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THE BEST _of the_ WORLD'S CLASSICS

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With an Introduction, Biographical and Explanatory Notes, etc.

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Vol. VI

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND--IV

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The Best of the World's Classics

VOL. VI

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND--IV

1801-1909

CONTENTS

VOL. VI--GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND--IV

JOHN HENRY NEWMAN--(Born in 1801, died in 1890.)

I The Beginnings of Tractarianism. (From the "Apologia pro Vita Sua")

II On His Submission to the Catholic Church. (From the "Apologia")

III Of Athens as a True University. (From Volume III of the "Historical Sketches")

EDWARD BULWER LYTTON--(Born in 1803, died in 1873.)

The Descent of Vesuvius on Pompeii. (From "The Last Days of Pompeii")

LORD BEACONSFIELD--(Born in 1804, died in 1881.)

Jerusalem by Moonlight. (From "Tancred")

CHARLES MERIVALE--(Born in 1808, died in 1893.)

The Personality of Augustus Cæsar. (From the "History of the Romans Under the Empire")

ALEXANDER W. KINGLAKE--(Born in 1809, died in 1891.)

I On Mocking at the Sphinx. (From "Eothen")

II The Beginnings of the Crimean War. (From "The Invasion of the Crimea")

CHARLES DARWIN--(Born in 1809, died in 1882.)

I On Variations in Mammals, Birds and Fishes. (From "The Origin of Species")

II The Genesis of a Great Book. (From the "Autobiography," printed in Volume I of the "Life and Letters")

JOHN BROWN--(Born in 1810, died in 1882.)

Rab and the Game Chicken. (From "Rab and His Friends")

WILLIAM M. THACKERAY--(Born in 1811, died in 1863.)

I The Imperturbable Marlborough. (From "The History of Henry Esmond")

II At the Ball Before the Battle of Waterloo. (From "Vanity Fair")

III The Death of Colonel Newcome. (From "The Newcomes")

IV London in the Time of the First George. (From the "Four Georges")

CHARLES DICKENS--(Born in 1812, died in 1870.)

I Sidney Carton's Death. (The conclusion of "A Tale of Two Cities")

II Bob Sawyer's Party. (From Chapter XXXI of "The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club")

III Dick Swiveller and the Marchioness. (From Chapters LVII and LVIII of "The Old Curiosity Shop")

IV A Happy Return of the Day. (From Book III, Chapter IV, of "Our Mutual Friend")

CHARLOTTE BRONTE--(Born in 1816, died in 1855.)

I Of the Author of "Vanity Fair." (Preface to the second edition of "Jane Eyre")

JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE--(Born in 1818, died in 1894.)

I Of History as a Science. (From "Short Studies on Great Subjects")

II The Character of Henry VIII. (From the "History of England")

III Cæsar's Mission. (From the concluding chapter of "Cæsar--A Sketch")

JOHN RUSKIN--(Born in 1819, died in 1900.)

I Of the History and Sovereignty of Venice. (From Chapter I of "The Stones of Venice")

II St. Mark's at Venice. (From Vol. II of "The Stones of Venice")

III Of Water. (From Vol. II, Section V, of "Modern Painters")

GEORGE ELIOT--(Born in 1819, died in 1880.)

At the Hall Farm. (From "Adam Bede")

HERBERT SPENCER--(Born in 1820, died in 1904.)

I The Origin of Professional Occupations. (From Volume III of "The Principles of Sociology")

II Self-Dependence and Paternalism. (From the "Essays, Moral, Political and Esthetic")

III The Ornamental and the Useful in Education. (From "Education, Intellectual, Moral and Physical")

IV Reminiscences of His Boyhood. (From Part I, Chapter II, of the "Autobiography")

V A Tribute to E. L. Youmans. (From Part VII of the "Autobiography")

VI Why He Never Married. (From Part XII of the "Autobiography")

HENRY THOMAS BUCKLE--(Born in 1821, died in 1862.)

I The Isolation of Spain. (From Vol. II, Chapter VIII, of the "History of Civilization in England")

II George III and the Elder Pitt. (From Vol. I, Chapter VII, of the "History of Civilization in England")

MATTHEW ARNOLD--(Born in 1822, died in 1888.)

The Motive for Culture. (From "Culture and Anarchy")

EDWARD A. FREEMAN--(Born in 1823, died in 1892.)

The Death of William the Conqueror. (From "The History of the Norman Conquest")

THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY--(Born in 1825, died in 1895.)

On a Piece of Chalk. (From "Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews")

FREDERIC HARRISON--(Born in 1831.)

The Great Books of the World. (From an address on "The Choice of Books")

JOHN RICHARD GREEN--(Born in 1837, died in 1883.)

George Washington. (From Book IV, Chapter II, of the "History of the English People")

JOHN MORLEY--(Born in 1838.)

Voltaire as an Author and as a Man of Action. (From "Voltaire")

ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON--(Born in 1850, died in 1894.)

I Francis Villon's Terrors. (From "A Lodging for the Night: A Story of Francis Villon")

II The Lantern Bearers. (From "Across the Plains, with Other Memories and Essays")

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND--IV

1801-1909

JOHN HENRY NEWMAN

Born in 1801, died in 1890; son of a banker; educated at Oxford; a Fellow of Oriel in 1822, where he was associated with Dr. Pusey; made a voyage to the Mediterranean in 1832-33, returning from which he wrote "Lead, Kindly Light"; joined the Oxford movement in 1833, writing many of the "tracts for the times"; formally joined the Catholic Church in 1845; established an Oratory in 1849; published "Lectures" in 1850, the "Apologia" in 1864, "Grammar of Ascent" in 1870; made a cardinal in 1879.

I

THE BEGINNINGS OF TRACTARIANISM[1]

During the first years of my residence at Oriel, tho proud of my college, I was not quite at home there. I was very much alone, and I used often to take my daily walk by myself. I recollect once meeting Dr. Copleston, then Provost, with one of the Fellows. He turned round, and with the kind courteousness which sat so well on him, made me a bow and said, _Nunquam minus solus, quam cum solus_. At that time, indeed (from 1823), I had the intimacy of my dear and true friend Dr. Pusey, and could not fail to admire and revere a soul so devoted to the cause of religion, so full of good works, so faithful in his affections; but he left residence when I was getting to know him well. As to Dr. Whately[2] himself, he was too much my superior to allow of my being at my ease with him; and to no one in Oxford at this time did I open my heart fully and familiarly. But things changed in 1826. At that time I became one of the tutors of my college, and this gave me position; besides, I had written one or two essays which had been well received. I began to be known. I preached my first University sermon. Next year I was one of the public examiners for the B. A. degree. In 1828 I became vicar of St. Mary's. It was to me like the feeling of spring weather after winter; and, if I may so speak, I came out of my shell. I remained out of it until 1841.

[Footnote 1: From the "Apologia pro Vita Sua."]

[Footnote 2: Richard Whately, Bampton lecturer at Oxford in 1822; principal of St. Albans Hall in 1825; afterward Archbishop of Dublin; best known for his "Logic" and "Christian Evidences." When Newman met him, he was already famous for his "Historical Doubts Relative to Napoleon Bonaparte," which had been published in 1814.]

The two persons who knew me best at that time are still alive, beneficed clergymen, no longer my friends. They could tell better than any one else what I was in those days. From this time my tongue was, as it were, loosened, and I spoke spontaneously and without effort. One of the two, a shrewd man, said of me, I have been told, "Here is a Fellow who, when he is silent, will never begin to speak, and when he once begins to speak will never stop." It was at this time that I began to have influence, which steadily increased for a course of years. I gained upon my pupils, and was in particular intimate and affectionate with two of our Probationer Fellows, Robert Isaac Wilberforce (afterward Archdeacon), and Richard Hurrell Froude.[3] Whately then, an acute man, perhaps saw around me the signs of an incipient party of which I was not conscious myself. And thus we discern the first elements of that movement afterward called Tractarian. The true and primary author of it, however, as is usual with great motive powers, was out of sight. Having carried off, as a mere boy, the highest honors of the University, he had turned from the admiration which haunted his steps, and sought for a better and holier satisfaction in pastoral work in the country.

[Footnote 3: A brother of James Anthony Froude. Richard Hurrell Froude's influence on the founding of the Tractarian movement was strong. He cooperated with Newman in writing the "Lyra Apostolica." His health had long been delicate, when in 1836 he died. His "Remains" were published in the following year, with a preface by Newman. Three of the "Tracts for the Times" were by Froude.]

Need I say that I am speaking of John Keble?[4] The first time that I was in a room with him was on the occasion of my election to a Fellowship at Oriel, when I was sent for into the Tower, to shake hands with the Provost and Fellows. How is that hour fixt in my memory after the changes of forty-two years; forty-two this very day on which I write! I have lately had a letter in my hands which I sent at the time to my great friend, John William Bowden, with whom I passed almost exclusively my undergraduate years. "I had to hasten to the Tower," I say to him, "to receive the congratulations of all the Fellows. I bore it till Keble took my hand, and then felt so abashed and unworthy of the honor done to me, that I seemed desirous of quite sinking into the ground." His had been the first name which I had heard spoken of, with reverence rather than admiration, when I came up to Oxford. When one day I was walking in High Street with my dear earliest friend just mentioned, with what eagerness did he cry out, "There's Keble!" and with what awe did I look at him! Then at another time I heard a Master of Arts of my college give an account how he had just then had occasion to introduce himself on some business to Keble, and how gentle, courteous, and unaffected Keble had been, so as almost to put him out of countenance. Then, too, it was reported, truly or falsely, how a rising man of brilliant reputation, the present Dean of St. Paul's, Dr. Milman, admired and loved him, adding, that somehow he was strangely unlike any one else. However, at the time when I was elected Fellow of Oriel, he was not in residence, and he was shy of me for years, in consequence of the marks which I bore upon me of the Evangelical and Liberal schools, at least so I have ever thought. Hurrell Froude brought us together about 1828; it is one of the sayings preserved in his "Remains"--"Do you know the story of the murderer who had done one good thing in his life? Well, if I was ever asked what good thing I had ever done, I should say I had brought Keble and Newman to understand each other."

[Footnote 4: Keble, one of the chief promoters of the Oxford movement, will long be remembered as author of "The Christian Year," published in 1827. For ten years he was Professor of Poetry at Oxford. Three of the "Tracts for the Times" were by him. He was Newman's senior by eight years.]

II

ON HIS SUBMISSION TO THE CATHOLIC CHURCH[5]

I had one final advance of mind to accomplish, and one final step to take. That further advance of mind was to be able honestly to say that I was certain of the conclusions at which I had already arrived. That further step, imperative when, such certitude was attained, was my submission to the Catholic Church.

[Footnote 5: From the "Apologia." Newman, for many years, had held to the possibility of English churchmen maintaining a middle ground between the Catholic Church and Protestantism, but in 1843 he abandoned this hope, resigning his living, and in 1845 formally entered the Catholic Church. He says in the "Apologia" that "from the end of 1841, I was on my death-bed as regards my membership with the Anglican church, tho at the time I became aware of it only by degrees."]

This submission did not take place till two full years after the resignation of my living in September 1843; nor could I have made it at an earlier date, without doubt and apprehension; that is, with any true conviction of mind or certitude.

In the interval, of which it remains to speak--viz., between the autumns of 1843 and 1845--I was in lay communion with the Church of England: attending its services as usual, and abstaining altogether from intercourse with Catholics, from their places of worship, and from those religious rites and usages, such as the Invocation of Saints, which are characteristics of their creed. I did all this on principle; for I never could understand how a man could be of two religions at once.

What I have to say about myself between these two autumns I shall almost confine to this one point--the difficulty I was in as to the best mode of revealing the state of my mind to my friends and others, and how I managed to reveal it.

Up to January, 1842, I had not disclosed my state of unsettlement to more than three persons.... To two of them, intimate and familiar companions, in the autumn of 1839; to the third--an old friend too, whom I have also named above--I suppose when I was in great distress of mind upon the affair of the Jerusalem Bishopric. In May, 1843, I made it known, as has been seen, to the friend by whose advice I wished, as far as possible, to be guided. To mention it on set purpose to any one, unless indeed I was asking advice, I should have felt to be a crime. If there is anything that was abhorrent to me, it was the scattering doubts, and unsettling consciences without necessity. A strong presentiment that my existing opinions would ultimately give way, and that the grounds of them were unsound, was not a sufficient warrant for disclosing the state of my mind. I had no guarantee yet, that that presentiment would be realized. Supposing I were crossing ice, which came right in my way, which I had good reasons for considering sound, and which I saw numbers before me crossing in safety, and supposing a stranger from the bank, in a voice of authority and in an earnest tone, warned me that it was dangerous, and then was silent--I think I should be startled, and should look about me anxiously, but I think too that I should go on, till I had better grounds for doubt; and such was my state, I believe, till the end of 1842. Then again, when my dissatisfaction became greater, it was hard at first to determine the point of time when it was too strong to suppress with propriety. Certitude of course is a point, but doubt is a progress: I was not near certitude yet. Certitude is a reflex action; it is to know that one knows. Of that I believe I was not possest, till close upon my reception into the Catholic Church. Again, a practical, effective doubt is a point too; but who can easily ascertain it for himself? Who can determine when it is that the scales in the balance of opinion begin to turn, and what was a greater probability in behalf of a belief becomes a positive doubt against it?

In considering this question in its bearing upon my conduct in 1843, my own simple answer to my great difficulty had been, Do what your present state of opinion requires in the light of duty, and let that doing tell; speak by acts. This I had done; my first act of the year had been in February. After three months' deliberation I had published my retractation of the violent charges which I had made against Rome: I could not be wrong in doing so much as this; but I did no more at the time: I did not retract my Anglican teaching. My second act had been in September in the same year: after much sorrowful lingering and hesitation, I had resigned my Living. I tried indeed, before I did so, to keep Littlemore for myself, even tho it was still to remain an integral part of St. Mary's.[6] I had given to it a church and a sort of parsonage; I had made it a parish, and I loved it: I thought in 1843 that perhaps I need not forfeit my existing relations toward it. I could indeed submit to become a curate at will of another; but I hoped an arrangement was possible by which, while I had the curacy, I might have been my own master in serving it. I had hoped an exception might have been made in my favor, under the circumstances; but I did not gain my request. Perhaps I was asking what was impracticable, and it is well for me that it was so.

[Footnote 6: St. Mary's was the church of the University of Oxford, Newman being its vicar. Littlemore was an outlying place attached to St. Mary's and to which Newman withdrew on leaving Oxford in 1842. Here, with several young men who had attached themselves to his fortunes, he established himself in a building which came to be known as "the Littlemore Monastery." It was here that Newman passed the three years of meditation and anxiety which preceded his final decision to join the Roman Church.]

These had been my two acts of the year, and I said, "I can not be wrong in making them; let that follow which must follow in the thoughts of the world about me, when they see what I do." And as time went on, they fully answered my purpose. What I felt it a simple duty to do, did create a general suspicion about me, without such responsibility as would be involved in my initiating any direct act for the sake of creating it. Then, when friends wrote me on the subject, I either did not deny or I confest my state of mind, according to the character and need of their letters. Sometimes in the case of intimate friends, whom I should otherwise have been leaving in ignorance of what others knew on every side of them, I invited the question.

And here comes in another point for explanation. While I was fighting in Oxford for the Anglican Church, then indeed I was very glad to make converts; and tho I never broke away from that rule of my mind (as I may call it) of which I have already spoken, of finding disciples rather than seeking them, yet that I made advances to others in a special way, I have no doubt; this came to an end, however, as soon as I fell into misgivings as to the true ground to be taken in the controversy. For then, when I gave up my place in the movement, I ceased from any such proceedings; and my utmost endeavor was to tranquillize such persons, especially those who belonged to the new school, as were unsettled in their religious views, and as I judged, hasty in their conclusions. This went on till 1843; but at that date, as soon as I turned my face Romeward, I gave up, as far as ever was possible, the thought of, in any respect and in any shape, acting upon others. Then I myself was simply my own concern. How could I in any sense direct others, who had to be guided in so momentous a matter myself? How could I be considered in a position, even to say a word to them, one way or the other? How could I presume to unsettle them as I was unsettled, when I had no means of bringing them out of such unsettlement? And if they were unsettled already, how could I point to them a place of refuge, when I was not sure that I should choose it for myself? My only line, my only duty, was to keep simply to my own case. I recollected Pascal's words, "Je mourrai seul" [I will die alone]. I deliberately put out of my thoughts all other works and claims, and said nothing to any one, unless I was obliged.

But this brought upon me a great trouble. In the newspapers there were continual reports about my intentions; I did not answer them: presently strangers or friends wrote, begging to be allowed to answer them; and if I still kept to my resolution and said nothing, then I was thought to be mysterious, and a prejudice was excited against me. But what was far worse, there were a number of tender, eager hearts, of whom I knew nothing at all, who were watching me, wishing to think as I thought, and to do as I did, if they could but find it out; who in consequence were distrest that in so solemn a matter they could not see what was coming, and who heard reports about me this way or that, on a first day and on a second; and felt the weariness of waiting, and the sickness of delayed hope, and did not understand that I was as perplexed as they were, and being of more sensitive complexion of mind than myself, they were made ill by the suspense. And they too, of course, for the time thought me mysterious and inexplicable. I ask their pardon as far as I was really unkind to them....

I left Oxford for good on Monday, February 23d, 1846. On the Saturday and Sunday before, I was in my house at Littlemore simply by myself, as I had been for the first day or two when I had originally taken possession of it. I slept on Sunday night at my dear friend's, Mr. Johnson's, at the Observatory. Various friends came to see the last of me: Mr. Copeland, Mr. Church, Mr. Buckle, Mr. Pattison, and Mr. Lewis. Dr. Pusey too came up to take leave of me; and I called on Dr. Ogle, one of my very oldest friends, for he was my private tutor when I was an undergraduate. In him I took leave of my first college, Trinity, which was so dear to me, and which held on its foundation so many who had been kind to me both when I was a boy, and all through my Oxford life. Trinity had never been unkind to me. There used to be much snapdragon growing on the walls opposite my freshman's rooms there; and I had for years taken it as the emblem of my own perpetual residence, even unto death, in my University.

On the morning of the 23d I left the Observatory. I have never seen Oxford since, excepting its spires as they are seen from the railway.

III

OF ATHENS AS A TRUE UNIVERSITY[7]