The Belief In Immortality And The Worship Of The Dead Volume
Chapter 1
i. Pt. II. 33) (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xxvii.); J. F. Lafitau, _Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains_ (Paris, 1724), ii. 401 _sq._, citing Le Comte, _Nouv. Mémoires de la Chine_, vol. ii. p. 187.]
[Footnote 738: _Relations des Jésuites_, 1633, p. 11; _id._, 1634, p. 23 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858); J. G. Kohl, _Kitschi-Gami_ (Bremen, 1859), p. 149 note.]
[Footnote 739: E. W. Nelson, "The Eskimo about Bering Strait," _Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington, 1899), p. 311.]
[Footnote 740: David Crantz, _History of Greenland_ (London, 1767), i. 237. Compare Hans Egede, _Description of Greenland_, Second Edition (London, 1818), pp. 152 _sq._; Captain G. F. Lyon, _Private Journal_ (London, 1824), p. 370; C. F. Hall, _Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition_ (Washington, 1879), p. 265 (Esquimaux).]
[Footnote 741: P. Kolben, _The Present State of the Cape of Good Hope_ (London, 1731-1738), i. 316; C. P. Thunberg, "An Account of the Cape of Good Hope," in Pinkerton's _Voyages and Travels_, xvi. (London, 1814) p. 142; _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), ii, Série, ii. (1834) p. 196 (Bechuanas); _id._, vii. Série, vii. (1886) p. 587 (Fernando Po); T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, _Relation d'un Voyage d'Exploration au Nord-est de la Colonie du Cap de Bonne-Espérance_ (Paris, 1842), pp. 502 _sq._; C. J. Andersson, _Lake Ngami_, Second Edition (London, 1856), p. 466; G. Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika's_ (Breslau, 1872), pp. 210, 335; R. Moffat, _Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa_ (London, 1842), p. 307; E. Casalis, _The Basutos_ (London, 1861), p. 202; Ladislaus Magyar, _Reisen in Süd-Afrika_ (Buda-Pesth and Leipsic, 1859), p. 350; Rev. J. Macdonald, _Light in Africa_, Second Edition (London, 1890), p. 166; E. Béguin, _Les Ma-Rotse_ (Lausanne and Fontaines, 1903), p. 115; Henri A. Junod, _Les Ba-Ronga_ (Neuchâtel, 1898), p. 48; _id._, _The Life of a South African Tribe_, i. (Neuchâtel, 1912) p. 138; Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_ (London, 1904), p. 247; A. F. Mockler-Ferryman, _British Nigeria_ (London, 1902), p. 234; Ramseyer and Kühne, _Four Years in Ashantee_ (London, 1875), p. 50; A. B. Ellis, _The Land of Fetish_ (London, 1883), p. 13; _id._, _The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast_ (London, 1887), p. 239; E. Perregaud, _Chez les Achanti_ (Neuchâtel, 1906), p. 127; J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stämme_ (Berlin, 1906), p. 756; H. R. Palmer, "Notes on the Korôrofawa and Jukoñ," _Journal of the African Society_, No. 44 (July, 1912), p. 414. The custom is also observed by some tribes of Central Africa. See Miss A. Werner, _The Natives of British Central Africa_ (London, 1906), p. 161; B. Gutmann, "Trauer und Begräbnisssitten der Wadschagga," _Globus_, lxxxix. (1906) p. 200; Rev. N. Stam, "Religious Conceptions of the Kavirondo," _Anthropos_, v. (1910) p. 361.]
[Footnote 742: C. Snouck Hurgronje, _Het Gajoland en zijne Bewoners_ (Batavia, 1903), p. 313.]
[Footnote 743: Aurel Krause, _Die Tlinkit-Indianer_ (Jena, 1885), p. 225; Franz Boas, in _Sixth Report of the Committee on the North-western Tribes of Canada_, p. 23 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science_, Leeds Meeting, 1890); J. R. Swanton, _Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida_ (Leyden and New York, 1905), pp. 52, 54 (_The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History_).]
[Footnote 744: J. A. H. Louis, _The Gates of Thibet_ (Calcutta, 1894), p. 114.]
[Footnote 745: H. von Wlislocki, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigeuner_ (Münster i. W., 1891), p. 99.]
[Footnote 746: W. Jochelson, _The Koryak_ (New York and Leyden, 1908), pp. 110 _sq._ (_The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History_).]
[Footnote 747: W. H. Dall, _Alaska and its Resources_ (London, 1870), p. 382.]
[Footnote 748: Lucien M. Turner, "Ethnology of the Ungava District, Hudson Bay Territory," _Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1894), p. 191.]
[Footnote 749: Mgr. Bruguière, in _Annales de l'Association de la Propagation de la Foi_, v. (Lyons and Paris, 1831) p. 180. Compare Mgr. Pallegoix, _Description du royaume Thai ou Siam_ (Paris, 1854), i. 245; Adolf Bastian, _Die Volker des östlichen Asien_, iii. (Jena, 1867) p. 258; E. Young, _The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe_ (Westminster, 1898), p. 246.]
[Footnote 750: S. Mateer, _Native Life in Travancore_ (London, 1883), p. 137. Compare A. Butterworth, "Royal Funerals in Travancore," _Indian Antiquary_, xxxi. (1902) p. 251.]
[Footnote 751: Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, _The Pagan Tribes of Borneo_ (London, 1912), ii. 35.]
[Footnote 752: S. K. Kusnezow, "Über den Glauben vom Jenseits und den Todtencultus der Tscheremissen," _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, ix. (1896) p. 157.]
[Footnote 753: P. S. Pallas, _Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs_ (St. Petersburg, 1771-1776), iii. 75; Middendorff, _Reise in den äussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens_, iv. 1464.]
[Footnote 754: _Exploraciones y Noticias hidrograficas de los Rios del Norte de Bolivia_, publicados por Manuel V. Ballivian, Segunda Parte, _Diario del Viage al Madre de Dios hecho por el P. Fr. Nicolas Armentia, en los años de 1884 y 1885_ (La Paz, 1890), p. 20: _"Cuando muere alguno, apénas sacan el cadáver de la casa, cambian la puerta al lado opuesto, para que no dé con ella el difunto."_]
[Footnote 755: Karl Bartsch, _Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Meklenburg_ (Vienna, 1879-1880), ii. 100, § 358.]
[Footnote 756: For some evidence on this subject, see R. Lasch, "Die Behandlung der Leiche des Selbstmörders," _Globus_, lxxxvi. (1899) pp. 63-66; Rev. J. Roscoe, _The Baganda_ (London, 1911), pp. 20 _sq._; A. Karasek, "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Waschamba," _Baessler-Archiv_, i. (1911) pp. 190 _sq._]
[Footnote 757: Rev. N. Stam, "The Religious Conceptions of the Kavirondo," _Anthropos_, v. (1910) p. 361.]
[Footnote 758: Alfred de Nore, _Coutumes, Mythes, et Traditions des Provinces de France_ (Paris and Lyons, 1846), p. 198.]
[Footnote 759: Félix Chapiseau, _Le Folk-lore de la Beauce et du Perche_ (Paris, 1902), ii. 164.]
[Footnote 760: For some evidence on this subject see _Psyche's Task_, pp. 64 _sq._]
[Footnote 761: Carl Bock, _Temples and Elephants_ (London, 1884), p. 262.]
[Footnote 762: Ch. Gilhodes, "Naissance et Enfance chez les Katchins (Birmanie)," _Anthropos_, vi. (1911) pp. 872 _sq._]
[Footnote 763: A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_ (Leyden, 1901-1907), i. 91.]
[Footnote 764: Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, _The Pagan Tribes of Borneo_ (London, 1912), ii. 155.]
[Footnote 765: Franz Boas, in _Sixth Report of the Committee on the North-western Tribes of Canada_, p. 23 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science_, Leeds Meeting, 1890).]
[Footnote 766: Prevost, quoted by John Crawford, _History of the Indian Archipelago_ (Edinburgh, 1820), ii. 245. Compare Adolf Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, v. (Jena, 1869) p. 83.]
[Footnote 767: Mrs. Bishop (Isabella L. Bird), _Korea and her Neighbours_ (London, 1898), i. 239 _sq._]
[Footnote 768: Arnold van Gennep, _Tabou et Totémisme à Madagascar_ (Paris, 1904), p. 65, quoting Dr. Catat.]
[Footnote 769: B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_ (The Hague, 1875), p. 139; _id._, "Over de âdá's of gewoonten der Makassaren en Boegineezen," _Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen_, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Derde Reeks, ii. (Amsterdam, 1885) p. 142.]
[Footnote 770: W. M. Donselaar "Aanteekeningen over het eiland Saleijer," _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, i. (1857) p. 291.]
[Footnote 771: See above, p. 426.]
[Footnote 772: Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, Second Edition (London, 1860), i. 167.]
[Footnote 773: Ch. Wilkes, _Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition_, New Edition (New York, 1851), iii. 83; Basil Thomson, _The Fijians_, p. 117.]
[Footnote 774: Basil Thomson, _op. cit._ p. 121.]
[Footnote 775: Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, p. 163.]
[Footnote 776: Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 239.]
[Footnote 777: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 243 _sq._ Compare Berthold Seeman, _Viti, an Account of a Government Mission to the Vitian of Fijian Islands in the years 1860-1861_ (Cambridge, 1862), p. 399; Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, p. 163; Basil Thomson, _The Fijians_, pp. 120 _sq._, 121 _sq._]
[Footnote 778: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i, 244 _sq._]
[Footnote 779: Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 83.]
[Footnote 780: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 245 _sq._]
[Footnote 781: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 246 _sq._]
[Footnote 782: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 247.]
[Footnote 783: Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 85 _sq._]
[Footnote 784: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 248.]
NOTE
MYTH OF THE CONTINUANCE OF DEATH[785]
The following story is told by the Balolo of the Upper Congo to explain the continuance, if not the origin, of death in the world. One day, while a man was working in the forest, a little man with two bundles, one large and one small, went up to him and said, "Which of these bundles will you have? The large one contains knives, looking-glasses, cloth and so forth; and the small one contains immortal life." "I cannot choose by myself," answered the man; "I must go and ask the other people in the town." While he was gone to ask the others, some women arrived and the choice was left to them. They tried the edges of the knives, decked themselves in the cloth, admired themselves in the looking-glasses, and, without more ado, chose the big bundle. The little man, picking up the small bundle, vanished. So when the man came back from the town, the little man and his bundles were gone. The women exhibited and shared the things, but death continued on the earth. Hence the people often say, "Oh, if those women had only chosen the small bundle, we should not be dying like this!"[786]
[Footnote 785: See above, p. 77.]
[Footnote 786: Rev. John H. Weeks, "Stories and other Notes from the Upper Congo," _Folk-lore_, xii. (1901) p. 461; _id._, _Among Congo Cannibals_ (London, 1913), p. 218. The country of the Balolo lies five miles south of the Equator, on Longitude 18° East.]
INDEX
Abinal, Father, 49
Abipones, their belief in sorcery as a cause of death, 35
Abnormal mental states explained by inspiration, 15
Aborigines, magical powers attributed by immigrants to, 193
Abstinence from certain food in mourning, 198, 208, 209, 230, 314, 360, 452
Abundance of food and water favourable to social progress, 90 _sq._
Action as a clue to belief, 143
Actors personating ghosts and spirits, 176, 179 _sq._, 180 _sqq._, 185 _sqq._
Adiri, the land of the dead, 211, 212, 213, 214
Admiralty Islands, 393, 400, 401
---- Islanders, their myths of the origin of death, 71, 76 _sq._
Advance of culture among the aborigines of South-Eastern Australia, 141 _sq._, 148 _sq._
Africa, aborigines of, their ideas as to the cause of death, 49 _sqq._; use of poison ordeal in, 50 _sqq._
----, British Central, 162
----, British East, 61, 66, 254
Agriculture, rise of, favourable to astronomy, 140 _sq._; Fijian, 408
Akamba, their story of the origin of death, 61 _sq._
Akikuyu, resurrection and circumcision among the, 254
_Alcheringa_ or dream times, 96, 103, 114
---- ancestors, their marvellous powers, 103
---- home of the dead, 167
Alfoors of Celebes, 166
Alligators, ghosts in, 380
_Alols_, bachelors' houses, 221, 222
Altars, stones used as, 379
Amputation of fingers in mourning, 199, 426 _sq._, 451
Amulets consisting of relics of the dead, 332, 370
Ancestor, totemic, developing into a god, 113
Ancestor-worship possibly evolved from totemism, 114 _sq._
Ancestors, reincarnation of, 92 _sqq._; marvellous powers ascribed to remote, 103, 114 _sq._; totemic, traditions concerning, 115 _sqq._; dramatic ceremonies to commemorate the doings of, 118 _sqq._; possible evolution of worship of, in Central Australia, 125 _sq._; worshipped, 221, 297 _sq._, 328 _sqq._, 338, 340; ghosts of, appealed to for help, 258 _sq._; offerings to, 298; prayers to, 329 _sq._, 332 _sqq._ _See also_ Dead
Ancestral gods, foreskins of circumcised lads offered to, 427; libations to, 430, 438
---- images, 307 _sqq._, 315, 316 _sq._, 321, 322
---- spirits help hunters and fishers, 226; shrines for, 316, 317; worshipped as gods, 369; worshipped in the _Nanga_, 428 _sq._; first-fruits offered to, 429; cloth and weapons offered to, 430 _sq._; novices presented to, at initiation, 432 _sq._, 434.
Angola, the poison ordeal in, 51 _sq._
Angoni, their burial customs, 162
Animals, souls of sorcerers in, 39; spirits of, go to the spirit land, 210; sacrifices to the souls of, 239; transmigration of dead into, 242, 245; ghosts in the form of, 282; ghosts turn into, 287; ghosts incarnate in, 379 _sq._
Animistic views of the Papuans, 264
Anjea, a mythical being, 128
Annam, 67, 69
Anointing manslayers, 448
Ant-hills, ghosts turn into, 287
Ant totem, dramatic ceremony concerned with, 120 _sq._
Ants' nests, ghosts turn into, 351
Anthropology, comparative and descriptive, 230 _sq._
Antimerina of Madagascar, burial custom of the, 461
Anuto, a creator, 296
Apparitions, 396; fear of, 414
Appearance of the dead in dreams, 229
Araucanians of Chili, their disbelief in natural death, 35, 53 _sq._
Arawaks of Guiana, 36; their myth of the origin of death, 70
Arm-bone, final burial ceremony performed with the, 167 _sq._; lower, of dead preserved, 274
---- -bones, special treatment of the, 199; of dead preserved, 225, 249
Aroma district of British New Guinea, 201, 202
Arrow-heads made of bones of the dead, 352
Art, primitive religious, 114; Papuan, 220
_Arugo_, soul of dead, 207
_Arumburinga_, spiritual double, 164
Arunta, the, of Central Australia, 94; ceremonies connected with totems, 119 _sqq._; their magical ceremonies for the multiplication of the totems, 122 _sq._; their customs as to the hair of the dead, 138; their cuttings for the dead, 155 _sq._, 159; burial customs of the, 164 _sq._, 166
Aryan burial custom, 453
_Asa_, Secret Society, 233
Ashantee story of the origin of death, 63 _sq._
Ashes smeared on mourners, 184, 361
Astrolabe Bay in German New Guinea, 218, 230, 235, 237
Astronomy, rise of, favoured by agriculture, 140 _sq._
Asylums, 243
_Asyrèn_, dead man, 457
_Ataro_, a powerful ghost, 377
Atonement for sick chief, 427
Aukem, a mythical being, 181
Aurora, one of the New Hebrides, 360, 382
Australia, causes which retarded progress in, 89 _sq._; germs of a worship of the dead in, 168 _sq._ _See also_ Central Australia, Western Australia
----, the aborigines of, their ideas as to death from natural causes, 40 _sqq._; their primitive character, 88, 91; the belief in immortality among, 127 _sqq._; thought to be reborn in white people, 130, 131 _sqq._; their burial customs, 144 _sqq._; their primitive condition, 217
----, South, beliefs as to the dead in, 134 _sqq._
Australia, South-Eastern, beliefs as to the dead in, 133 _sq._, 139; burial customs among the aborigines of, 145 _sqq._
----, Western, burial customs in, 147, 150, 151
Authority of chiefs based on their claim to magical powers, 395
Avenging a death, pretence of, 282, 328
Bachelor ghosts, hard fate of, 464
Bachelors' houses, 221
Bad and good, different fate of the, after death, 354
Baganda, the, their ideas as to the causes of death, 56 _n._ 2; their myth of the origin of death, 78 _sqq._ _See also_ Uganda
Bahaus, the, of Borneo, 459
Bahnars of Cochinchina, 74
Bakaïri, the, of Brazil, 35
Bakerewe, the, of the Victoria Nyanza, 50
Bali, burial custom in, 460
Balking ghosts, 455 _sqq._
Balolo, of the Upper Congo, their myth of the continuance of death, 472
_Balum_, ghost or spirit of dead, 244; name for bull-roarer, 250; name for a ghost or monster who swallows lads at initiation, 251, 255, 260, 261; soul of a dead man, 257, 261
Bamler, G., 291, 297 _sq._
Bananas in myths of the origin of death, 60, 70, 72 _sq._
Bandages to prevent entrance of ghosts, 396
Bandaging eyes of corpse, 459
Banks' Islands, 343, 353, 386; myths of the origin of death in, 71, 83 _sq._
---- Islanders, funeral customs of the, 355 _sqq._
Bantu family, 60
Baronga, the, 61; burial custom of the, 454
Bartle Bay, 206, 208
Basutos, the, 61; burial custom of the, 454
Bat in myth of origin of death, 75
Bathing in sea after funeral, 207 _sq._; as purification after a death, 314, 319
Battel, Andrew, 51 _sq._
Bechuanas, the, 61; burial custom of the, 454
Beetles in myth of the origin of death, 70
Belep tribe of New Caledonia, 325
Belief, acts as a clue to, 143
Belief in immortality, origin of belief in, 25 _sqq._; almost universal among races of mankind, 33; among the aborigines of Central Australia, 87 _sqq._; among the islanders of Torres Straits, 170 _sqq._; among the natives of British New Guinea, 190 _sqq._; among the natives of German New Guinea, 216 _sqq._; among the natives of Dutch New Guinea, 303 _sqq._; among the natives of Southern Melanesia, 324 _sqq._; among the natives of Central Melanesia, 343 _sqq._; its practical effect on the life of the Central Melanesians, 391 _sq._; among the natives of Northern Melanesia, 393 _sqq._; among the Fijians, 406 _sqq._; strongly held by savages, 468; destruction of life and property entailed by the, 468 _sq._; the question of its truth, 469 _sqq._
Belief in sorcery a cause of keeping down the population, 38, 40
Berkeley, his theory of knowledge, 11 _sq._
Berlin Harbour in German New Guinea, 218
Bernau, Rev. J. H., 38
Beryl-stone in _Rose Mary_, 130
Betindalo, the land of the dead, 350
Bhotias, the, of the Himalayas, 163
Biak or Wiak, island, 303
Bilking a ghost, 416
Bird in divination as to cause of death, 45
Birds, souls of sorcerers in, 39
Birth, new, at initiation, pretence of, 254
Birthplaces, the dead buried in their, 160
Birth-stones and birth-sticks (_churinga_) of the Central Australians, 96 _sqq._
Bismarck Archipelago, 70, 394, 402
Black, mourners painted, 178, 241, 293; gravediggers painted, 451
---- -snake people, 94
Blackened, faces of mourners, 403
Blood of mourners dropped on corpse or into grave, 158 _sq._, 183, 185; and hair of mourners offered to the dead, 183; of pigs smeared on skulls and bones of the dead, 200; soul thought to reside in the, 307; of sacrificial victim not allowed to fall on the ground, 365
---- revenge, duty of, 274, 276 _sq._; discharged by sham fight, 136 _sq._
Bogadyim, in German New Guinea, 230, 231
Boigu, the island of the dead, 175, 184, 213
Bolafagina, the lord of the dead, 350
Bolotoo, the land of souls, 411
Bones of the dead, second burial of the, 166 _sq._; kept in house, 203; worn by survivors, 225; disinterred and kept in house, 225, 294; making rain by means of the, 341
---- and skulls of dead smeared with blood of pigs, 200
Bonitos, ghosts in, 380
_Boollia_, magic, 41 _sq._
"Born of an oak or a rock," 128
Bougainville, island of, 393
Boulia district of Queensland, 147, 155
Bow, divination by, 241
Bread-fruit trees, stones to make them bear fruit, 335 _sq._
Breaking things offered to the dead, 276
Breath, vital principle associated with the, 129 _sq._
Brett, Rev. W. H., 35 _sqq._
Brewin, an evil spirit, 45
Brittany, burial custom in, 458
Brothers-in-law in funeral rites, 177
Brown, Rev. Dr. George, 48, 395
Buandik, the, 138
Buckley, the convict, 131
Buginese, burial custom of the, 461
Bugotu, 350, 352; in Ysabel, 372, 379
Building king's house, men sacrificed at, 446
Bukaua, the, of German New Guinea, 242, 256 _sqq._
Bull-roarers, 243; used in divination, 249; described, 250; used at initiation of young men among the Yabim, 250 _sqq._; among the Kaya-Kaya, 255; at initiation among the Bukaua, 260 _sq._; associated with the spirits of the dead, 261; at initiation among the Kai, 263, 291; at initiation of young men among the Tami, 301, 302
Bulotu or Bulu, the land of the dead, 462, 463
Bundle, the fatal, 472; story of, 77 _sq._
_Bures_, Fijian temples, 439
Burial different for old and young, married and unmarried, etc., 161 _sqq._; and burning of the dead, 162 _sq._; special modes of, intended to prevent or facilitate the return of the spirit, 163 _sqq._; second, custom of, 166 _sq._; in trees, 203; in island, 319; in the sea, 347 _sq._
---- customs of the Australian aborigines, 144 _sqq._; in Tumleo, 223; of the Kai, 274; of the New Caledonians, 326 _sq._, 339 _sq._; in New Ireland, 397 _sq._; in the Duke of York Island, 403. _See also_ Corpse, Grave
---- -grounds, sacred, 378
Buried alive, old people, 359 _sq._
Burma, 75
Burning and burial of the dead, 162 _sq._
---- bodies of women who died in childbed, 459
Burns inflicted on themselves by mourners, 154, 155, 157, 327, 451
Burnt offerings to the dead, 294
---- sacrifices, reasons for, 348 _sq._; to ghosts, 366, 367 _sq._, 373
Burying alive the sick and old, Fijian custom of, 420 _sqq._
---- people in their birthplaces, 160
Bushmen, 65
_Buwun_, deities, 296
Caffres of South Africa, their beliefs as to the causes of death, 55 _sq._
Calabar, poison ordeal in, 52
California, Indians of, 68
Calling back a lost soul, 312
Calm and wind produced by weather-doctors, 385 _sq._
Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, 171, 191
Canaanites, the heathen, 154
Canadian Indians, burial custom of the, 454
Canarium nuts, first-fruits of, offered to ghosts, 368 _sq._
Cannibal feasts in Fiji, 446
Cannibals fear the ghosts of their victims, 396
Canoe, men sacrificed at launching a new, 446 _sq._
Canoes, Papuan, 220
Cape Bedford in Queensland, 129, 130, 131
---- King William in German New Guinea, 218, 238
Carnac in Brittany, 438
Catching soul in a scarf, 412 _sq._
Cause, Hume's analysis of, 18 _sq._
Causes, the propensity to search for, 17 _sq._; two classes of, 22
Caves used as burial-places or charnel-houses, 330 _sqq._
Celebes, Central, 72
Central Australia, aborigines of, their ideas as to natural death, 46 _sq._; their ideas as to resurrection, 68; their belief in immortality, 87 _sqq._; their belief in reincarnation of the dead, 92 _sqq._; their attitude towards the dead, 124 _sqq._
Cereals unknown to Melanesians and Polynesians, 408
Ceremonial impurity of manslayer, 229 _sq._
Ceremonies performed in honour of the Wollunqua, a mythical water-snake, 108 _sqq._; dramatic, to commemorate the doings of ancestors, 118 _sqq._; funeral, of the Torres Straits Islanders, 176 _sqq._ _See also_ Dramatic Ceremonies, Dramatic Representations, Funeral Ceremonies, Totems
Chameleon in myths of the origin of death, 60 _sqq._
Chams of Annam, 67
Charms imparted by dead in dreams, 139
Charnel-houses, 221 _sq._, 225, 328
Cheating the devil, 460
Chepara, the, 139
Cheremiss of Russia, burial custom of the, 457
Cherokee Indians, 77
Chief, spirit of dead, a worshipful ghost, 352
Chief's power in Central Melanesia based on a fear of ghosts, 391
Chiefs deified after death, 369
Chiefs' authority based on their claim to magical powers, 395
Chieftainship, rise of, 141
Childbed, treatment of ghosts of women dying in, 358; special fear of ghosts of women dying in, 458 _sqq._
Childless women, burial of, 458
Children, Central Australian theory of the birth of, 93 _sq._; belief of Queensland natives as to the birth of, 128
Children buried in trees, 161, 312 _sq._; stillborn, burial of, 458
Child-stones, 93 _sq._
Chingpaws of Burma, 75
_Choi_, disembodied human spirits, 128
Chukchansi Indians, 163
_Churinga_, sacred sticks or stones, 96 _sqq._
Circumcision as initiatory rite of young men, 233; among the Yabim, 250 _sqq._; among the Akikuyu, 254; among the Bukaua, 260 _sq._; among the Kai, 290 _sq._; among the Tami, 301 _sq._; as a propitiatory sacrifice, 426 _sqq._
Clans, totemic, 104
Clay, widow's body smeared with, 223
Cleanliness due to fear of sorcery, 386 _sq._, 414
Cleft stick used in cure, 271
Clercq, F. S. A. de, 316
Cloth and weapons offered to ancestral spirits, 430 _sq._
Clubhouses for men, 221, 225, 226, 243, 256 _sq._, 355
Cochinchina, 74
Coco-nut trees of dead cut down, 208, 209, 327; stones to blight, 335
---- -nuts tabooed, 297
Codrington, Dr. R. H., 54 _sq._, 344, 345 _sq._, 353, 355, 359, 362 _sq._, 368, 380 _sq._
Collins, David, 133
Commemorative and magical ceremonies combined, 122, 126
Commercial habits of the North Melanesians, 394
Communal houses, 304
Communism, temporary revival of primitive, 436 _sq._
Comparative and descriptive anthropology, their relation, 230 _sq._
Comparative method applied to the study of religion, 5 _sq._; in anthropology, 30
Compartments in land of the dead, 244, 354, 404
Competition as a cause of progress, 89 _sq._
Conception in women, Central Australian theory of, 93 _sq._; belief of Queensland natives concerning, 128
Conception of death, the savage, 31 _sqq._
Concert of spirits, 340 _sq._
Confession of sins, 201
Congo, natives of the, their ideas as to natural death, 50; worship of the moon on the, 68
Consecration of manslayers in Fiji, 448 _sq._
Consultation of ancestral images, 308 _sqq._
Continence, required in training yam vines, 371
Continuance of death, myth of the, 472
Contradictions and inconsistencies in reasoning not peculiar to savages, 111 _sq._
Convulsions as evidence of inspiration, 443, 444
Co-operative system of piety, 333
Coorgs, the, 163
Cord worn round neck by mourners, 241, 242, 249, 259, 361
Corpse inspected to discover sorcerer, 37, 38, 53 _sq._; dried on fire, 135, 184, 249, 313, 355; tied to prevent ghost from walking, 144; mauled and mutilated in order to disable the ghost, 153; putrefying juices of, received by mourners on their bodies, 167, 205; carried out feet foremost, 174; decked with ornaments and flowers, 232; painted white and red, 233; crowned with red roses, 233, 234; stript of ornaments before burial, 234, 241; kept in house, 355; property displayed beside the, 397; persons who have handled a corpse forbidden to touch food with their hands, 450 _sq._; carried out of house by special opening, 452 _sqq._
Corpses mummified, 313; of women dying in childbed burnt, 459
Costume of mourners, 184, 198, 241 _sq._; of widow and widower, 204
Costumes of actors in dramatic ceremonies concerned with totems, 119 _sqq._
Crabs in myth of the origin of death, 70
Cracking joints of fingers at incantation, 223
Creator, the, and the origin of death, 73
Crocodiles, transmigration of dead into, 245
Cromlechs, 438
Crops, ghosts expected to make the crops thrive, 259, 284, 288 _sq._
Cross-questioning a ghost by means of fire, 278
Cultivation of the ground, spirits of ancestors supposed to help in the, 259
Culture, advance of, among the aborigines of South-Eastern Australia, 141 _sq._, 148 _sq._; advanced, of the Fijians, 407
Cursing enemies, 370, 403, 404
Cutting down trees of the dead, 208, 209
Cuttings of the flesh in honour of the dead, 154 _sqq._, 183, 184 _sq._, 196, 272, 327, 359
Dance of death, 185 _sqq._
Dances as funeral rites, 179 _sqq._, 200; masked, of the Monumbo, 228; masked, of a Secret Society, 233; at deaths, 293 _sq._; of masked men in imitation of spirits, 297; at festivals, 316; at festivals of the dead, 321; at funeral feasts, 399
---- and games at festivals, 226
Dark, ghosts dreaded in the, 197, 283, 306, 467; female mourners remain in the, 360
Daula, a ghost associated with the frigate-bird, 376
Dawson, James, 42, 142, 143
Dazing a ghost, 416
Dead, worship of the, 23 _sqq._, 31, 328 _sqq._, 338; seen in dreams, 27; belief in the reincarnation of the, 92 _sqq._, 107; spirits of, associated with conspicuous features of the landscape, 115 _sqq._; reincarnation of the, 124 _sq._, 127 _sqq._; souls of the, supposed to go to the sky, 133 _sq._, 135, 138 _sq._, 141, 142; souls of the, supposed to be in stars, 134, 140; names of the, not mentioned, 135; magical virtue attributed to the hair of the, 137 _sq._; appear to the living in dreams, 139, 195, 213, 229; attentions paid to the, in regard to food, fire, property, etc., 144 _sqq._; property of, deposited in grave, 145 _sqq._; motive for destroying the property of the, 147 _sq._; economic loss entailed by sacrifices to the, 149; incipient worship of the, in Australia, 149, 150; feared, 152 _sq._, 173 _sqq._, 196 _sq._, 201, 203, 244, 248; cuttings of the flesh in honour of the, 154 _sqq._, 183, 184 _sq._, 196, 327, 359; thought to be strengthened by blood, 159; disposed of in different ways according to their age, manner of death, etc., 161 _sqq._; fear of the, 168; germs of a worship of the, in Australia, 168 _sq._; destruction of the property of the, 174; land of the, 175 _sq._, 192, 193, 194 _sq._, 202, 203, 207, 209 _sq._, 211 _sqq._, 224, 228 _sq._, 244, 260, 286 _sq._, 292, 299, 305 _sq._, 307, 322, 326, 345, 350 _sq._, 353 _sq._, 404 _sqq._, 462 _sqq._; personated by masked men, 176, 179 _sq._, 182 _sq._, 185 _sqq._; food offered to the, 183, 211, 214, 232, 241, 332, 338, 348 _sq._, 364 _sq._, 367 _sq._, 372 _sq._, 396 _sq._, 429, 442, 467; elements of a worship of the, in Torres Straits, 189; laid on platforms, 199, 203, 205; worshipped in British New Guinea, 201 _sq._; prayers to the, 201 _sq._, 214, 259, 288, 307, 329 _sq._, 332 _sqq._, 340, 376 _sq._, 401, 403 _sq._, 427, 441; names of, not mentioned, 210, 246; monuments of the, 225; offerings of hunters and fishers to the, 226; oracles of the, 235; buried in the house, 236, 347, 352, 397, 398, 399; offerings to the, 239, 276, 292, 298; transmigrate into animals, 242, 245; spirits of the, give good crops, 247 _sq._; elements of a worship of the dead among the Yabim, 255; spirits of the, believed to be mischievous, 257; ancestors supposed to help in the cultivation of the ground, 259; first-fruits offered to the, 259; buried under houses, 259; envious of the living, 267, 381; burnt offerings to the, 294; predominance of the worship of the, 297 _sq._; power of the, over the living, 298, 306 _sq._, 307; sacrifices to the, 307, 338; wooden images (_korwar_) of the, 307 _sqq._, 315, 316 _sq._, 321, 322; buried in island, 319; festival of the, 320 _sq._; medicine-men, inspired by spirits of the, 322; spirits of the, embodied in their skulls, 338; spirits of the, identified with white men, 342; buried in the sea, 347 _sq._, 397; relics of the, preserved, 348; bodies of the, preserved for a time in the house, 351; represented by wooden stocks, 374, 386; burned in New Ireland, 397; carried out of house by special opening, 452 _sqq._ _See also_ Ghost
Dead kings of Uganda consulted as oracles, 151
Death, the problem of, 31 _sqq._; the savage conception of, 31 _sqq._; thought to be an effect of sorcery, 33 _sqq._; by natural causes, recognised by some savages, 55 _sq._; myths of the origin of, 59 _sqq._; personified in tales, 79 _sqq._; not regarded as a natural necessity, 84 _sqq._; the second, of the dead, 195, 286, 299, 345, 350, 351, 354; attributed to sorcery, 249; violent, ascribed to sorcery, 268 _sq._; myth of the continuance of, 472
Death and resurrection at initiation, ceremony of, 431, 434 _sq._; pretence of, at initiation, 254 _sq._, 261, 302
Death-dances, 293 _sq._; of the Torres Straits Islanders, 179 _sqq._
Deaths from natural causes, disbelief of savages in, 33 _sqq._; attributed to sorcery, 136, 203; set down to sorcery or ghosts, 203, 268, 270
Deceiving the ghost, 237, 273, 280 _sqq._, 328
Deceiving the spirits, 298
Deification of the dead, 24, 25; of parents, 439
Deity consumes soul of offering, 297
Demon carries off soul of sick, 194
Demons as causes of disease and death, 36 _sq._
Demonstrations, extravagant, of grief at a death, dictated by fear of the ghost, 271 _sqq._
Déné or Tinneh Indians, their ideas as to death, 39 _sq._
Departure of ghost thought to coincide with disappearance of flesh from bones, 165 _sq._
Descent of the living into the nether world, 300, 355
Descriptive and comparative anthropology, their relation, 230 _sq._
Descriptive method in anthropology, 30
Desertion of house after a death, 195, 196 _n._ 1, 210, 248, 275, 349, 400; of village after a death, 275
Deserts as impediments to progress, 89, 90
Design emblematic of totem, 168
Destruction of house after a death, 210
---- of life and property entailed by the belief in immortality, 468 _sq._
---- of property of the dead, 174, 459; motive for, 147 _sq._, 327
Development arrested or retarded in savagery, 88 _sqq._
Dieri, the, 138; their burial customs, 144
Differentiation of function in prayer, 332 _sq._
Disbelief of savages in death from natural causes, 34 _sqq._
Disease supposed to be caused by sorcery, 35 _sqq._; demons regarded as causes of, 36 _sq._; recognised by some savages as due to natural causes, 55 _sq._; special modes of disposing of bodies of persons who die of, 162, 163. _See also_ Sickness
Diseases ascribed to ghosts, 257
Disinterment of the bones of the dead, 225, 294
Dissection of corpse to discover cause of death, 53 _sq._
Divination to discover cause of death, 35, 36, 37 _sq._, 38, 39 _sq._, 44, 45 _sq._, 50 _sqq._, 53 _sq._, 136; by liver, 54; by dreams, 136, 383; by the skulls of the dead, 179; to discover sorcerer who caused death, 240 _sq._, 249 _sq._, 257, 402; by bow, 241; by hair to discover cause of death, 319; by means of ghosts, 389 _sq._; to discover ghost who has caused sickness, 382
Divinity of kings, 16; of Fijian kings, 407 _sq._; Fijian notion of, 440 _sq._
Dog, in myth of the origin of death, 66; the Heavenly, 460
Dogs sacrificed to the dead, 232, 234; sacrificed in epidemics, 296
Doreh Bay in Dutch New Guinea, 303, 306
Dragon supposed to swallow lads at initiation, 301. _See also_ Monster
Drama of death and resurrection at initiation, 431, 434 _sq._
----, evolution of, 189
Dramatic ceremonies in Central Australia, magical intention of, 122 _sq._, 126
---- concerned with totems, 119 _sqq._
---- to commemorate the doings of ancestors, 118 _sqq._
Dramatic representation of ghosts and spirits by masked men, 176, 179 _sq._, 180 _sqq._, 185 _sqq._
Drawings on ground in religious or magical ceremony, 112 _sq._
---- on rocks, 318
Dread of witchcraft, 413 _sq._
Dreamer, professional, 383
Dreams as a source of the belief in immortality and of the worship of the dead, 27 _sq._, 214; divination by, 136; appearance of the dead to the living in, 139, 195, 213, 229; savage faith in the truth of, 139 _sq._; consultation of the dead in, 179; danger of, 194; the dead communicate with the living in, 248
Driving away the ghost, 178, 197, 248, 305, 306, 323, 356 _sqq._, 396, 399, 415
Drowning of ghosts, 224
Duke of York Island, 393, 397, 403, 404
Dying, threats of the, 273
Ears of corpse stopped with hot coals, 152; of mourners cut, 183, 272, 327
Earth-burial and tree-burial, 161, 166 _sq._
Earthquakes ascribed to ghosts, 286, 288; caused by deities, 296
Eating totemic animals or plants, 120 _sq._
Economic loss entailed by sacrifices to the dead, 149; entailed by the belief in immortality, 468 _sq._
Eel, ghost in, 379
Eels offered to the dead, 429
Egypt, custom at embalming a corpse in ancient, 178
Elysium, the Fijian, 466 _sq._
Embryology of religion, 88
Emu totem, dramatic ceremonies concerned with, 122, 123
Encounter Bay tribe of South Australia, 42
Epilepsy ascribed to anger of ghosts, 257, 283
---- and inspiration, 15
Erdweg, Father Josef, 218, 219, 227
Erskine, Capt. J. E., 409
_Ertnatulunga_, sacred store-house, 99
_Erythrophloeum guiniense_, in poison ordeal, 50
Esquimaux, burial custom of the, 454, 456
Essence, immaterial, of sacrifice absorbed by ghosts and spirits, 285, 287, 374
Euhemerism, 24 _sq._
Euhemerus, 24
European teaching, influence of, on native beliefs, 142 _sq._
Evil spirits regarded as causes of death, 36 _sq._
Excitement as mark of inspiration, 14
Exogamy with female descent, 416, 418
Exorcism as cure for sickness, 222 _sq._
Experience defined, 12; two sorts of, 13 _sq._
---- and intuition, 11
External world, question of the reality of, 13 _sq._; an illusion, 21
Eye, soul resides in the, 267
Eyes of corpse bandaged, 459
Faints ascribed to action of ghosts, 257, 283
Faith, weakening of religious, 4
Falling stars the souls of the dead, 229, 399
Family prayers of the New Caledonians, 332 _sq._, 340
---- priests, 332, 340
Famine, the stone of, 334 _sq._
Fasting in mourning for a king, 451 _sq._
Father-in-law, mourning for a, 155
Favourable natural conditions, their influence in stimulating social progress, 141 _sq._, 148 _sq._
Fear of ghosts, 134, 135, 147, 151 _sqq._, 158, 173 _sqq._, 195, 196 _sq._, 201, 203, 229 _sq._, 232, 237, 276, 282 _sq._, 305, 321, 327, 347, 396, 414 _sq._, 449, 455, 467; a moral restraint, 175; the source of extravagant demonstrations of grief at death, 271 _sqq._; taboo based on, 390 _sq._; a bulwark of morality, 392; funeral customs based on, 450 _sqq._; of women dying in childbed, 458 _sqq._
Fear of the dead, 152 _sq._, 168, 173 _sqq._, 195, 196 _sq._, 201, 203, 244, 248
---- of witchcraft, 244
---- the only principle of religious observances in Fiji, 443
Feasts provided for ghosts, 247 _sq._ _See also_ Funeral Feasts
Feather-money offered to ghosts, 374, 375
Feet foremost, corpse carried out, 174
Ferry for ghosts, 224, 244 _sq._, 350, 412, 462
Festival of the dead, 320 _sq._
Fig-trees, sacred, 199
Fighting or warrior ghosts, 370
Fiji and the Fijians, 406 _sqq._
----, human sacrifices in, 446 _sq._
Fijian islands, scenery of, 409 _sq._
---- myths of origin of death, 66 _sq._, 75 _sq._
Fijians, belief in immortality among the, 406 _sqq._; their advanced culture, 407
Fingers amputated in mourning, 199, 451
---- of living sacrificed in honour of the dead, 426 _sq._
Finsch Harbour in German New Guinea, 218, 242, 262
Fire as a means of keeping off ghosts, 131
---- -flies, ghosts as, 352
---- kindled on grave, to warm ghost, 144 _sq._, 196 _sq._, 209, 211, 223, 275, 359
---- supplied to ghost, 246 _sq._; used to keep off ghosts, 258, 283; used in cross-questioning a ghost, 278
Firstborn children, skull-topped images made of dead, 312
First-fruits offered to the dead, 259; of canarium nuts offered to ghosts, 368 _sq._; offered to deified spirits of dead chiefs, 369; offered to ghosts, 373 _sq._; of yams offered to the ancestral spirits, 429
Fish offered by fishermen to the dead, 226; prayers for, 329; ghost in, 379
---- totem, dramatic ceremony concerned with, 119 _sq._, 121
Fishermen pray to ghosts, 289
----, stones to help, 337
Fison, Lorimer, 407, 412, 416, 418, 428 _n._ 1, 434, 435 _sqq._, 438 _n._ 1, 445, 448
Fits ascribed to contact with ghosts, 283. _See also_ Epilepsy
Florida, one of the Solomon Islands, 346, 347, 348, 349, 367, 368, 376, 377, 379, 380
Flutes, sacred, 221, 226, 233, 252
Flying-foxes, souls of the dead in, 405
Food placed on grave, 144; offered to the dead, 183, 201, 208, 211, 214, 232, 241, 332, 338, 364 _sq._, 367 _sq._, 372 _sq._, 396 _sq._, 429, 442, 467; abstinence from certain, in mourning, 198, 208, 209, 230, 314, 360, 452; supply promoted by ghosts, 283; offered to ancestral spirits, 316; offered to the skulls of the dead, 339 _sq._, 352; offered to ghosts, 348 _sq._; of ghosts, the living not to partake of the, 355
---- not to be touched with the hands by gravediggers, 327; not to be touched with hands by persons who have handled a corpse, 450 _sq._
---- and water, abundance of, favourable to social progress, 90 _sq._; offered to the dead, 174
Fool and Death, 83
Footprints, magic of, 45
Foundation-sacrifice of men, 446
Fowlers pray to ghosts, 289
Frenzy a symptom of inspiration, 443, 444 _sq._
Frigate-bird, mark of the, 350; ghost associated with the, 376
Frigate-birds, ghosts in, 380
Frog in stories of the origin of death, 61, 62 _sq._
Fruit-trees cut down for ghost, 246
---- of the dead cut down, 399
Funeral ceremonies intended to dismiss the ghost from the land of the living, 174 _sq._
---- ceremonies of the Torres Straits Islanders, 176 _sqq._
---- customs of the Tami, 293 _sq._; of the Central Melanesians, 347 _sqq._, 355 _sqq._; based on fear of ghosts, 450 _sqq._
---- feasts, 348, 351, 358 _sq._, 360, 396; orations, 355 _sq._
Forces, impersonal, the world conceived as a complex of, 21
Foreskins sacrificed in honour of the dead, 426 _sq._; of circumcised lads presented to ancestral gods, 427
Gaboon, the, 54
Gajos of Sumatra, burial custom of the, 455
Gall used in divination, 54
Game offered by hunters to the dead, 226
Ganindo, a warrior ghost, 363 _sq._
Gardens, ghosts of, 371
Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, 48, 69, 398, 405
Geelvink Bay, in Dutch New Guinea, 303, 307
Genital members of human victims hung on tree, 447 _n._ 1
German burial custom, 453, 458
Ghost appeased by sham fight, 137; hunted into the grave, 164 _sq._; thought to linger near body till flesh is decayed, 165 _sq._; elaborate funeral ceremonies designed to get rid of, 174 _sq._; driven away, 178, 197, 248; extracted from body of patient, 271; calls for vengeance, 278; cursed and ill-treated, 285; who causes sunshine and rain, 375
---- -posts, 375
---- -seer, 204 _sq._, 214, 229
---- -shooter, 387 _sq._
Ghostly ferry, 350, 412. _See also_ Ferry
Ghosts, mischievous nature of, 28; as causes of sickness, 54 _sqq._, 195, 197, 222, 300, 305, 322, 389; feared, 134, 135, 147, 151 _sqq._, 158, 173 _sqq._, 195, 196 _sq._, 201, 203, 229 _sq._, 232, 237, 271 _sqq._, 276, 282 _sq._, 305, 321, 327, 347, 396, 414 _sq._, 449, 457, 467; attentions paid to, in regard to food, fire, property, etc., 144 _sqq._; feared only of recently departed, 151 _sq._; of nearest relations most feared, 153; represented dramatically by masked men, 176, 179 _sq._, 182 _sq._, 185 _sqq._; should have their noses bored, 192, 194 _sq._; return of the, 195, 198, 246, 300; carry off the souls of the living, 197; cause bad luck in hunting and fishing, 197; identified with phosphorescent lights, 198, 258; appear to seer, 204 _sq._; of slain enemies especially dreaded, 205; of the hanged specially feared, 212; certain classes of ghosts specially feared, 212; malignity of, 212, 381; drowned, 224; village of, 231 _sq._, 234; give information, 240; provided with fire, 246 _sq._; feasts provided for, 247 _sq._; thought to give good crops, 247 _sq._; communicate with the living in dreams, 248; diseases ascribed to action of, 257; of the slain, special fear of, 258, 279, 306, 323; of ancestors appealed to for help, 258 _sq._; precautions taken against, 258; expected to make the crops thrive, 259, 284, 288 _sq._; natural death ascribed to action of, 268; sickness ascribed to action of, 269 _sq._, 271, 279, 372, 375, 381 _sqq._; deceived, 273, 280 _sqq._, 328; thought to help hunters, 274, 284 _sq._; in the form of animals, 282; help the living by promoting supply of food, 283; cause earthquakes, 286, 288; as patrons of hunting and other departments, 287; die the second death, 287; turn into animals, 287; turn into ant-hills, 287; of warriors invoked by warriors, 288; invoked by warriors, farmers, fowlers, fishermen, etc., 288 _sqq._; of men may grow into gods, 289 _sq._; of the dead in the form of serpents, 300; driven away, 305, 306, 323, 356 _sqq._, 396, 399, 415; cause all sorts of misfortunes, 306 _sq._; call for vengeance, 310, 468; sacrifices to, 328; of power and ghosts of no account, distinction between, 345 _sq._; of the recent dead most powerful, 346; prayers to, 348; of land and sea, 348; food offered to, 348 _sq._; live in islands, 350, 353; live underground, 353 _sq._; worshipful, 362 _sq._; public and private, 367, 369 _sq._; first-fruits offered to, 368 _sq._, 373 _sq._; warlike, 370; of gardens, 371; human sacrifices to, 371 _sq._; incarnate in sharks, 373; sacrifices to, at planting, 375; sanctuaries of, 377 _sq._; incarnate in animals, 379 _sq._; envious of the living, 381; carry off souls, 383; in stones, 383 _sq._; inspiration by means of, 389 _sq._; killed, 415 _sq._; dazed, 416; prevented from returning to the house, 455 _sq._; unmarried, hard fate of, 464
Ghosts and spirits, distinction between, in Central Melanesia, 343, 363; regulate the weather, 384 _sq._
---- of women dying in childbed, special fear of, 458 _sqq._; special treatment of, 358. _See also_ Dead _and_ Spirits
Giant, mythical, thought to appear annually with the south-east monsoon, 255
Gifford, Lord, 2, 3
Girdle made from hair of dead, 138
Gnanji, the, of Central Australia, 92
Goat in story of the origin of death, 64
God, the question of his existence, 2; defined, 9 _sq._; knowledge of, how acquired, 11 _sqq._; inferred as a cause, 22 _sq._; and the origin of death, 61 _sqq._; in form of serpent, 445, 462
Gods created by man in his own likeness, 19 _sq._; of nature, 20; human, 20, 23 _sqq._; unknown among aborigines of Australia, 91; often developed out of ghosts, 289 _sq._; ancestors worshipped as, 340, 369; ancestral, sacrifice of foreskins to, 427; ancestral, libations to, 438; two classes of, in Fiji, 440
---- and spirits, no certain demarcation between, 441
Goldie, Rev. Hugh, 52
Good crops given by ghosts, 247 _sq._
---- spirit, 143
---- and bad, different fate of the, after death, 354
Gran Chaco, in Argentina, 165
Grandfather, soul of, reborn in grandchild, 417; his ghost dazed, 416
Grandfather and grandchild, their relation under exogamy and female kinship, 416, 418
Grandidier, A., 49
Grass for graves, euphemism for human victims buried with the dead, 425 _sq._
---- -seed, magical ceremony for increasing, 102
Grave, food placed on, 144, 145; property of dead deposited in, 145 _sqq._; hut erected on, 203; of worshipful dead a sanctuary, 347; stones heaped on, 360; sacrifices to ghost on, 382
Gravediggers, purification of, 314; secluded, 327; secluded and painted black, 451
Graves, huts built on, for use of ghosts, 150 _sq._; under the houses, 274. _See also_ Huts
Great Woman, the, 464
Greek tragedy, W. Ridgeway on the origin of, 189
Greeks, purificatory rites of ancient, 206
Greenlanders, burial custom of the, 454
Grey, Sir George, 41; taken for an Australian aboriginal, 131 _sqq._
Grief, extravagant demonstrations of grief in mourning, their motives, 135 _sq._
---- at a death, extravagant demonstrations of, dictated by fear of the ghost, 271 _sqq._
_Grihya-Sutras_, 163
Ground drawings in magical or religious ceremony, 112 _sq._
Groves, sacred, the dead buried in, 326
Guadalcanar, one of the Solomon Islands, 350, 372
Guardian spirits, 227
Guiana, Indians of, their ideas as to the cause of death, 35 _sqq._; their offerings to the dead, 165
Gullet of pig sacrificed, 368
Gulu, king of heaven, 78
Gypsies, European, burial custom of, 455
Haddon, Dr. A. C., 171, 172 _sq._, 175, 176, 180
Hagen, Dr. B., 230, 231
Haida, burial custom of the, 455
Hair burnt as charm, 43; cut in mourning, 135, 320, 451; of widow unshorn, 184; of dead child worn by mother, 315; of gravediggers not cut, 327; used as amulet, 332
---- of the dead, magical virtue attributed to, 137 _sq._; worn by relatives, 249; divination by means of, 319
---- of mourners offered to the dead, 183; cut off, 183, 204
Hakea flower totem, dramatic ceremony concerned with, 119, 121
Hands, gravediggers and persons who have handled a corpse not to touch food with their, 327, 450 _sq._
Hanged, ghosts of the, specially feared, 212
Hare in myth of the origin of death, 65
Harumae, a warrior ghost, 365 _sq._
Hasselt, J. L. van, 305
Hauri, a worshipful ghost, 372
Head-dress of gravediggers, 327
Head-hunters, 352
Head of corpse cut off in order to disable the ghost, 153; removed and preserved, 178. _See also_ Skulls
Heads of mourners shaved, 208
----, human, cut off in honour of the dead, 352
Heaps of stones on grave, 360
Heart supposed to be the seat of human spirit, 129
---- of pig sacrificed, 368
Heavenly Dog, 460
Hebrew prophets, 14
Hen in myth of the origin of death, 79
Highlands of Scotland, burial custom in the, 453, 458
Hindoos, burial custom of the, 453, 458
Historical method of treating natural theology, 2 _sq._
History of religion, its importance, 3
Hiyoyoa, the land of the dead, 207
Hole in the wall, dead carried out through a, 452 _sqq._
Holy of Holies, 430, 431, 433, 437, 438
Homer on blood-drinking ghosts, 159
Homicides, precautions taken by, against the ghosts of their victims, 205 _sq._; purification of, 206; honours bestowed on, in Fiji, 447 _sq._ _See also_ Manslayers
Homoeopathic magic, 288, 376
---- or imitative magic, 335, 336, 338
Honorary titles of homicides in Fiji, 447 _sq._
Hood Peninsula of British New Guinea, 47, 202, 203
Hos of Togoland, their myth of the origin of death, 81 _sqq._
Hose, Ch., and McDougall, W., quoted, 265 _n._, 417
Hottentots, their myth of the origin of death, 65; burial custom of the, 454
House deserted after a death, 195, 196 _n._ 1, 248, 275, 349, 400; deserted or destroyed after a death, 210; dead buried in the, 236, 347, 352, 397, 398, 399; dead carried out of, by special opening, 452 _sqq._
Houses, native, at Kalo, 202; communal, 304
Howitt, Dr. A. W., 44 _sq._, 139, 141
Human gods, 20, 23 _sqq._
---- nature, two different views of, 469 _sqq._
---- sacrifices to ghosts, 371 _sq._; in Fiji, 446 _sq._
Hume's analysis of cause, 18 _sq._
Hunt, Mr., his experience in Fiji, 423 _sq._
Hunters supposed to be helped by ghosts, 274, 284 _sq._
Huon Gulf, in German New Guinea, 242, 256
Hut built to represent mythical monster at initiation, 251, 290, 301 _sq._
Huts erected on graves for use of ghosts, 150 _sq._; erected on graves, 203, 223, 248, 259, 275, 293, 294
Hypocritical lamentations at a death, 273
---- indignation of accomplice at a murder, 280 _sqq._
Idu, mountain of the dead, 193, 194 _sq._
Iguana in myth of origin of death, 70
Ilene, a worshipful ghost, 373
Ill-treatment of ghost who gives no help, 285
Illusion of the external world, 21
Images of the dead, wooden (_korwar_ or _karwar_), 307 _sqq._, 311, 315, 316 _sq._, 321, 322; of sharks, 373; in temples, 442
Imitation of totems by disguised actors, 119 _sqq._; of totemic animals, 177
Imitative magic, 335, 336, 338, 376
Immortality, belief in, among the aborigines of Central Australia, 87 _sqq._; among the islanders of Torres Straits, 170 _sqq._; among the natives of British New Guinea, 190 _sqq._; among the natives of German New Guinea, 216 _sqq._; among the natives of Dutch New Guinea, 303 _sqq._; among the natives of Southern Melanesia, 324 _sqq._; among the natives of Central Melanesia, 343 _sqq._; among the natives of Northern Melanesia, 393 _sqq._; among the Fijians, 406 _sqq._; strongly held by savages, 468
Immortality, limited sense of, 25; origin of belief in, 25 _sqq._; belief in human, almost universal among races of mankind, 33; rivalry between men and animals for gift of, 74 _sq._; question of the truth of the belief in, 469 _sqq._; destruction of life and property entailed by the belief in, 468 _sq._
---- in a bundle, 77 _sq._
Impecunious ghosts, hard fate of, 406
Impurity, ceremonial, of manslayer, 229 _sq._
Im Thurn, Sir Everard F., 38 _sq._
Incantations or spells, 385
Inconsistencies and contradictions in reasoning not peculiar to savages, 111 _sq._
Inconsistency of savage thought, 143
Indians of Guiana, their ideas about death, 35 _sqq._; their beliefs as to the dead, 165
---- of North-West America, burial custom of the, 455, 460
Indifference to death, 419; a consequence of belief in immortality, 422 _sq._
Indo-European burial custom, 453
Infanticide as cause of diminished population, 40
Influence of European teaching on native beliefs, 142 _sq._
Initiation at puberty regarded as a process of death and resurrection, 254, 261
---- of young men, 233; in Central Australia, 100; among the Yabim, 250 _sqq._; among the Bukaua, 260 _sq._; among the Kai, 290 _sq._; in Fiji, 429 _sqq._
Insanity, influence of, in history, 15 _sq._
---- and inspiration not clearly distinguished, 388
Insect in divination as to cause of death, 44, 46
Inspiration, theory of, 14 _sq._; of medium by ancestral spirits, 308 _sqq._; by spirits of the dead, 322; by ghosts in Central Melanesia, 388 _sq._; attested by frenzy, 443, 444 _sq._
---- and insanity not clearly distinguished, 388
Insufflations, magical, to heal the sick, 329
_Intichiuma_, magical ceremonies for the multiplication of totems, 122 _sq._
Intuition and experience, 11
Invocation of ghosts, 288 _sq._; of the dead, 329 _sq._, 332 _sqq._, 377, 378, 401, 441
Island, dead buried in, 319
---- of the dead, fabulous, 175
Islands, ghosts live in, 350, 353
Isle of Pines, 325, 330, 337
Israelites forbidden to cut themselves for the dead, 154
Ivory Coast, 52
Jackson, John, quoted, 419 _sqq._, 447
Jappen or Jobi, island, 303
Jawbone of husband worn by widow, 204; lower, of corpse preserved, 234 _sq._, 236, 274; of dead king of Uganda preserved and consulted oracularly, 235
Jawbones of the dead preserved, 351 _sq._; of dead worn by relatives, 404
Journey of ghosts to the land of the dead, 286 _sq._, 361 _sq._, 462 _sqq._
Juices of putrefaction received by mourners on their bodies, 167, 205, 403
---- of putrefying corpse drunk by widow, 313; drunk by women, 355
Kachins of Burma, burial custom of the, 459
Kafirs, their beliefs as to the causes of death, 56
Kagoro, the, of Northern Nigeria, 28 _n._ 1, 49
Kai, the, of German New Guinea, 71, 262 _sqq._; theory of the soul, 267
Kaikuzi, brother of Death, 80
Kaitish, the, 68, 158, 166
Kalo, in British New Guinea, 202 _sq._
_Kalou_, Fijian word for "god," 440
_Kalou vu_, "root gods," 440
_Kalou yalo_, "soul gods," 440
_Kami_, the souls of the dead, 297 _sq._
Kamilaroi tribe of New South Wales, 46, 155
_Kanaima_ (_kenaima_), 36, 38
_Kani_, name applied to ghosts, to bull-roarers, and to the monster who is thought to swallow lads at circumcision, 301
Kaniet islands, 401
_Kava_ offered to ancestral spirits, 440
Kavirondo, burial custom of the, 458
Kaya-Kaya or Tugeri, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 255
Kayans, the, of Borneo, 417; burial custom of, 456 _sq._, 459
Kemp Welch River, 202
_Keramo_, a fighting ghost, 370
Keysser, Ch., 262, 263 _sq._, 267, 269 _n._ 3
Kibu, the land of the dead, 175
Kibuka, war-god of Uganda, 366
Kidd, Dudley, 55
Kidney-fat, extraction of, 43
Killer of Souls, the, 465 _sq._
Killing a ghost, 415 _sq._
King, mourning for a, 451 _sq._
King's corpse not carried out through the door, 452, 461
Kings, divinity of, 16; sanctity of Fijian, 407 _sq._
Kintu and the origin of death, 78 _sqq._
Kiwai, beliefs and customs concerning the dead in island of, 211 _sqq._
Koita or Koitapu, of British New Guinea, 193
Kolosh Indians, 163
Komars, the, 163
_Koroi_, honorary title of homicides in Fiji, 447 _sq._
_Korwar_, or _karwar_, wooden images of the dead, 307 _sqq._, 315, 316 _sq._, 321, 322
Koryak, burial custom of the, 455
Kosi and the origin of death, 76 _sq._
Knowledge, natural, how acquired, 11
---- of God, how acquired, 11 _sqq._; of ghosts essential to medical practitioners in Melanesia, 384
Kulin, the, 138
Kurnai tribe of Victoria, 44, 138
Kweariburra tribe, 153
_Kwod_, sacred or ceremonial ground, 179
Lambert, Father, 325, 327, 328, 332, 339
Lamboam, the land of the dead, 260, 292, 299
Lamentations, hypocritical, at a death, 271 _sqq._, 280 _sqq._
Land burial and sea burial, 347 _sq._
---- cleared for cultivation, 238, 242 _sq._, 256, 262 _sq._, 304
---- ghosts and sea ghosts, 348
---- of the dead, 175 _sq._, 192, 193, 194 _sq._, 202, 203, 207, 209 _sq._, 211 _sqq._, 224, 228 _sq._, 244, 260, 286 _sq._, 292, 299, 305 _sq._, 307, 322, 326, 345, 350 _sq._, 353 _sq._, 404 _sqq._, 462 _sqq._; journeys of the living to the, 207, 355; way to the, 212 _sq._, 462 _sqq._
Landtman, Dr. G., 214
Lang, Andrew, 216 _sq._
Laos, burial custom in, 459
Leaf as badge of a ghost, 391
Leaves thrown on scene of murder, 415
Leg bones of the dead preserved, 221, 249
Legs of corpse broken in order to disable the ghost, 153
Lehner, Stefan, 256
Lepchis of Sikhim, burial custom of the, 455
Le Souëf, A. A. C., 40 _sq._
Libations to ancestral gods, 430, 438
Licence, period of, following circumcision, 427 _sq._; following initiation, 433, 434 _n._ 1, 436 _sq._
Licentious orgy following circumcision, 427 _sq._
Life in the other world like life in this, 286 _sq._
Lightning, savage theory of, 19
Lights, phosphorescent, thought to be ghosts, 198, 258
Lime, powdered, used to dust the trail of a ghost, 277 _sq._
_Lio'a_, a powerful ghost, 346
Liver extracted by magic, 50; divination by, 54
Livers of pigs offered to the dead, 360 _sq._
Lizard in divination as to cause of death, 44; in myths of the origin of death, 60 _sq._, 70, 74 _sq._
Lizards, ghosts in, 380
Local totem centres, 97, 99, 124
Long soul and short soul, 291 _sq._
Lost souls, recovery of, 270 _sq._, 300 _sq._
Luck, bad, in fishing and hunting, caused by ghosts, 197
Luck of a village dependent on ghosts, 198
_Lum_, men's clubhouse, 243, 250, 257
Mabuiag, island of, 174
Macassars, burial custom of the, 461
Macluer Gulf in Dutch New Guinea, 317, 318
Mad, stones to drive people, 335
Madagascar, ideas as to natural death in, 48 _sq._
Mafulu (Mambule), the, of British New Guinea, 198 _sqq._
Maggots, appearance of, sign of departure of soul, 292
Magic as a cause of death, 34 _sqq._; Age of, 58; attributed to aboriginal inhabitants of a country, 193; homoeopathic or imitative, 288, 335, 336, 338, 376; combined with religion, 111 _sq._, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 376; Melanesian conception of, 380 _sq._; working by means of personal refuse, 413 _sq._ _See also_ Sorcery _and_ Witchcraft
---- and religion compared in reference to their destruction of human life, 56 _sq._
Magical ceremonies for increasing the food supply, 102; ceremonies for the multiplication of totems, 124 _sq._; intention of dramatic ceremonies in Central Australia, 122 _sq._, 126; virtues attributed to sacred stones in New Caledonia, 334 _sqq._
Magician or priest, 336, 338. _See also_ Sorcerer
Magicians, their importance in history, 16; but no priests at Doreh, 306
Malagasy, their ideas as to natural death, 48 _sq._
Malanta, one of the Solomon Islands, 350
Malayalis, the, of Malabar, 162
Malignity of ghosts, 212, 381
Malo, island of, 48
Man creates gods in his own likeness, 19 _sq._
----, grandeur and dignity of, 469 _sq._; pettiness and insignificance of, 470 _sq._
_Mana_, supernatural or spiritual power, 346 _sq._, 352, 371, 380
_Manoam_, evil spirits, 321
Manoga, a worshipful ghost, 368
Manslayers, precautions taken by, against the ghosts of their victims, 205 _sq._, 258, 279, 323; secluded, 279 _sq._, consecration of, 448 _sq._; restrictions imposed on, 449. _See also_ Homicides
_Mari_ or _mar_, ghost, 173
_Mariget_, "ghost-hand," 177
Mariner, William, 411
Mariners, stones to help, 337
Markets, native, 394
Marotse, burial custom of the, 454
Marquesas Islands, 417
Married and unmarried, different modes of disposing of their corpses, 162
Masai, their myth of the origin of death, 65 _sq._
Masked men, dramatic representation of ghosts and spirits by, 176, 179 _sq._, 180 _sqq._, 185 _sqq._
---- dances, 297; of the Monumbo, 228
Masks worn by actors in sacred ceremonies, 179; used in dances, 233, 297
Masquerades, 297
Massim, the, of British New Guinea, 206
Master of Life, 163
Matacos Indians, 165
Mate, a worshipful spirit, 239
Material culture of the natives of New Guinea, 191; of the natives of Tumleo, 219 _sq._; of Papuans, 231; of the Yabim, 242 _sq._; of the Noofoor, 304 _sq._; of the New Caledonians, 339; of the North Melanesians, 393 _sqq._
Mawatta or Mowat, 47
_Mbete_, priest, 443, 445
Mea, a spiritual medium, 196
Mecklenburg, burial custom in, 457
Medicine-men, their importance in history, 16; inspired by spirits of the dead, 322
Medium inspired by soul of dead, 308 _sq._
Mediums, spiritual, 196
Mediums who send their souls to deadland, 300
Megalithic monuments, 438
Melanesia, Central, belief in immortality among the natives of, 343 _sqq._
----, Northern, belief in immortality among the natives of, 393 _sqq._
----, Southern, belief in immortality among the natives of, 324 _sqq._
Melanesian myths of the origin of death, 69, 71 _sq._, 83 _sq._; theory of the soul, 344 _sq._
Melanesians, their ideas as to natural deaths, 48, 54 _sq._; Central, funeral customs of the, 347 _sqq._, 355 _sqq._; and Papuans in New Guinea, 190 _sq._
Memorial trees, 225
Men sacrificed to support posts of new house, 446 _sq._; whipped by women in mourning, 452
Men's clubhouses, 221, 225, 226, 243, 256 _sq._, 355
Mentras or Mantras of the Malay Peninsula, 73
Merivale on Dartmoor, 438
Messengers, the Two, myth of origin of death, 60 _sqq._
Messou, Indian magician, 78
Metals unknown in Northern Melanesia, 395
Metempsychosis, widespread belief in, 29
Methods of treating natural theology, 1 _sqq._
---- of natural knowledge, 11
Mexicans, the ancient, 163
Meyer, H. E. A., 42
Migration of villages, 339
Migratory cultivation, 243
Miklucho-Maclay, Baron N., 235
Milky Way, Central Australian belief as to the, 140; souls of dead go to, 153
Milne Bay, 207
Mimika district in Dutch New Guinea, 318
Minnetaree Indians, 163
Misfortunes of all kinds caused by ghosts, 306 _sq._
Moanus, the, of the Admiralty Islands, 400
Monarchical government, rise of, 141 _sq._
Monsoon, south-east, festival at, 255
Monsoons, seasons determined by, 216
Monster supposed to swallow lads at initiation, 251 _sq._, 255, 260, 261, 290 _sq._, 301 _sq._
Monumbo, the, of German New Guinea, 227 _sq._
Monuments of the dead, 225
Moon, the waxing and waning, in myths of the origin of death, 60, 65 _sqq._
---- in relation to doctrine of resurrection, 67 _sq._; worship of the, 68
Moral restraint afforded by a fear of ghosts, 175
---- depravity of the Fijians, 409
Morality, superstition a crutch to, 175
Mortuary dramas, 189
_Mos_, a disembodied soul, 224
Mota, island of, 387
Motlav, in the Banks' Islands, 357
Motu, the, of British New Guinea, 192
Mound erected in a totemic ceremony, 110 _sq._
Mounds on graves, 150, 164
Mourners, professional, 136
---- smeared with white clay, 158, 177; painted black, 178, 293, 403; garb of, 184, 198; cut their hair, 183, 204, 320, 451; abstain from certain foods, 198, 208, 209, 230, 314, 360, 452; restrictions observed by, 313 _sq._; tattooed, 314; purified by bathing, 314, 319; plastered with mud, 318; cut or tear their ears, 183, 272, 327; secluded, 360; smeared with ashes, 361; anoint themselves with juices of putrefying corpse, 403; amputate their fingers, 199, 451; burn their skin, 154, 155, 157, 327, 451. _See also_ Cuttings _and_ Seclusion
Mourning, hair cut in, 135; extravagant demonstrations of grief in, 135 _sq._; for a father-in-law, 155; amputation of fingers in, 199; varying period of, 274, 293; for a king, 451 _sq._
---- costume, 249, 274, 320; a protection against ghosts, 241 _sq._; of widower and widow, 259 _sq._
Mowat or Mawatta, 47
Mud, mourners plastered with, 318
Mukden, burial custom in, 460
Mukjarawaint tribe, 155
Mummies of dead preserved in houses, 188
Mummification of the dead, 184, 185, 313
_Mungai_, places associated with totems, 117, 124
Murder, leaves thrown on scene of, 415
---- highly esteemed in Fiji, 447 _sq._
Murdered man, ghost of, haunts murderer, 248
Murimuria, a second-rate heaven, 466
Murray Island, 174
Mutilations, bodily, at puberty, 303
Myth of the prelogical savage, 266
---- of the continuance of death, 472
Myths of the origin of death, 59 _sqq._
_Nai_, souls of the dead, 240
Nai Thombothombo, in Fiji, 463
Nails of dead detached, 145; preserved, 339
Naindelinde in Fiji, 465
Naiteru-kop, a Masai god, 65
Namaquas, their myth of the origin of death, 65
Nambanaggatai, in Fiji, 465
Nambi and the origin of death, 78 _sqq._
Name of mythical water-snake not uttered, 105
Names of the dead not mentioned, 135, 210, 246
Nandi, their myth of the origin of death, 66
_Nanga_, sacred stone enclosure, 428 _sqq._; description of, 437 _sq._
Nangganangga, the foe of unmarried ghosts, 464
_Nanja_ tree or stone, 98
---- spot, 164, 165
Narrinyeri tribe of South Australia, 43; their beliefs as to the dead, 134 _sqq._
Nassau, Rev. R. H., 51
Native beliefs influenced by European teaching, 142 _sq._
Natural theology defined, 1, 8
---- death, disbelief of savages in, 33 _sqq._
---- causes of death recognised by some savages, 55 _sq._
---- features of landscape associated with traditions about the dead, 115 _sqq._
Nature, gods of, 20; souls of the dead identified with spirits of, 130; two different views of human, 469 _sqq._
Nayars, the, of Cochin, 162 _sq._
Ndengei, Fijian god in form of serpent, 445, 462, 464, 465, 466
Necklaces worn in mourning, 198
Negen Negorijen in Dutch New Guinea, 316, 317
Negrito admixture in New Guinea, 198
Nemunemu, a creator, 240
Nether world, the lord of the, 286; abode of the dead in the, 292, 299, 322, 326, 353 _sq._; descent of the living into the, 300; _See also_ Land of the Dead
Nets worn by widows in mourning, 249, 260, 274, 293; worn by women in mourning, 241
New birth at initiation, pretence of, 254
New Britain (New Pomerania), 48, 69, 393, 394, 402, 404
---- Caledonia, natives of, 324; their beliefs and customs concerning the dead, 325 _sqq._; their system of family prayers, 332 _sq._, 340; material culture of the, 339
---- Georgia, 48
---- Guinea, aborigines of, their ideas as to natural death, 47; the races of, 190 _sq._; belief in immortality among the natives of British, 190 _sqq._; belief in immortality among the natives of Dutch, 303 _sqq._; belief in immortality among the natives of German, 216 _sqq._
New Hebrides, myth of the origin of death in, 71, 343, 353
---- Ireland (New Mecklenburg), 393, 397
---- South Wales, aborigines of, their ideas as to the causes of death, 45 _sq._; as to the home of the dead, 133 _sq._
Newton, Alfred, 90 _n._ 1
Neyaux, the, of the Ivory Coast, 52
_Ngai_, human spirit, 129
Ngoc, the, of Annam, 69
Ngoni, the, 61
Nias, island of, 70
Nigeria, Northern, 28 _n._ 1, 49
Niggardly people punished in the other world, 405
Noblemen alone immortal, 33
Noofoor, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 303
Noomfor, island, 303
Norse burial custom, 453
Noses bored, ghosts should have their, 192, 194 _sq._
Novices presented to ancestral spirits at initiation, 432 _sq._, 434
Nukahiva, one of the Marquesas Islands, 417
Objects offered to the dead broken, 276
Offering, soul of, consumed by deity or spirit, 297, 298
Offerings of food and water to the dead, 174; of food to the dead, 183, 201, 208, 211, 214, 232, 241, 332, 338, 364 _sq._, 367 _sq._, 372 _sq._, 396 _sq._, 429, 442, 467; of blood and hair to the dead, 183; of game and fish to the dead, 226; to the dead, 239, 276, 292; of first-fruits to the dead, 259; to ancestors, 298; of food to ghosts, 348 _sq._; to ghosts, 364 _sq._; of first-fruits to ancestral spirits, 429; of cloth and weapons to ancestral spirits, 430 _sq._ _See also_ Sacrifices
----, burnt, to the dead, 294
_Oknanikilla_, local totem centre, 97, 99, 124
Old and young, difference between the modes of burying, 161, 162 _sq._
Old people buried alive, 359
Olympia, Pelops at, 159
Omens after a death, 319
Opening, special, for carrying dead out of house, 452 _sqq._
Oracles of dead kings, 151
---- of the dead, 151, 176, 179, 235
Oracular responses of Fijian priests, 443 _sqq._
Oranges, spirits of the dead play with, 326
Ordeal to detect sorcerer, 50 _sqq._
Orgy, licentious, following circumcision, 427 _sq._
Origin of belief in immortality, 26 _sqq._
---- of death, myths of the, 59 _sqq._
Orion's belt, 368
Ornaments of corpse removed before burial, 223, 234, 241
Pahouins, the, 54
Palsy, a Samoan god, 72
Pandanus, reason for planting, 362
---- and ghosts, 463
Panoi, Melanesian land of the dead, 83, 345, 353 _sq._, 355, 356
Papuan art, 220
Papuans, animistic views of the, 264
---- and Melanesians in New Guinea, 190 _sq._
_Paraks_, temples, 220
Parents deified, 439
Parkinson, R., 219, 221
Pelops, human blood offered on grave of, 159
Penates in New Guinea, 308, 317
Pennefather River, natives of the, their belief in reincarnation of the dead, 128
Perche, burial custom in, 458
Personal refuse, magic working through, 386, 413 _sq._
Personification of natural phenomena, 20; of death, 81
Phosphorescent lights supposed to be ghosts, 198, 258
_Physostigma venenosum_ in poison ordeal, 52
Piety, two types of, 23; co-operative system of, 333
Pigs, blood of, smeared on skulls and bones of the dead, 200; sacrificed to the dead, 201; sacrificed to monster who swallows lads at initiation, 251, 253, 260, 290, 301; sacrificed at grave, 356; sacrificed at burial, 359; sacrificed to ghosts, 365 _sq._; sacrificed vicariously for the sick, 373, 374, 375; sacred, 433
----, livers of, offered to the dead, 360 _sq._
Pines, Isle of, 325, 330, 337
Pirnmeheel, good spirit, 143
Place of sacrifice to ghosts, 370
Planting, sacrifices to ghosts at, 375
Platforms, dead laid on, 199, 203, 205
Plato, on death, 33
Pleiades, the, 368
Plum-tree people, 94
---- totem, dramatic ceremony connected with, 120, 121
Poison ordeal to detect sorcerers, 50 _sqq._
Political constitution of the Fijians, 407
Pollution, ceremonial, of gravediggers, 327
Polynesian blood, infusion of, in New Guinea, 291
---- race, 406
Polytheism and monotheism, 11
Polytheism discarded, 20 _sq._
Population, belief in sorcery a cause of keeping down the, 38, 40, 46 _sq._, 51 _sqq._
Port Lincoln tribe of S. Australia, 42
---- Moresby, 193, 195
Poso in Celebes, 72
Posts of new house, men sacrificed to support, 446 _sq._
Potsdam Harbour, in German New Guinea, 218, 227
Pottery, native, 220; in New Guinea, 305
----, Fijian, 407
---- unknown in Northern Melanesia, 395
Practical character of the savage, 274
Prayer-posts, 333 _sq._
Prayers to the dead, 201 _sq._, 214, 222 _sq._, 259, 288, 307, 329 _sq._, 332 _sqq._, 340, 376 _sq._, 401, 403 _sq._, 427, 441; to ghosts, 348
Precautions taken against ghosts, 152 _sq._, 258; against a wife's ghost, 197; against ghosts of the slain, 205 _sq._
Predominance of the worship of the dead, 297 _sq._
Prelogical savage, myth of the, 266
Pretence of attacking persons engaged in attending to a corpse, 177, 178
---- of avenging the dead, 136 _sq._, 282, 328 _See also_ Sham fight
Priest, family, 332, 340
----, chief or high, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434
---- or magician, 336, 338
Priests, Fijian, 433 _sqq._
Private or tame ghosts, 369 _sq._, 381, 382, 386
---- property, rights of, consolidated by taboo, 390
Problem of death, 31 _sqq._
Progress partly determined by competition, 89 _sq._
----, social, stimulated by favourable natural conditions, 148 _sq._
Promiscuity, temporary, 427 _sq._, 433, 434 _n._ 1, 436 _sq._
Property displayed beside the corpse, 397
----, rights of private, consolidated by taboo, 390; temporarily suspended, 427 _sq._
Property of dead deposited in grave, 145 _sqq._, 359, 397; motive for destroying, 147 _sq._; hung up on trees, 148; destroyed, 327, 459; burnt, 401 _sq._
Prophecy inspired by ghosts, 388
Prophets inspired by ghosts, 388 _sq._
----, Hebrew, 14
Propitiation of the dead, 201, 307, 338; of ghosts and spirits, 226, 239, 348
Puberty, initiation at, 254 _sq._; bodily mutilations at, 303
Public ghosts, 367, 369
Purification of homicides, 206, 229
---- by bathing and shaving, 208
---- of mourners by bathing, 314, 319
Queensland, belief in reincarnation of the dead among the aborigines of, 127 _sqq._; burial customs in, 147
Rain sent by a mythical water-snake, 112, 114; prayers for, 288; stones to make, 336 _sq._
---- and sunshine caused by a ghost, 375
---- -ghost, 375
---- -making, 288; by the bones of the dead, 341
Rat in myth of the origin of death, 67
Rationality of the savage, 264 _sqq._
Rebirth of the dead, 93 _sq._, 107, 127 _sq._ _See also_ Reincarnation
---- of parents in their children, 315
Recovery of lost souls, 194, 270 _sq._, 300 _sq._
Red, skulls painted, 178
Red bark in poison ordeals, 50, 52
---- paint, manslayers smeared with, 448, 449
---- roses, corpse crowned with, 233, 234
Reflection or shadow, soul associated with, 207, 267
Refuse, personal, magic working by means of, 413 _sq._
Reincarnation, widespread belief in, 29. _See also_ Rebirth
---- doctrine of, unknown in Torres Straits, 172
---- of the dead, belief of Central Australians in, 92 _sqq._, 107
---- of the dead, 124 _sq._, 127 _sq._; of Australian aborigines in white people, 130, 131 _sqq._; of parents in their children, 315; of grandfather in grandchild, 417, 418
Relics of the dead as amulets, 332, 370; preserved, 348
Religion, importance of the history of, 3; embryology of, 88
Religion and magic compared in reference to their destruction of human life, 57 _sq._; combined in ritual, 111 _sq._, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 376
---- and theology, how related, 9
Resemblance of children to the dead, a source of belief in the transmigration of souls, 28 _sq._
Restrictions observed by mourners, 313 _sq._; ceremonial, laid on gravediggers, 327; imposed on manslayers, 449
Resurrection, ceremony of, among the Akikuya, 254
---- from the dead after three days, 67 _sq._; of the dead, steps taken to prevent the, 144; as an initiatory rite at puberty, 254 _sq._, 261, 302, 431, 434 _sq._
Return of the ghosts, 195, 198, 246, 300
Revelation, the question of a supernatural, 8 _sq._
Revival, temporary, of primitive communism, 436 _sq._
Rheumatism attributed to sorcery, 45
Rhodesia, 77
Ribs of dead distributed among relatives, 400
Ridgeway, W., on the origin of Greek tragedy, 189
Rights of property temporarily suspended, 427 _sq._
Ritual combining elements of religion and magic, 111 _sq._
Rivalry between man and animals for gift of immortality, 74 _sq._
River crossed by souls of the dead, 299, 462
Rocking stone, 213
Roro-speaking tribes of British New Guinea, 47, 196, 198
Roth, W. E., 128
Run or Ron, island, 303, 311
Russia, burial custom in, 453
Saa, in Malanta, 350, 351, 372, 378
Sacrament of pork and water at initiation, 432 _sq._
Sacred stones in New Caledonia, magical virtues attributed to, 334 _sqq._
---- enclosure of stones (_Nanga_) in Fiji, 428 _sqq._, 437 _sq._
---- pigs, 433
Sacrifice, crude motives for, 298 _sq._; place of, 332
---- of dogs in epidemics, 296; of foreskins and fingers in honour of the dead, 426 _sq._
Sacrifices to the dead, economic loss entailed by, 149
---- to the dead, 239, 307, 338. _See also_ Offerings
Sacrifices, burnt, reasons for, 348 _sq._; burnt, to ghosts, 366, 367 _sq._, 373
---- to ghosts, 328; at planting, 375
----, human, to ghosts, 371 _sq._; human, in Fiji, 446 _sq._
Sacrificial ritual in the Solomon Islands, 365 _sq._
Saddle Mountain in German New Guinea, 262
St. Joseph River in New Guinea, 196, 198
Sakalava, the, of Madagascar, 49; burial custom of, 461
Saleijer, island of, burial custom in, 461
Samoa, 406
---- Harbour, in German New Guinea, 256
Samoan myth of the origin of death, 72
Samoyeds, burial custom of the, 457
Samu-yalo, the killer of souls, 465
San Cristoval, one of the Solomon Islands, 347, 376
Sanctuaries, primitive, 99
---- of ghosts, 377 _sq._
Sanctuary, grave of worshipful dead becomes a, 347
Sanitation based on fear of sorcery, 386 _sq._, 414
Santa Cruz Islands, 343
Santa Cruz, in the Solomon Islands, burial customs at, 352; sacrifices to ghosts in, 374 _sq._
Savage, myth of the prelogical, 266
----, practical character of the, 274
----, rationality of the, 264 _sqq._
---- notions of causality, 19 _sq._; conception of death, 31 _sqq._; disbelief in death from natural causes, 33 _sqq._; thought vague and inconsistent, 143
---- religion, the study of, 7
Savagery, importance of the study of, 6 _sq._; a case of arrested or retarded development, 88 _sq._; rise of monarchy essential to emergence from, 142
Savages pay little attention to the stars, 140; strength and universality of belief in immortality among, 468
Savo, one of the Solomon Islands, 347
Scarf, soul caught in a, 412 _sq._
Scenery of Fiji, 409 _sq._
Schomburgk, Richard, 38
Schürmann, C. W., 42 _sq._
Scientific conception of the world as a system of impersonal forces, 20 _sq._
Scotland, burial custom in, 453, 458
Sea, land of the dead at the bottom of the, 307, 326
---- -burial, 397
---- -burial and land-burial, 347 _sq._
---- -ghosts and land-ghosts, 348
Seclusion of widow and widower, 204, 248 _sq._, 259, 275; of relatives at grave, 209; of mourners, 223 _sq._, 313 _sq._, 360; of novices at circumcision, 251 _sq._, 260 _sq._, 302; of manslayers, 279 _sq._; of gravediggers, 327, 451; of female mourners, 398
Seclusion and purification of manslayer, 229 _sq._
Second death of the dead, 195, 287, 299, 345, 350, 351, 354
Secret societies, 395
---- Society (_Asa_), 233
Seemann, Berthold, 439 _sq._
Seer describes ghosts, 204 _sq._
Seget Sélé, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 317
Seligmann, Dr. C. G., 47, 191, 197, 206
Selwyn, Bishop, 363
Serpent and his cast skin in myths of the origin of death, 60, 69 _sqq._, 74 _sq._, 83
----, god in form of, 445, 462
Serpents, souls of the dead in the form of, 300
Setting sun, ghosts attracted to the, 175 _sq._
Sexual licence following initiation, 433, 434 _n._ 1, 436 _sq._
Shadow or reflection, human soul associated with, 129, 130, 173, 207, 267, 395, 412
Shadows of people seized by ghosts, 378, 383
Shaking of medium a symptom of inspiration, 308, 309, 311
Sham attack on men engaged in attending to a corpse, 177, 178
---- burial, 356
---- fight to appease ghost, 136 _sq._; as a funeral ceremony, 235 _sq._, 327 _sq._; as a ceremony to promote the growth of yams, 330. _See also_ Pretence
Sharks animated by ghosts, 348
----, ghosts incarnate in, 373, 380; images of, 373
Shaving heads of mourners, 208
Sheep in story of the origin of death, 64
Shell-money, 394; laid on corpse and buried with it, 398
Shortlands Islands, 71
Shrine of warrior ghost, 365
Shrines for ancestral spirits, 316, 317
Siamese, burial custom of the, 456
Siasi Islands, 244
Sick and old buried alive in Fiji, 420 _sqq._
Sickness caused by demons, 194; caused by ghosts, 56 _sq._, 195, 197, 222, 269 _sq._, 271, 279, 300, 305, 322, 372, 381 _sqq._, 389
---- supposed to be an effect of witchcraft, 35 _sqq._
Sickness and death set down to sorcery, 240, 257
---- and disease recognised by some savages as due to natural causes, 55 _sq._ _See also_ Disease
Sido, his journey to the land of the dead, 211 _sq._
Sins, confession of, 201
Skin cast as a means of renewing youth, 69 _sqq._, 74 _sq._, 83
Skull-shaped stones in rain-making, 336 _sq._
Skulls, spirits of the dead embodied in their, 338
---- and arm-bones, special treatment of the, 199 _sq._; carried by dancers at funeral dance, 200
---- of the dead preserved, 199 _sqq._, 209, 249, 318, 328, 339, 347, 351 _sq._, 398, 400 _sq._, 403; preserved and consulted as oracles, 176, 178 _sq._, 179; used in divination, 213; kept in men's clubhouses, 221, 225; inserted in wooden images, 311 _sq._, 321; religious ceremonies performed with the, 329 _sq._; food offered to the, 339 _sq._, 352; used to fertilise plantations, 340; used in conjurations, 402
Sky, souls of the dead thought to be in the, 133 _sq._, 135, 138 _sq._, 141, 142
Slain, ghosts of the, especially dreaded, 205, 258, 279, 306, 323
Sleep, soul thought to quit body in, 257, 291, 395, 412
Smith, E. R., 53
Smyth, R. Brough, 43 _sq._
Snakes, ghosts in, 380
Sneezing, omens from, 194
Social progress stimulated by favourable natural conditions, 141 _sq._, 148 _sq._
---- ranks, gradation of, in Fiji, 408
Solomon Islands, 343, 346 _sqq._; sacrificial ritual in the, 365 _sq._
Somosomo, one of the Fijian islands, 425, 441, 442
Sorcerers, their importance in history, 16
---- catch and detain souls, 267, 268 _sq._, 270
---- put to death, 35, 35 _sq._, 37 _sq._, 40 _sq._, 44, 50, 136, 250, 269, 277, 278 _sq._, 341 _sq._ _See also_ Magician
Sorcery as the supposed cause of natural deaths, 33 _sqq._, 136, 268, 270, 402; sickness and death ascribed to, 257
---- a cause of keeping down the population, belief in, 38, 40, 46 _sq._, 51 _sqq._
---- Fijian dread of, 413 _sq._; _See also_ Magic _and_ Witchcraft
Sores ascribed to action of ghosts, 257
_Soro_, atonement, 427
Soul, world-wide belief in survival of soul after death, 24, 25, 33
Soul of sleeper detained by enemy, 49; human, associated with shadow or reflection, 173, 267, 395, 412; pretence of carrying away the, 181 _sq._; detained by demon, 194; recovery of a lost, 194, 270 _sq._; thought to quit body in sleep, 257, 291, 395, 412; resides in the eye, 267; thought to pervade the body, 267; two kinds of human, 267 _sq._; caught and detained by sorcerer, 267, 268 _sq._, 270; long soul and short soul, 291 _sq._; of offering consumed by deity or spirit, 297, 298; thought to reside in the blood, 307; Melanesian theory of the, 344 _sq._; of sick tied up by ghost, 374; North Melanesian theory of the, 395 _sq._; in form of animals, 396; Fijian theory of the, 410 _sqq._; caught in a scarf, 412 _sq._; of grandfather reborn in grandchild, 417; of offerings consumed by gods, 443
---- -stuff or spiritual essence, 267 _sq._, 270, 271, 279. _See also_ Spirit
Souls, recovery of lost, 300 _sq._; River of the, 462; the killer of, 464 _sq._
---- of animals, sacrifices to the, 239; of animals offered to ghosts, 246
---- attributed by the Fijians to animals, vegetables, and inanimate things, 410 _sq._
---- of the dead identified with spirits of nature, 130; turned into animals, 229; as falling stars, 229; live in trees, 316
---- carried off by ghosts, 197, 383; of sorcerers in animals, 39
---- of noblemen only saved, 33; of those who died from home called back, 311
Spells or incantations, 385
Spencer and Gillen, 46 _sq._, 91 _sq._, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 116 _sqq._, 123 _sq._, 140, 148, 156, 157, 158
Spider and Death, 82 _sq._
Spirit, human, associated with the heart, 129; associated with the shadow, 129, 130. _See also_ Soul
Spirits, ancestral, help hunters and fishers, 226; worshipped in the _Nanga_, 428 _sq._; cloth and weapons offered to, 430 _sq._; novices presented to, at initiation, 432 _sq._, 434
---- of animals go to the spirit land, 210
---- consume spiritual essence of sacrifices, 285, 287, 297, 298
---- of the dead thought to be strengthened by blood, 159; reborn in women, 93 _sq._; give information to the living, 240; give good crops, 247 _sq._; thought to be mischievous, 257
Spirits and ghosts, distinction between, in Central Melanesia, 343, 363
---- and gods, no certain demarcation between, 441
----, grand concert of, 340 _sq._; represented by masked dancers, 297; in tree-tops, 313
----, guardian, 227
---- of nature identified with souls of the dead, 130. _See also_ Dead _and_ Ghost
Spiritual essence or soul-stuff, 267 _sq._, 279. _See also_ Soul-stuff
Squatting posture of corpse in burial, 207
Stanbridge, W. E., 44
Stars associated with the souls of the dead, 134, 140; little regarded by savages, 140; falling, the souls of the dead, 229
Steinen, K. von den, 35
Sternberg, L., 15 _n._ 1
Stick, cleft, used in cure, 271
Stillborn children, burial of, 458
Stocks, wooden, as representatives of the dead, 374, 386
Stolz, Mr., 238, 239
Stomach, soul seated in, 291 _sq._
Stone, a rocking, 213
---- used in rain-making, 288
---- of Famine, 334
---- of the Sun, 336
Stonehenge, 438
Stones, sacred, in New Caledonia, magical virtues attributed to, 334 _sqq._; sacred, in sanctuaries, 377 _sq._
---- used as altars, 379
Stones inhabited by ghosts, 383 _sq._
Store-houses, sacred, in Central Australia, 99, 101
Strangling the sick and aged in Fiji, 423 _sq._
_Sua_, human spirit or ghost, 193
Suicide to escape decrepitude of old age, 422 _sq._
Suicides, burial of, 164, 453, 458
Sulka, the, of New Britain, 398 _sq._
Sumatra, the Gajos of, 455
Sun and the origin of death, 77
----, ghosts attracted to the setting, 175 _sq._
----, Stone of the, 336
Sunshine, the making of, 336
---- and rain caused by a ghost, 375
Supernatural or spiritual power (_mana_) acquired from ghosts, 346 _sq._, 352, 371, 380
Superstition a crutch to morality, 175
Supreme Being unknown among aborigines of Central Australia, 91 _sq._; among the Monumbo, 228
Survival of human soul after death, world-wide belief in, 24, 25, 33
Swallowed by monster, pretence that candidates at initiation are, 251 _sqq._, 260 _sq._, 290 _sq._, 301 _sq._
Swine sent to ravage fields by ghosts, 278
Symbolism of prayer-posts, 333 _sq._
Taboo, meaning of, 390; in Central Melanesia based on a fear of ghosts, 390 _sq._; a prop of monarchical power, 408
_Tabu_, demon, 194
Tago, spirits, 297
Tahiti, 439
Tamanachiers, an Indian tribe, 70 _sq._
Tami Islanders of German New Guinea, 291 _sqq._
Taming a ghost, 370
Tamos, the, of German New Guinea, 230
Tanna, one of the New Hebrides, 369, 439
Tanoa, king of Fiji, 425
Taplin, Rev. George, 43, 134 _sqq._
_Tapum_, guardian spirits, 227
Taro, prayer for good crop of, 289
Tasmanians, the, 89
Tattooing as sign of mourning, 314
Teeth of dead worn by relatives, 314 _sq._, 400, 404; used as amulets, 332; preserved as relics, 339; used to fertilise plantations, 340
Temples (_paraks_) in Tumleo, 220 _sq._
----, Fijian, 439, 441 _sq._
Terer, a mythical being, 181
Thapauerlu, a pool, 105, 108
Theology, natural, defined, 1, 8
---- and religion, how related, 9
Thomson, Basil, 408, 414, 428 _n._ 1, 429 _n._ 1, 434 _n._ 1, 436
Threats of the dying, 273
Three days, resurrection after, 67 _sq._
Threshold, the dead carried out under the, 453, 457; movable, 457
Thrush in story of the origin of death, 61 _sq._
Thunder the voice of a mythical being, 112, 114, 143
_Tindalo_, a powerful ghost, 346
Tinneh or Déné Indians, their ideas as to death, 39 _sq._
Tlaloc, Mexican rain-god, 163
Tlingit Indians, 163; burial custom of the, 455
To Kambinana, 69
To Korvuvu, 69
Togoland, West Africa, 81
Toll exacted from ghosts, 224
Tollkeeper, ghostly, 224
Tonga, 406, 411
Tongans, their limited doctrine of immortality, 33
Torres Islands, 343, 353
---- Straits Islanders, their ideas as to sickness and death, 47; their belief in immortality, 170 _sqq._; their ethnological affinity and social culture, 170 _sqq._; funeral ceremonies of the, 176 _sqq._
Totem, a dominant, 113; design emblematic of, 168
Totemic ancestor developing into a god, 113; ancestors, traditions concerning, 115 _sqq._
---- animals, imitation of, 177
---- clans, 104; animals and plants eaten, 120 _sq._; animals and plants dramatically represented by actors, 121 _sq._
Totemism, 95; possibly developing into ancestor worship, 114 _sq._; in Torres Straits, 172
Totems, dramatic ceremonies connected with, 119 _sqq._; eaten, 120 _sqq._; magical ceremonies for the multiplication of, 124 _sq._
Tracking a ghost, 277 _sq._
Traditions of the dead associated with conspicuous features of the landscape, 115 _sqq._
Transmigration, widespread belief in, 29; of dead into animals, 242, 245; of souls, 322; Fijian doctrine of, 467
Travancore, burial custom in, 456
Tree of immortality, 74
Tree-burial, 161, 166, 167, 199, 203; of young children, 312 _sq._
---- -tops, spirits in, 313
Trees, property of dead hung up on, 148; as monuments of the dead, 225; huts built in, 263; souls of the dead live in, 316
Tremearne, Major A. J. N., 28 _n._ 1
Truth of the belief in immortality, question of the, 469 _sqq._
Tsiabiloum, the land of the dead, 326
Tube inserted in grave, 277
Tubes, magical, 269, 270
Tubetube, island of, 206, 209, 210
Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 255
Tully River in Queensland, 130
Tulmeng, lord of the nether world, 286
Tumleo, island of, 218 _sqq._
Tumudurere, a mythical being, 207
Tumupasa, burial custom of the Indians of, 457
Turner, Dr. George, 325, 339, 369
Turrbal tribe, 146
Tuski of Alaska, burial custom of the, 456
Two Messengers, the, myth of the origin of death, 60 _sqq._
Uganda, first man in, 78; dead kings of, worshipped, 151; jawbones of dead kings of, preserved, 235; war-god of, 366. _See also_ Baganda
Unburied dead, ghosts of the, 349
Unfruitful wife, mode of impregnating, 417
Unkulunkulu, 60
Unmarried ghosts, hard fate of, 464
Umatjera tribe, 68, 166
Urabunna, the, of Central Australia, 95
Vagueness and inconsistency of savage thought, 143
_Vale tambu_, the Sacred House, 438
Vanigela River, 202, 203
Vanua Lava, mountain, 355
---- -levu, one of the Fijian Islands, 416, 417, 418, 426
Vaté or Efat, one of the New Hebrides, 359, 376
Vengeance taken on enemies by means of a ghost, 258; ghost calls for, 278, 310, 468
Vetter, Konrad, 242, 244, 245, 248, 255
Vicarious sacrifices of pigs for the sick, 372, 374, 375
Victoria, aborigines of, their ideas as to natural death, 40 _sq._, 42; their beliefs as to the dead, 142; their burial customs, 145, 145 _sq._; cuttings for the dead among the, 154 _sq._
Views of human nature, two different, 469 _sqq._
Village of ghosts, 231 _sq._, 234
---- deserted after a death, 275
Viti Levu, one of the Fijian Islands, 419, 428, 435, 445
Vormann, Franz, 228 _sq._
Vuatom, island, 70
Wagawaga, in British New Guinea, 206 _sqq._
Wainimala in Fiji, 436
Wakelbura, the, 152
Wallace, Alfred Russel, on death, 85 _sq._
War, ancestral images taken to, 310, 315; perpetual state of, 339
---- -god of Uganda, 366
Warramunga, the, of Central Australia, 94; their totem the Wollunqua, 103 _sqq._, 108 _sqq._; dramatic ceremonies connected with totems among the, 123 _sq._; cuttings for the dead among the, 156 _sqq._; burial customs of the, 167 _sq._
Warrior ghost, 363 _sq._
Warriors pray to ghosts, 288
Wars among savages undertaken to appease angry ghosts, 468
Wa-Sania, tribe of E. Africa, 66
Washing body a rain-charm, 375
Watch-an-die, tribe of W. Australia, 41
Watch at the grave, 293
---- of widow or widower on grave, 241
Water as a barrier against ghosts, 152; poured as a rain-charm, 375 _sq._
---- great, to be crossed by ghosts, 224
---- -snake, great mythical (Wollunqua), 104 _sqq._, 108 _sqq._
Way to the land of the dead, 212 _sq._
Weakening of religious faith, 4
Weapons deposited with the dead, 145 _sqq._; deposited at grave, 211; of dead broken, 399
Weather regulated by ghosts and spirits, 384 _sq._
---- -doctors, 385 _sq._
Weaving in New Guinea, 305
Weismann, August, on death, 84 _sq._
Wemba, the, of Northern Rhodesia, 77
Western Australia, beliefs as to death among the natives of, 41 _sq._
Whale's teeth as offerings, 420, 421, 429, 443, 444
Whip of souls, 270
Whipping men in mourning, 452
White ants' nests, ghosts turn into, 351
---- clay smeared on mourners, 158, 177
---- men identified with the spirits of the dead, 342
---- people, souls of dead Australian aborigines thought to be reborn in, 130, 131 _sqq._
Whitened with chalk, bodies of lads after circumcision, 302
Widow, mourning costume of, 184, 204; seclusion of, 204; killed to accompany the ghost of her husband, 249, 275; drinks juices of putrefying corpse, 313
Widower exposed to attacks of his wife's ghost, 197; costume of, 204; seclusion of, 204, 248 _sq._, 259
Widows cut and burn their bodies in mourning, 176
Wigs worn by Fijians, 451
Wiimbaio tribe, 145
Wilkes, Charles, 424 _sq._
Williams, Thomas, 408, 412, 413, 452, 467
Williamson, R. W., 201
Wind, ghosts float down the, 176
Windessi, in Dutch New Guinea, burial customs at, 318 _sq._
_Wingara_, early mythical times, 116
Witchcraft, fear of, 244; death ascribed to, 277, 402; Fijian terror of, 413 _sq._; benefits derived from, 414
Witchcraft or black magic in Central Melanesia, 386 _sq._
---- as a cause of death, 34 _sqq._ _See also_ Sorcery
Witchetty grub totem, dramatic ceremonies concerned with, 121 _sq._, 123
Wives of the dead killed, 399; strangled or buried alive at their husbands' funerals in Fiji, 424 _sq._
Woibu, the land of the dead, 211
Wolgal tribe, 146
Wollunqua, mythical water-snake, totem of the Warramunga, 103 _sqq._, 108 _sqq._, 125; ceremonies in honour of the, 108 _sqq._
Woman, old, in myths of the origin of death, 64, 71 _sq._
----, the Great, 464
Women thought not to have immortal spirits, 92; cut and burn their bodies in mourning, 154 _sqq._, 196, 203; excluded from circumcision ground, 291, 301; dance at deaths, 293; drink juices of putrefying corpse, 355; not allowed to be present at sacrifices, 367; whip men in mourning, 452; burial of childless, 458; the cause of death, 472
---- dying in childbed, special treatment of their ghosts, 358; their ghosts specially feared, 212, 458 _sqq._
Wordsworth on immortality, 26 _n._ 1
Worship of ancestors, 221, 328 _sqq._, 338; predominance of the, 297 _sq._; possibly evolved from totemism, 114 _sq._ _See also_ Worship of the dead.
---- of ancestors in Central Australia, possible evolution of, 125 _sq._; of ancestral spirits in the _Nanga_, 428 _sq._
---- of the dead, 23 _sqq._, 328 _sqq._, 338; in part based on a theory of dreams, 27 _sq._; elements of it widespread, 31; in British New Guinea, 201 _sq._; predominance of the, 297 _sq._
---- of the dead, incipient, in Australia, 149, 150, 168 _sq._
---- of the dead in Torres Straits, elements of a, 189; among the Yabim, elements of a, 255
Worshipful ghosts, 362 _sq._
Wotjobaluk, the, 67, 139
Wraiths, 396
Wurunjerri, the, 146
Yabim, the, of German New Guinea, 242 _sqq._; their ideas as to death, 47
Yams, prayers for, 330; stones to make yams grow, 337 _sq._
Young children buried on trees, 312 _sq._
Young and old, difference between the modes of burying, 161, 162 _sq._
Youth supposed to be renewed by casting skin, 69 _sqq._, 74 _sq._, 83
Ysabel, one of the Solomon Islands, 350, 372, 379, 380
Yule Island, 196 _n._ 2, 197
Zahn, Heinrich, 242, 244
Zend-Avesta, 453
Zulus, their story of the origin of death, 60 _sq._
END OF VOL. I
* * * * *
Works by J. G. FRAZER, D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D.
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
A STUDY IN MAGIC AND RELIGION
Third Edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo.