard, cemetery.

CANALLIS. See JARA CANALLIS.

CANDORY, plur. CANDORÉ. _Rom._ Christian. P. ii. 125; McR. 46.

CANÓNIGO. _Span._ A canon or prebendary of a cathedral.

CAPATAZ. _Span._ and _Port._ Not _capitaz_. A head man; overseer; ganger; steward on a farm. From Lat. _caput_.

CAPILLA. _Span._ A chapel.

CAPITULAR. _Span._ Belonging to the chapter. _Sala capitular_, chapter-house.

CARAJO. _Span._ “The great oath of Spain, which ought never to be written or pronounced in full, practically forms the foundation of the language of the lower orders; it is a most ancient remnant of the phallic abjuration of the evil eye, the dreaded fascination which still perplexes the minds of Orientals, and is not banished from Spanish and Neapolitan superstitions. The word terminates in _ajo_, on which stress is laid; the _j_ is pronounced with a most Arabic guttural aspiration. The word _ajo_ means also garlic, which is quite as often in Spanish mouths, and is exactly what Hotspur liked—a ‘mouth-filling oath,’ energetic and Michael Angelesque.”—Ford’s _Spain_, Introd. p. 35. For “the evil eye,” see; Z. i. 138.

CARALS. Catalan for CARAJO, _q.v._

CARAMBA. _Span._ A polite modification of the grosser CARAJO, _q.v._

CARBONERO. _Span._ A charcoal-burner; also a collier.

CARCEL. _Span._ A prison.

CARCELERO, CARCELERA. _Span._ A male or female jailer; or the latter may be merely the wife of a jailer.

CARLINO, CARLISTA. _Span._ A partisan of Don Carlos.

CARLO. _Rom._ Heart. P. ii. 125. It also means “throat,” the only meaning in English Rom. P. ii. 96; A. 66; Pp. 299; SC. 91.

CARRACHO. _Gal._ A tick, or small parasite found on dogs and cattle. _Carracha_ is a somewhat similar pest of the human body. The word, which is not Spanish, is used by Borrow as an expletive, instead of the coarser CARAJO, _q.v._

CARRASCAL. _Span._ and _Port._ A plantation or grove of the following.

CARRASCO. _Span._ and _Port._ The _ilex_, or evergreen oak.

CARRETA. _Span._ and _Port._ A long and narrow cart.

CARRETERA. _Span._ A high-road. Fr. _voie carrossable_.

CARRONADE. _O. Eng._ A short cannon of large bore, usually carried on board ship. The word has nothing to do with cannon, but is derived from the Scotch town of Carron, in Stirlingshire, where these pieces were first made in 1779. They were not used after 1852, and the name is obsolete.

CARTA. _Span._ and _Port._ A letter.

CASA. _Span._ and _Port._ House.

CASPITA. _Span._ “Wonderful!” Milder than CARAMBA, _q.v._

CASTELLANO. _Span._ A Castilian. _Hablar Castellano_, to talk Spanish.

CASTUMBA. _Rom._ Castile.

CAVALGADURA. _Gal._ See CABALGADURA.

CAVALHEIRO. _Port._ See CABALLERO.

CÉAD. _Irish_. A hundred.

CERRADA. _Span._ and _Port._ Closed, concealed, dark.

CERRO. _Span._ and _Port._ A hill, hillock.

CHABÍ. _Rom._ A girl. See CHABÓ.

CHABÓ, CHABÉ, CHABORÓ. _Rom._ A boy, youth, fellow. P. ii. 181; A. 51; Pp. 528; M. vii. 30; McR. 100. Possibly the origin of the English slang, “chap.”

CHACHIPÉ. _Rom._ The truth. P. i. 138; ii. 178; A. 29; Pp. 523; M. vii. 27.

CHAI. _Rom._ Irreg. plur. of CHABÓ, _q.v._ Chaps; used commonly for gypsies.

CHAL. _Rom._ A lad, boy, fellow; possibly the same as chiel, childe. _Rómano-chal_, a gypsy. McR. 98.

CHALI DEL BAHAR. _Arab._ _Bahar_ is “the sea” in Arabic; _shát_ is “the shore.” _Chali_ is possibly a misprint for this.

CHALAN. _Span._ A jockey or horse-dealer.

CHARDÍ, CHÁTI. _Rom._ A fair. I cannot find this word except in Borrow (Z. ii. * 36), though J. gives _chandí_. Borrow derives it from Hind, _chhetr_ = field. If so it is perhaps connected with _char_, _chor_ = grass. P. ii. 198; Pp. 529; M. vii. 29. Can it be the Persian _chatrí_—canopy, tent?

CHARIPÉ, CHERIPEN. _Rom._ Bed, or bedstead. Hind. _charpoy_ = that which has four feet or legs. Borrow (Z. ii.* 37) wrongly suggests the Grk. κρεββάτι, though giving, as elsewhere (LL. 100), the right derivation. P. ii. 203; M. vii. 32.

CHEGAR. _Port._ To arrive, land.

CHENOURAIN. Synagogues. From _shanūra_, an Algerian or low Arabic word.

CHI, CHICHÍ. _Rom._ Nothing. P. ii. 176; M. vii. 31.

CHIBADO. _Rom._ Put into. From _chibar_, a word used in many senses. P. ii. 184.

CHICA. _Span._ Little girl. Properly the fem. of the adj. _chico_, which is also used commonly for a boy, especially as a mode of address, or to call attention, _hé_, _chico_!

CHICOTITO. _Span._ Dimin. of _chico_. A little fellow, dwarf.

CHIM. _Rom._ Kingdom, country. P. ii. 295; M. viii. 82; Z. ii. * 38; and J.

CHINDOMAR. _Rom._ A butcher. From _chinar_ = to cut. P. ii. 208; Pp. 538; M. vii. 33.

CHINEL. _Rom._ A man of official position or rank. Especially an _alguacil_. Russ. _chin_, rank. P. ii. 204.

CHINOBARÓ. _Rom._ A head official. Compounded of CHIN and BARO, _q.v._

CHIPE. _Rom._ Tongue, speech. P. ii. 216; M. vii. 31; SC. 64.

CHIRIA. Borrow gives this as Sanscrit for “bird,” but I cannot find his authority. The Rom. word is _cziriklo_, _chiriclo_. See P. ii. 199.

CHOR. _Rom._ _Subs._ a thief; _verb_, to steal. P. ii. 200; A. 46; Pp. 545–6; M. vii. 36.

CHOZA. _Span._ A hut or small cottage. According to Dozy and Engelmann it is the Arab. _khas_.

CHULÍ, plur. CHULÉ. _Rom._ A dollar. Span. _peso fuerte_. Borrow uses the word in his gypsy St. Luke, xv. 8, etc. P. ii. 205, has “_Chuli_ = _Groschen_,” and suggests a connexion with _tchulo_ = thick. It is tempting to compare the English slang “a thick ’un” = a sovereign.

CHULÍ, CHURÍ. _Rom._ A knife. Hind. _churi_. P. ii. 210; Pp. 550; M. vii. 39. The form with L is only found in Spanish. Pott suggests that it is a corruption of _cuchillo_. In Z. ii. 148 it is given as _Germanía_, or thieves’ slang, and is probably their alteration of the correct _churí_.

CHUQUEL. _Rom._ A dog. P. ii. 213; A. 64; Pp. 553; M. vii. 51; Z. ii. * 132.

CIERRA! _Span._ “Close!” The war-cry of the Castilian chivalry; more fully, _Santiago_! _y cierra España_!

CIERTO. _Span._ Sure, certain.

CIERVO. _Span._ A stag.

COCAL. _Rom._ A bone. P. ii. 92; A. 52; Pp. 289; M. vii. 85.

COISA, COUSA. _Port._ A thing.

COLEGIO. _Span._ A college.

COMER. _Span._ and _Port._ To eat.

COMITIVA. _Span._ and _Port._ Suite, following, company.

COMMERCIO. _Port._ Commerce. _Span. comercio_.

COMPANHEIRO. _Port._ Companion, comrade.

COMPRAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To buy.

COMUNERO. _Span._ A member or partisan of the Communities of Castile. See Burke’s _Hist. of Spain_, ii. 316.

CON. _Span._ With.

CONCIUDADANO. _Span._ A fellow-citizen.

CONDE. _Span._ and _Port._ A count, or earl. Lat. _comes_. A title at one time greater than that of duke in Spain. See Burke’s _Hist. of Spain_, i. 148.

CONDENADO. _Span._ Condemned, damned.

CONQUISTAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To conquer.

CONSTITUCION. _Span._ Constitution; the constitution of 1812.

CONTRABANDISTA. _Span_ and _Port._ A smuggler.

CONVERSACION. _Span._ Conversation. As an interjection, “Folly! rubbish!”

COPITA. _Span._ A wine-glass, or small drinking-cup; dimin. of _copa_.

COPLA. _Span._ and _Port._ A couplet, or a few lines of poetry. The original Spanish of the lines quoted ii. 62 is as follows—

“Un manco escribió una carta; Un siego {395} la está mirando; Un mudo la está leyendo; Y un sordo la está escuchando.”

(Rodriguez Marin, _Cantos Populares Españoles_, tom. iv. p. 364, No. 7434.)

CORAHAI or CORAJAI. _Rom._ The Moors of Northern Africa. P. ii. 127; A. 27; Pp. 320; M. vii. 64.

CORAHANÓ, fem. CORAHANÍ. _Rom._ A Moor. See CORAHAI.

CORCHETE. _Span._ and _Port._ A catchpoll. Lit. a clasp; _corchetes_ are “hooks and eyes.”

CORÇO. _Gal._ A stag, or deer.

CORDOVES. _Span._ Of or belonging to Cordova.

CORREGIDOR. _Span._ A municipal magistrate. Orig. a _co-regidor_, or joint administrator of the law; not, as Midshipman Easy and the Boatswain decided, a _corrector_, though the word also has that signification in Spanish. As regards the magistrate, the second _r_ is superfluous and etymologically deceptive.

CORRIDA. _Span._ and _Port._ A racecourse; bull-fight.

CORTAMANGA. The word is not given in any dictionary that I have consulted. Borrow evidently alludes to a vulgar and obscene gesture, usually called _un corte de mangas_. It is made by bringing down the right hand on the left forearm, and raising the left forearm, with the middle finger of the left hand raised and the other fingers bent. It is not under _corte_ or _manga_ either in Covarrubia or the 1730 edit. of the _Dic. Acad. Esp._, or more recent ones, probably on account of its indecent signification. I have never seen it written. The finger part of the business is of course as old as the Romans, and survives still in Italy.

CORTE. _Span._ and _Port._ The king’s court; more particularly the city where the court resides—thus the capital. Applied colloquially and in commercial correspondence to Madrid, Lisbon, Rio Janeiro, etc.

CORTEJO. _Span._ and _Port._ A lover. Orig. courtesy or homage. _Cortejar_ = to do homage to.

CORTES. _Span._ and _Port._ The estates of the realm, parliament.

CORTIJO. _Span._ Farmhouse.

COSAS. _Span._ Things. “_Cosas de España_,” “_Cosas de Inglaterra_,” “_Cosas de los Ingleses_.” Colloquially equivalent to our, “How Spanish!” “Quite English!”

CRALLIS. _Rom._ King. The Slavonian _kral_. P. ii. 123; Pp. 296; M. vii. 87.

CREER. _Span._ To believe. _Yo lo creo_, “I believe you, my boy!” “You bet!”

CRIA. _Span._ and _Port._ A brood.

CRISCOTE. _Rom._ A book. See GABICOTE.

CRISTIANO. _Span._ Christian. Used in Spain for the Spanish language.

CRISTINO. _Span._ A partisan of Queen Christina.

CRUZ. _Span._ and _Port._ A cross; also the withers of a horse or mule.

CRUZADO. _Span._ and _Port._ A coin worth about six shillings. See Burke’s _Hist. of Spain_, ii. 286.

CUADRILLA. _Span._ A band.

CUARTO. _Span._ A copper coin of the value of four maravedis, or about one English farthing. Lit. the fourth part of anything.

CUENTA. _Span._ Bill, reckoning.

CUESTA. _Span._ A hill, or mount.

CUIDADO. _Span._ and _Port._ Care, anxiety. The Andalusians and Gitanos say _cuidao_.

CUL. _Arab._ Every, all.

CURA. _Span._ and _Port._ Parish priest. Fr. _curé_; _not_ a “curate.” The writer usually known as _El Cura de Fruime_ (i. 401) was D. Diego Antonio Zernadas de Castro, born at Santiago in 1698. He wrote various works in verse and prose, a complete edition of which, in seven volumes, was published by Ibarra (Madrid, 1778–81), and was followed by another, in three volumes, in 1783–9–90. A biography of the author, by D. Fernando Fulgosio, appeared in the _Revista de España_, _tomos_ 27, 28 (1872). There was another _Cura de Fruime_, D. Antonio Francisco de Castro, who was also a poet, and who died in 1836.

CURELAR. _Rom._ To do business. P. ii. 111; Pp. 281; M. vii. 88.

CURELÓ. _Rom._ Trouble, pain. P. ii. 115. See CURELAR.

CURIOSO. _Span._ and _Port._ Inquiring, curious.

* * * * *

DADAS. _Span._ and _Port._ Given. From _dar_.

DAI. _Rom._ Mother. P. ii. 309; Pp. 194; M. vii. 40.

DAOUD. _Arab._ Light. Arab. _ḍau_. _Daoud Scharr_ = _ḍau ash-sharr_, light of mischief.

DAR. _Arab._ A house; often found in composition as _Dar-sinah_, _Dar ṣinā_‘_ah_ (ii. 367), the house of the arts, or handicrafts; _Dar-dwag_, _Dar dabbagh_ (ii. 371), the house of the bark, or tannery.

DEHESA. _Span._ Pasture; applied more particularly to large open tracts of country where the cattle can roam at large.

DEMONIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Demon, devil.

DENHO. _Gal._ The devil; used familiarly, “the deuce.”

DESEMBARCAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To disembark.

DESESPERADO. _Span._ and _Port._ Desperate; a desperado.

DESHONESTO. _Span._ and _Port._ Not “dishonest,” but “immodest, lascivious.”

DESPACHO. _Span._ An office; a _depôt_. Used also of certain shops, such as the bakers, tobacco-sellers, and others.

DESPOBLADO. _Span._ Desert, or waste lands. Lit. depopulated; the true history is seen in the etymology. The word is applied to uncultivated desert, or uninhabited parts of the country, grazed for the most part by half wild sheep or cattle.

DESPUES. _Span._ Afterwards. _Hasta despues_, “Au revoir.”

DETRAS. _Span._ Behind. See TIRAR.

DIESTRO. _Span._ Skilful, dexterous; as a substantive, a performer at a bull-feast, also a fencer.

DIOS. _Span._ God.

DISPARATE. _Span._ and _Port._ A blunder, or extravagance. As an interjection, “Stuff and nonsense!”

DJMAH. The name of a tower in Tangier. Apparently the Arab. _Jami_’ = mosque.

DOIRO. _Port._ Of gold, _de oiro_ or _ouro_.

DON, DOÑA. _Span._ DOM, DONA. _Port._ Lord; lady.

DONOSTIAN. _Basque_. San Sebastian.

DORSO. _Span._ and _Port._ The back.

DOSTA. _Rom._ Enough! Span. _basta_! P. ii. 308; M. vii. 45.

DOUBLOON. _Eng._ A gold coin. _Span. doblon_. See Burke’s _Hist. of Spain_, ii. 284.

DRAO. _Rom._ Poison. P. ii. 316; Pp. 215; M. vii. 45.

DROMÁLIS. _Rom._ Carriers, muleteers, men of the road. P. ii. 319. See DRUN.

DRUN, DROM. _Rom._ A road. Grk. δρόμος. P. ii. 318; Pp. 215; M. vii. 46.

DRUNGRUJE, better DRONGRUGI or DRUNJI. _Rom._ The king’s highway; also a bridle-path. See DRUN.

DUENDE. _Span._ and _Port._ A ghost, or hobgoblin. In _Germanía_, or thieves’ slang = the watch, patrol.

DUFFEL. _O. Eng._ A coarse woollen cloth, said to have been first made at Duffel, near Amsterdam.

DUROTUNÓ. A shepherd. Probably connected with _dur_ = far, P. ii. 317; M. vii. 48. It is worth noticing that we find _Gorotuné_ = a native of Estremadura, which looks like a pun, P. i. 54, so too J., who has also _oroturné_ = a mountaineer, which suits the idea.

DWAG. See DAR.

* * * * *

E, Es. _Rom._ Genitive, sing. and plur., of the article _O_.

E. _Port._ And.

EIDRI. See SHILLAM.

ELLEGREN. Stated by Borrow to be a Scand. word, meaning “elfin plant,” but the dictionaries do not give it. _Elle_, however, in composition = fairy, in Danish; and _gren_ = bough, in Danish, Norse, and Swedish.

EMBÉO. _Rom._ A book. P. ii. 62.

EMBUSTERO. _Span._ Impostor, cheat, schemer; from _embuste_, a deceit, false or fraudulent scheme, snare.

ENCINA. _Span._ An oak.

ENDEMONIADO. _Span._ Possessed by the devil.

ENGANCHAR. _Span._ To enlist as a soldier. Prim. to hook; _gancho_, a hook.

ENSAYO. _Span._ An essay, attempt.

ENTENDER. _Span._ To understand.

ENTERO. _Span._ An _entire_ horse, or stallion. As an adjective, entire, perfect, complete.

ERRATE. _Rom._ A respectful appellation of the gypsy race, used by them of their own race. From Rom. _rat_, blood; the people of the same blood; our blood relations. P. ii. 272; Pp. 457; M. viii. 56.

ERRAY. _Rom._ Gentleman. More commonly, _rai_; in Eng. Rom., _rye_. P. ii. 264; Pp. 453; M. viii. 54.

ERREGUIÑA. _Basque._ Queen. Borrow is mistaken in connecting this word with Sanscrit. It is simply the Lat. _regina_.

ERUDITO. _Span._ and _Port._ Learned.

ESCAPADO. _Span._ and _Port._ Escaped, a runaway.

ESCLIVITUD. _Span._ Slavery.

ESCOCÉS. _Span._ Scotch.

ESCONDIDO. _Span._ and _Port._ _Adj._ hidden.

ESCOPETA. _Span._ and _Port._ A gun.

ESCRIBANO. _Span._ A notary, or his clerk. Lit. a writer.

ESCUCHAR. _Span._ To listen. _Escuchad_! “Listen!”

ESCUELA. _Span._ A school.

ESO. _Span._ That. _Que es eso_? “What’s that?”

ESPAÑA. _Span._ Spain. See i. 341.

ESPAÑOL. Spanish.

ESPINAL, ESPINAR. _Span._ A thorny thicket; place of thorns.

ESPINGARDA. _Span._ and _Port._ A musket.

ESPINHEIRO. _Port._ A thorn-tree.

ESTADEA. _Port._ ESTADAIÑA. _Gal._ Dimin. ESTADINHA. (1) A skeleton, or death’s-head; a nocturnal procession of the spirits of the dead. (2) A witches’ “sabbath;” for which last the Galician _compaña_ is also used.

ESTALAGEM. _Port._ An inn.

ESTAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To be.

ESTARIPEL. _Rom._ A prison. P. ii. 246; Pp. 146. SC. 141.

ESTRANGERO. _Span._ Strange, foreign.

ESTREMOU. _Rom._ ESTREMEÑO. _Span._ An inhabitant of the province of Estremadura.

EUSCARRA. Basque. Used by Borrow (ch. xxxvii.) for the Basque name of their own tongue; more commonly, _Escualdun_, _Escualdunac_; a word in any case of very uncertain origin. See Burke’s _Hist. of Spain_, vol. i. App. I., THE BASQUES.

EXEMPLO. _Span._ and _Port._ Example, pattern. _Por exemplo_, for instance.

EXTENDERSE. _Span._ To extend, stretch.

* * * * *

FABRICA. _Span._ and _Port._ Manufactory.

FACCIOSO. _Span._ As an adjective, factious; more often used by Borrow as a substantive, with the special signification, in the years 1830–1840, of a disaffected or factious person; a rebel; a Carlist.

FÁILTE. _Irish_. Welcomes.

FAJA, FAXA. _Span._ and _Port._ A thick waist-band, usually of silk, often red, and a characteristic portion of the dress of a great majority of Spaniards. The Indian _kamarband_. From the Lat. _fascia_, a girth, or band.

FANGO. _Span._ Mire, mud.

FAROL. _Span._ and _Port._ Strictly speaking, a lantern; used by Borrow for FARO, a lighthouse. They are, of course, equally the ancient Grk. φάρος.

FATO. _Port._ A herd; a multitude. Span. _hato_.

FELOUK, FELOQUE. _Eng._ A boat, felucca. Arab. _faluka_, _falak_ = ship.

FERIOUL. _Arab._ A sort of shawl thrown over the shoulders. Arab. _farwāl_.

FIDALGO. _Port._ A gentleman. The Spanish hidalgo = _filius alicujus_, the son of some one.

FILIMICHA. _Rom._ The gallows. Found in Borrow, and J.; Pott, ii. 394, simply quotes it from the former.

FINO. _Span._ and _Port._ Fine, excellent, sharp.

FONDA. _Span._ Hotel. According to Diez, from Latin _funda_, a sling, or a purse, which has also given the French _bourse_ and Spanish _bolsa_, an assembly of paying persons. See POSADA.

FORA. _Port._ and _Gal._ Outside, without.

FORO, FOROS. _Rom._ City, or town. P. ii. 393; Pp. 234; M. vii. 53.

FORTE. _Port._ Strong.

FREGONA. _Span._ A scullery maid.

FRIOLERA. _Span._ A trifle. Lat. _futilitas_.

FUENTE. _Span._ A fount, spring.

FUERON. _Span._ They were. From _ser_.

FUEROS. _Span._ Local privileges.

FUNCION. _Span._ A solemnity; festival; public assemblage of people to do or see some important act. In military language, an action; then colloquially, “a row.” The barbarous English adaptation, _function_, is convenient, and is rapidly gaining ground.

* * * * *

GABARDINE. _O. Eng._ A long coat, or cloak, usually applied to the distinctive dress worn by the Jews under compulsion. Said to be from the Spanish and Old French _gaban_, a great coarse cloak with a hood, a word itself supposed to be connected with _capa_.

GABICOTE. _Rom._ Book. Borrow seems the only authority for this word. J. has _gascote_. P. ii. 145.

GABINÉ. _Rom._ A Frenchman. P. i. 54, ii. 145.

GACHAPLA. _Rom._ A couplet, in poetry. Span. _copla_. P. ii. 41.

GACHÓ. _Rom._ Any one who is not a gypsy; the same as Rom. _busnó_. P. ii. 129; Pp. 235; M. vii. 53; McR. 93.

GALERA. _Span._ A long cart without springs; the sides are lined with matting, while beneath hangs a loose open net, as under the _calesinas_ of Naples, in which lies and barks a horrid dog, who keeps a cerberus watch over iron pots and sieves, and suchlike gypsy utensils, and who is never to be conciliated.—Ford’s _Spain_, Introd. p. 37.

GALLEGO. _Span._ and _Port._ Galician; usually Anglicized by Borrow as Gallegan. The Roman _Gallaeci_ or _Callaeci_.

GALLINERIA. _Span._ A hen-coop; a place for keeping _gallinas_, or chickens.

GALOOT (_Galūth_). _Hebr._ Bondage, captivity. “The galoot of sin.” In the slang of the United States the word means “a simpleton.”

GARBANZOS. _Span._ Chick-pease (_Cicer arietinum_). The invariable vegetable in every _olla_ and _puchero_.

GARLOCHIN. _Rom._ Heart. See CARLO.

GARNATA. _Arab._ Granada. See MELEGRANA.

GARROTE. _Span._ and _Port._ The death penalty by strangulation, in which an iron collar fixed to a post is tightened by a screw and receives the neck of the culprit, which is broken by a sharp turn given by the executioner. _Garrote_ also means a cudgel, or heavy walking-stick; and the tourniquet used by surgeons. It is a word of strange and uncertain etymology, and is said to be connected with Span. _garra_, a claw, Fr. _jarret_, a thigh, and other apparently incongruous words.

GAZPACHO. A dish in the nature of a vegetable salad very popular in Spain, made of bread, onions, potatoes, tomatoes, garlic, _garbanzos_ or chick-peas, with oil and seasoning of various kinds. The etymology is uncertain.

GEFATURA. _Span._ Office of the following.

GEFE. _Span._ Chief. _Gefe politico_ = _corregidor_, _q.v._

GELABA. _Arab._ A long cloak. Arab. _jilbāb_.

GENIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Genius; spirit.

GENOUI, dimin. GENOUILLOS. Moor. A Genoese, Genoese children.

GENTE, JENTE. _Span._ and _Port._ People.

GERMANÍA. _Span._ According to the dictionaries, the dialect or mode of speech used by gypsies, thieves, and ruffians, to prevent their being understood, in which they give special meanings to ordinary words (e.g. _aguila_, eagle = a clever thief), or invent words of their own (e.g. _almifor_ = horse). No doubt _Germanía_ contains gypsy words, but it is no more identical with Romany than are the Fr. _Argot_ or the Eng. _Cant_. See Z. ii. 129.

GIBIL. _Arab._ A hill.

GINETE. _Span._ A good horseman. _À la gineta_, in the Moorish style (of riding). Diez, strangely enough, would derive this Arab or Moorish word from the Grk. μυμνήτης, a naked or light-armed foot soldier. It is really derived from the proper name Zeneta, a Berber tribe who furnished the finest horsemen to the Spanish Moors (Cron. Alfonso X., fo. 6 d, an. 1263). In Catalan the word has become _janetz_. Our English word “jennet” may be derived from the same source.

GIRAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To turn round.

GITANA. _Thieves’ slang_. Twelve ounces of bread. See i. 177.

GITANO. _Span._ A gypsy. A corrupted form of _Egiptiano_, an Egyptian. R. 269; McR. 109. See ZINCALO.

GODO. _Span._ and _Port._ A Goth; Gothic.

GOH. _Pers._ Mountain. More correctly, _koh_.

GONFALONIERA. _Ital._ Standard-bearer.

GRĀ, GRAS, GRASTE, GRY. _Rom._ A horse. P. ii. 145; A. 33; Pp. 249; M. vii. 58.

GRACIA. _Span._ GRATIA. _Lat._ Grace.

GRANJA. _Span._ A grange, farm. _La Granja_, the royal palace at San Ildefonso.

GRECO. _Ital._ GRIEGO. _Span._ Greek.

GUAPO, GUAPITO. _Span._ and _Port._ Gay, neat, clever, elegant, gallant.

GUARDACOSTAS. _Span._ A revenue cutter.

GUARDIA. _Span._ A guard, watch.

GUERILLA. _Span._ Lit. little war. Irregular warfare to which the Spaniards have ever been so much addicted. The _guerrillero_ is the irregular soldier, or armed _paisano_, who wages this little war.

GUERRA. _Span._ War.

GUISSAN. _Basque_. According to. It is an adaptation of the Fr. _guise_, Span. _guisa_. The regular Basque words are _arabera_, _araura_. Aizquibel, Basque-Spanish Dict., gives the form _gisara_.

GURSÉAN. _Moor._ The giant aloe. Span. _pita_. _Apud_ Borrow, ii. 276.

GUSTO. _Span._ (1) Taste, lit. or fig. (2) Fancy, caprice, wish.

* * * * *

HABER. _Span._ To have. _Hay_, there are. _No hay mas_? Are there no more?

HABLA. _Span._ Speech.

HABLAR. _Span._ To speak. Lat. _fabulare_.

HACER. _Span._ To do, make. _El hará el gusto por V_, He will do what you want.

HADA, HADE. _Arab._ This.

HAIK. _Arab._ A white cloth worn over the head by the Moors.

HAIMAS. _Arab._ Tents. More correctly, _ḥaimat_, plur. _ḥiyām_.

HAJI. _Arab._, _Turk._, and _Grk._ One who having made the _haj_, or pilgrimage, to Mecca, is entitled to wear a green turban and assume the title of _haji_. But the same title, strange to say, is assumed by orthodox Christians who have made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem; and _Haji Yanco_ is quite as common a title or mode of address in the Levant as _Haji Ibrahím_.

HALAL. _Arab._ Lawful.

HALOOF. _Berber_. Hog’s flesh. More correctly, _ḥalluf_.

HAMAL. _Arab._ Porter, carrier. More correctly, _ḥammāl_.

HANUTZ. _Arab._ Shop. More correctly, _ḥanūt_.

HARĀM. _Arab._ and _Hebr._ Forbidden. Akin to this is _harem_.

HASTA. _Span._ Until. See DESPUES.

HATO. _Span._ A herd, a multitude. Port. _fato_.

HAX WEIB, HAX. _Germ._ A witch. A wrong form of _Hexe Weib_ or _Hexe_, a witch, or female wizard.

HAYIM. _Hebr._ Living. More correctly, _hayyim_.

HELLER. _Germ._ A copper coin in use in Germany previous to 1848; in value about one farthing.

HERENCIA. _Span._ Heritage, inheritance.

HERRADOR. _Span._ A blacksmith.

HIDALGO. _Span._ See FIDALGO.

HIGUERA. _Span._ A fig-tree.

HIJO. _Span._ A son. Lat. _filius_.

HINAI. _Arab._ Here.

HOK. _Rom._ Deceit, falsehood, fraud. _Hokka_, to lie; _hokkawar_, to cheat. _Hokkano_, in Eng. Rom., a lie. P. ii. 160; A. 37; Pp. 317; M. vii. 63. _Hokkano baro_, the great trick. See Z. i. 310; LL. 244; Lel. 352; Gr. 357.

HOMBRE. _Span._ HOMME. _Fr._ A man

HORCA. _Span._ The gallows.

HORNO. _Span._ Oven.

HOURIS. _Arab._ The women of the Moslem Paradise. Plural of the Arab, _ḥawrá_ = black-eyed.

HSHEESH. _Arab._ I.e. _ḥashish_, a preparation of hemp.

HUÁJE. _Arab._ Things. _Huáje del Mselmeen_, more correctly, _ḥawāij el Muslimīn_, things of the Moslems.

HUESO. _Span._ A bone.

HUNDUNAR, JUNDUNAR. _Rom._ A soldier. P. ii. 172; R. 294. J. gives _jundo_, _jundonal_.

* * * * *

ICHASOA. _Basque_. The sea. The verse quoted by Borrow (ii. 118) more accurately runs thus—

“Ichasoa urac handi. (The iea—the water—large) Eztu ondoric aguerri— (There is not—any bottom—manifest) Pasaco ninsaqueni andic (To pass—I could be able—thence) Maitea icustea gatic.” (The beloved—the seeing, _i.e._ to see—for).

INFAMIA. _Span._ and _Port._ Infamy.

INFANTE. _Span._ and _Port._ Prince.

INGLATERRA. _Span._ England.

INGLES. _Span._ English. _Inglesito_! “My little Englishman!”

INQUISICION. _Span._ The Inquisition.

INSHALLAH. _Arab._ Please God!

INSTANCIA. _Span._ and _Port._ Instance, prosecution. See note, ii. 141.

* * * * *

JABADOR. Apparently a Hispanized form of the African Arabic _jabdali_ = a gold-embroidered waistcoat.

JACA, or HACA. _Span._ A pony, or small riding horse.

JARA CANALLIS. _Rom._ The only authority I have succeeded in finding for this word is Z. ii. * 61. “_Jaracañales_, guards, officers of the revenue.” It may possibly be derived from the Bohemian gypsy _xáro_, Hungarian _háro_ = sabre, and the Span._ canalla_, but I have no reason to suppose that the word _xáro_ or _háro_ was known to the gypsies of Spain.

JARGON. _Eng._ Originally a Fr. word, meaning any unintelligible sound, as that of birds, then applied to the strange speech of the _Gueux_; and so to any unknown tongue. Borrow himself says of the gypsies, “when wishing to praise the proficiency of any individual in their tongue, they are in the habit of saying, ‘He understands the seven jargons’” (Z. ii. 125). Frampton Boswell is recorded (G. i. 374) to have stated that Romany was not one of “the seven languages,” “but,” adds Mr. Hinde Groome, “what he meant thereby, goodness alone knows.” The historian Mazaris (A.D. 1416) states that at that time the Peloponnesus was inhabited by seven principal nations, one of which was that of the Egyptians. These “Egyptians” are held by M. Bataillard to have been gypsies (_ib._ iii. 154), and I would suggest that we have here the origin of “the seven jargons.” The number seven seems to be in a special way connected with the children of Roma. For other instances see Leland, _English Gypsies_, p. 218; Gr. 171.

JAUN, JAUNA. _Basque_. Lord, the lord.

JAUNGVICOA. _Basque_. The Lord God. _Jaun_ = man, sir, lord; _Gincoa_ or _Jincoa_ = God.

JEHINNIM. _Arab._ and _Hebr._ Hell.

JENNUT. _Arab._ Paradise. Usually written, _jannat_.

JENTE. _Span._ See GENTE.

JIN. _Arab._ In classic English, _genie_ (Arabic and Persian _jinn_), a class of spirits lower than the angels.

JOHÁR. _Arab._ A pearl.

JOJABAR, JONJABAR. _Rom._ To deceive. From _jojána_, deceit. See HOK.

JORGE, dimin. JORGITO. _Span._ George.

JOROBADO. _Span._ A hunchback. The verb _jorobar_ means “to worry.”

JUEZ. _Span._ A judge.

JUMAL. _Arab._ Friday. More correctly, _jum_‘_a_.

JUNTA. _Span._ and _Port._ An assembly, meeting, council, governing body.

JUNTUNÓ. _Rom._ A listener, spy, sneak. From _junar_, _junelar_, to listen. P. ii. 221; Pp. 497; M. viii. 75.

JUSTICIA. _Span._ A legal tribunal, or the magistrate or magistrates who constitute it. _Absol_, justice.

* * * * *

KAFIR. _Arab._ Not a Moslem.

KANDRISA. According to Borrow, Turkish trousers. Possibly the same as the African Arabic _ḳan dūra_ = long shirt, _toga talaris_.

KAPUL UDBAGH. According to Borrow = “There is no God but one.”

KAUK. _Hebr._ The furred cap of Jerusalem, according to Borrow. We may perhaps compare _ḳūḳa_, stated by Redhouse in his _Turkish Diet_, to be a peculiar plumed head-dress worn by field-officers of the Janissaries.

KAWAR. _Arab._ An uncommon word, meaning, no doubt, a cemetery, being a corrupt form of _ḳabr_, a tomb.

KEBIR. _Arab._ Great.

KER, QUER. _Rom._ A house. P. ii. 153; Pp. 279; M. vii. 79; G. i. 178.

KERMOUS DEL INDE. _Arab._ A fruit; the prickly pear.

KISTUR, KESTER. _Rom._ To ride. P. ii. 122; SC. refer to _uklistó_, Pp. 560; A. 14; M. viii. 89. Borrow derives it from the Wallachian _keleri_. Perhaps from the Grk. κέλης.

KJÆMPE. _Scand._ A champion. Cf. “Kempion the kingis son” in the ballad that bears his name.

KNAW. _Rom._ Now. P. ii. 124; Pp. 130; M. vii. 5.

KOSKO, KOOSHTO. _Rom._ Good. P. ii. 157. This is an Eng. Rom. word. Continental gypsies use _latchó_, _mishtó_.

KYRIE. Grk. Κύριε, sir, my lord.

* * * * *

LABRADOR. _Span._ Cultivator, rustic, peasant. _Labrar_, to till the ground.

LÁCHA. _Rom._ Maidenhead, virginity. Z. ii. 7; P. ii. 331; Pp. 325; M. viii. 4.

LACHIPÉ. _Rom._ Silk. I cannot explain this word, unless it is connected with the following.

LACHÓ, fem. LACHÍ. _Rom._ Good. P. ii. 329; A. 49; Pp. 328; M. viii. 4.

LADRÕES. _Port._ Plur. of _ladrão_, a thief. Lat. _latro_.

LALORÉ. _Rom._ The Portuguese. LALORÓ, the red land. Eng. Rom. _Lotto_ (cf. _Jackanapes_, p. 28). P. i. 54, ii. 338; Pp. 328, 339; M. viii. 8.

LAPURRAC. _Basque_. The thieves.

LARGO. _Port._ A square, or public place in a town.

LECTURA. _Span._ Reading.

LEN. _Rom._ A river. _Len baro_, the great river; _Wady al Kebir_, the Guadalquivir. P. ii. 336; Pp. 333; M. viii. 6.

LEVANTARSE. _Span._ and _Port._ To raise one’s self, rise.

LE. _Span._ To him.

LI, LIL. _Rom._ Paper; a letter, passport, book. P. ii. 329, 339; A. 48; Pp. 334; M. viii. 7.

LIB. _Hebr._ Heart. More correctly, _leb_.

LICEO. _Span._ School, college.

LILIPENDI. _Rom._ A simpleton. Akin to LILÓ, _q.v._

LILÓ, fem. LILÍ. _Rom._ Foolish, mad. P. ii. 340.

LIMOSNA, dimin. LIMOSNITA. _Span._ Alms, charity.

LINDO. _Span._ and _Port._ Beautiful, pretty.

LIRI. _Rom._ Law. P. ii. 340.

LLAVERO. _Span._ Turnkey.

LOCO. _Span._ Mad.

LOMBO. _Port._ Loin.

LONDONÉ. _Rom._ An Englishman; lit. a Londoner. So B., but it is probably plural. P. i. 54.

LONGANIZERO. _Span._ Sausage-maker.

LONTRA. _Port._ Otter. Span. _nutria_. “L” for “N” is characteristic.

LOOR. _Old Span._ Praise.

LUME. _Port._ Light.

LUMIA. _Rom._ A harlot. P. ii. 334; Pp. 342; M. viii. 9; G. i. 178.

* * * * *

MA. _Arab._ Not.

MACHO, MACHA. _Span._ A mule, male or female. Considering that, even in Spanish, _macho_ did, and does, signify a male animal of any kind—being an abbreviation of the Latin _masculus_—_macha_, a she-mule, is rather a strange word!

MADRILATI. _Rom._ Madrid. Also _Adalí_, J. In thieves’ slang also _Gao_ (= _gav_, a town), Z. ii. * 54. But H. gives _gao_ = _piojo_ (a louse).

MAHA. _Sanscr._ Great. Persian _mih_.

MAHASNI, plur. MAKHASNIAH. _Arab._ Soldiers. More correctly, men of the garrison; defenders.

MAI. _Port._ Mother.

MAILLA. _Rom._ A she-ass. P. ii. 454. Apparently only found in Eng. Romany.

MAJARÓ. _Rom._ Holy. P. ii. 462.

MAJO, MAJA. Dandy; fancy man or girl. _Majo_, scarcely to be rendered in any foreign language, is a word of more general signification than _manolo_, q.v. The one is a dandy, or smart fellow, all over Spain; the other is used only of a certain class in Madrid.

MAJOON. I cannot find this word, but it is apparently the name of some intoxicating substance, and is probably connected with the Arabic _majnūn_ = possessed by a _jinn_, mad.

MAKHIAH. _Arab._ Brandy made of figs. More correctly, _ma’iyya_.

MALO. _Span._ Bad, wicked.

MALVADO. _Span._ and _Port._ Malicious, evil disposed.

MAN. _Rom._ Me. P. i. 229; Pp. 66; M. xi. 22.

MANOLO. _Span._ _Manolo_ is a somewhat difficult word to translate. It is applied to the flash or fancy man and his _manola_ in Madrid only; a class fond of pleasure, of fine clothes, of bull-fights, and of sunshine, with a code of honour of their own; men and women rather picturesque than exemplary, and eminently racy of the soil.

MANRÓ. _Rom._ Bread or corn. Estremadura is thus called _Chim del Manró_, “The Land of Corn.” P. ii. 440; Pp. 350; M. viii. 12. Given as _marron_, G. i. 177.

MANTA. _Span._ and _Port._ A woollen blanket. _Á manta de Dios_ = copiously. The word has nothing to do with the national _cloak_ of Spain, which is _la capa_.

MANTILLA. _Span._ The characteristic headdress of Spanish ladies, of black silk or lace, drawn over the back of the head and shoulders. Dimin. of _manta_.

MAR. _Span._ and _Port._ Sea.

MARAVEDÍ. _Span._ A coin of various weights and values. See Burke’s _History of Spain_, ii. 282.

MAREQUITA. _Span._ Dimin. of Maria.

MARIPOSA. _Span._ A butterfly; a night light.

MAS. _Span._ More.

MATADOR. _Span._ and _Port._ (1) A slayer, murderer. (2) The man who kills the bull. See note, i. 170.

MATO. _Port._ A forest; or more exactly, a wild country, full of bushes and thickets.

MAUGHRABIE. _Arab._ A Borrovian adaptation of the Arabic _Al Maghrib_, the west, signifying Mauretania, or North-Western Africa.

MAYIM. _Hebr._ Waters.

MAYOR. _Span._ and _Port._ Greater.

MAYORDOMO. _Span._ and _Port._ House steward, or major-domo.

MEARRAH. _Hebr._ and _Arab._ Cemetery. Lit. a cave. Hebr. _m_‘_arah_, Arab. _maghārah._

MECLIS, MEKLIS. _Eng. Rom._ Leave off! have done! “‘_Meklis_,’ said Mrs. Chikno, ‘pray drop all that, sister’” (_The Romany Rye_, ch. v.). P. ii. 112, 434; Pp. 369; M. viii. 19.

MEDICO. _Span._ and _Port._ A physician.

MEFORSHIM. _Hebr._ The commentators. More correctly, _m_’_fár_’_shim_.

MEIGA. _Port._ and _Gal._ A female sharper, fortune-teller, or sorceress. The adjective _meigo_, in Spanish _mego_, has the signification of gentle, kind, mild.

MELEGRANA. _Rom._ Granada. From the Ital. _melagrana_, a pomegranate; Span. _granada_. See note, 375.

MENDI. _Basque_. A mountain. See note to Ingles Mendi, ii. 314.

MERCADO. _Span._ and _Port._ A market, or market-place.

MERCED. _Span._ (1) Favour, grace, mercy. (2) A day labourer’s pay, or wages. (3) In combination, _vuestra merced_, your worship, your honour, etc.; written V. or Vd. and pronounced _usted_.

MESUNA. _Rom._ A wayside inn, or _posada_, q.v. P. ii. 43, 463.

MEZQUITA. _Span._ A mosque.

MÍLA. _Irish_. A thousand.

MILAGRO. _Span._ A miracle.

MIN. _Rom._ My, mine. P. i. 237; Pp. 69; M. xi. 30.

MIN. _Arab._ From.

MIRAR. _Span._ To look.

MISERIA. _Span._ and _Port._ Misery, wretchedness; also niggardliness, stinginess.

MODERADO. _Span._ and _Port._ Moderate. The name assumed by the more royalist members of the _Cristino_ party. See i. 180.

MODO. _Span._ and _Port._ (1) Measure; (2) courtesy, urbanity. _V. no tiene modo_, “You’ve got no manners.”

MOIDORE. _O. Eng._ Portuguese _moeda d’ouro_ = golden money, was a gold piece of the value of about twenty-six shillings.

MONA. _Span._ and _Port._ A she-monkey.

MONRÓ. _Rom._ A friend; in thieves’ slang, an adult. Z. ii. 149; P. ii. 453; M. viii. 18.

MONTANA. _Span._ A hill, mountain.

MONTE. _Span._ and _Port._ A hill, mountain.

MONTERA. _Span._ A hunting-cap, a Montero cap.

MONTERO. _Span._ A hunter; originally, a mountaineer.

MORO. _Span._ Moorish.

MOSTRADOR. _Span._ The counter, of a shop.

MOZO. _Span._ A youth, or lad; _moza_, a girl.

MSELMEEN. _Arab._ Moslems. See HUÁJE.

MUCHACHO, MUCHACHA. _Spn._ Boy; girl.

MUCHO. _Span._ Much.

MUGER, MUJER. _Span._ Woman; wife.

MUJIK, MUZHIK. _Russ._ A peasant. It may be added that their popular song, “Come, let us cut the cabbage” (i. 175), is not, as might be supposed, an exhortation to horticultural pursuits. “To cut the cabbage” is a slang expression among the Slavs for killing a Turk, in allusion to the green turbans worn by the descendants of the prophet.

MUK. _Rom._ Let, allow. See MECLIS.

MUNDO. _Span._ and _Port._ World.

MUSHEE. _Arab._ I.e. _ma_ = not, _shee_ = thing.

MUY. _Span._ Very, much.

* * * * *

NACIONAL. _Span._ and _Port._ A Nationalist; a member of the National Guard.

NADA. _Span._ and _Port._ Nothing.

NAHI. _Rom._ Translated by Borrow, lost. If so, perhaps connected with _najabar_, to lose. P. ii. 324; Pp. 381; M. viii. 23. Possibly, however, it is only a negative = is not. P. i. 319; A. 70.

NAO. _Port._ Ship.

NARANGERO. _Span._ An orange-seller.

NAVA. _Span._ A plain.

NDUI. _Hebr._ A kind of hell, or purgatory, according to Borrow, who puts the word into the mouth of his Lisbon Jews. It is, apparently, the Hebr. _niddui_ = ban, excommunication.

NEFSKY. _Russ._ Of the Neva.

NEGRO. _Span._ and _Port._ (1) Black; (2) a negro, or African; (3) the nickname given by the Basque Carlists to the _Cristinos_, or Constitutionalists, 1833–1839.

NICABAR. _Rom._ To take away, steal, destroy. P. ii. 326; Pp. 390; M. viii. 25.

NIRI. _Basque_. My, mine.

NOCHE. _Span._ Night.

NOMBRE. _Span._ Name.

NOVILLO. _Span._ A young bull. See note, i. 361.

NOVIO. _Span._ Bridegroom, betrothed.

NUAR. _Arab._ Flowers. More correctly, _nawār_.

NUESTRO. _Span._ Our.

NUVEIRO. This word is neither Castilian, Galician, nor Portuguese; but is a made-up or fancy word, from the Portuguese _nuvem_, a cloud; a cloud man, or supernatural being.

* * * * *

O. _Rom._ The.

Ó. _Span._ Or.

OBISPO. _Span._ Bishop.

OJALATEROS. _Span._ “Waiters upon Providence.” A burlesque word. See note, i. 169.

ONZA. _Span._ A coin of the value of about £3 6_s._ 8_d._; lit. an _ounce_ of gold. Also known as the _doblon de à_ 8; Anglicized as “piece of eight.”

ORAÇAM, ORAÇÃO. _Port._ A prayer.

OTRO. _Span._ Other. _No hay otro en el mundo_, “There’s none like it in the world.”

OULEM. _Hebr._ Of the world. Arab. ‘_olam_.

* * * * *

PACHÍ. _Rom._ Modesty, honour, virginity. P. ii. 347.

PACIENCIA. _Span._ and _Port._ Patience.

PAÇO. _Port._ The Court.

PADRE. _Span._ and _Port._ Father.

PADRINO. _Span._ (1) Sponsor, godfather; (2) second—in a duel.

PADRON. _Span._ Patron, landlord.

PAHAN. _Phœn._ A rabbit.

PAISANO. _Span._ and _Port._ A countryman; _not_ a peasant, but a man of the same country as another; a compatriot. As the conventional answer to the challenge, “_Quien vive_?” by a Spanish sentry, it means “Civilian.”

PAJANDI. _Rom._ A guitar. According to Borrow, lit. “the thing that is touched or played upon.” P. ii. 369, 426.

PAJARIA. _Span._ Straw-market. The place where straw is _kept_ is PAJAR.

PAL. Rom. See PLAN.

PALABRA. _Span._ A word.

PALOMAR. _Span._ A dovecote.

PAN. _Span._ Bread.

PANHAGIA. _Grk._ Lit. All-holy. The Virgin Mary.

PANÍ. See PAWNEE.

PAÑUELO. _Span._ A handkerchief. Lit. a little cloth.

PAPAS. _Grk._ A priest (παπᾶς).

PARA. _Span._ and _Port._ For.

PARNÓ. _Rom._ White. P. ii. 359; Pp. 410; M. viii. 32.

PARNÉ. White, or silver money; thence, as in the case of Fr. _argent_, money in general. See PARNÓ.

PARRA. _Span._ Festoons of vines; the trellis or stakes upon which these festoons are trained.

PARUGAR. _Rom._ To barter, swop, chaffer. P. ii. 354; Pp. 412; M. viii. 33.

PASTELEROS. _Span._ Pastrycooks.

PASTESAS. _Rom._ The hands. _Ustilar á pastesas_ is to steal “with the hands,” or by any sleight of hand. Z. i. 315. The usual Span. gypsy word is _ba_, J.; _bas_, Z. i. 522. Both are doubtless variations of the more common _vast_. P. ii. 86; Pp. 573; M. viii. 94; SC. 151.

PASTOR. _Span._ and _Port._ Shepherd.

PATIO. _Span._ and _Port._ The court of a house; either the open space round which Spanish houses are so commonly built, or an open court in front of it.

PATRON. See PADRON.

PAWNEE, PANÍ. _Rom._ Water. Hind. _paní_. The one special word known to all gypsies wherever found, even in Brazil. P. ii. 343; Pp. 405; M. viii. 31; G. i. 61.

PELUNI. _Arab._ Of another. See ii. 313.

PENAR, PENELAR. _Rom._ To speak, say. P. ii. 386; Pp. 421; M. viii. 41.

PEÑA. _Span._ A rock.

PEPTNDORIO. _Rom._ Antonio; proper name.

PERICO. _Span._ A small parrot.

PERO. _Span._ But

PERRO. _Span._ A dog.

PESAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To afflict, distress. Lit. to weigh. _Me peso_, “I’m very sorry.”

PESETA. _Span._ A Spanish coin, representing, down to 1870, two silver reals or four reals _vellon_, but since 1870 the standard or unit of value in Spanish finance, is nearly equal to the French _franc_, and, like it, divided for purposes of account, into 100 _centimos_.

PETULENGRO, PETALENGRO. _Eng. Rom._ A shoeing smith. See note on i. 204; P. ii. 348; Pp. 427; M. viii. 37; SC. 13, 121; and, generally, Lavengro and The Romany Rye.

PFAFFEN. _Germ._ Monks; a contemptuous term for clerics generally, whether regular or secular.

PIAZZA. _Ital._ An open square in a town, surrounded by colonnades. In modern American parlance the word is often used for a veranda, in which sense Borrow apparently uses it, i. 276.

PICADOR. _Span._ and _Port._ A riding-master, bull-fighter. See note, i. 170, and TORERO.

PICARDIA. _Span._ and _Port._ Knavishness; from _picaro_, a rogue, knave, or loafer. The English adjective _picaresque_ is conventionally applied to a certain class of Spanish story of low life and sharp practice relieved by humour.

PÍCARO. _Span._ and _Port._ Rogue, knave.

PICARON. _Span._ Augmentative (_on_) of _pícaro_, a great scamp.

PICA. _Span._ and _Port._ Peak, summit.

PILA. _Span._ A water-trough.

PINAR, PINAL. _Span._ Grove or wood of pine trees.

PINRÓ, PINDRÓ, plur. PINDRÉ. _Rom._ Foot; _en pindré_, on foot P. ii. 351; Pp. 433; M. viii. 47; A. 33.

PIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Pious.

PIRAR, PIRELAR. _Rom._ To go, walk. P. ii. 382; Pp. 436; M. viii. 42.

PITA. _Span._ The aloe (_Agave americana_).

PLULÍ. _Rom._ A widow. P. ii. 377; Pp. 439; M. viii. 43.

PLAKO or PLACO. _Rom._ Tobacco. Russ. _prâk_ = powder. P. ii. 361; Pp. 445; M. viii. 52. A gypsy model at Granada gave it as _prajo_ in 1876, “L” and “R” being often interchanged by the peasants thereabouts. G. i. 177 and J. has _polvo_ = _praco_.

PLAN, PLANORÓ, PLAL. _Rom._ Brother, comrade. Eng. Rom. _pal_. P. ii. 383; A. 79; Pp. 445; M. viii. 43.

PLAYA. _Span._ The strand.

PLAZA. _Span._ A square or open space in a town. Ital. _piazza_, q.v.

PLAZUELA. _Span._ Dimin. of PLAZA.

POBLACION. _Span._ (1) Population; (2) act of populating; (3) a town.

POBRECITA. _Span._ “Poor thing!” Dimin. of _pobre_, poor.

POLITICO. _Span._ and _Port._ Political, civil. See note, ii. 127.

POLK. _Russ._ A regiment.

POQUITO. _Span._ Dimin. of _poco_. Small, little.

POR. _Span._ and _Port._ For.

PORQUE. _Span._ and _Port._ Because.

POSADA. _Span._ “A lodging; from _posar_, to sit down or lodge, hence lodging-house, tavern, or small hotel. The genuine Spanish town inn is called the _posada_, as being meant to mean a house of repose after the pains of travel. Strictly speaking, the keeper is only bound to provide lodging, salt, and the power of cooking whatever the traveller brings with him or can procure out-of-doors, and in this it differs from the _fonda_, in which meats and drinks are furnished.”—Ford, _Gatherings from Spain_, ch. xv.

POSADERO. _Span._ Innkeeper.

POSTA. _Span._ and _Port._ Post, post-house. _Casa de las Postas_, General Post-office.

PRAÇA. _Port._ Square, place.

PRADO. _Span._ and _Port._ A lawn or meadow. The great promenade at Madrid.

PRAIA. _Gal._ Seashore, strand.

PRESIDIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Place of imprisonment, penitentiary; prim. a fortress, or the garrison thereof.

PRESTAR. _Port._ To be of use.

PRIMERO. _Span._ First.

PRINCIPE. _Span._ and _Port._ PRINCEPS. _Lat._ Prince.

PROPINA. _Span._ Lat. _propinare_. Drink-money; _pour boire_, a tip.

PUCHERA or PUCHERO. _Span._ A stew; prim. the pot in which the stew is made, which, as in the case of the _olla_, has come to signify the contents. The _puchero_ is more used in the north, the _olla_ in the south of the Peninsula. The combination _olla podrida_ is now at least never heard in Spain.

PUEBLO. _Span._ A small town, or village. _El pueblo_, the common people.

PUENTE. _Span._ A bridge.

PUERTA. _Span._ Door, gate. _Puerta del Sol_, Gate of the Sun. The central point of Madrid.

PUERTO. _Span._ A bay, or port; also a pass in the mountains.

PULIDO. _Span._ Neat, delicate, charming.

* * * * *

QUATRO. _Span._ and _Port._ Four.

QUE. _Span._ and _Port._ What, that.

QUER. _Rom._ A house. See KER.

QUIEN. _Span._ Who.

QUIERO. _Span._ I wish.

QUINTA. _Span._ and _Port._ A country house.

* * * * *

RABBI. _Hebr._ Master.

RAINHA. _Port._ Queen.

RAIS. _Arab._ Chief; captain of a ship.

RAJIL. _Arab._ Man.

RANDADO._ Rom._ Written. From _randar_, P. ii. 276.

RATERO. _Span._ Mean, scoundrelly.

RAYA. _Span._ Border, boundary, or frontier.

REAL. _Span._ and _Port._ Royal.

REAL. _Span._ and _Port._ A coin or unit of value. The Spanish plural is _reales_; the Portuguese, _reis_ or _rees_. The Spanish real is worth about 2½_d._ English; the Portuguese only 1/20_d._, one thousand reis making the Portuguese dollar, or piece of mil reis, hence called a _milrei_ or _milreis_.

REGATA. _Span._ A small channel, or, conduit.

REJA. _Span._ The iron grating before a window looking on to the street of a town. The recognized trysting-place of a lover and his mistress.

RELACION. _Span._ Relation, story.

REMATAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To end, finish. _Que Dios remate tu nombre_! “May God blot out your name!”

RENDER. _Span._ and _Port._ To yield, surrender.

REPAÑI. _Rom._ Brandy. This word, given in 1876 (_v._ PLAKO), is derived by Pott from _repañi_ (_repañó_, J.), a radish, the connexion being the sharp taste of both (ii. 274). Remembering the “fire-water” of the Indians, the _aguardiente_ of Spain and Portugal, and the _tattopani_ of the Eng. gypsies, I am tempted to suggest another explanation. J. gives _ardiente_ = _carí_, and _aguardiente_ = _pañicarí_. Now _car_ (P. ii. 125) or _jar_ (_ib._ 171) = heat. Change the order of the words and _caripañi_ might shorten into _repañí_.

REPOSTERO. _Span._ The butler, or majordomo, in a great house. The _reposteria_ is the plate-room, storeroom, or pantry.

REPUTACION. _Span._ Reputation. _Gente de reputacion_, “swells,” “swagger people.”

REQUISO. _Span._ Requisitioning (from _requerir_). A technical word; the authority that requisitions private property, horses, etc., for the use of the national army in time of war.

REYNA. _Span._ Queen.

RIA. _Span._ and _Port._ An estuary, as the mouth of a river. More particularly applied to the numerous bays on the Galician and Asturian coasts of Northwest Spain.

RO, ROM. _Rom._ A husband; a married gypsy. _Roma_, the husbands, is the generic name of the gypsy nation, or Romany. P. ii. 275; A. 56; Pp. 462; M. viii. 58; McR. 91.

ROMERO. _Span._ Rosemary.

ROMI. _Rom._ A married gypsywoman; fem. of _rom_, a husband; a married gypsy.

ROQUE. _Span._ and _Port._ The “rook,” or “castle,” at chess. Pers. _rukh_. The same word is used for the fabulous bird of immense size so often mentioned in Oriental tales.

ROUBLE. _Russ._ A kind of Russian money, either silver or paper. Its present value is about two shillings.

RUAH. Arab, and _Hebr._ Spirit. Used throughout the Old Test, to denote the Spirit of God, the Holy Spirit.

RUFIANESCO. _Span._ Ruffian, criminal.

RUNE. _Eng._ (1) A letter of the ancient Scandinavian alphabet, usually carved on stone. (2) A short mystic sentence of Scandinavian origin. Norse and Danish _rune_, Swed. _runa_.

* * * * *

SABIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Learned. King Alfonso X. was surnamed _El Sabio_, which is sometimes erroneously rendered “The Wise.” _Sabio_ is, rather, “erudite;” and the king was undoubtedly the most learned man of his time, though his government was not always by any means wise.

SACRO. _Span._ and _Port._ Sacred.

SAFACORO. _Rom._ The city of Seville. P. ii. 248. J. gives _Sevillano_ = _Safacorano_.

SAGADUA, SAGARDUA. _Basque_. Cider; _i.e._ the strong or Spanish cider, called in French Basque _charnoa_ or _sharnoa_, as distinguished from the weak cider which is made from apples rotted in water. A probable etymology is _sagar_ = apple; _arno_ = wine.

SAGRA. _Span._ The name of certain districts in Spain, especially of one lying north of Toledo. The word is probably derived from the Arab _ṣaḥra_ = a plain. See note, i. 257.

SALAMANQUESA. _Span._ A salamander, or, star-lizard; otherwise called _salamandra_.

SANDIA. _Span._ A water-melon.

SANTIGUO. _Span._ The action of crossing one’s self. _Santiguar_ is “to make the sign of the cross.”

SANTO. _Span._ and _Port._ Sainted, holy. _La Santa Casa_, the Inquisition.

SANTON. _Span._ A great saint; more especially applied to Moslem recluses. Also, a hypocrite.

SANTURRON. _Span._ A great saint; usually, a great hypocrite.

SARDINHA. _Port._ and _Gal._ A sardine. Borrow’s friends, _la gente rufianesca_, have a quaint name for a galley-slave, _apaleador de sardinas_, a sardine-beater. H. 155.

SBA. _Arab._ Morning. More correctly, _ṣabāḥ_.

SCHARKI. _Arab._ The East.

SCHARR. See DAOUD.

SCHOPHON. _Heb._ _Shâphân_ (שׁפן) A quadruped which chews the cud like a hare (Lev. xi. 5; Deut. xiv. 7); which lives gregariously on rocks, and is remarkable for its cunning (Ps. civ. 18; Prov. xxx. 26). The Rabbins render _coney_, or _rabbit_; more correctly the LXX. in three places χοιρογρύλλιος, _i.e._ an animal resembling the _marmot_.

SÉ. _Span._ I know; from _saber_.

SEA. _Span._ May he be; from _ser_.

SECO. _Span._ and _Port._ Dry. See ii. 82.

SECRETARIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Secretary.

SEGUN. _Span._ According to.

SEGUNDO. _Span._ and _Port._ Second.

SENHOR, SENHORA. _Port._ SEÑOR, SEÑORA. _Span._ Gentleman, lady.

SEÑORITO, SEÑORITA. _Span._ Dimin. of the above.

SEO. _Span._ A cathedral church.

SEREKA. _Arab._ A theft. More correctly, _sarika_.

SERRA. _Port._ A high range of mountains; the Spanish sierra.

SERRADOR. _Span._ and _Port._ A sawyer. Although according to some authorities this was the real name of the person mentioned in i. 138, 233, it seems that he was really a sawyer, by name José Miralles, born in Valencia, on the borders of Aragon. He served under _El Fraile_ (The Friar), a Guerilla chief in the Napoleonic wars, and was rather the rival than the lieutenant of Cabrera, who imprisoned him, on which occasion he broke both his legs in a vain attempt to escape. He subsequently took part in the rising at Maeztrazgo, in 1844, and died in the campaign of that year, while serving under General Villalonga.

SERRANIA. _Span._ and _Port._ District or country of _sierras_, or mountain ridges.

SERVIL. _Span._ and _Port._ Servile. Applied, as a substantive, as a party nickname to the Royalists on the outbreak of the first civil war in 1820.

SESÓ (fem. SESÍ, plur. SESÉ, also = Spain). _Rom._ A Spaniard. In Spanish the word signifies “brain,” P. ii. 249.

SHAITÁN. _Arab._ Satan, the devil.

SHEE. _Arab._ Thing.

SHEKEL. _Hebr._ A Hebrew coin of uncertain value. The word itself means merely “a weight.”

SHEM. _Hebr._ Name.

SHEM HAMPHORASH. _Hebr._ The separated, reserved, or special Name, i.e. _Yahweh_. Always transliterated _Adonai_. Lord (a word which itself, perhaps, contains the Span. _Don_), whence Κύριος, _Dominus_, and the LORD, have found their way into translations of the Old Testament. Our English “Jehovah” contains the forbidden consonants of _Yahweh_ and the vowel points of _Adonai_.

SHEREEF. _Arab._ Noble.

SHILLAM EIDRI. Apparently meant for _lashon ivri_ = the Hebrew tongue.

SHOOB. Borrovian for the Russian _shuba_, a fur cloak or pelisse. The word has made its way into Eng. Rom. as _shooba_, a gown.

SHRIT. Apparently for the Arabic _ishtari_ = buy.

SIBAT. _Arab._ Slippers. More correctly, _sabbāt_.

SIDI. _Arab._ My lord. More usually written _Said_ or _Sayyid_, the same as the more familiar Cid. The fem. _Sitti_ = my lady, is familiar to every lady who has visited North Africa.

SIERRAS. _Span._ Lit. saws; applied to mountain ranges, from their serrated outline.

SIESTA. _Span._ Lat. _sexta_ (_hora_), noon. Noontide or afternoon sleep. _Sext_ is one of the canonical hours of the Catholic Church.

SIETE. _Span._ Seven.

SIGLO. _Span._ Century, age.

SIGNOR, SIGNORE. _Ital._ Sir.

SIN. _Span._ Without.

SINAH. See DAR.

SINAR. _Rom._ To be. _Sin_, he is; _sinava_, I was. P. ii. 250; Pp. 255; M. vii. 66.

SŌC. _Arab._ A market. More correctly, _sūḳ_. _Soc de barra_ = outer market.

SOCIEDAD. _Span._ Society.

SOGA. _Span._ A rope; a well-rope; a halter for beasts; the halter for hanging a man.

SOLABARRI. _Rom._ Bridle. P. ii. 239; Pp. 487; M. viii. 69.

SOMBRERO. _Span._ A hat; that which gives _sombra_, or shade.

SON. _Span._ They are; from _ser_.

SONACAI. _Rom._ Gold. P. ii. 227; Pp. 481; M. viii. 68.

SOPA. _Span._ (1) Soup. (2) The entire dinner.

SOTEA. _Port._ Flat roof; balcony; platform.

SOU. _Port._ SOY. _Span._ I am; from _ser_.

SOWANEE. _Rom._ A sorceress. Used by Borrow, i. 122, for the more correct _chuajañi_, Eng. Rom. _chovihoni_. P. ii. 190; Pp. 549; M. vii. 37.

SU. _Span._ SUUS. _Lat._ His.

SVEND. _Dan._ Swain.

* * * * *

TABLA. _Span._ A board, or plank.

TAL. _Span._ and _Port._ Such. _Que tal_? “How goes it?”

TALIB. _Arab._ Learned, Lit. “a seeker,” used in some countries for “a devotee.” More correctly, _ṭālib_.

TAMBIEN. _Span._ Also, likewise, as well.

TAN. _Span._ So.

TARDE. _Span._ and _Port._ Afternoon, evening.

TEATRO. _Span._ Theatre.

TEBLEQUE. _Rom._ God the Saviour, Jesus. P. ii. 312; J.

TENER. _Span._ To take, hold, have. See MODO. _Tuvose_, it was held, or, thought.

TERELAR._ Rom._ To have, hold. P. ii, 294; A. 41; Pp. 512; M. viii. 79.

TERREIRO. _Port._ A parade, promenade.

TERTULIA. _Span._ An assembly, conversazione.

TINAJA. _Span._ A large earthen jar.

TINTO. _Span._ and _Port._ Coloured. _Vino tinto_, red wine.

TIO, TIA. _Span._ Uncle; aunt. Applied in common life as a term of familiar address to any one, not related to the speaker. Something like the Old English _gaffer_ and _gammer_.

TIPOTAS. _Grk._ Nothing (πίποτε).

TIRAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To throw, remove, shoot. _Tirar por detras_, to kick out behind.

TOCINO. _Span._ Bacon, pork.

TODO. _Span._ and _Port._ All.

TOMA. _Span._ Lit. take; as an interjection, “Come!” “Look here!”

TOMATE. _Span._ The tomato (_Lycopersicum esculentum_).

TONSURA. _Span._ and _Port._ (1) A cutting, of hair or wool. (2) The first of the ecclesiastical orders.

TORAH, or THORAH. _Hebr._ The books of the Law; the Pentateuch.

TOREADOR. See TORERO.

TORERO. _Span._ A professional bull-fighter. These are of three classes—the _picadores_, or horsemen; the _bandarilleros_, or placers of _banderillos_; and the _matador_, or _espada_. Each company, or _cuadrilla_, of fighters consists of a _matador_, chief of the band, three _bandarilleros_, and two _picadores_. There is also usually a _sobresaliente_ (or understudy) _de espada_, in case of accidents; and a certain number of _chulos_, or men with cloaks, complete the personnel of the ring.

TRADUCIDO. _Span._ Translated. From _traducir_.

TRAER. _Span._ To bear, carry.

TRAGUILLO. _Span._ Dim. of _trago_. A draught, drink.

TRAMPA. _Span._ and _Port._ A trap, snare.

TRINIDAD. _Span._ Trinity.

TSADIK. _Hebr._ Righteous. Hence Tsadok, the leader of the Sadducees, derived his name.

TUCUE. _Rom._ Thee, with thee. See TUTE.

TUERTO. _Span._ One-eyed.

TUNANTE. _Span._ and _Port._ Truant; lazy scoundrel.

TUTE. _Rom._ Thou, thee. P. i. 229; Pp. 66; M. viii. 87.

TUVOSE. See TENER.

* * * * *

UNDEVEL, UNDEBEL. _Rom._ God. According to Borrow, the first syllable of the word is the _Om_ of the Brahmins and Indian Buddhists, one of the names of the Deity. Pott, however, denies this, ii. 75, 311; A. 285 Pp. 205; M. vii. 42; G. i. 177.

URIA. _Basque_. City. So translated by Borrow, but I cannot find the word. The correct Basque is _iri_ or _hiri_.

USTED. _Span._ Contracted form of _vuestra merced_, your worship; used for “you;” now written simply Vd or V.

USTILAR. _Rom._ To take, take up, steal. Z. ii. * 118; J. Cf. _ostilar_, to steal. P. ii. 72, 246. See PASTESAS.

VALDEPEÑAS. _Span._ The red wine made in the neighbourhood of that town, in die heart of La Mancha. It is about the best in Spain.

VALER. _Span._ To be worth, prevail, protect. _Valgame Dios_! “May God protect me!” “S’help me!”

VALIDO. _Span._ and _Port._ Powerful, respected. See note, ii. 376.

VALIENTE._ Span._ (1) As an adjective, strong or valiant. (2) As a substantive, in a less honourable sense, as “cock of the walk,” or bully.

VAMOS, or VAMONOS. _Span._ “Let us go!” “Come along!”

VÁSTACO. _Span._ Stem, bud, shoot.

VAYA. _Span._ A very common interjection or expression, “Come!” “Get along!” “Let it go!” Imper. of _ir_, to go.

VECINO. _Span._ An inhabitant; as an adjective, neighbouring.

VEGA. _Span._ A meadow or plain; an open tract of level and fruitful ground, more particularly applied to the country around Granada; generally an alluvial tract formed by the bend of a river or expansion of a valley.

VELHO. _Port._ Old.

VENTA. _Span._ VENDA. _Port._ Strictly speaking, an isolated country inn, or house of reception on the road; and if it be not of physical entertainment, it is at least one of moral, and accordingly figures in prominent characters in all the personal narratives and travels in Spain. The _venta_ is inferior in rank to the _posada_, q.v. The original meaning of the word is “sale.”

VERDADERO. _Span._ True.

VERDUGO, VERDUGA. _Span._ and _Port._ Said of an exceedingly cruel person. Prim. a switch, then a flogger, or executioner.

VIAJE. _Span._ A voyage.

VID. _Span._ Vine.

VIEJO. _Span._ Old; an old man.

VILLA. _Span._ A town; greater than an _aldea_ or village, less than a _ciudad_ or city.

VILLANO, VILLANA. _Span._ Countryman, peasant; country girl or woman.

VINO. _Span._ Wine.

VIRGEN. _Span._ VIRGO. _Lat._ Virgin.

VISE. _Nor. Dan._ A ballad.

VISÉ. _Fr._ Endorsed, or furnished with the official visa. As commonly applied to passports, neither the verb nor the substantive has any exact equivalent in English.

VIVER. _Span._ and _Port._ To live. _Que viva_! “Long life to him!”

VOSSÉ, or VOSSEM. _Port._ _Vossa mercé_, your worship; you. Gal. _vusté_; Span. _usted_. See note, i. 89.

VOY. _Span._ I am going; from _ir_.

* * * * *

WADY. _Arab._ River. _Wady al kebir_ = the great river, the Guadalquivir.

WAKHUD. _Arab._ A, the article. More correctly, _waḥid_.

WULLAH. _Arab._ “By God!”

WUSTUDDUR. _Arab._ Home; abode. Lit. the middle of the houses. See DAR.

* * * * *

Y. _Span._ And.

YAW. Borrovian for the Germ. _ja_ = yes.

YDOORSHEE. _Arab._ It signifies; lit. it hurts.

YERBA. _Span._ (1) Grass. (2) Poison.

YESCA. _Span._ Under.

YO. _Span._ I.

YOUM. _Arab._ A day.

YUDKEN. _Germ._ A little Jew; more correctly, _Jüdchen_.

* * * * *

ZAMARRA. _Span._ A sheepskin coat, the woolly side turned inwards; from the Basque _echamarra_ (having the same signification), usually worn by shepherds. The French _chamarrer_, to deck out, or bedizen, is said to be a word of kindred origin.

ZARZA. _Span._ A bramble.

ZINCALO. plur. ZINCALI. _Span. Rom._ Gypsy. P. ii. 259; M. viii. 65.

ZOHAR. _Hebr._ Brilliancy. See note, ii. 318.

INDEX.

Abades, ii. 209

Abyla, Mount (Gibil Muza), ii. 295

Aguilar, Antonio Garcia de, i. 282–286

Alcalá de Guadaira, i. 223

Aldea Gallega, i. 19, 58, 71

Alemtejo, i. 16, 72

Algeziras, ii. 296

Andalusia, Desert of, i. 224

Andalusians, The, ii. 261

Andujar, i. 253

Antigola, ii. 206

Antonio, the gypsy, i. 106

Antonio Buchini, i. 265; ii. 161, 171, 217

Aranjuez, 1. 254; ii. 202

Arroyolos, i. 84

Astorga, i. 318

Asturias, The, ii. 59

Azeca, Bridge of, 11. 192

Azido, Jozé Dias, i. 74

* * * * *

Badajoz, i. 96, 105

Bailen, i. 253

Balmaseda, ii. 211

Balseiro, i. 177; ii. 154

Baltasar, the National, i. 167, 206

Baralla Pass, ii. 60

Basques, The, and their language, ii. 112 _et seq._

Beckford, William, i. 9

Bembibre, i. 333

Benedict Mol, i. 190, 382, 385; ii. 73, 165, 181

Bermudez, Cean, i. 266

Betanzos, i. 364

Bilbao, ii. 93

Bonanza, i. 214; ii. 273

Borrego, Don Andrés, i. 259

Brackenbury, John (Consul at Cadiz), ii. 288

Buchini, Antonio, i. 265; ii. 161, 171, 217

Burgos, ii. 98

* * * * *

Cabrera, General, i. 233

Cacabelos, i. 338

Cadiz, i. 212; ii. 286

Caldas de Reyes, i. 394

Calzado, Pepe, ii. 101

Caneiro, ii. 62

Cantwell, Patrick, i. 280

Carmona, i. 224

Carolina, i. 253

Castro, John de, i. 9

Castro Pol, ii. 59

Christina, Queen Regent, i. 197

Chrysostom, Johannes, ii. 256

Cintra, i. 7

Clarendon, Lord, i. 164, 271; ii. 121, 124, 218

Cobeña, ii. 221

Coisa Doiro, ii. 46

Colhares, i. 10

Colunga, ii. 83

Compostella, i. 192, 377; ii. 183

Contrabandistas, Spanish, ii. 35, 45

Corcuvion, ii. 35

Cordova, i. 229, 238

Cordova, General, i, 180, 267

Correa, Joanna, ii. 355

Corunna, i. 367; ii. 41

Cuesta del Espinal, i. 228

* * * * *

D’Almeida, J. Ferreira, i. 98

D’Azveto, Don Geronimo, i. 25, 38

Dehesa, The, ii. 259

Despeñaperros Pass, i. 254

Diaz, Maria, i. 256; ii. 130, 159

Dionysius, ii. 263

Doddridge, Dr. P., i. 6

Dueñas, i. 303

Duero (Douro), i. 293

Duyo, ii. 23

* * * * *

Elvas, i. 94

Estremadura, i. 146

Estremoz, i. 87

Evora, i. 16, 33

Execution of criminals, i. 171

* * * * *

Fava, Pascual, ii. 381

Ferrol, ii. 42

Feyjoo, Benito, ii. 79

Fielding, Henry, i. 6

Finisterre, Cape, i. 209; ii. 21, 24

Flinter, G. D. (the Irishman), ii. 92

Fragey, Ephraim, ii. 369

Fuencebadon Pass, i. 344

* * * * *

Galiano, Alcala, i. 179, 181, 195

Galicia, i, 1, 347; ii. 59

Gallegan language, i. 351

Garcia, Sergeant, i. 197, 273

Gartland, Dr., i. 276

Gibraltar, ii. 300

Gijon, ii. 70

Gomez, i. 194, 212, 218, 233

Guadalquivir, i. 214; ii. 249, 272

Guadarrama Mountains, i. 151

Guadiana River, i. 102

Gypsies, Spanish, i. 105

* * * * *

Hervey, Lord William, ii. 211

Hirias, Archbishop (Toledo), ii. 174

* * * * *

Isturitz, Don Francis Xavier de, i. 179, 181, 196

* * * * *

Jaraicejo, i. 135

Judaism, i. 67, 247

* * * * *

Labajos, i. 210

La Granja, i. 197; ii. 208

La Mancha, i. 254

Lariategui, i. 262, 295

Las Batuecas, i. 152

Leganez, ii. 185

Leon, i. 315

Leyden, Dr. John, i. 76

Lib, Judah, ii. 317

Lisbon, i. 3, 15, 58, 66, 212

Llanes, ii. 88

Los Angeles, ii. 7

Luarca, ii. 61

Lugo, i. 354, 358

Luigi Piozzi, ii. 370

* * * * *

Madrid, i. 162, 173, 256, 270; ii. 99, 121, 217, 334

Mafra, i. 12

Manzanal, i. 327

Manzanares, ii. 216, 248

Maragatos, The, i. 321

Medina del Campo, i. 291

Mendizabal, Juan Alvarez y, i. 164

Merida, i. 114, 125

Miguelets, The, i. 363

Mirabete Pass, i. 145

Mol, Benedict, i. 190, 382, 385; ii. 73, 165, 181

Moncloa, i. 225

Montaneda, ii. 96

Monte Almo, i. 29

Monte Moro, i. 28, 53, 75

Monte Moro Novo, i. 87

Montes, Francisco, i. 170

Moore, Sir John, i. 374

Moors, The, i. 116, 239

Munoz, i. 198

Muros, ii. 65

* * * * *

Naval Carnero, ii. 232

Navias, ii. 59

New Castile, i. 150

Nogales, i. 350

Novales, ii. 45

Noyo, ii. 13

* * * * *

Ocaña, ii. 204

Ofalia, Count, ii. 121, 124, 141

Old Castile, i. 274; Plains of, i. 290

Oliban, the secretary, i. 183, 195

Oñas, ii. 98

Oropesa, i. 150

Oviedo, ii. 70

* * * * *

Padron, i. 392; ii. 1

Palencia, i. 309

Pascual Fava, ii. 381

Pedroso, i. 286

Pegões, 1. 24, 74

Peña Cerrada Pass, ii. 207

Peñaranda, i. 275

Petulengres, i. 204

Philippi, Mr., ii. 276, 278

Pico Sacro, i. 377

Piozzi, Luigi, i. 370

Pitiegua, i. 281

Pontevedra, i. 395

Portuguese Jews, i. 409

Puerto de Lumbreras, ii. 246

* * * * *

Quesada, i. 181, 199, 202

* * * * *

Rey Romero, i. 380

Ribida de Sella, ii. 88

Rivadeo, ii. 53

Rivas, Duke of, i. 183

* * * * *

Sabocha, the robber, i. 21

Sagra of Toledo, The, i. 257, ii. 194

Saint James of Compostella, i. 192, 377

Salamanca, i. 275

Sanchez, Antonio, i. 170

San Lucar, i. 214; ii. 274

San Martin de Duyo, ii. 23

Santa Colombo, ii. 89

Santa Marta, ii. 45

Santander, ii. 90

Santi Ponce, i. 217

Santillana, ii. 90

San Vicente, ii. 89

Scio, Padre Filipe, i. 259

Segovia, ii. 209

Serra Dorso, i. 33, 87

Sevilla Francesco, i. 170, 176

Seville, i. 215; ii. 214, 248

Sierra de Buron, ii. 60

Sierra de Ronda, i. 215

Sierra Morena, i. 241

Soto Luino, ii. 64

Southern, Mr., i. 271; ii. 133, 135, 139

* * * * *

Tagus, The, i. 3, 18, 145

Talavera, i. 155

Tangier, ii. 342

Tarifa, ii. 294, 341

Taylor, Baron, i. 220

Toledo, ii. 102–107

Tormes River, i. 276

Toro, i. 300

Trafalgar Bay, ii. 292

Triana, i. 216

Trujillo, i. 130

* * * * *

Valladolid, i. 294

Vargas, ii. 187, 195

Vendas Novas, i. 27, 55, 74

Vendas Velhas, i. 21

Villa del Padron, i. 392; ii. 1

Villafranca, i. 341

Villa Seca, ii. 185

Villa Viciosa, ii. 83

Vigo, i. 403

Villiers, Sir George. _See_ Clarendon, Lord

Viveiro, ii. 50

* * * * *

Zariategui, i. 262, 295

* * * * *

THE END.

* * * * *

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

Footnotes

{2} See note, vol. i. p. 120.

{12} A fanciful word of Portuguese etymology from _nuvem_, cloud = the cloud-man.

{14} _Inha_, when affixed to words, serves as a diminutive. It is much in use amongst the Gallegans. It is pronounced _ínia_, the Portuguese and Galician _nh_ being equivalent to the Spanish _ñ_.

{22} “Flock of drunkards.” _Fato_, in Gal. as in Port. = a herd or flock. Span. _hato_.

{23} San Martin de Duyo, a village, according to Madoz, of sixty houses. There are no remains of the ancient Duyo.

{26} Galician; lit. the shore of the outer sea.

{28} “By God! I am going too.”

{29} Who served as a subordinate general in the Carlist armies.

{37} “The good lad.”

{43a} In Spanish, _guardacostas_.

{43b} More correctly, _el Ferrol_ or _farol_, the lighthouse. Nothing can more strikingly give the lie to the conventional taunt that Spain has made no progress in recent years than the condition of the modern town of el Ferrol compared with the description in the text. It is now a flourishing and remarkably clean town of over 23,000 inhabitants, with an arsenal not only magnificent in its construction, but filled with every modern appliance, employing daily some 4000 skilled workmen, whose club (_el liceo de los artesanos_) might serve as a model for similar institutions in more “advanced” countries. It comprises a library, recreation-room, casino, sick fund, benefit society, and school; and lectures and evening parties, dramatic entertainments, and classes for scientific students, are all to be found within its walls.

{45} A little town charmingly situated on a little bay at the mouth of the river Eo, which divides Galicia from Asturias, famous for oysters and salmon.

{46} Signifying in Portugese or Galician, “A thing of gold.”

{47} Tertian ague, or intermittent three-day fever.

{49} “Come along, my little Parrot!”

{58a} A town on the sea-coast about half-way between Rivadeo and Aviles.

{58b} Query. See note, p. 45.

{59} On the right bank of the Eo, over against Rivadeo.

{62a} The port of Oviedo.

{62b} See the Glossary, _s.v._ COPLA.

{66} “God bless me!”

{67} I.e. _Bascuence_, or _Vascuence_, the Basque language.

{70} Query, Aviles?

{71} Job xxxix. 25: “. . . the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.”

{75} “Good heavens!”

{76} I.e. _jacas_.

{79a} The cathedral at Oviedo is one of the oldest and most interesting foundations in Spain. The first stone was laid by Alfonso II. in 802; the greater part of the existing edifice is of the fourteenth century.

But the great glory of Oviedo, entitling it to rank as second among the holy cities of Christian Spain, is the Camara Santa, and the relics therein contained (see Burke’s _History of Spain_ vol. i. pp. 122–124, 140, 141, 147–150, 165, 275; vol. ii. pp. 8–11; and Murray’s _Handbook_, sub. _Oviedo_).

{79b} Benito Feyjoo was born in 1676, and having assumed the Benedictine habit early in life, settled at length in a convent of his order at Oviedo, where he lived for hard on fifty years. He died in 1764.

A strange mixture of a devout Catholic and a scientific innovator, he was an earnest student of Bacon, Newton, Pascal, Leibnitz, and others, whose opinions he embodied in his own works. Learned, judicious, and diligent rather than a man of genius, he was original at least as regards his conceptions of the nature and limits of scientific research in Spain. He kept on good terms with the Inquisition, while he continued to publish in his _Teatro Critico_ and his _Cartas Eruditas y Curiosas_ all that the Inquisitors would desire to remain unread; attacked the dialectics and metaphysics then taught everywhere in Spain; maintained Bacon’s system of induction in the physical sciences; ridiculed the general opinion as regards eclipses, comets, magic, and divination; and laid down canons of historical criticism which would exclude many of the most cherished traditions of his country and his Church. The best edition of his works is that by Campomanes, the minister of the enlightened Charles III., with a Life of the author. 16 vols. Madrid, 1778.

{80} Charles III. of Spain (1759–1788), the most enlightened of the Bourbon kings.

{82} Literally, _dry_.

{92} George Dawson Flinter began life in an English West India regiment, served in the Spanish American forces, and afterwards obtained a commission in the Spanish army. In 1833, on the outbreak of the civil war, he declared for Isabella, and served with considerable distinction in the constitutional army. A prisoner in 1836, he was entrusted with a high command at Toledo in 1837, but having failed to satisfy the Cortes in an engagement in September, 1838, he cut his throat (see _Gentl. Mag._, 1838, vol. ii. p. 553, and Duncan, _The English in Spain_, pp. 13, 189).

{98} There is still a fairly frequented high-road from Santander to Burgos, inasmuch as the railway from Santander to Madrid takes a more westerly route through Palencia, the actual junction with the main line from Irun being at Venta de Baños, a new creation of the railway not even mentioned in the guidebooks a few years ago, and now one of the most important stations in Spain.

Yet in railway matters Spain has still some progress to make. From Santander to Burgos _viâ_ Venta de Baños is just 120 English miles; but the time occupied in the journey by train in this year 1895 is just seventeen hours, the traveller having to leave Santander at 1 p.m. in order to reach Burgos at 6 o’clock the following morning!

{100} See Introduction.

{101} “_Office of the Biblical and Foreign Society_,” rather an odd rendering of the original title!

{103a} The briefest of all abbreviations and modifications of the objectionable _Carajo_.

{103b} Rather south-south-west.

{104} Domenico Theotocoupoulis, a Greek or Byzantine who settled at Toledo in 1577. He is said to have been a pupil of Titian. The picture so highly praised in the text is said by Professor Justi to be in “his worst manner,” and is indeed a very stiff performance. There are many of _El Greco’s_ pictures in Italy, where his work is often assigned to Bassano, Paul Veronese, and Titian. His acknowledged masterpiece is the Christ on Mount Calvary in the cathedral of Toledo. _El Greco_ died in 1625, after an uninterrupted residence of nearly forty years in Spain.

{107} See _The Zincali_, part. ii. chap. vi.

{111a} Borrow’s translation of St. Luke into Spanish gypsy was published with the following title: _Embéo e Majaró Lucas_. _Brotoboro randado andré la chipe griega_, _acána chibado andré o Romanó ó chipe es Zincales de Sesé_. (No place) 1837. A new edition was published five and thirty years later by the British and Foreign Bible Society, as _Criscote e Majaró Lucas chibado andré o Romano ó chipe es Zincales de Sesé_. Lundra, 1872. Both these works are now out of print, but I have had the advantage of seeing a copy of each in the library of the Society in Queen Victoria Street.

{111b} _The Zincali_, part ii. ch. viii.

{114} Modern linguistic science is so entirely at variance with these theories that it is difficult to add a note at once modest, instructive, or of reasonable length. On the whole it is perhaps better to leave the chapter entirely alone.

{116a} See the Glossary.

{116b} _Evangelioa San Lucasen Guissan_. _El Evangelio Segun S. Lucas_. _Traducido al vascuence_. _Madrid_: _Imprenta de la Compañia Tipografica_. 1838.

{117} See _Proverbes Basques suivis des Poésies Basques_, by Arnauld Oihenart, 1847.

{118a} See F. Michel, _Le Pays Basque_, p. 213, and the Glossary, _s.v._ ICHASOA.

{118b} No one who has ever read the work of this _Abbé_ would ever think of citing it as a serious authority. It is entitled, _L’histoire des Cantabres par l’Abbé d’Iharce de Bidassouet_. Paris, 1825. Basque, according to the author, was the primæval language; _Noah_ being still the Basque for _wine_ is an etymological record of the patriarch’s unhappy inebriety!

{118c} This work is entitled, _Euscaldun anciña anciñaco_, _etc._ _Donostian_, 1826, by Juan Ignacio de Iztueta, with an Introduction in Spanish, and many Basque songs with musical notation, but without accompaniment.

{120} See further as to the Basques, Burke’s _History of Spain_, vol. i. App. I.

{121a} 1838.

{121b} See _ante_, p. 100, and Introduction.

{121c} Ofalia was prime minister from November 30, 1837, to August, 1838, when he was succeeded by the Duke of Frias.

{127} The mayor or chief magistrate. _Politico_ is here used in the old sense of civic, πολιτικὸς, of the πόλις; _gefe_, now spelt _jefe_ = chief.

{129a} In _The Zincali_, part ii. ch. iv., Borrow places his imprisonment in March.

{129b} Rather _civic_; see note on p. 127.

{131} “The city prison.” _La Corte_ is the _capital_, as well as the _court_.

{133} “My master! the constables, and the catchpolls, and all the other thieves . . . ”

{134a} See the Glossary, _s.v._ JARGON.

{134b} “He is very skilful.”

{136} “Are there no more?”

{141} More like the French _Juge d’Instruction_.

{143a} “Come along, Sir George; to your house, to your lodgings!”

{143b} Acts xvi. 37.

{146} People of renown.

{147a} “Mashes” and mistresses. _Majo_ is a word of more general signification than _manolo_. The one is a dandy, or smart fellow, all over Spain; the other is used only of a certain class in Madrid.

{147b} More correctly, _Carabanchel_ or _Carabancheles_, two villages a few miles south of Madrid.

{148} This in prison!

{149} _E.g._ in the citadel of Pampeluna. See _Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society_, i. 152.

{152} Perhaps Waterloo.—[Note by Borrow.]

{154} “It distresses me.”

{155} Robbing the natives.

{156} See chap. xiii.

{164} The sun was setting, and Demos commands. “Bring water, my children, that ye may eat bread this evening.” Borrow has translated this song in the _Targum _(_v._ p. 343).

{165} The treasure-digger.

{170} See _The Zincali_, part ii. chap. iv.

{171} The duke became prime minister in August, 1838.

{175} In Gams’ _Series Episcoporum_, the standard authority on the subject, the archiepiscopal see of Toledo is noted as _vacant_ from 1836 to 1847. Nor is any hint given of how the duties of the office were performed. Don Antonio Perez Hirias figures only as Bishop of Mallorca, or Majorca, from December, 1825, to December, 1847.

{178a} Kicks from behind.

{178b} “I do not know.”

{179a} See note, p. 103.

{179b} “To the gallows! To the gallows!”

{180a} “To the country! To the country!”

{180b} “Ride on, because of the word of truth, of meekness, and righteousness” (Ps. xlv. 5, P.B.V.).

{188} A nickname, unhappily too commonly justified in Southern Spain, where ophthalmia and oculists are equally dangerous.

It is remarkable how many of the great men in Spanish history, however, have been distinguished by this blemish: Hannibal, Viriatus, Táric, Abdur Rahman I., and Don Juan el Tuerto in the reign of Alfonso XI.

{190} Byron, _Don Juan_, xiii. 11. Borrow probably knew well enough where the lines came from. _Don Juan_ had not been published more than fifteen years at the time, and was in the zenith of its popularity. But Byron and his ways were alike odious to the rough manliness of Borrow (see _Lavengro_, ch. xxxix.), and, in good truth, however much the poet “deserves to be remembered,” it is certainly not for this line, which contains as many _suggestiones falsi_ as may be packed into one line. Yet the “sneer” is not in the original, but in Borrow’s misquotation; Byron wrote “smiled.” The idea of the poet having spent a handful of gold ounces in a Genoese posada at Seville and at a bull-fight at Madrid, that he might be competent to tell the world that Cervantes sneered Spain’s chivalry away, is superlatively Borrovian—and delicious. The entire passage runs thus—

“Cervantes smiled Spain’s chivalry away; A single laugh demolish’d the right arm Of his own country;—seldom since that day Has Spain had heroes.”

{192} About thirty pounds, at the exchange of the day.

{195a} “I wish to enlist with you.”

{195b} “_Gee up_, donkey!” From this _arrhé_, of Arabic origin, is derived the word _arriero_, a muleteer.

{197} “Blessed be God!”

{198} See note, _ante_, p. 190.

{201} See vol. i. p. 257.

{202} Aranjuez, the Roman _Ara Jovis_, was, until the absorption of the great military order by the Crown under Isabella and Ferdinand, a favourite residence of the Grand Masters of Santiago.

{203} “Die schönen Tage in Aranjuez Sind nun zu Ende.”

The opening lines of _Don Carlos_.

{204} An exceedingly ancient town, celebrated in the days before the Roman dominion.

{205} See Glossary, _sub. verb_. SCHOPHON. As to rabbits in Spain, see note, vol. i. p. 25.

{208} The modern La Granja or San Ildefonso is, in the season, anything but desolate: the beautiful, if somewhat over-elaborate gardens, are admirably kept up, and the general atmosphere of the plain is bright and cheerful, though the Court of to-day prefers the sea-breezes of Biscay to the air of the Guadarrama, when Madrid becomes, as it does, well-nigh uninhabitable in summer.

{211a} A particular scoundrel. His massacre of prisoners, November 9, 1838, was remarkable for its atrocity, when massacre was of daily occurrence. See Duncan, _The English in Spain_, pp. 247, 248.

{211b} See note, vol. i. p. 164.

{213} August 31, 1838.

{215} Don Carlos, who probably died a natural death in 1568.

{217} The etymology of Andalusia is somewhat of a _crux_; the various authorities are collected and reviewed in an appendix to Burke’s _History of Spain_, vol. i. p. 379. The true etymology may be Vandalusia, the abiding-place of the Vandals, though they abode in Southern Spain but a very short time; but the word certainly came into the Spanish through the Arabic, and not through the Latin, long years after Latin was a spoken language. The young lady was quite right in speaking of it as _Betica_ or _Bœtica_; though the _Terra_ would be superfluous, if not incorrect.

{218} He had succeeded to that title on the death of his uncle, December 22, 1838.

{219} _I.e._ “My Lord the Sustainer of the Kingdom.” See preface to _The Zincali_, second edition.

{221a} _Tio_. A common method of address, conveying no reference to real relationship. So the Boers in South Africa speak of “Oom (uncle) Paul.”

{221b} “What beautiful, what charming reading!”

{223} _No hay otro en el mundo_.

{224a} See note on p. 147.

{224b} Κατὰ τὸν τόπον καὶ ὁ τρόπος, as Antonio said.—[Note by Borrow]. _I.e._ “As is the place, such is the character (of the people).”

{225} Alcalá de Henares. See note, vol. i. p. 223.

{228a} “Good night!”

{228b} “Good night to you!”

{234} Or _Nevski_ = of the Neva; as we have a Thames Street.

{236} Spanish, _duende_. See p. 238. Oddly enough in _Germanía_, or thieves’ slang, _duende_ = _ronda_, a night patrol.

{237} Madrid is not a city or _ciudad_, but only the chief of _villas_.

{240} In Romany, _Chuquel sos pirela cocal terela_.

{242a} _El Nuevo Testamento Traducido al Español de la Vulgata Latino por el Rmo. P. Phelipe Scio de S. Miguel de las Escuelas Pias Obispo Electo de Segovia_. _Madrid_. _Imprenta á cargo de D. Joaquin de la Barrera_. 1837.

{242b} The church of San Gines is in the Calle del Arenal; the chapel of Santa Cruz in the Concepcion Jerónima.

{246} This is a curious slip; the spelling is found in the first and all subsequent editions. The true name of the defile—it is between Velez el Rubio and Lorca—is, as might be supposed, _La Rambla_, but the narrowest part of the pass is known as the _Puerto de Lumbreras_ (the Pass of Illumination), and from _Rambla_ and _Lumbrera_ Borrow or the printer of 1843 evolved the strange compound _Rumblar_!

{248} This would naturally mean, “Most reverend sir, art thou still saying, or, dost thou still say Mass?” which seems somewhat irrelevant. Possibly what “the prophetess” meant to ask was, “Most reverend sir, hast thou yet said Mass?”

{251a} “Knowest thou the land where the lemon-trees bloom?” The song of Mignon in Goethe’s _Wilhelm Meister_, introduced in the opera of _Faust_.

{251b} See note, vol. i. p. 216.

{256} Born at Amalfi, 1623, a simple fisherman. He headed the rebellion of the Neapolitans against the Spanish viceroy, in 1647. His success as a leader led to a revulsion of popular feeling, and he was executed or murdered within a few days of his greatest triumph.

{261} Chiefly in their pronunciation of the characteristic G and Z of the Castilian as S instead of TH. The South-American Spaniards, so largely recruited from Andalusia, maintain the same sibilation, which is about as offensive to a true Castilian as the dropping of an H is to an educated Englishman.

{262} Safacoro is the Romany name for Seville; and Len Baro for the great river, _arabicé_ Wady al Kebir, the Guadalquivir. See Glossary.

{263} For further information about Manuel and Luis Lobo, who compiled a manuscript collection of the pseudo-gypsy writings of _los del aficion_, or those addicted to the _Gitanos_ and their language, see _The Zincali_,